international arms-control agreements - 1920s & 1930s -
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International Arms-Control Agreements - 1920s & 1930s -. Wilson’s Fourteen Points. “Open covenants of peace . . . .” “Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas . . . .” “The removal . . . of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions . . . .” - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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International Arms-ControlAgreements
- 1920s & 1930s -
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Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. “Open covenants of peace . . . .”2. “Absolute freedom of navigation upon the
seas . . . .”3. “The removal . . . of all economic barriers
and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions . . . .”
4. “ . . . that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.”
5. “ . . . absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, . . . .”
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Fourteen Points (continued)
6. “The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia . . . .”
7. “Belgium . . . must be evacuated and restored, . . . .”
8. “All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, . . . .”
9. “A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy . . . .”
10. “The peoples of Austria-Hungary . . . should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.”
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Fourteen Points (continued)
11. “Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; . . . .”
12. “The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an . . . unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations . . . .”
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Fourteen Points (continued)
13. “An independent Polish state should be erected . . . .”
14. “A general association of nations must be formed . . . for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity . . . .”
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League of Nations
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Goals of the League of Nations
• disarmament
• preventing war through collective security
• settling disputes between countries through negotiation diplomacy
• improving global welfare
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The League of Nations was weak:
depended on the Great Powers to:
• enforce its resolutions
• maintain economic sanctions ordered
• provide an army, when needed, for the League to use
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There were a series of treaties negotiated in 1919 that concluded the hostilities of the Great War:
• Treaty of Versailles with Germany
• Treaty of Saint Germain with Austria
• Treaty of Trianon with Hungary
• Treaty of Sèvres with Turkey
• Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria
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Treaty of Versailles
[Image source: http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/versailles.htm]
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[Image source: http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versailles.html]
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The Treaty of Saint Germain, 10th September 1919, officially registered the breakup of the Habsburg empire, recognizing the independence of . . .
Czechoslovakia
Poland
Hungary
Kingdom ofthe Serbs*
*Yugoslavia
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The Treaty ofTrianon*dividedHungaryamongfivenations –two ofthemnew.
[Image source: http://parizs.tripod.com/trianon/hungtria.jpg]
*Signed 4th June 1920
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The Treaty of Sèvres, signed 10th August 1920, dealt with issues of international importance,
such as the navigation of the Dardanelles.
[Image source: http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/versailles.html]
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The Treaty of Neuilly, 27th November 1919, gave portions of Bulgaria to neighbouring nations.
• [Image source:
Territories ceded by Bulgaria to neighbouring countries after World War ITerritory ceded to Bulgaria by Turkey in 1915 and taken from Bulgaria after World War IBoundaries of modern Bulgaria
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SenatorWilliam E.
Borah (R-ID) urged the major
Allied nations from the recent war to gather in an effort to slowthe arms race.
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Washington Naval Conference- November 1921 to February 1922 -
• aka International Conference on Naval Limitation– a result of the naval construction rivalry between Great Britain, Japan and the United States
• portrayed as an alternative to League of Nations
• convened on Armistice Day*
*11th November
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Washington Naval Conference Attendees
Major Naval Powers:
• Great Britain
• United States
• Japan
• France
• Italy
Other nations in attendance:
• Belgium
• the Netherlands
• Portugal
• China
(Had concerns about territories in the Pacific, but were not parties to the disarmament discussions.)
Conspicuously absent: Soviet Russia and the defeated Central Powers. (They were not invited.)
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Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes proposed scrapping nearly two million tons of warships and a lengthy “holiday” on the construction of new capital ships.
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Washington Naval Conference resulted in a number of agreements:
• Four-Power Pact
• Shantung Treaty
• Nine-Power Treaty
• Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty
• Five-Power Supplementary Treaty
• Six-Power Pact
• Yap Island Agreement
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Four-Power Pact- 13th December 1921 -
Britain, France, Japan and the United States:
• agreed to submit disputes among themselves over Pacific issues to a conference for resolution, and
• pledged mutual respect for the possessions and mandates of other signatories in the Pacific
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Shantung (Shandong)
Treaty - 4th February1922 -
• the territory of Kiaochow in Shantung (Shandong) province was returned by Japan to China
– the area had been “leased” to Germany in 1898, but was seized by Japan at the outbreak of war in 1914
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Nine-Power Treaty- 6th February 1922 -
“Desiring to adopt a policy designed to . . .
• stabilize conditions in the Far East, to . . .
• safeguard the rights and interests of China, and to . . .
• promote intercourse between China and the other Powers upon the basis of equality of opportunity; . . . .”
- Paragraph 2.
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Nine-Power Treaty Signatories
• United States
• Belgium
• Great Britain
• France
• Kingdom of Italy
• Empire of Japan
• The Netherlands
• Portugal
Republic of China
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Washington Naval Treaty- 6th February 1922 -
• aka the Five-Powers Act or the Five-Powers Naval Limitation Treaty
• Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States — pledged adherence to limitations on the tonnage of capital ships and accepted a moratorium on new naval construction
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All signatories pledged to maintain a balance in their respective capital* fleets under a predetermined ratio:
• Great Britain
• United States
• Japan
• France
• Italy
*Capital ships were those vessels exceeding 10,000 tons or bearing guns in excess of an eight-inch caliber, effectively denoting battleships and aircraft carriers.
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Five-Power Supplemental Treaty
• the major Allied naval powers* agreed on a series of rules for the use of submarines in future warfare and also outlawed the use of poisonous gases as a military weapon
*Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy
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Six-Power Pact
• the Big Five Nations plus China agreed to the allocation among themselves of former German cable routes in the Pacific
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Yap Island Agreement
• the United States and Japan agreed on provisions for U.S. use of the Pacific island as a distribution point for the transpacific cable
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In the following months, the U.S. Senate ratified all of the treaties from the Washington Conference. However, a reservation was attached to the Four-Power Pact stating that no agreement had been approved that required the “commitment of armed force” by the United States.
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British journalist Hector C. Bywater
predicted awar between the
United States and Japan
in 1925!
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Geneva Naval Conference of 1927- 20th June to 4th August 1927 -
• attended by second-rank diplomats (France and Italy did not attend at all)
• the United States sought to extend the 5:5:3 ratio to lesser vessels- the British and Japanese agreed in principle, but cited special circumstances exempting them from strict adherence
• the delegates adjourned without reaching any agreement
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Kellog-Briand Pact- 1929 -
• “. . . condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies, and renounce it, as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another.” (Article I)
• “. . . the settlement or solution of all disputes or conflicts . . ., shall never be sought except by pacific means.” (Article II)
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Kellog-Briand Pact Signatories
• United States*
• Germany
• Kingdom of Belgium
• France
• Great Britain
• Kingdom of Italy
• Empire of Japan
• Poland
• Czechoslovakia
*Ratified by the Senate 16th January and signed by Calvin Coolidge the next day.
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London Naval Conference- 22nd January 22nd 1930 -
• http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1517.html
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Second London Naval Treaty of 1936
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[Image source: http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USNatWar/USN-King-1.html]
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[Image source: http://www.allthingsbeautiful.com/
all_things_beautiful/]
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[Image source: http://blogs.zdnet.com/images/pogo-enemy.jpg]
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Artist: Talburt in the Washington News
[Image source: http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/1937/37_12.html]