EUROPEAN EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONEXPLORATION

1498-16091498-1609

CAUSES OF EXPLORATIONCAUSES OF EXPLORATION

• Need for trade routes to Asia (Ottomans & Turks blocked land routes)

• Desire for spices and luxury goods.• Development of better navigation technology• Development of better geographic knowledge &

maps• Desire to spread Christianity• Monarchs wanted more wealth for power & to

compete with other countries.• Markets for goods especially in urban areas.

VIKINGS 1001 VIKINGS 1001

• Leif Ericson led Vikings to the Northern tip of North America.

• Archaeologists believe they settled in Vinland which was located in present-day NEWFOUNDLAND!

• No one knows why they left, but some believe they fought fierce battles with the INUITS.

EARLY ASIANS?EARLY ASIANS?

• Many believe that people from Asia continued to come to America across the Bering Strait after the Ice Age ended!

• POLYNESIANS may have crossed the Pacific Ocean in canoes.

• CHINESE & JAPANESE fishermen may have been blown off course and ended up on the western coast of South America.

BEFORE COLUMBUSBEFORE COLUMBUS

• 1260-MARCO POLO of Italy went to China for 17 years. He wrote of his adventures and became a primary source of knowledge on Asia.

• 500-1400 FEUDALISM- Kings & Queens gave land to warrior nobles in return to fight when asked. Manor was self-sufficient!

BEFORE COLUMBUSBEFORE COLUMBUS

• 1100-1300 CRUSADES- Christian wars to regain the Holy Land of Jerusalem from the Turkish Muslims.

• They did not regain the Holy Land but many Europeans who had never traveled before were introduced to the Middle East.

• They tasted new foods: rice, oranges, dates, spices. Europe began to trade with the Middle East.

NEW TOOLS FOR NAVIGATIONNEW TOOLS FOR NAVIGATION

• MAGNETIC COMPASS- special needle on the compass that always pointed north. It helped ships stay on course.

• ASTROLABE- helped sailors determine their latitude while at sea by using the stars. This meant they could travel further and beyond the sight of land.

RENAISSANCE 1300-1600RENAISSANCE 1300-1600

• REBIRTH:

• Translation of ancient works of Greeks, Romans and Arabs.

• New books on art, medicine, astronomy, & chemistry.

• It increased trade and made Europeans eager to learn more about the world.

GUTENBERG 1430’SGUTENBERG 1430’S

• JOHANNES GUTENBERG- invented the printing press.

• More people could now read and could learn about the world.

MONEY=POWERMONEY=POWER

• Rulers of England, Spain, & Portugal wanted to increase their wealth by trading.

They were looking for quicker sea routes to the Middle East.

Muslims & Italians controlled trade routed across the Mediterranean Sea. Turks & Ottomans controlled land routes.

European Rulers needed to find other routes!

PRINCE HENRY PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR 1400THE NAVIGATOR 1400

• Prince Henry of Portugal founded an informal school to help sailors in their explorations. He encouraged sea captains to sail along the coast of West Africa.

• CARAVEL- A new ship that could go farther and faster.

PORTUGESE EXPLORERSPORTUGESE EXPLORERS

• BARTOLOMEU DIAS 1488- Reached the southern tip of Africa.

• VASCO DA GAMA 1498- Passed the southern tip of africa and continued North and east to India.

• Portugal had a trading empire and came into contact with the great kingdoms of Africa.

• In 1441-SLAVE TRADE- begins!!!!

COLUMBUS 1492COLUMBUS 1492

• Christopher Columbus sailed for Spain.

• His trip was financed by King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella of Spain.

• Three ships: THE NINA

• THE PINTA

• AND THE SANTA MARIA

• Land was spotted on Oct. 12th, 1492

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUSCHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

COLUMBUSCOLUMBUS

• WANTED TO FIND A WESTWARD ROUTE TO INDIA INSTEAD OF GOING AROUND THE CONTINENT OF AFRICA.

• He reached the islands off the coast of North & South America in the Caribbean Sea. The Islands were called the West Indies.

• He was not in INDIA!!!!!!• HE found many riches and went back to Spain to

share the information with the King & Queen.

THREE VOYAGESTHREE VOYAGES

• Columbus founded the FIRST COLONY in the Americas on the island called Hispaniola: Haiti & Dominican Republic

• He also claimed CUBA & JAMAICA for Spain.• He was Governor of Hispaniola.• He was abusive and sent back home to Spain in

chains. The Queen pardoned him. He died in 1506, still believing he had reached India, on the continent of Asia.

THE TAINOSTHE TAINOS

• THE NATIVE AMERICANS THAT COLUMBUS USED AS SLAVES.

• MOST DIED TO EUROPEAN DISEASES AND HARSH WORKING CONDITIONS.

• WITHIN 100 YEARS OF COLUMBUS THEIR POPULATION WAS NEARLY WIPED OUT!

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGECOLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

• From the Americas to Europe, Africa & Asia

• Maize• Potato • Sweet potato• Beans• Peanuts• Squash• Pumpkin• Peppers• Pineapple • Tomato• cocoa

• From Europe, Africa & Asia to the Americas

• Wheat• Sugar• Banana• Rice• Grape• Olive oil• Dandelion• Horse• Pig• Cow• Goat• Chicken• Smallpox• Typhus

SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE AMERICASAMERICAS

• CONQUISTADOR=CONQUERORS• “WE CAME TO SERVE GOD AND THE KING

AND ALSO TO GET RICH”• BY 1511 SPANISH CONQUERED:

1. PUERTO RICO

2. JAMAICA

3. CUBA

STILL LOOKING FOR WESTERN ROUTE TO ASIA.

BALBOA 1513BALBOA 1513

• REACHED THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA

• 25 DAYS TO GO THROUGH JUNGLE

• BALBOA CALLED PACIFIC OCEAN – THE GREAT SOUTH SEA

PACIFIC OCEANPACIFIC OCEAN

• PANAMA

MAGELLAN 1519-1522MAGELLAN 1519-1522

• SAILED AROUND SOUTHERN TIP OF SOUTH AMERICA ACROSS VAST PACIFIC OCEAN (HE NAMED IT PACIFIC BECAUSE IT WAS PEACEFUL)

• HE WAS TRYING TO FIND AN ALL WATER ROUTE TO ASIA BY SAILING WEST!

• HE CIRCUMNAVIGATED THE GLOBE!• HE DISCOVERED THE TRUE SIZE OF THE

WORLD.

MAGELLAN’S VOYAGEMAGELLAN’S VOYAGE

• BEGAN WITH FIVE SHIPS AND 250 SAILORS

• ENDED WITH ONE SHIP AND 18 SAILORS

• MAGELLAN WAS KILLED IN THE PHILIPPINES

• HIS CREW ATE RATS & SAWDUST TO SURVIVE!

YUMMYYUMMY

• DINNER

• 1518 CORTES DEFEATS AZTEC EMPEROR MONTEZUMA!

• DONA MARINA- INDIAN TRANSLATOR HELPED CORTES

• MONTEZUMA’S REVENGE:BATHROOM PROBLEMS WHEN YOU DRINK THE WATER IN MEXICO!!!

CONQUEST OF AZTECSCONQUEST OF AZTECS

CONQUEST OF INCASCONQUEST OF INCAS

• 1535-FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERS THE INCAS.

• HE SURPRISED ATTACKED THE INCAS AND KILLED THE INCAN RULER

• SPAIN INCASIron swords bows & arrowsGuns spearsCannonsHorsesDisease: chicken pox, measles, & influenza

RICH RICH $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$

• THE AZTEC & INCAN TREASURES MADE CONQUISTADORS AND SPAIN RICH!!!!!

• MEXICO & PERU HAD GOLD & SILVER

SPANISH BORDERLANDSSPANISH BORDERLANDSFLORIDA TO CALIFORNIAFLORIDA TO CALIFORNIA

• 1513 PONCE de LEON FLORIDA:

LOOKING FOR “FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH”

HE NAMED PUERTO RICO=RICH PORT AND WAS THEIR FIRST GOVERNOR

HE NAMED FLORIDA= FLOWER-FILLED

1539-1541 HERNANDO DESOTO-SEARCHED FLORIDA ALL THE WAY TO MISSISSIPPI RIVER. No gold or silver

SPANISH CONQUISTADORSSPANISH CONQUISTADORS

• 1540- FRANCISCO CORONADO- SEARCHED FOR “SEVEN CITIES OF GOLD”

• HE WENT ALL THE WAY TO GRAND CANYON-NO GOLD!

• 1528 PANFILO de NARVAEZ- explored Florida and coast near Mississippi River. He was blown into Gulf of Mexico never to be seen again. Cabeza de Vaca & Estevanico survived and were cared for by the Charucco Indians. They were enslaved by the Indians for 5 years! They escaped in 1533 by walking barefoot across the Plains across Texas all the way to Mexico!

• 1000 miles to reach a Spanish settlement!!!!!

1535 KING OF SPAIN 1535 KING OF SPAIN DIVIDED LAND INTO NEW SPAIN DIVIDED LAND INTO NEW SPAIN

& PERU& PERU• LAWS OF THE INDIES: HOW THE SPANISH

COLONIES WOULD BE ORGANIZED AND RULED.

• THREE KINDS OF SETTLEMENTS:1.PUEBLOS-town centers of farming & trade2.PRESIDIOS-forts where soldiers lived3.MISSIONS- religious settlements run by Catholic

priests & Friars. Their duty was to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

They also forced them to live and work on the Missions like slaves!

SPANISH SETTLEMENTSSPANISH SETTLEMENTS

• 1565- ST. AUGUSTINE- Florida- first presidio

• 1598-NEW MEXICO- founded by Juan de Onate.

• 1659-EL PASO-first mission in Texas• 1691-ARIZONA- Father Eusebio

Francisco Kino set up 24 mission settlements.

• Missionaries were also set up in California.

NEW SPAIN CLASS SYSTEMNEW SPAIN CLASS SYSTEM

• PENINSULARES-BORN IN SPAIN- sent to colonies to rule. Highest job. Owned most of the land.

• CREOLES-BORN IN AMERICA TO SPANISH PARENTS- wealthy and well educated.

• MESTIZOS-MIXED SPANISH & INDIAN PARENTS- worked on the farms.

• INDIANS- treated as conquered people!