Angela Me

Chief Statistics and Survey Section

UNODC

European Parliament Special Committee on organized crime, corruption and money launderingBrussels, 11-12 July 2012

• No significant change in global status quo on drug use and health consequences

• Opium production returned to high levels in 2011 after the disease of opium poppy in Afghanistan in 2010

• ….but changes below the surface…..

Heroin Trafficking – From Afghanistan to Europe

Emerging route Emerging route

- 4 -

Signs that maritime heroin trafficking is increasing with increased use of containers and exploitation of growing commercial routes and hubs

Opiate Market: one year after the opium crop failure in Afghanistan

Underestimation of the global level of opiate consumption?– Asia and Africa account for 70% of the

estimated global number of opiates use, but they lack reliable data

• Increased law enforcement activities?

• Expansion of the raw opium market?

01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000

10,000

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

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400

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600

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Global opium productionAfghanistan, dry opium (farm-gate price)Myanmar, dry opium (farm-gate price)Colombia, opium latex (farm -gate price)

An apparent imbalance in global supply and demand of Opiates

Cocaine Trafficking – From the Andean Region to Europe

Source Colombia, Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia

Destination Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, Belgium & the rest of Europe

Annual Market Volume

212 tons depart; 124 consumed in Europe (2008)

Annual Value at Destination

US$34 billion (2008)

Use of containers taking advantage of the large volume of container shipments between South America and Europe

Cocaine: Shift in producing countries translated into a reduction in North America and a shit in European countries

020406080

100120140160180200

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Cas

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ColombiaBolivia (Plurinational State of) and Peru

Number of seizures cases in Europe originating in coca producing countries

Cocaine Price in Europe and US

Cannabis: Europe: a market in transition?

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

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Morocco Afghanistan Pakistan India Lebanon

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2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Main source countries of cannabis resin Chance in cannabis resin seizures2001-2005/2006-2010

Cannabis: herb and resin

Polydrug trafficking

The decline of Amphetamines and the increase of Methamphetamine

“Ecstasy” seizures, by region,2001-2010

Source: Annual report questionnaire supplemented by other officia sources.

“Ecstasy” market recovers

• Mimic effects of illicit stimulants (e.g. “ecstasy”, amphetamines)

• Not controlled by the United Nations drug control treaties

• Reported in: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, New Zealand, North America

• Ketamine, piperazines (BZP), synthetic cathinones (mephedrone),synthetic cannabinoids (‘spice’), plant-based substances (Kratom)

New Threat: New psychoactive substances

Estimate of global interception rate of illicit financial flows in the financial sector

Global interception rate: < 1%

Funds seized and forfeited in 2009/2010: US$ 3.1 billion* Estimate of crime related amounts laundered: US$ 1.6 trillion Range US$ 1.2 – 2.3 trillionSeizures in % global illicit financial flows 0.2%Range: 0.1% - 0.3%

* based on information from 38 countries (out of 62 analysed) for 2010 or latest year available) Sources: US Dept. of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 2010 and 2011; U.S. Department of Justice Assets Forfeiture Fund for fiscal year 2010; Department of Treasury Assets Forfeiture Fund for fiscal year 2010.

Memo:Interception rate of opiates (2006-2010): ≈ 20% (16-31%)Interception rate of cocaine (2008-2010): ≈ 45% (40-55%)

… but are these all forms of crime that matter?

Trends in conventional types of crime

0

50

100

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250

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

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Drug-related crime - 19countriesRobbery - 25 countries

Burglary - 17 countries

Rape - 22 countries

Motor Vehicle Theft - 22countriesHomicide - 40 countries

Trends of conventional crime

Are these the forms of crime that matter?

• Corruption • Economic/financial crime• Cybercrime• Money laundering• Organized crime

– Human trafficking

Develop methodology to measure the ‘difficult to

measure’ crime

For more information:http://www.unodc.org/

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION