Europeans Claim Muslim Land

Ottoman Empire Steady decline 300 yrs Weak Sultans Corruption Inflation 1830’s – Greek Independent Serbia Balkans

Geopolitics Def – Taking land for strategic location Ex. – Russia – Crimea (access to Black

Sea) Ex. Oil in Persia, Arabian Peninsula

Crimean War (1854-1856) Britain and France joined Ottomans Russians Lose Ottomans still weak and losing land Russians aided Slavic people in

Independence

Great Game War Waged over India Britain and Russia Afghanistan – Center of Struggle 1881 – GB withdrew from Afg. 1921 – GB not beyond Khybar Pass Soviets – Nonaggression pact with Afg. 1979 – Soviets invaded Afg.

Egypt Muhammad Ali – Broke away from

Ottomans 1831 – Gained control of Syria and Arabia Reforms in military and economics Cash crop – Cotton Instead of food

crops

Suez Canal Isma’il – Construction of Connect Red Sea and Mediterranean Built w/ French $ Opened in 1869 – Still in debt Could not

pay British insist to take over canal 1882 – British Occupy Egypt

Persia Russia and GB compete for Persian ruler started to allow businesses to

buy right to operate in certain areas Ex. Anglo-Persian Oil Co. Rich oil Fields in

Persia Tobacco in Persia

1890 – Persian ruler sold concession to export tobacco

Tobacco Boycott – Unrest 1907 – Russia and GB took and divided into

Spheres of Influence

Imperialism Seizure of a country by a stronger country

--> Search for new raw materials, new markets, etc.

British In India

A Tamil tea picker on Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka), early 20th century. Tea pickers harvested the green tea leaves which were then fermented to produce black tea, the quintessential drink of the British Empire (which controlled Ceylon). The harvesting methods shown here are basically unchanged today.

British East India Company Ruled India Own Army – British and

Sepoys India – “Jewel in the crown”

Must produce raw materials Must buy British goods No Indian competition with

British goods Railroads helped Goods – Tea, indigo, coffee,

cotton, jute, opium

Impact on India (Bad) British held political and economic power British restricted Indian-owned industries Cash crop – Hurt self-sufficiency

Reduce food production Famine

Racism threatened way of life

Impact on India (Good) 3rd largest RR India =

modern economy Road network Telephone lines, dams,

bridges, etc. Sanitation and public

health Schools and colleges

Sepoy Mutiny 1857 – Indians rebel Cartridges with beef and

pork fat Hindus (cows sacred), Muslims (don’t eat pork)

Did not accept cartridges Put in jail rebelled marched to Delhi Captured city Spread

Took Brit E. Ind Co. 1 year to recover

Hindus and Muslims split Hindus preferred British rule to Muslim rule 1858 – British took direct control of India Raj – British Rule over India from 1757-

1947

Nationalism in India Ram Mohun Roy – Modern

thinker, wanted modernization Must change, or will always

be ruled Didn’t want 2nd class in own

country

Nationalist Groups Indian National Congress – 1885 Muslim League – 1906 Called for Self-government British divided Hindu and Muslim (Partition

of Bengal) Terrorism

Imperialism in SE Asia

This photo shows US troops guarding a group of captured Filipino insurgents in the early stages of the Philippine-American War of 1899-1913, in which over 4300 American soldiers, 16,000 Filipino soldiers, and between 250,000 and 1 million civilians died before the US crushed the insurgency and retained its colonial hold on the islands.

Russian engraving of a tattooed Polynesian warrior. Russia was one of the "Western" powers, along with Britain, the US and France, with interests in the Pacific, home of the Polynesian peoples.

The middle of the nineteenth century saw a tremendous boom in whaling as the industrialized world scoured the world for new energy sources, including oil processed from whales. This American whale chart, from about 1850, locates those places in the world's oceans where whales had been successfully hunted.

Dutch East India Company Control over

Indonesian Islands Expanded Made

Indonesia home

British Control Singapore – Malayan

Peninsula, Burma Encouraged Chinese to immigrate to Malaysia

French Indochina

Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia

Rice

Germans Marshall Islands, New Guinea, Solomon

Islands

United States Philippines Took from Spanish

Siam (Thailand) Remained

Independent – Neutral zone b/w French and British

Modernized itself Started schools,

reform legal system, built railroads, ended slavery