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Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses

1972

Euryhelmis cotti N Sp (Trematoda Heterophyidae) Euryhelmis cotti N Sp (Trematoda Heterophyidae)

with observations on its life cycle with observations on its life cycle

Michael Joseph Simon Portland State University

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Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Simon Michael Joseph Euryhelmis cotti N Sp (Trematoda Heterophyidae) with observations on its life cycle (1972) Dissertations and Theses Paper 960 httpsdoiorg1015760etd960

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All ABSlRACT OF THE THESIS 0 Michael Joseph Simon tor the Master

ot Science in Biology presented March 31 1972

Htle Eurzhelmis Cotti N Sp (Trell8toda Heteropby1dM) with

ObeerTatioDB on Its Lite Cycle

APPROVED BY MEMBERS 0 THE THESIS COMMrTTElI

Ih ot the genus Cottus were found Wected with heterophyid

taeercariae Laboratory animals were intectd with the _tacereariae

and adult heterophyid trematodes were recOTered hese fiuks were

tound to represent an undescribed 8p~cies of the genus Eurzhelm1e

Various streams in the W1llamette Valley and coastal areas were

sampled tor Wected Cottuf Snails of the genera Oxrtrelllllamp

aM FlUJlinicola were collected Several possible det1nitiw hosts

are eDll1ned A partial rene ot the subfamily Apophallinae and

bull COIIP1ete review ot the genua Eurlhelmil are presented Euryhelm1e

cotti n ap il placed 1n the subfud17 Apophalllnae and its lite

c7Cle 1s part1a1l7 described

It

IURYHEOOS COTTI I SP (TREMATODAI BETEROPHIIDAE)

WITH OBSERVATIONS ON ITS LIFE CYCLE

b7

MI~ JOSEPH SIMON

A thei8 8ubll1tted in partial tultil1ment ot the requ1rel1ltnta tor the degree ot

MASUR OF SCIENCE in

BIOLOGY

Portland State Unireit7 1972

10 HI OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES

be members of the Committee apprOTe the thesis of

Hicbael Joeeph Simon presented March 311972

UBLI OF CONTENTS

PampOI

LIS OF fABLES Y1 LIS OF FIGURES Tii

IWTRODUCTIOlf 1 middotKlTHODS

Collectinc fish and snails 8

ransport1ng fish and snails from the field to the laboratory 8

Maintaining animals in the laboratory 8

Obtaln1nc metacercariae 9

Intect~ laboratory animals 9

Excystation of metacercariae 11

Ixam1ninc snails for cercariae bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull 11

Description of adult Eurlhelmis cotti 13

Bucysted metaeercari 1h

Ezc7sted metacercariae 1S Cercari 1S Definitie hosts in nature 16

Jesu1ts of experimental intections 16

APAJlflu REVIEW OF THE SUBFAMILY APOPHALLDlAI CIUREA 192b

lOiagnosis of the subfaDdl1 Apophallina 21

1e7 to gnera 21

1

PAOI

Diagnoaia ot the genua Apoehallus 21

n~c~lptlOD ot Pricetrema zaloph1 2S

Description of Euryhelmis paciticus 3S

Descr~ption of Euryhelm1s c08tBricenai h3

Description of Apophallus mPeblingi 22

~acnosis ot the genus Pricetre~ 23

Diagno1s ot the genu Euryhelmis 26

le7 ~o epeciea ot Euryhelmisbullbull ~ 28

nscription ot uryhelmis sguamula 29

Description ot Euryhelmi8 monorchis 32

Descript10n ot Euryhe1mi8 pyriformis 41

DISCUSSION SO

CONCLUSION $3

iI1BIBLIOGRAPHIbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~ ~

APPDDIX A - EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF LABORATORY ANIMALS SOLUTIONS AND TECHNIQUES

larleta Salt Solution S7

09 Percent Saline bullbullbullbullbullbull~ $7

Pepsin Solution (OS percent solution) S8

rJpsin Solution (1 percent solution) S8

Infection ot laboratorr animals $9

Anethe~izing small mammals 60

APPDDIX B - FIXATIOI AND STAINING SOLUTIONS AID TECHlfIQUIS

Cara1De Stain 61

MaJers Paracarmine bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 61

SeE1chona Carm1ne 61

It

IURYHEOOS COTTI I SP (TREMATODAI BETEROPHIIDAE)

WITH OBSERVATIONS ON ITS LIFE CYCLE

b7

MI~ JOSEPH SIMON

A thei8 8ubll1tted in partial tultil1ment ot the requ1rel1ltnta tor the degree ot

MASUR OF SCIENCE in

BIOLOGY

Portland State Unireit7 1972

10 HI OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES

be members of the Committee apprOTe the thesis of

Hicbael Joeeph Simon presented March 311972

UBLI OF CONTENTS

PampOI

LIS OF fABLES Y1 LIS OF FIGURES Tii

IWTRODUCTIOlf 1 middotKlTHODS

Collectinc fish and snails 8

ransport1ng fish and snails from the field to the laboratory 8

Maintaining animals in the laboratory 8

Obtaln1nc metacercariae 9

Intect~ laboratory animals 9

Excystation of metacercariae 11

Ixam1ninc snails for cercariae bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull 11

Description of adult Eurlhelmis cotti 13

Bucysted metaeercari 1h

Ezc7sted metacercariae 1S Cercari 1S Definitie hosts in nature 16

Jesu1ts of experimental intections 16

APAJlflu REVIEW OF THE SUBFAMILY APOPHALLDlAI CIUREA 192b

lOiagnosis of the subfaDdl1 Apophallina 21

1e7 to gnera 21

1

PAOI

Diagnoaia ot the genua Apoehallus 21

n~c~lptlOD ot Pricetrema zaloph1 2S

Description of Euryhelmis paciticus 3S

Descr~ption of Euryhelm1s c08tBricenai h3

Description of Apophallus mPeblingi 22

~acnosis ot the genus Pricetre~ 23

Diagno1s ot the genu Euryhelmis 26

le7 ~o epeciea ot Euryhelmisbullbull ~ 28

nscription ot uryhelmis sguamula 29

Description ot Euryhelmi8 monorchis 32

Descript10n ot Euryhe1mi8 pyriformis 41

DISCUSSION SO

CONCLUSION $3

iI1BIBLIOGRAPHIbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~ ~

APPDDIX A - EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF LABORATORY ANIMALS SOLUTIONS AND TECHNIQUES

larleta Salt Solution S7

09 Percent Saline bullbullbullbullbullbull~ $7

Pepsin Solution (OS percent solution) S8

rJpsin Solution (1 percent solution) S8

Infection ot laboratorr animals $9

Anethe~izing small mammals 60

APPDDIX B - FIXATIOI AND STAINING SOLUTIONS AID TECHlfIQUIS

Cara1De Stain 61

MaJers Paracarmine bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 61

SeE1chona Carm1ne 61

10 HI OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES

be members of the Committee apprOTe the thesis of

Hicbael Joeeph Simon presented March 311972

UBLI OF CONTENTS

PampOI

LIS OF fABLES Y1 LIS OF FIGURES Tii

IWTRODUCTIOlf 1 middotKlTHODS

Collectinc fish and snails 8

ransport1ng fish and snails from the field to the laboratory 8

Maintaining animals in the laboratory 8

Obtaln1nc metacercariae 9

Intect~ laboratory animals 9

Excystation of metacercariae 11

Ixam1ninc snails for cercariae bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull 11

Description of adult Eurlhelmis cotti 13

Bucysted metaeercari 1h

Ezc7sted metacercariae 1S Cercari 1S Definitie hosts in nature 16

Jesu1ts of experimental intections 16

APAJlflu REVIEW OF THE SUBFAMILY APOPHALLDlAI CIUREA 192b

lOiagnosis of the subfaDdl1 Apophallina 21

1e7 to gnera 21

1

PAOI

Diagnoaia ot the genua Apoehallus 21

n~c~lptlOD ot Pricetrema zaloph1 2S

Description of Euryhelmis paciticus 3S

Descr~ption of Euryhelm1s c08tBricenai h3

Description of Apophallus mPeblingi 22

~acnosis ot the genus Pricetre~ 23

Diagno1s ot the genu Euryhelmis 26

le7 ~o epeciea ot Euryhelmisbullbull ~ 28

nscription ot uryhelmis sguamula 29

Description ot Euryhelmi8 monorchis 32

Descript10n ot Euryhe1mi8 pyriformis 41

DISCUSSION SO

CONCLUSION $3

iI1BIBLIOGRAPHIbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~ ~

APPDDIX A - EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF LABORATORY ANIMALS SOLUTIONS AND TECHNIQUES

larleta Salt Solution S7

09 Percent Saline bullbullbullbullbullbull~ $7

Pepsin Solution (OS percent solution) S8

rJpsin Solution (1 percent solution) S8

Infection ot laboratorr animals $9

Anethe~izing small mammals 60

APPDDIX B - FIXATIOI AND STAINING SOLUTIONS AID TECHlfIQUIS

Cara1De Stain 61

MaJers Paracarmine bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 61

SeE1chona Carm1ne 61

UBLI OF CONTENTS

PampOI

LIS OF fABLES Y1 LIS OF FIGURES Tii

IWTRODUCTIOlf 1 middotKlTHODS

Collectinc fish and snails 8

ransport1ng fish and snails from the field to the laboratory 8

Maintaining animals in the laboratory 8

Obtaln1nc metacercariae 9

Intect~ laboratory animals 9

Excystation of metacercariae 11

Ixam1ninc snails for cercariae bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull bullbullbullbullbullbullbull 11

Description of adult Eurlhelmis cotti 13

Bucysted metaeercari 1h

Ezc7sted metacercariae 1S Cercari 1S Definitie hosts in nature 16

Jesu1ts of experimental intections 16

APAJlflu REVIEW OF THE SUBFAMILY APOPHALLDlAI CIUREA 192b

lOiagnosis of the subfaDdl1 Apophallina 21

1e7 to gnera 21

1

PAOI

Diagnoaia ot the genua Apoehallus 21

n~c~lptlOD ot Pricetrema zaloph1 2S

Description of Euryhelmis paciticus 3S

Descr~ption of Euryhelm1s c08tBricenai h3

Description of Apophallus mPeblingi 22

~acnosis ot the genus Pricetre~ 23

Diagno1s ot the genu Euryhelmis 26

le7 ~o epeciea ot Euryhelmisbullbull ~ 28

nscription ot uryhelmis sguamula 29

Description ot Euryhelmi8 monorchis 32

Descript10n ot Euryhe1mi8 pyriformis 41

DISCUSSION SO

CONCLUSION $3

iI1BIBLIOGRAPHIbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~ ~

APPDDIX A - EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF LABORATORY ANIMALS SOLUTIONS AND TECHNIQUES

larleta Salt Solution S7

09 Percent Saline bullbullbullbullbullbull~ $7

Pepsin Solution (OS percent solution) S8

rJpsin Solution (1 percent solution) S8

Infection ot laboratorr animals $9

Anethe~izing small mammals 60

APPDDIX B - FIXATIOI AND STAINING SOLUTIONS AID TECHlfIQUIS

Cara1De Stain 61

MaJers Paracarmine bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 61

SeE1chona Carm1ne 61

1

PAOI

Diagnoaia ot the genua Apoehallus 21

n~c~lptlOD ot Pricetrema zaloph1 2S

Description of Euryhelmis paciticus 3S

Descr~ption of Euryhelm1s c08tBricenai h3

Description of Apophallus mPeblingi 22

~acnosis ot the genus Pricetre~ 23

Diagno1s ot the genu Euryhelmis 26

le7 ~o epeciea ot Euryhelmisbullbull ~ 28

nscription ot uryhelmis sguamula 29

Description ot Euryhelmi8 monorchis 32

Descript10n ot Euryhe1mi8 pyriformis 41

DISCUSSION SO

CONCLUSION $3

iI1BIBLIOGRAPHIbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull~ ~

APPDDIX A - EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF LABORATORY ANIMALS SOLUTIONS AND TECHNIQUES

larleta Salt Solution S7

09 Percent Saline bullbullbullbullbullbull~ $7

Pepsin Solution (OS percent solution) S8

rJpsin Solution (1 percent solution) S8

Infection ot laboratorr animals $9

Anethe~izing small mammals 60

APPDDIX B - FIXATIOI AND STAINING SOLUTIONS AID TECHlfIQUIS

Cara1De Stain 61

MaJers Paracarmine bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 61

SeE1chona Carm1ne 61

PAOB

Ehrlich Acid BematoX111n 62

BoeiD (Stock) bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ 62 Fast Green 62 Gilsons Fixati 62

8chniques of fixation and staining 63

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAG

I BeteroPh7id lite cyclesbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

n Oregon streams sampled tor Cottus species infected with tacercariae ot EuryhelmiB cottlbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 19

UI COliparative _aBurementB at some members ot the Bubfamily ApopballiDae Ciurea 1924bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

LIST OF FIGURES

fIOURES PAGE

1 Eurzhelm1s eotti ftbullbullp ventral viewbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 18

2 Euryhelm1a eotti nbullbullp dorsal viewbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 20

3 ~~1m1S cotti n p transverse aection through 20 ~onotyl and ventral suckerbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

~elmiS cotti n ap longitudinal aeetion through ilionotyl and ventral sueker~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 20

I

S Apophallus muhlingi ventral viev ot adultbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

6 Pricetrema za10phi yentral viev ot adultbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

7 IUryhelm1a sguamula ventral view ot typical adultbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 31

8 ~helllis squamula ventral view Adult nuke shovinc 0~hi or rttellaria on the ri~ht eide ot the animal 31

9 Eryhelmis squamula metacercaria bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 31

10 Redialot Euryhelmi8 monorchi bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 36

u Cercarta ot Eurzh1mia monorchi8bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbull 36

12 llame cell pattern ot Euryhelm1a monorch1ebullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 36

13 Cercarta ot Euryhelm1s monorchie shoving penetration landabullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull J6

1Ia Euryhelmis monorchis ventral view ot a typical adult 36

1S Euryhelmis pacitieus adult ventral viewbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

16 Exc1~~ed metacercaria ot Euryhelmie pacitieus bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

17 ECI ot Euryhelmie paeitieuabullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

18 Ventral sucker and gonotyl ot Eulhelmis pacificua longitudinal actionbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

19 Ootype region ot Euryhelmie paciticuabullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39 - bull ~

_ J f J~

II

1111

nQtJRS PAGE

20 lurybelmi pyriformis 60real ~ev ot adult 42

21 Burzbelmis costar1censis dorsal ~ev of adult 45

bull

IITRODUCTIOtf

An eDlllinatloD ot Iculpins ot the genua Cotto collected in

the hale alTer near Vernonla Orecon revealed the presence ot

_tacerearlae ot several ditterent tJPes ot trematoclu

lIetacerearlae ot heterophyid were tound amant these The aystematlc

poal~lon and lite cycle ot whlch ha been Il1ftstlatecl with results

presented in this stuq

be heterophyid under consideratlon hu been tound to represen

bull 11ft epeei ot the lenua Euzhelmis Poche 1926 At the preent

t1Jle tlTe specles have been described tar the genus as tollows

Ihe1Jl18 aquamula (Rudolphl 1819) Euryhelmls JIlOnorchis AlIeel 1938

Bz1elll1s pacificus Senger and Macy 192 Euqhellris pyritollftis

Veb8ter and Woltlaquo8DC 19$6 and Euryhelmis costarlcensis Brenes and

Jrroyo 1960~ The adults haTe typlcally been lound in the small

bttest1ne ofJlU8telicia and the Dlta~~rcariae in amphib~anll The

oomple~e 1r~ cycle haYe been described tor uryhelajB squamala

(Andereon and Pratt 196) Euryhelmis monorchis (AMel 1938) and

partial17 tor Euryhelm1s paclflcu (Senger and Macy 192) The lite

cycles ot the species belonlinC to the pnus EuxheWs dUter trOll

the ~ypical heterophyid In that the metacereariae are generally

found in uphlbiana and not fiah (See Table I)

he _lIbers ot the tud~ Heterophyidae are su distos or gt~

mostomes general~ not sre than 3middot in lencth and are oval or

writor- in shape he anterlor end is lION IlOtile and l~ss bullcr

2

thaD tbe more posterior portion which generalll containa the reproshy

ctaotiw oreana ot the adult The cuticle is piny or scal7 either

owr the entire body or at leut anteriorly The ceca are lone aDd bull c1rru8 pouch i abelnt A gonot7l i preent in the cemtal

aWiua The acetabulUII mq be duced and incorporated into the

u of the cenital atria and i laekiq in lome pnera Adalta ot

tile fui17 show a w17 low hon specificit7 Most lpeeiel are able

to dewlop to maturit7 in the 8ull ~nte8tiD8 ot a Tariety of W8lJI

blooded aniull As an example aPlorcbis taichui lishiori haa

been described from cattle aretl (Atrica 1938) sea gulla (Witenberl

1929) ducklincs (Rau 19S1) cats and dogs (Kuntl and Chandler

19S6) Vulpel nlpes (Kunts and Chandler 19S6) and man (Atrica

DeLeon and Garcia 1940)

he lite c7Ole ot the IIImbers are Ye17 li1l11ar The aclulta

1Dharaquoi t the aaall intestine of als and birda that eat tilh and

aJlph1biane The es are operculate and -7 contain ear17 cleavage

atapl or lI11acidia The eges are incested b7 operculate eaails in

which one generation ot aporoc78t one or two senerations of rediae

ancl plftarolophocercu cercariae dewlop The cercariae cenera1ly

ha oral spinesJ how8fer the cercariae of urybelm1s 1IIOnorehi

(~lJ 1938) is an emeption in that the cercariae lack oral spinel

The cercariae leaYe the Inail hOlt and anerally encyst in either frelh

_ter or marine fish Speciel of EuryhelJlis Poche 92~ ha been

shown pneral17 to eDCyst in amphibians (Ameel 1938 Sancer and Macy lt bull bull ~ bull

19$2 and Anderson and Pratt 19S6) as does Metagon1moidel oregonensis

Pr1ce 1931 (Burns and Pratt 19$3)

3

hi fam1lT is of particular interest because of ita frequent

occurrence in the intestine ot man Stunkard and Willey (1929) thoulht

that eTer1 heterophyid was a potential human parasite Although such

bull lltatent is probablT an overgeneralization members of the t8Jli1T

are frequentl found in man otten causing serious complication

(Urica Garcia and DeLeon 1935) The oa appear to be picked

up b7 the ~h or blood and carried to the heart brain spinal cord

ad liver Hartin (19S6) found four heteropby1d specie that constitute

bull possible health hazard to Jan in Hawaii Laird (1961) found what

_re uSUII8d to be heterophyid eags in fecal concentrates from four

percent of Toaleuan examined Jpopballus ventrus Rall8om has been

ported froa man in Canada (Cameron 1937) Serious case of

DiatoJliaaill in western cotlJ1tries are reduced because fish are rare17

bullbullten raw intentionall It is in the oriental areas where improper17

coked or raw fish is custOlllari17 eaten that heterophy1ds present

bull definite health problem

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAG

I BeteroPh7id lite cyclesbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

n Oregon streams sampled tor Cottus species infected with tacercariae ot EuryhelmiB cottlbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 19

UI COliparative _aBurementB at some members ot the Bubfamily ApopballiDae Ciurea 1924bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

LIST OF FIGURES

fIOURES PAGE

1 Eurzhelm1s eotti ftbullbullp ventral viewbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 18

2 Euryhelm1a eotti nbullbullp dorsal viewbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 20

3 ~~1m1S cotti n p transverse aection through 20 ~onotyl and ventral suckerbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

~elmiS cotti n ap longitudinal aeetion through ilionotyl and ventral sueker~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 20

I

S Apophallus muhlingi ventral viev ot adultbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

6 Pricetrema za10phi yentral viev ot adultbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

7 IUryhelm1a sguamula ventral view ot typical adultbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 31

8 ~helllis squamula ventral view Adult nuke shovinc 0~hi or rttellaria on the ri~ht eide ot the animal 31

9 Eryhelmis squamula metacercaria bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 31

10 Redialot Euryhelmi8 monorchi bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 36

u Cercarta ot Eurzh1mia monorchi8bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbull 36

12 llame cell pattern ot Euryhelm1a monorch1ebullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 36

13 Cercarta ot Euryhelm1s monorchie shoving penetration landabullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull J6

1Ia Euryhelmis monorchis ventral view ot a typical adult 36

1S Euryhelmis pacitieus adult ventral viewbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

16 Exc1~~ed metacercaria ot Euryhelmie pacitieus bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

17 ECI ot Euryhelmie paeitieuabullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

18 Ventral sucker and gonotyl ot Eulhelmis pacificua longitudinal actionbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

19 Ootype region ot Euryhelmie paciticuabullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39 - bull ~

_ J f J~

II

1111

nQtJRS PAGE

20 lurybelmi pyriformis 60real ~ev ot adult 42

21 Burzbelmis costar1censis dorsal ~ev of adult 45

bull

IITRODUCTIOtf

An eDlllinatloD ot Iculpins ot the genua Cotto collected in

the hale alTer near Vernonla Orecon revealed the presence ot

_tacerearlae ot several ditterent tJPes ot trematoclu

lIetacerearlae ot heterophyid were tound amant these The aystematlc

poal~lon and lite cycle ot whlch ha been Il1ftstlatecl with results

presented in this stuq

be heterophyid under consideratlon hu been tound to represen

bull 11ft epeei ot the lenua Euzhelmis Poche 1926 At the preent

t1Jle tlTe specles have been described tar the genus as tollows

Ihe1Jl18 aquamula (Rudolphl 1819) Euryhelmls JIlOnorchis AlIeel 1938

Bz1elll1s pacificus Senger and Macy 192 Euqhellris pyritollftis

Veb8ter and Woltlaquo8DC 19$6 and Euryhelmis costarlcensis Brenes and

Jrroyo 1960~ The adults haTe typlcally been lound in the small

bttest1ne ofJlU8telicia and the Dlta~~rcariae in amphib~anll The

oomple~e 1r~ cycle haYe been described tor uryhelajB squamala

(Andereon and Pratt 196) Euryhelmis monorchis (AMel 1938) and

partial17 tor Euryhelm1s paclflcu (Senger and Macy 192) The lite

cycles ot the species belonlinC to the pnus EuxheWs dUter trOll

the ~ypical heterophyid In that the metacereariae are generally

found in uphlbiana and not fiah (See Table I)

he _lIbers ot the tud~ Heterophyidae are su distos or gt~

mostomes general~ not sre than 3middot in lencth and are oval or

writor- in shape he anterlor end is lION IlOtile and l~ss bullcr

2

thaD tbe more posterior portion which generalll containa the reproshy

ctaotiw oreana ot the adult The cuticle is piny or scal7 either

owr the entire body or at leut anteriorly The ceca are lone aDd bull c1rru8 pouch i abelnt A gonot7l i preent in the cemtal

aWiua The acetabulUII mq be duced and incorporated into the

u of the cenital atria and i laekiq in lome pnera Adalta ot

tile fui17 show a w17 low hon specificit7 Most lpeeiel are able

to dewlop to maturit7 in the 8ull ~nte8tiD8 ot a Tariety of W8lJI

blooded aniull As an example aPlorcbis taichui lishiori haa

been described from cattle aretl (Atrica 1938) sea gulla (Witenberl

1929) ducklincs (Rau 19S1) cats and dogs (Kuntl and Chandler

19S6) Vulpel nlpes (Kunts and Chandler 19S6) and man (Atrica

DeLeon and Garcia 1940)

he lite c7Ole ot the IIImbers are Ye17 li1l11ar The aclulta

1Dharaquoi t the aaall intestine of als and birda that eat tilh and

aJlph1biane The es are operculate and -7 contain ear17 cleavage

atapl or lI11acidia The eges are incested b7 operculate eaails in

which one generation ot aporoc78t one or two senerations of rediae

ancl plftarolophocercu cercariae dewlop The cercariae cenera1ly

ha oral spinesJ how8fer the cercariae of urybelm1s 1IIOnorehi

(~lJ 1938) is an emeption in that the cercariae lack oral spinel

The cercariae leaYe the Inail hOlt and anerally encyst in either frelh

_ter or marine fish Speciel of EuryhelJlis Poche 92~ ha been

shown pneral17 to eDCyst in amphibians (Ameel 1938 Sancer and Macy lt bull bull ~ bull

19$2 and Anderson and Pratt 19S6) as does Metagon1moidel oregonensis

Pr1ce 1931 (Burns and Pratt 19$3)

3

hi fam1lT is of particular interest because of ita frequent

occurrence in the intestine ot man Stunkard and Willey (1929) thoulht

that eTer1 heterophyid was a potential human parasite Although such

bull lltatent is probablT an overgeneralization members of the t8Jli1T

are frequentl found in man otten causing serious complication

(Urica Garcia and DeLeon 1935) The oa appear to be picked

up b7 the ~h or blood and carried to the heart brain spinal cord

ad liver Hartin (19S6) found four heteropby1d specie that constitute

bull possible health hazard to Jan in Hawaii Laird (1961) found what

_re uSUII8d to be heterophyid eags in fecal concentrates from four

percent of Toaleuan examined Jpopballus ventrus Rall8om has been

ported froa man in Canada (Cameron 1937) Serious case of

DiatoJliaaill in western cotlJ1tries are reduced because fish are rare17

bullbullten raw intentionall It is in the oriental areas where improper17

coked or raw fish is custOlllari17 eaten that heterophy1ds present

bull definite health problem

LIST OF FIGURES

fIOURES PAGE

1 Eurzhelm1s eotti ftbullbullp ventral viewbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 18

2 Euryhelm1a eotti nbullbullp dorsal viewbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 20

3 ~~1m1S cotti n p transverse aection through 20 ~onotyl and ventral suckerbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

~elmiS cotti n ap longitudinal aeetion through ilionotyl and ventral sueker~ bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 20

I

S Apophallus muhlingi ventral viev ot adultbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

6 Pricetrema za10phi yentral viev ot adultbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull

7 IUryhelm1a sguamula ventral view ot typical adultbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 31

8 ~helllis squamula ventral view Adult nuke shovinc 0~hi or rttellaria on the ri~ht eide ot the animal 31

9 Eryhelmis squamula metacercaria bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 31

10 Redialot Euryhelmi8 monorchi bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 36

u Cercarta ot Eurzh1mia monorchi8bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull ~ bullbullbullbullbull 36

12 llame cell pattern ot Euryhelm1a monorch1ebullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 36

13 Cercarta ot Euryhelm1s monorchie shoving penetration landabullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull J6

1Ia Euryhelmis monorchis ventral view ot a typical adult 36

1S Euryhelmis pacitieus adult ventral viewbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

16 Exc1~~ed metacercaria ot Euryhelmie pacitieus bullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

17 ECI ot Euryhelmie paeitieuabullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

18 Ventral sucker and gonotyl ot Eulhelmis pacificua longitudinal actionbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39

19 Ootype region ot Euryhelmie paciticuabullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull 39 - bull ~

_ J f J~

II

1111

nQtJRS PAGE

20 lurybelmi pyriformis 60real ~ev ot adult 42

21 Burzbelmis costar1censis dorsal ~ev of adult 45

bull

IITRODUCTIOtf

An eDlllinatloD ot Iculpins ot the genua Cotto collected in

the hale alTer near Vernonla Orecon revealed the presence ot

_tacerearlae ot several ditterent tJPes ot trematoclu

lIetacerearlae ot heterophyid were tound amant these The aystematlc

poal~lon and lite cycle ot whlch ha been Il1ftstlatecl with results

presented in this stuq

be heterophyid under consideratlon hu been tound to represen

bull 11ft epeei ot the lenua Euzhelmis Poche 1926 At the preent

t1Jle tlTe specles have been described tar the genus as tollows

Ihe1Jl18 aquamula (Rudolphl 1819) Euryhelmls JIlOnorchis AlIeel 1938

Bz1elll1s pacificus Senger and Macy 192 Euqhellris pyritollftis

Veb8ter and Woltlaquo8DC 19$6 and Euryhelmis costarlcensis Brenes and

Jrroyo 1960~ The adults haTe typlcally been lound in the small

bttest1ne ofJlU8telicia and the Dlta~~rcariae in amphib~anll The

oomple~e 1r~ cycle haYe been described tor uryhelajB squamala

(Andereon and Pratt 196) Euryhelmis monorchis (AMel 1938) and

partial17 tor Euryhelm1s paclflcu (Senger and Macy 192) The lite

cycles ot the species belonlinC to the pnus EuxheWs dUter trOll

the ~ypical heterophyid In that the metacereariae are generally

found in uphlbiana and not fiah (See Table I)

he _lIbers ot the tud~ Heterophyidae are su distos or gt~

mostomes general~ not sre than 3middot in lencth and are oval or

writor- in shape he anterlor end is lION IlOtile and l~ss bullcr

2

thaD tbe more posterior portion which generalll containa the reproshy

ctaotiw oreana ot the adult The cuticle is piny or scal7 either

owr the entire body or at leut anteriorly The ceca are lone aDd bull c1rru8 pouch i abelnt A gonot7l i preent in the cemtal

aWiua The acetabulUII mq be duced and incorporated into the

u of the cenital atria and i laekiq in lome pnera Adalta ot

tile fui17 show a w17 low hon specificit7 Most lpeeiel are able

to dewlop to maturit7 in the 8ull ~nte8tiD8 ot a Tariety of W8lJI

blooded aniull As an example aPlorcbis taichui lishiori haa

been described from cattle aretl (Atrica 1938) sea gulla (Witenberl

1929) ducklincs (Rau 19S1) cats and dogs (Kuntl and Chandler

19S6) Vulpel nlpes (Kunts and Chandler 19S6) and man (Atrica

DeLeon and Garcia 1940)

he lite c7Ole ot the IIImbers are Ye17 li1l11ar The aclulta

1Dharaquoi t the aaall intestine of als and birda that eat tilh and

aJlph1biane The es are operculate and -7 contain ear17 cleavage

atapl or lI11acidia The eges are incested b7 operculate eaails in

which one generation ot aporoc78t one or two senerations of rediae

ancl plftarolophocercu cercariae dewlop The cercariae cenera1ly

ha oral spinesJ how8fer the cercariae of urybelm1s 1IIOnorehi

(~lJ 1938) is an emeption in that the cercariae lack oral spinel

The cercariae leaYe the Inail hOlt and anerally encyst in either frelh

_ter or marine fish Speciel of EuryhelJlis Poche 92~ ha been

shown pneral17 to eDCyst in amphibians (Ameel 1938 Sancer and Macy lt bull bull ~ bull

19$2 and Anderson and Pratt 19S6) as does Metagon1moidel oregonensis

Pr1ce 1931 (Burns and Pratt 19$3)

3

hi fam1lT is of particular interest because of ita frequent

occurrence in the intestine ot man Stunkard and Willey (1929) thoulht

that eTer1 heterophyid was a potential human parasite Although such

bull lltatent is probablT an overgeneralization members of the t8Jli1T

are frequentl found in man otten causing serious complication

(Urica Garcia and DeLeon 1935) The oa appear to be picked

up b7 the ~h or blood and carried to the heart brain spinal cord

ad liver Hartin (19S6) found four heteropby1d specie that constitute

bull possible health hazard to Jan in Hawaii Laird (1961) found what

_re uSUII8d to be heterophyid eags in fecal concentrates from four

percent of Toaleuan examined Jpopballus ventrus Rall8om has been

ported froa man in Canada (Cameron 1937) Serious case of

DiatoJliaaill in western cotlJ1tries are reduced because fish are rare17

bullbullten raw intentionall It is in the oriental areas where improper17

coked or raw fish is custOlllari17 eaten that heterophy1ds present

bull definite health problem

II

1111

nQtJRS PAGE

20 lurybelmi pyriformis 60real ~ev ot adult 42

21 Burzbelmis costar1censis dorsal ~ev of adult 45

bull

IITRODUCTIOtf

An eDlllinatloD ot Iculpins ot the genua Cotto collected in

the hale alTer near Vernonla Orecon revealed the presence ot

_tacerearlae ot several ditterent tJPes ot trematoclu

lIetacerearlae ot heterophyid were tound amant these The aystematlc

poal~lon and lite cycle ot whlch ha been Il1ftstlatecl with results

presented in this stuq

be heterophyid under consideratlon hu been tound to represen

bull 11ft epeei ot the lenua Euzhelmis Poche 1926 At the preent

t1Jle tlTe specles have been described tar the genus as tollows

Ihe1Jl18 aquamula (Rudolphl 1819) Euryhelmls JIlOnorchis AlIeel 1938

Bz1elll1s pacificus Senger and Macy 192 Euqhellris pyritollftis

Veb8ter and Woltlaquo8DC 19$6 and Euryhelmis costarlcensis Brenes and

Jrroyo 1960~ The adults haTe typlcally been lound in the small

bttest1ne ofJlU8telicia and the Dlta~~rcariae in amphib~anll The

oomple~e 1r~ cycle haYe been described tor uryhelajB squamala

(Andereon and Pratt 196) Euryhelmis monorchis (AMel 1938) and

partial17 tor Euryhelm1s paclflcu (Senger and Macy 192) The lite

cycles ot the species belonlinC to the pnus EuxheWs dUter trOll

the ~ypical heterophyid In that the metacereariae are generally

found in uphlbiana and not fiah (See Table I)

he _lIbers ot the tud~ Heterophyidae are su distos or gt~

mostomes general~ not sre than 3middot in lencth and are oval or

writor- in shape he anterlor end is lION IlOtile and l~ss bullcr

2

thaD tbe more posterior portion which generalll containa the reproshy

ctaotiw oreana ot the adult The cuticle is piny or scal7 either

owr the entire body or at leut anteriorly The ceca are lone aDd bull c1rru8 pouch i abelnt A gonot7l i preent in the cemtal

aWiua The acetabulUII mq be duced and incorporated into the

u of the cenital atria and i laekiq in lome pnera Adalta ot

tile fui17 show a w17 low hon specificit7 Most lpeeiel are able

to dewlop to maturit7 in the 8ull ~nte8tiD8 ot a Tariety of W8lJI

blooded aniull As an example aPlorcbis taichui lishiori haa

been described from cattle aretl (Atrica 1938) sea gulla (Witenberl

1929) ducklincs (Rau 19S1) cats and dogs (Kuntl and Chandler

19S6) Vulpel nlpes (Kunts and Chandler 19S6) and man (Atrica

DeLeon and Garcia 1940)

he lite c7Ole ot the IIImbers are Ye17 li1l11ar The aclulta

1Dharaquoi t the aaall intestine of als and birda that eat tilh and

aJlph1biane The es are operculate and -7 contain ear17 cleavage

atapl or lI11acidia The eges are incested b7 operculate eaails in

which one generation ot aporoc78t one or two senerations of rediae

ancl plftarolophocercu cercariae dewlop The cercariae cenera1ly

ha oral spinesJ how8fer the cercariae of urybelm1s 1IIOnorehi

(~lJ 1938) is an emeption in that the cercariae lack oral spinel

The cercariae leaYe the Inail hOlt and anerally encyst in either frelh

_ter or marine fish Speciel of EuryhelJlis Poche 92~ ha been

shown pneral17 to eDCyst in amphibians (Ameel 1938 Sancer and Macy lt bull bull ~ bull

19$2 and Anderson and Pratt 19S6) as does Metagon1moidel oregonensis

Pr1ce 1931 (Burns and Pratt 19$3)

3

hi fam1lT is of particular interest because of ita frequent

occurrence in the intestine ot man Stunkard and Willey (1929) thoulht

that eTer1 heterophyid was a potential human parasite Although such

bull lltatent is probablT an overgeneralization members of the t8Jli1T

are frequentl found in man otten causing serious complication

(Urica Garcia and DeLeon 1935) The oa appear to be picked

up b7 the ~h or blood and carried to the heart brain spinal cord

ad liver Hartin (19S6) found four heteropby1d specie that constitute

bull possible health hazard to Jan in Hawaii Laird (1961) found what

_re uSUII8d to be heterophyid eags in fecal concentrates from four

percent of Toaleuan examined Jpopballus ventrus Rall8om has been

ported froa man in Canada (Cameron 1937) Serious case of

DiatoJliaaill in western cotlJ1tries are reduced because fish are rare17

bullbullten raw intentionall It is in the oriental areas where improper17

coked or raw fish is custOlllari17 eaten that heterophy1ds present

bull definite health problem

IITRODUCTIOtf

An eDlllinatloD ot Iculpins ot the genua Cotto collected in

the hale alTer near Vernonla Orecon revealed the presence ot

_tacerearlae ot several ditterent tJPes ot trematoclu

lIetacerearlae ot heterophyid were tound amant these The aystematlc

poal~lon and lite cycle ot whlch ha been Il1ftstlatecl with results

presented in this stuq

be heterophyid under consideratlon hu been tound to represen

bull 11ft epeei ot the lenua Euzhelmis Poche 1926 At the preent

t1Jle tlTe specles have been described tar the genus as tollows

Ihe1Jl18 aquamula (Rudolphl 1819) Euryhelmls JIlOnorchis AlIeel 1938

Bz1elll1s pacificus Senger and Macy 192 Euqhellris pyritollftis

Veb8ter and Woltlaquo8DC 19$6 and Euryhelmis costarlcensis Brenes and

Jrroyo 1960~ The adults haTe typlcally been lound in the small

bttest1ne ofJlU8telicia and the Dlta~~rcariae in amphib~anll The

oomple~e 1r~ cycle haYe been described tor uryhelajB squamala

(Andereon and Pratt 196) Euryhelmis monorchis (AMel 1938) and

partial17 tor Euryhelm1s paclflcu (Senger and Macy 192) The lite

cycles ot the species belonlinC to the pnus EuxheWs dUter trOll

the ~ypical heterophyid In that the metacereariae are generally

found in uphlbiana and not fiah (See Table I)

he _lIbers ot the tud~ Heterophyidae are su distos or gt~

mostomes general~ not sre than 3middot in lencth and are oval or

writor- in shape he anterlor end is lION IlOtile and l~ss bullcr

2

thaD tbe more posterior portion which generalll containa the reproshy

ctaotiw oreana ot the adult The cuticle is piny or scal7 either

owr the entire body or at leut anteriorly The ceca are lone aDd bull c1rru8 pouch i abelnt A gonot7l i preent in the cemtal

aWiua The acetabulUII mq be duced and incorporated into the

u of the cenital atria and i laekiq in lome pnera Adalta ot

tile fui17 show a w17 low hon specificit7 Most lpeeiel are able

to dewlop to maturit7 in the 8ull ~nte8tiD8 ot a Tariety of W8lJI

blooded aniull As an example aPlorcbis taichui lishiori haa

been described from cattle aretl (Atrica 1938) sea gulla (Witenberl

1929) ducklincs (Rau 19S1) cats and dogs (Kuntl and Chandler

19S6) Vulpel nlpes (Kunts and Chandler 19S6) and man (Atrica

DeLeon and Garcia 1940)

he lite c7Ole ot the IIImbers are Ye17 li1l11ar The aclulta

1Dharaquoi t the aaall intestine of als and birda that eat tilh and

aJlph1biane The es are operculate and -7 contain ear17 cleavage

atapl or lI11acidia The eges are incested b7 operculate eaails in

which one generation ot aporoc78t one or two senerations of rediae

ancl plftarolophocercu cercariae dewlop The cercariae cenera1ly

ha oral spinesJ how8fer the cercariae of urybelm1s 1IIOnorehi

(~lJ 1938) is an emeption in that the cercariae lack oral spinel

The cercariae leaYe the Inail hOlt and anerally encyst in either frelh

_ter or marine fish Speciel of EuryhelJlis Poche 92~ ha been

shown pneral17 to eDCyst in amphibians (Ameel 1938 Sancer and Macy lt bull bull ~ bull

19$2 and Anderson and Pratt 19S6) as does Metagon1moidel oregonensis

Pr1ce 1931 (Burns and Pratt 19$3)

3

hi fam1lT is of particular interest because of ita frequent

occurrence in the intestine ot man Stunkard and Willey (1929) thoulht

that eTer1 heterophyid was a potential human parasite Although such

bull lltatent is probablT an overgeneralization members of the t8Jli1T

are frequentl found in man otten causing serious complication

(Urica Garcia and DeLeon 1935) The oa appear to be picked

up b7 the ~h or blood and carried to the heart brain spinal cord

ad liver Hartin (19S6) found four heteropby1d specie that constitute

bull possible health hazard to Jan in Hawaii Laird (1961) found what

_re uSUII8d to be heterophyid eags in fecal concentrates from four

percent of Toaleuan examined Jpopballus ventrus Rall8om has been

ported froa man in Canada (Cameron 1937) Serious case of

DiatoJliaaill in western cotlJ1tries are reduced because fish are rare17

bullbullten raw intentionall It is in the oriental areas where improper17

coked or raw fish is custOlllari17 eaten that heterophy1ds present

bull definite health problem

2

thaD tbe more posterior portion which generalll containa the reproshy

ctaotiw oreana ot the adult The cuticle is piny or scal7 either

owr the entire body or at leut anteriorly The ceca are lone aDd bull c1rru8 pouch i abelnt A gonot7l i preent in the cemtal

aWiua The acetabulUII mq be duced and incorporated into the

u of the cenital atria and i laekiq in lome pnera Adalta ot

tile fui17 show a w17 low hon specificit7 Most lpeeiel are able

to dewlop to maturit7 in the 8ull ~nte8tiD8 ot a Tariety of W8lJI

blooded aniull As an example aPlorcbis taichui lishiori haa

been described from cattle aretl (Atrica 1938) sea gulla (Witenberl

1929) ducklincs (Rau 19S1) cats and dogs (Kuntl and Chandler

19S6) Vulpel nlpes (Kunts and Chandler 19S6) and man (Atrica

DeLeon and Garcia 1940)

he lite c7Ole ot the IIImbers are Ye17 li1l11ar The aclulta

1Dharaquoi t the aaall intestine of als and birda that eat tilh and

aJlph1biane The es are operculate and -7 contain ear17 cleavage

atapl or lI11acidia The eges are incested b7 operculate eaails in

which one generation ot aporoc78t one or two senerations of rediae

ancl plftarolophocercu cercariae dewlop The cercariae cenera1ly

ha oral spinesJ how8fer the cercariae of urybelm1s 1IIOnorehi

(~lJ 1938) is an emeption in that the cercariae lack oral spinel

The cercariae leaYe the Inail hOlt and anerally encyst in either frelh

_ter or marine fish Speciel of EuryhelJlis Poche 92~ ha been

shown pneral17 to eDCyst in amphibians (Ameel 1938 Sancer and Macy lt bull bull ~ bull

19$2 and Anderson and Pratt 19S6) as does Metagon1moidel oregonensis

Pr1ce 1931 (Burns and Pratt 19$3)

3

hi fam1lT is of particular interest because of ita frequent

occurrence in the intestine ot man Stunkard and Willey (1929) thoulht

that eTer1 heterophyid was a potential human parasite Although such

bull lltatent is probablT an overgeneralization members of the t8Jli1T

are frequentl found in man otten causing serious complication

(Urica Garcia and DeLeon 1935) The oa appear to be picked

up b7 the ~h or blood and carried to the heart brain spinal cord

ad liver Hartin (19S6) found four heteropby1d specie that constitute

bull possible health hazard to Jan in Hawaii Laird (1961) found what

_re uSUII8d to be heterophyid eags in fecal concentrates from four

percent of Toaleuan examined Jpopballus ventrus Rall8om has been

ported froa man in Canada (Cameron 1937) Serious case of

DiatoJliaaill in western cotlJ1tries are reduced because fish are rare17

bullbullten raw intentionall It is in the oriental areas where improper17

coked or raw fish is custOlllari17 eaten that heterophy1ds present

bull definite health problem

3

hi fam1lT is of particular interest because of ita frequent

occurrence in the intestine ot man Stunkard and Willey (1929) thoulht

that eTer1 heterophyid was a potential human parasite Although such

bull lltatent is probablT an overgeneralization members of the t8Jli1T

are frequentl found in man otten causing serious complication

(Urica Garcia and DeLeon 1935) The oa appear to be picked

up b7 the ~h or blood and carried to the heart brain spinal cord

ad liver Hartin (19S6) found four heteropby1d specie that constitute

bull possible health hazard to Jan in Hawaii Laird (1961) found what

_re uSUII8d to be heterophyid eags in fecal concentrates from four

percent of Toaleuan examined Jpopballus ventrus Rall8om has been

ported froa man in Canada (Cameron 1937) Serious case of

DiatoJliaaill in western cotlJ1tries are reduced because fish are rare17

bullbullten raw intentionall It is in the oriental areas where improper17

coked or raw fish is custOlllari17 eaten that heterophy1ds present

bull definite health problem

TABLI I

RETEllOPBYID LDE ClCLIS

Speciel Detiftitift Host Snail Host Second Intermediate Boats Source

E7he11d1 Mus1 putor1e yenhine1la Rena temporar1a ADderson and Pratt (l96S)Iguurula Musteli nivaiis phili Rana escalenta Parker (19SO)

Lutreo18 lutr801a 1iitU1US cristatus Senlaquoer and Maoy (19S2)Lutreola nson Rans piplens Senger snd Reiland (19SS) vuitis wipes Rans aurora Baer (1931)Mus ia Vlson Rana cascadae Babero and Shepperson (19$6)Procyon iotor IiCiphus truei experiJiientai i hamster

trb1lI11 mink POJII8tiWail Rana claMitans Amlel (1938)monorchie 18pfdar a 8iPirintiliD

Rana Piiiene and Iliiii pa uatrus

ESj1ll1e 1I1nk - DicamptodQn ensatue Senger and Mac7 (19S2) pacreue 1IIUskrat

ezperiMDtal in white rat golden baJllSter per0Cicus mardeu atu

t

~ciea DIIt1D1tift Hoste Suil Boat Second IDterlll8diate Hoate Source

Apo~hallUs Larus ridibundus - - RanSOlll (1920)1II1eIni

APO~lUS red skunk - Rayski and aImrr (1962)-~r

Apophallue California gall - Price (1931)-crami-

Pricetrema se lion - Price (1930) zaiophi

Apophallue docs - Atrica and Garcia (193S)-eccentricue

Phasicola muskrat tpmdulus pallidue Martin (19S3)-lyeniformia experiJlental in

chicke

A8cocot~le Guara alba - Price (1936)Ilclntos 1 shy

1

~ciea DIIt1D1tift Hoste Suil Boat Second IDterlll8diate Hoate Source

Apo~hallUs Larus ridibundus - - RanSOlll (1920)1II1eIni

APO~lUS red skunk - Rayski and aImrr (1962)-~r

Apophallue California gall - Price (1931)-crami-

Pricetrema se lion - Price (1930) zaiophi

Apophallue docs - Atrica and Garcia (193S)-eccentricue

Phasicola muskrat tpmdulus pallidue Martin (19S3)-lyeniformia experiJlental in

chicke

A8cocot~le Guara alba - Price (1936)Ilclntos 1 shy

1

Speci bullbull Definitive BOltl Suil Host Second Intelllld1ate HOlte Source

Eurrb1miImiddot Mustela frenata - - BreDeS and Arroyo (1960)costaricenail costirlceoela

~elIliB Miltphitus - - Webster and Wolfgang (19S6)pirormia Nphltus

ur-helm1s Experimental in - fresh vater fish cot i mink white rats Cottus rhothreus

white lIOuse Cottu8 fshyhamster chiok

Amhall1llJ Arenherodias Ooniobasil tresh vater fish Cron (1931) wn rue herOdias Uwscena GQPike carp

oati dogs cattish8uckera raccoon blue heron small iIOuth bus U1ls

Apgphal1u aana 1111118r Aat1cola fresh vater tish ResOll (1920) brens Larus delawarensi BiOa trout L78ter (1939)

experimental iii domestic cat

0

Specsta Dettn1t1w Hoate Sna11 Boe Seo0D4 lDtelwld1ate Kosta Sourc

Strlctodora ezper1Jnental in Pirone11 Apbanius taaciatul Martin (19SS)tridactlli chick cODic

MetagonlJao1de1 raccoon GoniobasiaE Frogl Price (1931)oreSODeDSil ezper1mental 18 Burnl and Pratt (19S3)

hamsters tng and Gleason (1967)

Paraaitictodor Ceritbidea G1111cbthl Martin (19S0) hampiidcocki oamp1ifornica mirabills eooet

FWidulus PmIpfnnUiparnpIiillu

a

Specsta Dettn1t1w Hoate Sna11 Boe Seo0D4 lDtelwld1ate Kosta Sourc

Strlctodora ezper1Jnental in Pirone11 Apbanius taaciatul Martin (19SS)tridactlli chick cODic

MetagonlJao1de1 raccoon GoniobasiaE Frogl Price (1931)oreSODeDSil ezper1mental 18 Burnl and Pratt (19S3)

hamsters tng and Gleason (1967)

Paraaitictodor Ceritbidea G1111cbthl Martin (19S0) hampiidcocki oamp1ifornica mirabills eooet

FWidulus PmIpfnnUiparnpIiillu

a

METHODS

COLLECTING FISH AND SNAILS

be molt auccealtul method tor obtaining tilh ot ths gsnua Cottua

1tU tound to bs aweeping a Nsedham rake across ths bottom ot a Itream

The filh inhabit the bottom ot the Itream ottsn nsar the bank

fnqusnt17 undsr rockl and in grl over-hanging the bank ROOD

wre oftrturned and the Needham rake WampI 81f8p through the ricinity

In grasl7 over-hang the rake val nept through the lub_rged gru

01 nth excellent resulta Snaila were obtained either by aweeping

he rake aeroa the IlUbatrate or picking thea out by hand All collectshy

ing waa conducted in IIhallow vater The collector moat otten wearing

hip bootee Collecting wal moat aucceestul prior to winter tloodinc

ftANSPORTING FISH AIm SNAILS FROM THE FIELD TO THE LABORATORY

be tiah and snaill vere placed in plut1c cake pane halt

tilled nth tream vater with Otaba (Pembls Laboratoriel River Falla

Viacousin) added ror aeration The cake pane were cOTered and placed

in styrotoam containera to which cruahed ice had been added Thia

-hod ot tranaporting tilh and snaill trom the tield to the laboratory

proYed to be lucceltul since the mortality rate va wry lOVe

nINTJIJING ANIMALS IN THE LABORATORY

he tuh were placed in aerated aquaria and partial17 aubmerged

in a 10tt drink cooler which maintained the temperature at SO centi shy

grade Water in the aquaria wall chanced about once a week he vater

9

in the aquaria was obtained b7 allow1nc tap vater to stand at room

tasperature tor several day then coo11 it to 8deg centigrade betore

replacinc the orieinal water

nsh were maintained in this vq tor at least a IIOnth and were

DOt ted during this period

Snails were kept in plastic cake pans which were placed either

in the sott drink cooler or in a cold room that vas 3o centicrade

The snails remained alive tor at least a month

OBTAIIDlO METACERCARIA

be tish were keyed to species and each species wae theD

eul1Ded tor cysts When it vas observed that several species contaiMd

the heterophyid metacercariae the epecies were no loncer separated

The tish were killed by pithing veighed and then ground with a meat

crinder Dle cround tish were then placed in a digestive solution

(lee appendix) and allowed to digest tor about one hom at 370 centishy

crade with gentle agitation The dicest vas then strained and

dUuted with 09 percent saline Diluted digest was allowed to set

tor twenty minutes then tbe supernatant vas Blowly poured ott and

IIIOle 09 percent saline vas added Atter allow1nc tUteen Idnutes

tor settline material trom the bottom ot the beaker vas pipetted into

a Petri dish The cysts were tben obllened under a dissecting microshy

scope The cysts were separated according to morphological type

us1namp an eye dropper and placed in Stender diehee containing 09

percent saline solution

DrECTIHG LABORATORY ANrMAU3

Laboratol7 an1lllals were infected either by toree teeding

10

concentrated supenaioDS of metacercariae or b feedine them fisb

collected froll an area of known infection The latter method wa

ned in work utilisinc a1nk (Mustela Tison) becau8e ot varioua

proble_ in handling these animals Force teedinc was employed

with all other animals Manual feeding vas done in one of two ways

either teedinC cyats to a conciou animal usinc an eyedropper or

b7 rendering the animal sell1conscious with ether or chlorotorm and

iDfecting thea by meana ot a ayr1nge and tubing (or a detailed

account ot the procedure useel in infect1ng animals aee the appendix)

After intection the animals vere kept in cages with a water

aupp17 but were not ted Infected anillala were generally kept a

u1111UJ1l ot tour daya Animals re killed with ch1oroform or ether

aDd the intestine va8 removed immediately and placed in 09 percent

aaline solution The intestine vas cut into approximately 4 centimeter

letba and placed in Petri dishes with 09 percent saline and then

aUt open The linear arrangement ot the relBOftd intestine 1iU aa11ltainshy

ad br nuaberinc the dih The Petri dihea were then coftred and

allowd to stand tor approxlmately thirty minutea ciYinc artyen flukes

preaent tile to IIIOYe from the rilli ot the intestine to the bottom ot

the Petri dish The intestine vaa then ecraped and teased apart to

remOTe any tre_tode that had not JIlOved trom the Tilli within the

thirty minute period

Treaatodes were transterred with an eyedropper to Stender diahes

oontainine 09 percent aaline The tlukes vere then studied alive

vncler the compound microscopeJ various details ot the anatolV were

obsen8d and aaurellents were taken The fiuke vere then t1Dcl

ia Gileon fiuid tlattened under cOYer slip pressure and tained

u vlth ither Ebrlichs acid hematoqlin or carmine sta1l18 Material

to be aectioned waa not tlattened but mere17 tixed in Gileons fiuid

detailed account ot the Tarious procedures inTolTed in tixinc and

ataiDin will be lound in the appendix

IIClSTATION OF METACERCARIAl

Metacercariae obtained atter pepain digestion vere ezcated either

1uraca1~ or chelldc~q The nature ot the C7at wall and the sall

i_ ot tbe organisJll8 dealt with in thia research dictated the us ot

entic treatment The in ntro excystation techniques ellPloyed

were atter those ot Mac7 Berntzen and Benz (1968) Details ot ome

ot the chanical and chemical procedures aTailable vil1 be tound in

the appendix

Uter excyatation the teeeremae vere placed in 09 percent

sal1De and studied aliTe They were then tixed and stained by the same

pzOCedures 88 vere the adult Excysted taoereariae vere maintained

liYiDI tor several daJe in 09 percent saline at a temperature ot

18deg centigrade

IIAMIHING SnILS FOR CERCARIAE

bere are seTeral methode commonlJ eaployed in attempt1nc to

find the cercarial torm One ay attempt to tind the cercariae either

bJ crackiDl naila or by allowinc the cercariae to be shed naturally

from the snail The lirst _thod entailed crushing the anails by

striking them with a light hammer and pickin away the sbeU Irapents

with dissectinc needle The shelltree tissue was placed in O1S

percent saline and obsened under a dissecting microscope The

hepatic tis8ue vas teased apart to expose 8D7 aporocysu rediae

12

ampDel cercariae which Ddlaquoht be presei The second _thod employed

tural lhedd1Dc ot cercariae tro the 8Ilampile Snaile were placed in

leVi diehes I tour snaile per dish lhe dishee were tilled about oneshy

halt tull vith water and partially corecl 0 retard evaporation ot

vater I and the snai18 were allowed to etand at apppoxilllateq 2(

centiamprade tor tventT-tour houre be 41ehee were then eundned

tor oercariae 1Ulder a dilaectinc ndcroscope

ItIStJLTS

ilh at the geuu Cottua vere collected tra~arioUi Itreaml

111 orthveat Oregon (See Table n) When tampcercariae obtaiDed

trOll the tih r incested by laboratory aniuls adult heteropbyide

wre obtained Examination ot a number ot these flukes illClicated

tba they represented an undescribed specie ot the enue Eurybelmi

Poche 1926 All meaaurnta are in microna unless othrwise stated

1bI arap is toUOlI1ed b the extrme ill parnthebullbullbullbull

DBSCllIPTION OF ADULT EURtHELMlS COTfi

zhelai cotti nbullbullp (Figure 123 and 4)

Specific cHagnoisl m7helmis Body thin leanike pino overshy

all mepting xtreme posterior J pyritoMl or elongate Length 419

(270 to 5S0) width 222 (lSO to 290) Orl sucker either tel1llinal or

8ubterminal 39 (32 bull 5 to h2bull5) lone b 456 (37 to So) in diter

Pbar7nx epherical 262 (2S to 30) in di_tar connected to the oral

aucker by a short but definite prepharynx 8 (7 0 9) 111 lnctn wry

apparent in linDl terial but otten not endent in tixed material

Isophacua slender biturcatinc anterior to the acetabulumJ lencth froa

the poterior aspect ot the pharynx to the cecal biturcation 912$

(62 to 140) The cca extend obliquly towards the side and then

follow the contour ot the body tera1nat1nc at the extre po~rior

of the animal beinlaquo so_what enlarce4 at their posterior ende bull

lcetabulUJI 289S (25 to 29) in diameter situated light~ pre-equatorshy

1a1 A sliCht but definite constriction in the bod) wall at the lel

9

in the aquaria was obtained b7 allow1nc tap vater to stand at room

tasperature tor several day then coo11 it to 8deg centigrade betore

replacinc the orieinal water

nsh were maintained in this vq tor at least a IIOnth and were

DOt ted during this period

Snails were kept in plastic cake pans which were placed either

in the sott drink cooler or in a cold room that vas 3o centicrade

The snails remained alive tor at least a month

OBTAIIDlO METACERCARIA

be tish were keyed to species and each species wae theD

eul1Ded tor cysts When it vas observed that several species contaiMd

the heterophyid metacercariae the epecies were no loncer separated

The tish were killed by pithing veighed and then ground with a meat

crinder Dle cround tish were then placed in a digestive solution

(lee appendix) and allowed to digest tor about one hom at 370 centishy

crade with gentle agitation The dicest vas then strained and

dUuted with 09 percent saline Diluted digest was allowed to set

tor twenty minutes then tbe supernatant vas Blowly poured ott and

IIIOle 09 percent saline vas added Atter allow1nc tUteen Idnutes

tor settline material trom the bottom ot the beaker vas pipetted into

a Petri dish The cysts were tben obllened under a dissecting microshy

scope The cysts were separated according to morphological type

us1namp an eye dropper and placed in Stender diehee containing 09

percent saline solution

DrECTIHG LABORATORY ANrMAU3

Laboratol7 an1lllals were infected either by toree teeding

10

concentrated supenaioDS of metacercariae or b feedine them fisb

collected froll an area of known infection The latter method wa

ned in work utilisinc a1nk (Mustela Tison) becau8e ot varioua

proble_ in handling these animals Force teedinc was employed

with all other animals Manual feeding vas done in one of two ways

either teedinC cyats to a conciou animal usinc an eyedropper or

b7 rendering the animal sell1conscious with ether or chlorotorm and

iDfecting thea by meana ot a ayr1nge and tubing (or a detailed

account ot the procedure useel in infect1ng animals aee the appendix)

After intection the animals vere kept in cages with a water

aupp17 but were not ted Infected anillala were generally kept a

u1111UJ1l ot tour daya Animals re killed with ch1oroform or ether

aDd the intestine va8 removed immediately and placed in 09 percent

aaline solution The intestine vas cut into approximately 4 centimeter

letba and placed in Petri dishes with 09 percent saline and then

aUt open The linear arrangement ot the relBOftd intestine 1iU aa11ltainshy

ad br nuaberinc the dih The Petri dihea were then coftred and

allowd to stand tor approxlmately thirty minutea ciYinc artyen flukes

preaent tile to IIIOYe from the rilli ot the intestine to the bottom ot

the Petri dish The intestine vaa then ecraped and teased apart to

remOTe any tre_tode that had not JIlOved trom the Tilli within the

thirty minute period

Treaatodes were transterred with an eyedropper to Stender diahes

oontainine 09 percent aaline The tlukes vere then studied alive

vncler the compound microscopeJ various details ot the anatolV were

obsen8d and aaurellents were taken The fiuke vere then t1Dcl

ia Gileon fiuid tlattened under cOYer slip pressure and tained

u vlth ither Ebrlichs acid hematoqlin or carmine sta1l18 Material

to be aectioned waa not tlattened but mere17 tixed in Gileons fiuid

detailed account ot the Tarious procedures inTolTed in tixinc and

ataiDin will be lound in the appendix

IIClSTATION OF METACERCARIAl

Metacercariae obtained atter pepain digestion vere ezcated either

1uraca1~ or chelldc~q The nature ot the C7at wall and the sall

i_ ot tbe organisJll8 dealt with in thia research dictated the us ot

entic treatment The in ntro excystation techniques ellPloyed

were atter those ot Mac7 Berntzen and Benz (1968) Details ot ome

ot the chanical and chemical procedures aTailable vil1 be tound in

the appendix

Uter excyatation the teeeremae vere placed in 09 percent

sal1De and studied aliTe They were then tixed and stained by the same

pzOCedures 88 vere the adult Excysted taoereariae vere maintained

liYiDI tor several daJe in 09 percent saline at a temperature ot

18deg centigrade

IIAMIHING SnILS FOR CERCARIAE

bere are seTeral methode commonlJ eaployed in attempt1nc to

find the cercarial torm One ay attempt to tind the cercariae either

bJ crackiDl naila or by allowinc the cercariae to be shed naturally

from the snail The lirst _thod entailed crushing the anails by

striking them with a light hammer and pickin away the sbeU Irapents

with dissectinc needle The shelltree tissue was placed in O1S

percent saline and obsened under a dissecting microscope The

hepatic tis8ue vas teased apart to expose 8D7 aporocysu rediae

12

ampDel cercariae which Ddlaquoht be presei The second _thod employed

tural lhedd1Dc ot cercariae tro the 8Ilampile Snaile were placed in

leVi diehes I tour snaile per dish lhe dishee were tilled about oneshy

halt tull vith water and partially corecl 0 retard evaporation ot

vater I and the snai18 were allowed to etand at apppoxilllateq 2(

centiamprade tor tventT-tour houre be 41ehee were then eundned

tor oercariae 1Ulder a dilaectinc ndcroscope

ItIStJLTS

ilh at the geuu Cottua vere collected tra~arioUi Itreaml

111 orthveat Oregon (See Table n) When tampcercariae obtaiDed

trOll the tih r incested by laboratory aniuls adult heteropbyide

wre obtained Examination ot a number ot these flukes illClicated

tba they represented an undescribed specie ot the enue Eurybelmi

Poche 1926 All meaaurnta are in microna unless othrwise stated

1bI arap is toUOlI1ed b the extrme ill parnthebullbullbullbull

DBSCllIPTION OF ADULT EURtHELMlS COTfi

zhelai cotti nbullbullp (Figure 123 and 4)

Specific cHagnoisl m7helmis Body thin leanike pino overshy

all mepting xtreme posterior J pyritoMl or elongate Length 419

(270 to 5S0) width 222 (lSO to 290) Orl sucker either tel1llinal or

8ubterminal 39 (32 bull 5 to h2bull5) lone b 456 (37 to So) in diter

Pbar7nx epherical 262 (2S to 30) in di_tar connected to the oral

aucker by a short but definite prepharynx 8 (7 0 9) 111 lnctn wry

apparent in linDl terial but otten not endent in tixed material

Isophacua slender biturcatinc anterior to the acetabulumJ lencth froa

the poterior aspect ot the pharynx to the cecal biturcation 912$

(62 to 140) The cca extend obliquly towards the side and then

follow the contour ot the body tera1nat1nc at the extre po~rior

of the animal beinlaquo so_what enlarce4 at their posterior ende bull

lcetabulUJI 289S (25 to 29) in diameter situated light~ pre-equatorshy

1a1 A sliCht but definite constriction in the bod) wall at the lel

10

concentrated supenaioDS of metacercariae or b feedine them fisb

collected froll an area of known infection The latter method wa

ned in work utilisinc a1nk (Mustela Tison) becau8e ot varioua

proble_ in handling these animals Force teedinc was employed

with all other animals Manual feeding vas done in one of two ways

either teedinC cyats to a conciou animal usinc an eyedropper or

b7 rendering the animal sell1conscious with ether or chlorotorm and

iDfecting thea by meana ot a ayr1nge and tubing (or a detailed

account ot the procedure useel in infect1ng animals aee the appendix)

After intection the animals vere kept in cages with a water

aupp17 but were not ted Infected anillala were generally kept a

u1111UJ1l ot tour daya Animals re killed with ch1oroform or ether

aDd the intestine va8 removed immediately and placed in 09 percent

aaline solution The intestine vas cut into approximately 4 centimeter

letba and placed in Petri dishes with 09 percent saline and then

aUt open The linear arrangement ot the relBOftd intestine 1iU aa11ltainshy

ad br nuaberinc the dih The Petri dihea were then coftred and

allowd to stand tor approxlmately thirty minutea ciYinc artyen flukes

preaent tile to IIIOYe from the rilli ot the intestine to the bottom ot

the Petri dish The intestine vaa then ecraped and teased apart to

remOTe any tre_tode that had not JIlOved trom the Tilli within the

thirty minute period

Treaatodes were transterred with an eyedropper to Stender diahes

oontainine 09 percent aaline The tlukes vere then studied alive

vncler the compound microscopeJ various details ot the anatolV were

obsen8d and aaurellents were taken The fiuke vere then t1Dcl

ia Gileon fiuid tlattened under cOYer slip pressure and tained

u vlth ither Ebrlichs acid hematoqlin or carmine sta1l18 Material

to be aectioned waa not tlattened but mere17 tixed in Gileons fiuid

detailed account ot the Tarious procedures inTolTed in tixinc and

ataiDin will be lound in the appendix

IIClSTATION OF METACERCARIAl

Metacercariae obtained atter pepain digestion vere ezcated either

1uraca1~ or chelldc~q The nature ot the C7at wall and the sall

i_ ot tbe organisJll8 dealt with in thia research dictated the us ot

entic treatment The in ntro excystation techniques ellPloyed

were atter those ot Mac7 Berntzen and Benz (1968) Details ot ome

ot the chanical and chemical procedures aTailable vil1 be tound in

the appendix

Uter excyatation the teeeremae vere placed in 09 percent

sal1De and studied aliTe They were then tixed and stained by the same

pzOCedures 88 vere the adult Excysted taoereariae vere maintained

liYiDI tor several daJe in 09 percent saline at a temperature ot

18deg centigrade

IIAMIHING SnILS FOR CERCARIAE

bere are seTeral methode commonlJ eaployed in attempt1nc to

find the cercarial torm One ay attempt to tind the cercariae either

bJ crackiDl naila or by allowinc the cercariae to be shed naturally

from the snail The lirst _thod entailed crushing the anails by

striking them with a light hammer and pickin away the sbeU Irapents

with dissectinc needle The shelltree tissue was placed in O1S

percent saline and obsened under a dissecting microscope The

hepatic tis8ue vas teased apart to expose 8D7 aporocysu rediae

12

ampDel cercariae which Ddlaquoht be presei The second _thod employed

tural lhedd1Dc ot cercariae tro the 8Ilampile Snaile were placed in

leVi diehes I tour snaile per dish lhe dishee were tilled about oneshy

halt tull vith water and partially corecl 0 retard evaporation ot

vater I and the snai18 were allowed to etand at apppoxilllateq 2(

centiamprade tor tventT-tour houre be 41ehee were then eundned

tor oercariae 1Ulder a dilaectinc ndcroscope

ItIStJLTS

ilh at the geuu Cottua vere collected tra~arioUi Itreaml

111 orthveat Oregon (See Table n) When tampcercariae obtaiDed

trOll the tih r incested by laboratory aniuls adult heteropbyide

wre obtained Examination ot a number ot these flukes illClicated

tba they represented an undescribed specie ot the enue Eurybelmi

Poche 1926 All meaaurnta are in microna unless othrwise stated

1bI arap is toUOlI1ed b the extrme ill parnthebullbullbullbull

DBSCllIPTION OF ADULT EURtHELMlS COTfi

zhelai cotti nbullbullp (Figure 123 and 4)

Specific cHagnoisl m7helmis Body thin leanike pino overshy

all mepting xtreme posterior J pyritoMl or elongate Length 419

(270 to 5S0) width 222 (lSO to 290) Orl sucker either tel1llinal or

8ubterminal 39 (32 bull 5 to h2bull5) lone b 456 (37 to So) in diter

Pbar7nx epherical 262 (2S to 30) in di_tar connected to the oral

aucker by a short but definite prepharynx 8 (7 0 9) 111 lnctn wry

apparent in linDl terial but otten not endent in tixed material

Isophacua slender biturcatinc anterior to the acetabulumJ lencth froa

the poterior aspect ot the pharynx to the cecal biturcation 912$

(62 to 140) The cca extend obliquly towards the side and then

follow the contour ot the body tera1nat1nc at the extre po~rior

of the animal beinlaquo so_what enlarce4 at their posterior ende bull

lcetabulUJI 289S (25 to 29) in diameter situated light~ pre-equatorshy

1a1 A sliCht but definite constriction in the bod) wall at the lel

u vlth ither Ebrlichs acid hematoqlin or carmine sta1l18 Material

to be aectioned waa not tlattened but mere17 tixed in Gileons fiuid

detailed account ot the Tarious procedures inTolTed in tixinc and

ataiDin will be lound in the appendix

IIClSTATION OF METACERCARIAl

Metacercariae obtained atter pepain digestion vere ezcated either

1uraca1~ or chelldc~q The nature ot the C7at wall and the sall

i_ ot tbe organisJll8 dealt with in thia research dictated the us ot

entic treatment The in ntro excystation techniques ellPloyed

were atter those ot Mac7 Berntzen and Benz (1968) Details ot ome

ot the chanical and chemical procedures aTailable vil1 be tound in

the appendix

Uter excyatation the teeeremae vere placed in 09 percent

sal1De and studied aliTe They were then tixed and stained by the same

pzOCedures 88 vere the adult Excysted taoereariae vere maintained

liYiDI tor several daJe in 09 percent saline at a temperature ot

18deg centigrade

IIAMIHING SnILS FOR CERCARIAE

bere are seTeral methode commonlJ eaployed in attempt1nc to

find the cercarial torm One ay attempt to tind the cercariae either

bJ crackiDl naila or by allowinc the cercariae to be shed naturally

from the snail The lirst _thod entailed crushing the anails by

striking them with a light hammer and pickin away the sbeU Irapents

with dissectinc needle The shelltree tissue was placed in O1S

percent saline and obsened under a dissecting microscope The

hepatic tis8ue vas teased apart to expose 8D7 aporocysu rediae

12

ampDel cercariae which Ddlaquoht be presei The second _thod employed

tural lhedd1Dc ot cercariae tro the 8Ilampile Snaile were placed in

leVi diehes I tour snaile per dish lhe dishee were tilled about oneshy

halt tull vith water and partially corecl 0 retard evaporation ot

vater I and the snai18 were allowed to etand at apppoxilllateq 2(

centiamprade tor tventT-tour houre be 41ehee were then eundned

tor oercariae 1Ulder a dilaectinc ndcroscope

ItIStJLTS

ilh at the geuu Cottua vere collected tra~arioUi Itreaml

111 orthveat Oregon (See Table n) When tampcercariae obtaiDed

trOll the tih r incested by laboratory aniuls adult heteropbyide

wre obtained Examination ot a number ot these flukes illClicated

tba they represented an undescribed specie ot the enue Eurybelmi

Poche 1926 All meaaurnta are in microna unless othrwise stated

1bI arap is toUOlI1ed b the extrme ill parnthebullbullbullbull

DBSCllIPTION OF ADULT EURtHELMlS COTfi

zhelai cotti nbullbullp (Figure 123 and 4)

Specific cHagnoisl m7helmis Body thin leanike pino overshy

all mepting xtreme posterior J pyritoMl or elongate Length 419

(270 to 5S0) width 222 (lSO to 290) Orl sucker either tel1llinal or

8ubterminal 39 (32 bull 5 to h2bull5) lone b 456 (37 to So) in diter

Pbar7nx epherical 262 (2S to 30) in di_tar connected to the oral

aucker by a short but definite prepharynx 8 (7 0 9) 111 lnctn wry

apparent in linDl terial but otten not endent in tixed material

Isophacua slender biturcatinc anterior to the acetabulumJ lencth froa

the poterior aspect ot the pharynx to the cecal biturcation 912$

(62 to 140) The cca extend obliquly towards the side and then

follow the contour ot the body tera1nat1nc at the extre po~rior

of the animal beinlaquo so_what enlarce4 at their posterior ende bull

lcetabulUJI 289S (25 to 29) in diameter situated light~ pre-equatorshy

1a1 A sliCht but definite constriction in the bod) wall at the lel

12

ampDel cercariae which Ddlaquoht be presei The second _thod employed

tural lhedd1Dc ot cercariae tro the 8Ilampile Snaile were placed in

leVi diehes I tour snaile per dish lhe dishee were tilled about oneshy

halt tull vith water and partially corecl 0 retard evaporation ot

vater I and the snai18 were allowed to etand at apppoxilllateq 2(

centiamprade tor tventT-tour houre be 41ehee were then eundned

tor oercariae 1Ulder a dilaectinc ndcroscope

ItIStJLTS

ilh at the geuu Cottua vere collected tra~arioUi Itreaml

111 orthveat Oregon (See Table n) When tampcercariae obtaiDed

trOll the tih r incested by laboratory aniuls adult heteropbyide

wre obtained Examination ot a number ot these flukes illClicated

tba they represented an undescribed specie ot the enue Eurybelmi

Poche 1926 All meaaurnta are in microna unless othrwise stated

1bI arap is toUOlI1ed b the extrme ill parnthebullbullbullbull

DBSCllIPTION OF ADULT EURtHELMlS COTfi

zhelai cotti nbullbullp (Figure 123 and 4)

Specific cHagnoisl m7helmis Body thin leanike pino overshy

all mepting xtreme posterior J pyritoMl or elongate Length 419

(270 to 5S0) width 222 (lSO to 290) Orl sucker either tel1llinal or

8ubterminal 39 (32 bull 5 to h2bull5) lone b 456 (37 to So) in diter

Pbar7nx epherical 262 (2S to 30) in di_tar connected to the oral

aucker by a short but definite prepharynx 8 (7 0 9) 111 lnctn wry

apparent in linDl terial but otten not endent in tixed material

Isophacua slender biturcatinc anterior to the acetabulumJ lencth froa

the poterior aspect ot the pharynx to the cecal biturcation 912$

(62 to 140) The cca extend obliquly towards the side and then

follow the contour ot the body tera1nat1nc at the extre po~rior

of the animal beinlaquo so_what enlarce4 at their posterior ende bull

lcetabulUJI 289S (25 to 29) in diameter situated light~ pre-equatorshy

1a1 A sliCht but definite constriction in the bod) wall at the lel

ItIStJLTS

ilh at the geuu Cottua vere collected tra~arioUi Itreaml

111 orthveat Oregon (See Table n) When tampcercariae obtaiDed

trOll the tih r incested by laboratory aniuls adult heteropbyide

wre obtained Examination ot a number ot these flukes illClicated

tba they represented an undescribed specie ot the enue Eurybelmi

Poche 1926 All meaaurnta are in microna unless othrwise stated

1bI arap is toUOlI1ed b the extrme ill parnthebullbullbullbull

DBSCllIPTION OF ADULT EURtHELMlS COTfi

zhelai cotti nbullbullp (Figure 123 and 4)

Specific cHagnoisl m7helmis Body thin leanike pino overshy

all mepting xtreme posterior J pyritoMl or elongate Length 419

(270 to 5S0) width 222 (lSO to 290) Orl sucker either tel1llinal or

8ubterminal 39 (32 bull 5 to h2bull5) lone b 456 (37 to So) in diter

Pbar7nx epherical 262 (2S to 30) in di_tar connected to the oral

aucker by a short but definite prepharynx 8 (7 0 9) 111 lnctn wry

apparent in linDl terial but otten not endent in tixed material

Isophacua slender biturcatinc anterior to the acetabulumJ lencth froa

the poterior aspect ot the pharynx to the cecal biturcation 912$

(62 to 140) The cca extend obliquly towards the side and then

follow the contour ot the body tera1nat1nc at the extre po~rior

of the animal beinlaquo so_what enlarce4 at their posterior ende bull

lcetabulUJI 289S (25 to 29) in diameter situated light~ pre-equatorshy

1a1 A sliCht but definite constriction in the bod) wall at the lel

1b

ot the acetabulum Teate oToid opposite or oblique in the posterior

part ot the boQy the right testis generally located 8lightly posterior

k he lett Right testis 970 (76 to lS2S) wide 675 (55 to 80)

anterio-posterior axis Seminal Tesicle sac-like dorsal to uterus

IDCI posterior and to the rilht ot acetabula C1rrua not andent

QeDtal atrium located immediately anterior to the acetabulua and

OftIhUlll by a bilobed gonotyl Gonotl appears as a bilobed told

of tissue rather than a sucker Uterus conSisting ot three to tour

loops confined between intestinal ceca testes andacetabulum

open into the pnital atriUll Ovary located on right side and

erior to right testis somewhat club-shaped 625 (375 to 67S)

wide Idal (40 to So) long Seminal receptacle located between

r1cht testis and OTamprY spherical or club-shaped Neither Laurer_

canal nor Meh11s gland wre ob8ernd Vitelline tollicle8 nUEroua

follicular confined laterally extending trom the level ot the aceshy

tabula to the p08terior end Egga operculated with polar thickenings

32S (30 to 37) by 20S (16 to 225) Excreto17 bladder Y or Tshy

_haped extendiDc torward trom the posterior end ot the body between

the testes and bifurcating immediately anterior to them

Bo_1081 (experi_ntal) Muatela Tision white rat white mouse golden

b8II8ter chicu

Habitats small intestine

LocalitYI Northwest Oregon USA

ncSftD METACERCARIAE

The metacereariae are tound in Cottus rhotheus and several

unident1tied epecies ot the genua Cottus Infection in these tish

1 ooon be tacercariae are found encysted in the somatic

soulatve of the fisb The cysts are ovoid 19815 b7 14500

Jlthough nUJl8rous in pepsin diest tbe c)Sts are dUficult to locate

1D fnsh _tertal The cyst vall is toulh approximatel 7 thick

ad oOllPo of three distinct lqerl an outer opaque layer approxishy

--17 3 thick a middle c~ar layer about 2 tbick and a clark iJUlershy

aolayer 2 thick The _tacercaria within is doubled on itself

and ellowisb granules are numerous Numarous e11owish granule

are tJPical in the metacercaria cysts ot heteropbyids The metashy

cercariae within the capsule are pnerall1 actiY8 the excretory

bladder is typically filled witb black droplets The oral and ventral

uckers are apparent as is the onotl and the cuticle 1s distinct1

spinose

IXClSTED METACBRCARIAE

l~~ ~~1if~ animals l1e ve17 a~~~r~ and have cOliparatift1y wll

deT8loped reproductift organs J the teste are ow1d ad the ovampr7 is

c1ub-shaped to spherical The rl te111ne glands are evident but not

t1lll1 developed The testee are not yet producing spera Stained and

aouated speci_ns arage 222 long b7 1122 The oral sucker i

boU (37 to 10) in diameter The pbaryDx averages 22 in diameter

ad ie connected to the oral sucker b7 a definite pnpbarynx 81S

ill lencth The intestinal ceca are present The acetabu1U11l averages

2615 in diameter The gonoty1 also is present

CERCARIAE

be cercaria and snail host for ugbelJl1s cotti haft not been

clescribed Snails of the pnera OXifPmma and F1Uldnicola re

16

collected trom the ame localitie as were the fish 8nai18 vere

exaa1aed for cercariae b7 dissection and hedding The renlta wre

ati ApproxiJlatel 1000 snaib vere exami1ed

DmtmIVE HOSlS II IfAfURE

Itforts to locate ani_le naturally infected with Euryhe1m1

eott wre negatift One raccoon Procyon lotor a road kill was

examined The an1mal vas found along the Sunset Higbw87 aeralIl11ebull

bullbullt ot Bearton Oregon Four aea gull (taru p) vere collected

fro a land fill operation one-halt mile north ot Oregon City Oregon

he birdIJ vere hot with a 12 Caup hot CUll and taken immediately

to tbe laborato~ for examination

USULTS OF EXPERIMElrJAL INFECTIONSbull

lhe animab exper1llentauy infected with _taoereari baft

been DOted prniously The nuke appear to be Tery adapti in

relard to maturing to the adult oonditionin a Yariety of warm

blooded Yertebrates and therefore has a low spec1ficit relative to

deflnitiTfJ hosts In all cases where expert_ntal infections were

attelllPted eg-producinlaquo adult nuke were reccmred The time required

tor _tvation to the adult trom metacercaria i8 relatiYely bort

eel-producing adults were obtained iro an experimentall Wected

hallster 17 hour after intecting thi animal with _tacercariae

be reulta uy ha been intluenced alightly br preTioua treatment

in the pepain digeat rue treatment baa been shown to ba an

effect on the ct vall of Spbaeridiotre lobulu8 (Mac Berntzen

and BeDZ 1967) Th effect of the pretreatment 18 probabq

1 ooon be tacercariae are found encysted in the somatic

soulatve of the fisb The cysts are ovoid 19815 b7 14500

Jlthough nUJl8rous in pepsin diest tbe c)Sts are dUficult to locate

1D fnsh _tertal The cyst vall is toulh approximatel 7 thick

ad oOllPo of three distinct lqerl an outer opaque layer approxishy

--17 3 thick a middle c~ar layer about 2 tbick and a clark iJUlershy

aolayer 2 thick The _tacercaria within is doubled on itself

and ellowisb granules are numerous Numarous e11owish granule

are tJPical in the metacercaria cysts ot heteropbyids The metashy

cercariae within the capsule are pnerall1 actiY8 the excretory

bladder is typically filled witb black droplets The oral and ventral

uckers are apparent as is the onotl and the cuticle 1s distinct1

spinose

IXClSTED METACBRCARIAE

l~~ ~~1if~ animals l1e ve17 a~~~r~ and have cOliparatift1y wll

deT8loped reproductift organs J the teste are ow1d ad the ovampr7 is

c1ub-shaped to spherical The rl te111ne glands are evident but not

t1lll1 developed The testee are not yet producing spera Stained and

aouated speci_ns arage 222 long b7 1122 The oral sucker i

boU (37 to 10) in diameter The pbaryDx averages 22 in diameter

ad ie connected to the oral sucker b7 a definite pnpbarynx 81S

ill lencth The intestinal ceca are present The acetabu1U11l averages

2615 in diameter The gonoty1 also is present

CERCARIAE

be cercaria and snail host for ugbelJl1s cotti haft not been

clescribed Snails of the pnera OXifPmma and F1Uldnicola re

16

collected trom the ame localitie as were the fish 8nai18 vere

exaa1aed for cercariae b7 dissection and hedding The renlta wre

ati ApproxiJlatel 1000 snaib vere exami1ed

DmtmIVE HOSlS II IfAfURE

Itforts to locate ani_le naturally infected with Euryhe1m1

eott wre negatift One raccoon Procyon lotor a road kill was

examined The an1mal vas found along the Sunset Higbw87 aeralIl11ebull

bullbullt ot Bearton Oregon Four aea gull (taru p) vere collected

fro a land fill operation one-halt mile north ot Oregon City Oregon

he birdIJ vere hot with a 12 Caup hot CUll and taken immediately

to tbe laborato~ for examination

USULTS OF EXPERIMElrJAL INFECTIONSbull

lhe animab exper1llentauy infected with _taoereari baft

been DOted prniously The nuke appear to be Tery adapti in

relard to maturing to the adult oonditionin a Yariety of warm

blooded Yertebrates and therefore has a low spec1ficit relative to

deflnitiTfJ hosts In all cases where expert_ntal infections were

attelllPted eg-producinlaquo adult nuke were reccmred The time required

tor _tvation to the adult trom metacercaria i8 relatiYely bort

eel-producing adults were obtained iro an experimentall Wected

hallster 17 hour after intecting thi animal with _tacercariae

be reulta uy ha been intluenced alightly br preTioua treatment

in the pepain digeat rue treatment baa been shown to ba an

effect on the ct vall of Spbaeridiotre lobulu8 (Mac Berntzen

and BeDZ 1967) Th effect of the pretreatment 18 probabq