EVALUATING “ENVIRONMENTAL BAGGAGE”EVALUATING “ENVIRONMENTAL BAGGAGE”

MARKETMARKET--TRANSFERRED EFFECTS WHEN TRANSFERRED EFFECTS WHEN FRESH PELAGIC FISH IMPORTS FRESH PELAGIC FISH IMPORTS

REPLACE HAWAII LONGLINE REPLACE HAWAII LONGLINE PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

John KanekoJohn KanekoPaul Paul BartramBartramPACMAR Inc.PACMAR Inc.

MARKET TRANSFER OF PELAGIC MARKET TRANSFER OF PELAGIC LONGLINE BYLONGLINE BY--CATCH EFFECTSCATCH EFFECTS

•• IMPACTS ON BYIMPACTS ON BY--CATCH DO NOT DISAPPEAR AS A CATCH DO NOT DISAPPEAR AS A RESULT OF REGULATING ONE FISHERY OR ONE RESULT OF REGULATING ONE FISHERY OR ONE AREAAREA

•• IMPACTS TRANSFER TO OTHER PLACESIMPACTS TRANSFER TO OTHER PLACES–– WITH TRANSFER OF FISHING EFFORTWITH TRANSFER OF FISHING EFFORT–– WITH GLOBAL MARKETING OF FRESH FISH PRODUCTSWITH GLOBAL MARKETING OF FRESH FISH PRODUCTS

•• FOCUS ON SECOND TYPE FOCUS ON SECOND TYPE ---- “MARKET DRIVEN’ “MARKET DRIVEN’ TRANSFERTRANSFER

Ecosystem of Ecosystem of Longline Longline ByBy--CatchCatch

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN HAWAII LONGLINE WHAT HAPPENS WHEN HAWAII LONGLINE

PRODUCTS REPLACED WITH IMPORTS?PRODUCTS REPLACED WITH IMPORTS?

•• U.S. MARKETERS AND CONSUMERS OF U.S. MARKETERS AND CONSUMERS OF FRESH PELAGIC FISH SUBSTITUTE FRESH PELAGIC FISH SUBSTITUTE IMPORTS WHEN HAWAII SUPPLY REDUCEDIMPORTS WHEN HAWAII SUPPLY REDUCED

•• CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ON LONGLINE BYCUMULATIVE EFFECTS ON LONGLINE BY--CATCH THAT IMPACT:CATCH THAT IMPACT:–– SEA TURTLESSEA TURTLES–– NONNON--TARGET FISHTARGET FISH

WHITE HATS OR BLACK HATS?WHITE HATS OR BLACK HATS?

•• SPC PAMPHLET: PELAGIC LONGLINE FISHING SPC PAMPHLET: PELAGIC LONGLINE FISHING “…RELATIVELY ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY”“…RELATIVELY ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY”

•• HINMAN (1998): LONGLINE FISHING LIKE “…LAYING HINMAN (1998): LONGLINE FISHING LIKE “…LAYING AN UNDERWATER MINEFIELD”AN UNDERWATER MINEFIELD”

•• CROWDER AND MYERS (IN RESEARCH CROWDER AND MYERS (IN RESEARCH PROPOSAL):PROPOSAL):–– LONGLINE FISHING “…ONE OF THE MOST LONGLINE FISHING “…ONE OF THE MOST

LUCRATIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE FISHERIES IN LUCRATIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE FISHERIES IN THE WORLD”THE WORLD”

PELAGIC LONGLINING NOT ONE FISHERYPELAGIC LONGLINING NOT ONE FISHERY

•• ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS VARY WITH:ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS VARY WITH:–– SPECIFIC DETAILS OF GEARSPECIFIC DETAILS OF GEAR–– DEPLOYMENTDEPLOYMENT–– FISHING TACTICSFISHING TACTICS

•• EFFECTS BETTER UNDERSTOOD IF FISHING EFFECTS BETTER UNDERSTOOD IF FISHING PRACTICES PRACTICES –– SPLITSPLIT–– NOT LUMPEDNOT LUMPED

PELAGIC LONGLINE FISHING OCCURS PELAGIC LONGLINE FISHING OCCURS IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTSIN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS

•• CONTINENTAL SHELF?CONTINENTAL SHELF?

•• GYRES, FRONTS?GYRES, FRONTS?

•• PROXIMITY TO PROTECTED SPECIES PROXIMITY TO PROTECTED SPECIES NESTING?NESTING?

ONE SIZE DOESN’T FIT ALL LONGLININGONE SIZE DOESN’T FIT ALL LONGLINING

•• NEED TYPOLOGY OF LONGLINE FISHING NEED TYPOLOGY OF LONGLINE FISHING THAT ACCOUNTS FOR DIFFERENCES IN:THAT ACCOUNTS FOR DIFFERENCES IN:–– FISHING GEAR AND PRACTICESFISHING GEAR AND PRACTICES–– FISHING ENVIRONMENTFISHING ENVIRONMENT

•• NEED TO CONNECT TYPOLOGY TO SEA NEED TO CONNECT TYPOLOGY TO SEA TURTLE AND NONTURTLE AND NON--TARGET FISH BYTARGET FISH BY--CATCHCATCH–– STANDARD MEASURE FOR COMPARISONSTANDARD MEASURE FOR COMPARISON–– LOOK FOR ORDER OF MAGNITUDE LOOK FOR ORDER OF MAGNITUDE

DIFFERENCESDIFFERENCES

UNIT OF BYUNIT OF BY--CATCH PER UNIT OF CATCH PER UNIT OF TARGET CATCH (BPUTC)TARGET CATCH (BPUTC)

•• ADAPTED FROM MARTIN HALL WORK ON ADAPTED FROM MARTIN HALL WORK ON DOLPHIN BYDOLPHIN BY--CATCH IN EASTERN PACIFIC CATCH IN EASTERN PACIFIC PURSE SEINE FISHERYPURSE SEINE FISHERY

•• EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:–– SEA TURTLE TAKES PER MT OF TARGET FISHSEA TURTLE TAKES PER MT OF TARGET FISH–– SEA TURTLE MORTALITIES/ MT OF TARGET FISHSEA TURTLE MORTALITIES/ MT OF TARGET FISH–– MT OF FISH DISCARDS PER MT OF TARGET FISHMT OF FISH DISCARDS PER MT OF TARGET FISH

LIKELY IMPORT SUBSTITUTION SCENARIOSLIKELY IMPORT SUBSTITUTION SCENARIOS

•• HAWAII FRESH TUNA HAWAII FRESH TUNA REPLACED BY LEADING REPLACED BY LEADING EXPORTERS TO U.S.:EXPORTERS TO U.S.:–– TRINIDAD AND TOBAGOTRINIDAD AND TOBAGO–– BRAZILBRAZIL–– COSTA RICACOSTA RICA–– PANAMAPANAMA–– VIETNAMVIETNAM–– MARSHALL ISLANDSMARSHALL ISLANDS–– PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINES–– INDONESIAINDONESIA–– MEXICOMEXICO–– SAMOASAMOA

•• HAWAII FRESH SWORDFISH HAWAII FRESH SWORDFISH REPLACED BY LEADING REPLACED BY LEADING EXPORTERS TO U.S.:EXPORTERS TO U.S.:–– BRAZILBRAZIL–– MEXICOMEXICO–– COSTA RICACOSTA RICA–– AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA–– ECUADORECUADOR–– SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA–– PANAMAPANAMA

DOCUMENT ACTUAL REPLACEMENTSDOCUMENT ACTUAL REPLACEMENTS

•• THROUGH PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS THROUGH PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS WITH U.S. MAINLAND MARKETERSWITH U.S. MAINLAND MARKETERS

•• INTENSIVE INTERVIEW EFFORT AT BOSTON INTENSIVE INTERVIEW EFFORT AT BOSTON SEAFOOD SHOW, MARCH 2002SEAFOOD SHOW, MARCH 2002

ASSESSING TRANSFERRED EFFECTSASSESSING TRANSFERRED EFFECTSON SEA TURTLE BYON SEA TURTLE BY--CATCHCATCH

•• FOR COUNTRIES THAT REPLACED HAWAII FOR COUNTRIES THAT REPLACED HAWAII FRESH PELAGIC FISH PRODUCTIONFRESH PELAGIC FISH PRODUCTION–– TRY TO DERIVE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS USING TRY TO DERIVE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS USING

HALL METHOD (BCUTC) FOR LONGLINE FLEETSHALL METHOD (BCUTC) FOR LONGLINE FLEETS

•• IF DATA INADEQUATE FOR SPECIFIC IF DATA INADEQUATE FOR SPECIFIC COUNTRIES AND FLEETSCOUNTRIES AND FLEETS–– USE TYPOLOGY OF LONGLINE METHODS TO USE TYPOLOGY OF LONGLINE METHODS TO

CLASSIFY EFFECTSCLASSIFY EFFECTS

•• MAJOR DATA PROBLEMMAJOR DATA PROBLEM–– SEA TURTLE ID BY SPECIESSEA TURTLE ID BY SPECIES

ASSESSING TRANSFERRED EFFECTSASSESSING TRANSFERRED EFFECTSON NONON NON--TARGET FISH BYTARGET FISH BY--CATCHCATCH

•• FOR COUNTRIES THAT REPLACED HAWAII FRESH PELAGIC FOR COUNTRIES THAT REPLACED HAWAII FRESH PELAGIC FISH PRODUCTIONFISH PRODUCTION–– TRY TO DERIVE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS USING HALL METHOD TRY TO DERIVE CUMULATIVE EFFECTS USING HALL METHOD

(BCUTC) FOR LONGLINE FLEETS(BCUTC) FOR LONGLINE FLEETS

•• IF DATA INADEQUATE FOR SPECIFIC COUNTRIES AND IF DATA INADEQUATE FOR SPECIFIC COUNTRIES AND FLEETSFLEETS–– USE TYPOLOGY OF LONGLINE METHODS TO CLASSIFY EFFECTSUSE TYPOLOGY OF LONGLINE METHODS TO CLASSIFY EFFECTS

•• MAJOR DATA PROBLEMS:MAJOR DATA PROBLEMS:–– REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN SPECIES COMPOSITIONREGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN SPECIES COMPOSITION–– % NON% NON--TARGET FISH RELEASED DEAD OR MORTALLY INJURED TARGET FISH RELEASED DEAD OR MORTALLY INJURED

VERSUS % ALIVE AND VIABLEVERSUS % ALIVE AND VIABLE–– MARKETING FATE OF NONMARKETING FATE OF NON--TARGET FISHTARGET FISH

POSSIBLE TYPOLOGY OFPOSSIBLE TYPOLOGY OFLONGLINE METHODSLONGLINE METHODS

•• HAWAII DEEPHAWAII DEEP--SET TUNASET TUNA•• JAPAN DEEPJAPAN DEEP--SET TUNASET TUNA•• TAIWAN, CHINA SHALLOWTAIWAN, CHINA SHALLOW--SET TUNASET TUNA•• HAWAII SHALLOWHAWAII SHALLOW--SET SWORDFISHSET SWORDFISH•• EASTERN PACIFIC SWORDFISHEASTERN PACIFIC SWORDFISH

–– CLOSE TO SEA TURTLE NESTINGCLOSE TO SEA TURTLE NESTING–– AWAY FROM SEA TURTLE NESTING AWAY FROM SEA TURTLE NESTING

•• ATLANTIC SWORDFISHATLANTIC SWORDFISH

LOSS OF INFORMATIONLOSS OF INFORMATION

•• REGULATIONS TEND TO DISPLACE FISHERMENREGULATIONS TEND TO DISPLACE FISHERMEN–– FROM BETTER REGULATED, BETTER MONITORED FROM BETTER REGULATED, BETTER MONITORED

FISHERIESFISHERIES–– TO LESS REGULATED, LESS MONITORED FISHERIESTO LESS REGULATED, LESS MONITORED FISHERIES

•• UNCERTAINTY INCREASESUNCERTAINTY INCREASES

•• HOW TO RECONCILE WITH “PRECAUTIONARY HOW TO RECONCILE WITH “PRECAUTIONARY MANAGEMENT”?MANAGEMENT”?

“NAUGHTY OR NICE”“NAUGHTY OR NICE”

•• COMPARE U.S. FRESH PELAGIC LONGLINE FISH COMPARE U.S. FRESH PELAGIC LONGLINE FISH SUPPLIERSSUPPLIERS

•• BASED ON PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR:BASED ON PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR:–– RESPONSIBLE FISHINGRESPONSIBLE FISHING–– RESPONSIBLE MONITORING AND MANAGEMENTRESPONSIBLE MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT–– RESPONSIBLE MARKETING AND CONSUMPTIONRESPONSIBLE MARKETING AND CONSUMPTION

•• HOW DOES HAWAII LONGLINE FISHERY RATE?HOW DOES HAWAII LONGLINE FISHERY RATE?–– MODEL FISHERY OR MODEL FISHERY OR –– ROGUE FISHERYROGUE FISHERY