evaluation of silicon photomultiplier arrays for the gluex barrel calorimeter carl zorn radiation...
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Evaluation of Silicon Photomultiplier Arrays for the GlueX Barrel Calorimeter
Carl Zorn
Radiation Detector & Medical Imaging Group
Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA
2009 NSS/MIC Symposium, Orlando, FlThursday, October 29, 2009
On behalf of the GlueX Collaboration
www.gluex.org
Jefferson Laboratory
www.jlab.org
AB
C
D
Under constructi
on
2
12 GeV upgrade – GlueX experiment
Study excited gluonic meson states
www.jlab.org/12GeV
3
Photodetectors in Strong Magnetic Field
2.2 Tesla
SciFi●LeadCalorimeter
4 meter length48 sectors
4
Chosen Photodetectors• Silicon
Photomultipliers (SiPMs)• Two companies: Hamamatsu and SensL
• Arrays (4x4) of 3mm2 cells • Size ~ 13 x 13 mm2
• Gain > 106 • Insensitive to B-fields• Dark rate ~ 100 MHz• Operation depends on
temperature
• Hamamatsu H8409-70• 1.5” PMT: R7761-70• Photocathode D = 27mm• 19 stages• Max. anode I = 10mA• Gain ~ 3x106 (0.5 T)• Dark rate ~ 0.5 kHz
• Fine Mesh PMTs (FM)
SensL
Hamamatsu
5
Readout Setups• SiPM Option:
– Inner: 6x4 SiPMs (2,304)– Outer: 2x2 FM PMTs (384)
FM PMT Option: Inner: 3x3 FM PMTs Outer: 2x2 FM PMTs (1,248)
SiPMs:Sum in 3’s toelectronics
Option 1 Option
2
6
Readout Setups• Full SiPM Option:
– Inner: 6x4 SiPMs– Outer: 2x2x4 SiPMs (3,840)
SiPMs:Sum in 3’s toelectronics
Option 3
7
Original Prototype Arrays
Array Size: 13 x 13 mm2
Active area: 2.85 x 2.85 x 16 mm2 (75%)
Cell: 3.15 x 3.15 mm2
Pixel Count: 3640 x 16 (35 μm)
Array Size: 16 x 18 mm2
Active Area: 3x3x16 mm2 (50%)Cell: 3.85 x 3.85 mm2
Pixel Count: 3600 x 16 (50 μm)
16 mm
18 mm
13 mm
SensL Hamamatsu
8
Sample Pulses
200 ns
200 ns
SensL
Hamamatsu
9
Amplitude Distribution – SensL – Type 1
10
Amplitude Distribution – Hamamatsu
11
“Dead” channel
s
Amplitude Distribution – SensL – Type 2
12
“Dead” channel
s
Amplitude Distribution – SensL – Type 2
X13
Effect of excessive bias in Hamamatsu MPPC
50 μm @ Vop
50 μm @ Vop + 1.0 v
14
Effect of Bias on Noise (SensL)
Overbias = +2 v
Overbias = +4 v
15
Temperature & Stability
Dark Rate dependent upon Overbias
Dark Rate decreases rapidly with decreasing
Temperature
Dark Rate can be improved with Temperature Control
At Constant Overbias Gain independent of
Temperature
Same goes for PDE
Gain varies rapidly with Overbias (1-4 volts)
Output Response strongly dependent upon
Temperature
Temperature should be stable for Stable Output
16
PDE/Dark Rate Requirements
Set by minimum detection threshold of Eγ = 60 MeV
17
PDE/Dark Rate Requirements
Hamamatsu 50 μm
Hamamatsu 25 μm
18
PDE/Dark Rate Requirements
SensL 20 & 35 μm
19
PDE/Dark Rate Requirements
SensL 35 μm
20
Performance Extrapolated to 5°C
SensL 35 μm
21
In Summary What We’re Getting
Temperature
dependent
Hamamatsu
SensL
22
BCAL Readout Modules
PreampPCB
SiPM
PeltierCell
Hot Plate
Cold Plate
ControlPCB
PowerConnector
PowerConnector
SMAOutputConnector
PreampPCB
SensL Hamamatsu
23
Temperature Stabilization of SiPM arrays
24
Option for HamamatsuControl Gain during Temperature Variations
25
First Signals from Hamamatsu Unit
Source – fast blue LEDOuput Risetime – 13-14 nsOutput Width – 75 ns
Low amplitude – 18 mV
High amplitude – 2.2 V
26
Array Evaluation Plan
Scan all elements of arrays to verify full operation
Relative PDE measurements
Compare arrays of both vendors
Verify operation at cooled temperature (SensL)
accelerated tests to simulate long-term stability
verification of radiation tolerance (< 1 krad)For GlueX < 2 Gy/10 yrs
27
In Summary
Converging to Final Detector Selection compare final
prototypes under equivalent conditions
For Hamamatsu need temperature stabilization
gain control thru thermistor feedback as possible
option
For SensL must be cooled this will also provide
stabilization cooling will allow for higher PDE/gain
Final selection tests to be completed by end of
Jan/2010 for final technology decision (SiPM vs
FineMesh PMT) 28
Backup Slides
Readout Configurations
SiPM/FM Option FM PMT Option
B1
Original Prototype Array Packages
SensL
Hamamatsu
B2
SPMA-16 – Problem channels
Ch. 12
Ch. 16
200 ns Gate
B3
Scanning Setup
SiPM
X/Y scanner
LEDs
diffuser
Aperture(2.5 mm
)
B4
Initial Alignment Setup
SiPM
Penta prism
Sighting scope
Aperture(5 mm )
B5
520 nm
Emission spectrum from scintillating fiber
470 nm
Kuraray SCSF-78
B6
Energy resolution
37
N 2 10,500 /GeV
N tubes 2 10
100ns
E
sampl
E
2
pe
E
2
ped
E
2
2const
sampl
E
5%
E
ped
E
N tubes Rdark
N feff E
pe
E
1
N feff E
stat
E
pe
E
2
ped
E
2
Set requirements for showersat center of Bcal module
feff fPDE fguide
Rdark dark rate
B7
Gain vs Temperature
Ref: Lightfoot et al., J. Inst., Oct. 2008
Vbr as temp. decreases
B8
Dark Rate vs Temperature
Ref: Lightfoot et al., J. Inst., Oct. 2008 B9
New Ceramic-base SensL Array
B10
New Ceramic-base SensL Array
B11
Ceramic-base Hamamatsu Array
B12
Ceramic-base Hamamatsu Array
B13
Effect of Irradiation
B14
Gamma Irradiation
40 Gy
For GlueX => < 2 Gy/10 yrs
B15
GlueX BCAL spec sheet
B16