evaluation of the patient with lung disease - columbia
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Evaluation of the patient with lung diseaseHistoryPhysical examinationPhysiologic evaluationAnatomic evaluationPathologic evaluation
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History taking in patients with lung disease
Onset, duration, triggers, and severity of symptomsdyspnea (rest, exercise) cough (dry, productive) chest pain (pleuritic, constant)fever
Occupational/environmental exposures Smoking historyFamily history Underlying illnesses (e.g. collagen vascular disease)
Environmental/occupational causes of lung disease: models
Diseaseoccupational asthmapulmonary fibrosisARDSpulmonary edemapulmonary hypertensionbronchogenic carcinomahypersensitivity pneumonitistuberculosis
Exposureisocyanatesasbestoschlorine gashigh altituderapeseed oiluraniumpigeonshomeless shelter
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• Short intense exposure to inorganic dust, products of combustion, other material among those present at site of World Trade Center after attack on September 11, 2001
• Respiratory complaints common in firefighters who had been at World Trade Center site
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Clinical course of WTC coughsyndrome
Physical examination in patients with lung diseasePhysical examination
respiratory rate and patternshape of thoracic cage quality of breath sounds and percussion note (normal, dull/absent, hyperresonant)
normal breath soundswheezes crackle
clubbing cyanosis peripheral edema
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Tools for the diagnosis of lung disease
Anatomic
Chest radiographCT scanBronchoscopy
Physiologic
ABGPFTsV/Q scanExercise
testing
Pathologic
Transbronchiallung biopsy
ThoracentesisPleural biopsyOpen lung biopsy
Tidal volume
Functionalresidualcapacity
Residualvolume
Vitalcapacity
Totallungcapacity
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Volume
Flow rate(liters•sec-1)
inspiration
expiration
FEV1
Spirogram
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Effect of smoking on decline of lung function
Scanlon et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 381-390
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Restrictive lung disease
Normal ObstructiveLung disease
Flow-volume patterns of lung disease
Spirometry in obstructive lung disease
normal mild obstruction severe obstruction
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Spirometry in restrictive lung disease
normal Severe restriction
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Anatomic, physiologic, and pathologic classification of lung disease
Disease
Emphysema
Sarcoidosis
Asthma
Usual interstitialpneumonitis
Anatomy
Hyperinflation
Enlarged LN,parenchymal infiltrates
Normal
Parenchymalinfiltrates
Physiology
Obstruction
Restriction
Obstruction
Restriction
Pathology
Loss of alveolarTissue
GranulomatousInflammationAirwaysinflammation
Interstitialinfiltration, fibrosis