Evidence

Financial Considerations

A “useful” CXR changes anesthesia management, causes delay or cancellation of surgery, or informs post-operative management. Important unanswered questions address the harm or benefit of these care changes, and additional downstream effects to the patient. Literature on these patient-centered outcomes, morbidity, and mortality is minimal or absent.

Here I review the financial considerations, guidelines, and evidence on pre-op CXR, which if considered, may permit avoidance of unnecessary harm.

References1. Preoperative chest radiology. National study by the Royal College of Radiologists. Lancet 1979;2:83-6.2. Wiencek RG, Weaver DW, Bouwman DL, Sachs RJ. Usefulness of selective preoperative chest x-ray films. A prospective study. The American surgeon 1987;53:396-8.3. Charpak Y, Blery C, Chastang C, Szatan M, Fourgeaux B. Prospective assessment of a protocol for selective ordering of preoperative chest x-rays. Canadian journal of

anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie 1988;35:259-64.4. Archer C, Levy AR, McGregor M. Value of routine preoperative chest x-rays: a meta-analysis. Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie 1993;40:1022-7.5. Munro J, Booth A, Nicholl J. Routine preoperative testing: a systematic review of the evidence. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 1997;1:i-iv; 1-62.6. Silvestri L, Maffessanti M, Gregori D, Berlot G, Gullo A. Usefulness of routine pre-operative chest radiography for anaesthetic management: a prospective multicentre pilot study.

European journal of anaesthesiology 1999;16:749-60.7. Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation ASoA. Practice Advisory for Preanesthesia Evaluation. Park Ridge, IL: American Society of Anesthesiologists; 2001, amended 2003.8. Excellence NIfHaC. The Use of Routine Preoperative Tests for Elective Surgery. In. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2003.9. Smetana GW, Macpherson DS. The case against routine preoperative laboratory testing. The Medical clinics of North America 2003;87:7-40.10.Compare CAT Scan Cost. 2011. (Accessed 1/20/2013, at http://www.comparecatscancost.com/.)11. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® routine admission and preoperative chest radiography. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2011 (last review). (Accessed

1/27/2013, at http://www.guidelines.gov/content.aspx?id=35150.)12.Chest X-rays before surgery. Consumer Reports, 2012. (Accessed September 8, 2012, at http://consumerhealthchoices.org/catalog/chest-x-rays-acr/.)13.The Case of the $517 chest x-ray. 2012. (Accessed 1/20/2013, at http://mydoctorsf.com/the-case-of-the-517-chest-x-ray-healthcare-prices.html.)

No Randomized Controlled Trials on effect pre-op CXR has on anesthesia management, delay/cancellation of surgery, or patient outcomes

Evidence available = poor external and internal validity in 15 reviewed studies. External: majority 1980s and 1990s – landscape of medicine, testing, and costs changed. Internal: Non-blinded, non-randomized, mostly retrospective, non-patient-centered

outcomes, Largest Study since RCR – Silvestri et al. in 1999. n=6111.

Methods: Anesthesiologists from multiple hospitals answered questionnaire after surgery reporting whether the pre-op CXR changed management.

Results: Dependent on the anesthesiologist, anywhere from 0% to 44% of pre-op CXR’s “changed management”.

Flaws: outcomes measurement extremely subjective, not patient-oriented. Major Meta-analysis – Archer et al. in 1993. n=14,390.

10% had abnormalities 1.3% has unsuspected abnormalities 0.1% has CXRs which changed management.

In 1993 dollars and prices: $23,000 of CXRs led to 1 CXR which changed management. If 5%, 10%, or 20% of changes positively affect patient outcome, that would be $460,000,

$230,000, or $115,000 respectively without the cost of follow-up studies Using these estimates, average cost of a CXR to an uninsured patient = $370 today, and

assuming 1 follow-up CT per 100 patients (our case had 2): $54,500 of imaging led to 1 CXR which changed management. If 5%, 10%, or 20% of changes positively affect patient outcome, that would be

$1,090,000, $545,000, or $272,500 per positive outcome One published estimate of unnecessary preop CXR costs $1billion (1987 dollars)

The Case

54-year-old man with mild intermittent asthma presents to his general surgeon for pre-op evaluation. His umbilical hernia has become more painful in the past 3 months.

Normal cardiopulmonary exam and labs

Preoperative Chest Radiography:Old Habits Die Hard

Meredith Niess, MD MPH

OutIine and critically examine existing research/guidelines on pre-operative chest x-ray (CXR) use.

Identify downstream consequences of pre-operative CXR overuse.

Background

Objectives

The American Academy of Anesthesiologists (2001, updated 2003):

“Clinical characteristics to consider include smoking, recent upper respiratory infection, COPD, and cardiac disease. The Task Force recognizes that chest radiographic abnormalities may be higher in such patients, but does not believe that extremes of age, smoking, stable COPD, stable cardiac disease, or resolved recent upper respiratory infection should be considered unequivocal indications for chest radiography.

Guidelines

Patient Condition Appropriateness Criteria

Asymptomatic; history and physical unremarkable 2

Acute cardiopulmonary findings by history and physical 9

Chronic cardiopulmonary disease in the elderly (>70), previous CXR within 6 months available

6

Chronic cardiopulmonary disease in the elderly (>70), previous CXR within 6 months not available

8

Criteria: 1, 2, 3 Usually not appropriate; 4, 5, 6 May be appropriate; 7, 8, 9 Usually appropriate

The patient has yet to undergo hernia repair.

Pre-op CXR ordered. Indication “pre-operative work-up, over 55, history of asthma”:

CXR reveals a 7mm left parahilar lung nodule. “CT of the chest for further evaluation” recommended.

Four weeks later, patient arrives in clinic to review CT results: “1. No pulmonary nodule. 2. Circumscribed homogenous right adrenal nodule.” Adrenal CT recommended:

Benign adrenal adenoma confirmed.

ACR Guidelines, 2011:NICE Guidelines, 2003:

The Royal College of Radiology performed the first major review of pre-operative CXR in 1979 on 10,619 patients and concluded overutilization was rampant. 30+ years of research has offered little additional guidance. In the spirit of doing the most for the patient by doing the least to them, the burden of evidence should lie with those electing to perform testing. In this spirit, the Choosing Wisely Campaign identifies pre-operative CXR as a prioritized area to inform patients about overtesting.