evidence of evolutionary change. comparing fossils evidence for evolution shows that living systems...
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Evidence of Evolutionary Change
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Comparing Fossils
• Evidence for Evolution
• Shows that Living Systems change
• Change is STILL happening
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Galapagos Archipelago
• Isolated Island used for scientific study
• Biologists observed 2 species of birds:– Medium Ground Finch– Cactus Finch
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Galapagos Islands
Bird Experiment
• 12 year period
• Took measurements of:– Size of bodies– Thickness of beaks
• 2 severe dry spells – caused many bird fatalities
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Galapagos Island
Bird Experiment Results
• Avg. characteristics of the surviving populations changed
– Larger sized birds
– Thicker beaks
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Galapagos Island
Bird Experiment Analysis
1.Biological change– Influenced by natural circumstances– Passed on from generation to generation
2.Species change gradually
3.Small changes add up to significant differences
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Comparative Anatomy
• Branch of biology that concentrates on the similarities and differences in anatomical features of different species
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Comparative Anatomy
• Look for structural similarities/differences
• Similar characteristics may suggest evolutionary relatedness
• Book pg 107 **Good Graphic**
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Homologous Structure
• Characteristic that is similar among different organisms because they evolved from a common ancestor
• Ex. Forearm Structure– Consistent similarities– Develop same way in young– Different functions
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Vestigial Structure
• Structures that are functional in some species, but seemingly useless in others
• “Vestige”—a remnant of
• Ex. Tails– Most mammals have tails– Humans/Apes
• Tail represented by last 3-5 bones of the backbone• Tail-moving muscles also present
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Genetic Information
• DNA– Deoxyribonucleic Acid– Genetic “Blueprint”
• Allows Scientists to determine how closely related 2 organisms are
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Genetic Information
Animal % of DNA that is the Same as Human DNA
Monkey
(old world primate)
93%
Gibbon (lesser ape)
95%
Chimpanzee (great ape)
98+%
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Genetic Information
• Scientists can also show which organisms ARE NOT closely related
– Bacterium• interpreted as an entirely different organism
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Charles Darwin
• HMS Beagle
• 5 year journey
• Mission: chart sections of theS. American Coast
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Darwin
• Deserted mission and spent time collecting specimen and recording observations
• Questioned the geographical distribution of the organisms that he observed
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Darwin
• Organisms similar to those in Europe, but very distinct
• Organisms in mild S. America climates more similar to organisms in tropical S. America than to organisms in mild European climates
• Organisms perfect for their environment
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Darwin
• Returned to England and spent 20 years analyzing data
• On the Origin of the Species (1859)– Word “evolution” not used– “descent with modification”
• Evolution by Natural Selection
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Darwin
• Only published b/c realized that other scientists were thinking the same– Alfred Russel Wallace
• Integrity