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Experience you can trust.

EV Li-ion Battery

Fast charging impacts on battery performance and the business caseCraig Savy, Director New Energy Technologies & Environment Impact

2 September 2009

2 yrettaB noi-iL VE 9002 ,2 rebmetpeS

The chain of services

From the generator to the consumer – one company serving the

diverse needs of the energy marketplace


Content

Charging, the options

Fast charging, impact on battery life

Standardization requirements

Product Liability Issues

Assuring Product Quality, QA/QC

Lessons learned/Lessons Noted

– Project/case description of certification of charging

station


Electric Vehicles: Why?

Environment

– CO2 emission reduction

– No local emissions

Other drivers:

Government invest

Lower prices

Image

Mitsubishi iMiEV (2010)

Opel Ampera (2011 ?)


Alternatives for Electric Transportation?

Natural gas

Hydrogen

Bio fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol)

Hybrid-electric


Different options, different battery requirements Full Electric

Plug in hybrides

Hybride

Charging options

8-12 hours 1-3 kW

1-3 hours 5-20 kW

30 min 50-100 kW

1-5 min > 250 kW


Fast charging, impact on battery life Lithium intercallation

Rapid expansion of molecular grid

Thermal management issues, due to charging

efficiency

End-of-Charge? SoC 80-100%

Result after

Exposure to elevated

temperatures


Consequences of EV-charging

Shift in market and new market entries (old fields green

fields)

Extra electricity demand

about 5 - 10 kWh per car per day

about 1 – 2 million cars in 2025 ???

This means for the present grid:

- Per household a doubling of the electricity consumption

- High peaks during vehicle charging

- Many grid expansions needed (x2, x3)

- Very high grid investment costs


Solutions?

Manage the electricity demand of the cars

useful for peak shaving, control power,

match supply (wind, sun) and demand

G2V and possibly V2G

Second life

Innovation: smart charging is needed

for large-scale introduction of electric vehicles


Standardisation requirements

Safety issues (shock, fire, heat related, explosion, risk

assesments, etc.)

Communication protocol (e.g. standard for adressing charging

type)

Connector Requirements from the IEC 62196-1 – Current: 16A – 32A AC

– Voltage: 230V single-phase

– 400V three-phase

– Communication: necessary from vehicle to chargestation

– Plug in cycles: 10.000 times

– Approvals: tested and approved regarding IEC 62196-1


Lessons learned/Lessons Noted (1)

Case of certification of normal charging station for

use in public places:

Certification issues:

Lack of readily available standards and available

standards are not sufficient

Our solution:

- Combination of available standards

- Formulation of KEMA KEUR standard based on

available standards (IEC 61851, 60950, etc.)


Lessons learned/Lessons Noted (2)

Case of certification of normal charging station for

use in public places:

Product Issues:

- Cabling and plug not suitable

- No communication between producer of charging

station and battery producer

- Little to no attention for communication protocol

Initial scan

Design

adaptation Certification

KEMA Customer KEMA


Summary of conclusion

There are several business opportunities for “Li-ion”

batteries

Reduce risks

Safety first

Innovating together important to enable smart “fast”

charging

evlib2009forum2

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