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Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models A Presentation Given to The Department of Physics Utah State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by David B. Hansen 4 February 2010 Space Weather Center Technical Report TR2010-001

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Page 1: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

Examination of ThreeEmpirical Atmospheric Models

A PresentationGiven to

The Department of Physics Utah State UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the DegreeDoctor of Philosophy

byDavid B. Hansen4 February 2010

Space Weather Center Technical Report TR2010-001

Page 2: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

2

Overview

● Motivation for empirical models● Models to be discussed

∘ IRI

∘MSIS

∘HWM● Items to consider for each model

∘Model input and output parameters

∘Valid domains within the model

∘Model formulation

∘Examples of model output

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3

Why Create anAnalytic Empirical Model?

● Provides a model based on observation● More useful than data tables● Theoretical models

∘Initialization (background atmosphere)

∘Verification of results● Satellites

∘Design

∘Instrument data verification

Page 4: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

4(National Research Council, 1981)

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5

International Reference Ionosphere 2007

(IRI2007)

Page 6: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

6

IRI Description

● Empirical model● ISO/TS 16457 (ISO Standard)

● Input● Default: year, time of year, time of day, altitude,

location● Output

● Electron number density● Ion number densities

∘H+, He+, N+, O+, NO+, O2

+

● Electron, ion, and neutral temperatures

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7

Valid IRI Domains

● Year

∘1958-Present● Time of year and time of day: no constraints● Altitude

∘Electron density: 65-1000 km

∘Ion densities: 100-1000 km

∘Temperatures: 120-3000 km● Coordinates: global

∘Best at mid-latitudes

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8

IRI Data Sources

● Ground:

∘ Ionosonde: ne altitude profile

∘ Incoherent scatter radar: Te, ne, Ti, ni, mi, ui

● Satellite:

∘ Ionosonde: ne inverse altitude profile

∘ In-situ measurements along satellite trajectory● Rocket:

∘ In-situ measurements along rocket trajectory● Empirical Models:

∘MSIS-86: Tn

∘ IGRF: geomagnetic field

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Ionosonde Locations

(http://www.ukssdc.ac.uk/wdcc1/ionosondes/world.html)

Page 10: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

10(http://www.haystack.mit.edu/atm/mho/iswg/index.html)

Incoherent Scatter Radar Locations

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IRI Data Fitting

● Altitude profile

° Epstein transition function● Day of year

° Linear interpolation● Latitude vs. longitude

° Spherical harmonics● Time of day

° Epstein step function● Magnetic and solar activity

° Linear interpolation

Page 12: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

12(Bradley and Dudendy, 1973)

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Profile Parameters

● hmF2: height of F2 peak

● foF2: plasma frequency at F2 peak

● NmF2: plasma density at F2 peak

● ymF2: half thickness

Page 14: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

14(Anderson and Roble, 1981)

Page 15: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

15(Schunk and Nagy, 2000)

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Page 17: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

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Page 18: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

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Page 19: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

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Page 20: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

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Page 21: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

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Page 22: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

22(Roble, R. W., 1975)

March 23-1970; 14:22 (LT)42.6o N; 288.5o E

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Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and

Incoherent Scatter Radar 2000(NRLMSISE-00)

Page 26: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

26

MSIS Description

● Empirical Model● Input

∘Day of year, time of day, altitude, location, solar activity, magnetic activity

● Output

∘Number densities of neutral species

°H, He, N, O, N2, O

2, Ar

∘Total mass density

∘Temperature of neutral atmosphere

Page 27: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

27

Valid MSIS Domains

● Day of year and time of day: no constraints● Altitude

° He, N2, O

2, and Ar densities: ground to exosphere

∘O, H, and N densities: 72.5 km to exosphere

∘Temperature: ground to exosphere

● Coordinates: global● Solar and magnetic activity

∘Above 80 km: user input

° Below 80 km: f10.7

= 150.0, Ap = 4.0 (recommended)

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MSIS Data Sources

● Incoherent scatter radar: neutral temperature, N2 density

● Satellite

∘Mass spectrometer: neutral composition

°UV absorption: O2 density

∘Accelerometer: total neutral mass density

∘Drag: total neutral mass density● Rocket

∘Mass spectrometer: neutral composition

°UV absorption: O2 density

∘Falling sphere: total neutral mass density

∘Grenade: total neutral mass density

∘Pressure gauge: total neutral mass density● Handbook for MAP (Middle Atmosphere Program)

∘Neutral temperature

∘Total neutral mass density

Page 29: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

29

MSIS Data Fitting

● Altitude profile

∘Bates profile (low altitude)

∘Inverse polynomial (high altitude)● Latitude vs. longitude

∘Spherical harmonics● Solar and magnetic activity

∘Polynomials● Time variations (day of year, time of day)

∘Fourier series

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36

Horizontal Wind Model 2007(HWM07)

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HWM Description

● Empirical model● Input

∘Day of year, time of day, altitude, geographic location, geomagnetic activity

● Output

∘Northern wind speed

∘Eastern wind speed

Page 38: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

38

Valid HWM Domains

● Day of year and time of day: no constraints● Altitude: 0-500 km● Coordinates: global

∘Best at low and mid-latitudes● Low solar activity

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HWM Data Sources

● Ground

● Fabry-Perot interferometer● Incoherent scatter radar● Medium-frequency radar● LIDAR

● Rocket

● Falling sphere● Rocketsonde● Trimethyl aluminum release

● Satellite

● In-situ measurements along satellite trajectory● Fabry-Perot interferometer

● Numerical

● TIME-GCM● NOAA GFS Analysis● NASA GEOS4 Analysis

Page 40: Examination of Three Empirical Atmospheric Models · 2 Overview Motivation for empirical models Models to be discussed ∘IRI ∘MSIS ∘HWM Items to consider for each model ∘Model

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HWM Data Fitting

● Altitude profile

∘Cubic spline (low altitude)

∘Bates-Walker function (high altitude)● Latitude vs. longitude

∘Vector spherical harmonics● Time variations

∘Fourier series● Magnetic activity

∘Polynomial

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References

● AIAA PR G-003C-2010: Guide to Reference and Standard Atmosphere Models. American Institude of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA. <www.spacewx.com/Docs/AIAA_PR_G_003C_2010.pdf>.

● Anderson, D. N., and R. G. Roble, Neutral wind effects on the equatorial F-region ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 43, 835, 1981.

● Bilitza, D., and B. Reinisch, International Reference Ionosphere 2007: Improvements and new parameters, Advances in Space Research, 42, 4, 599-609, 2008.

● Bradley, P. A., and J. R. Dudeney, A simple model of the vertical distribution of the electron concentration in the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 35, 2131, 1973.

● Drob, D. P., et al., An empirical model of the Earth's horizontal wind fields: HWM07, Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, A12304, 2008.

● ISO/TS 16457:2009: Space systems - Space environment (natural and artificial) - The Earth's ionosphere model: international reference ionosphere (IRI) model and extensions to the plasmasphere. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. <www.spacewx.com/Docs/ISO_TS_16457_2009_E.pdf>.

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48

References (continued)

● Picone, J. M., A. E. Hedin, D. P. Drob, and A. C. Aikin, NRLMSISE-00 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues, Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, A12, 1468, 2002.

● National Research Council, Solar-Terrestrial Research for the 1980's, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1981.

● Roble, R. G., The calculated and observed diurnal variation of the ionosphere over Millstone Hill on March 23-24, 1970, Planet. Space Sci., 23, 1017, 1975.

● Schunk, R. W., and Nagy, A. F., Ionospheres: Physics, Plasma Physics, and Chemistry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000: 2nd Ed., 2009.

● Richard Stamper. “Ionospheric Stations-The World.” 6 May 2009. UK Solar System Data Center. 1 Feb. 2010 <http://www.ukssdc.ac.uk/wdcc1/ionosondes/world.html>.

● “URSI Incoherent Scatter Working Group: Incoherent Scatter Radars.” MIT Haystack Observatory. 1Feb. 2010 <http://www.haystack.mit.edu/atm/mho/iswg/index.html>.z


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