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PakistanPunjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement

Project (PIPIP)

Executive SummaryEnvironmental and Social

Assessment

Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Agriculture Department

Government of Punjab, Lahore

November 2011

E2942 v2

Environmental and Social Assessment – Executive SummaryPunjab Irrigation Productivity Improvement Program

AcronymsAmsl Above mean sea levelBOD Biological oxygen demandCITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered SpeciesDGA (WM) Director General Agriculture (Water Management)EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management PlanEPA Environmental Protection Agency ESA Environmental and Social AssessmentGDP Gross Domestic ProductHa HectareIBIS Indus Basin Irrigation SystemIEE Initial Environmental ExaminationIUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MAF Million acre feetM&E Monitoring and Evaluation NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards OP Operational PolicyO&M Operation and Maintenance PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection ActPERI Punjab Economic Research InstituteP&DD Planning and Development Department TDS Total dissolved solids ToR Terms of Reference WAPDA Water and Power Development AuthorityWB World BankWWF World Wide Fund for Nature

Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab iiNovember 2011


ContentsAcronyms

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Project Objectives

1.3 Need of the Study

1.3.1 Study Team

2 Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework

2.1 National Legislation and Regulations

2.2 The World Bank Operational Policies

3 Project Components

3.1 Component A: Improving Water Productivity

3.2 Component B: Upgrading Community Irrigation System

3.3 Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and Monitoring and Evaluation

3.4 Component D: Project Management, Supervision, Technical Assistance, Training and Strategic Studies

4 Project Alternatives

Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab iiiNovember 2011


4.1 No-project Alternative

4.2 Alternative Irrigation Methods

4.3 Alternative Land Leveling Methods

4.4 Alternative Methods of On-farm Water Conservation

4.5 Alternative Methods of Implementing the Proposed Initiatives

5 Environmental and Socioeconomic Profile

5.1 Location

5.2 Physical Environment

5.3 Wildlife Protected Areas

5.4 Socioeconomic Environment

6 Stakeholder Consultations

6.1 Objectives

6.2 Consultation Process

6.3 Consultations with Institutional Stakeholders

6.4 Grass Root Stakeholders Consultations

7 Impact Assessment

Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab ivNovember 2011


7.1 Positive Impacts

7.2 Environmental Screening

8 Environmental and Social Management Plan

8.1 ESMP Objectives

8.2 Institutional Setup and Responsibilities

8.3 Environmental and Social Guidelines

8.4 Environmental and Social Monitoring

8.5 Environmental and Social Trainings and Awareness Raising

8.6 Grievance Redressal Mechanism

8.7 Documentation and Reporting

8.8 ESMP Implementation Budget

List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: Punjab Province

Table 1: Protected Areas in Punjab

Table 2: Cultural Heritage Sites in Punjab

Table 3: Key Issues Discussed during Grass Root Consultations

Table 4: Environmental Screening

Table 5: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Drip Irrigation

Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab vNovember 2011


Table 6: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Sprinkler Irrigation

Table 7: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Laser Land Leveling

Table 8: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Watercourse Improvement

Table 9: Environmental and Social Training Plan

Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab viNovember 2011


1 Introduction1. The provincial government of the Punjab, Pakistan, through its Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Agriculture Department, is planning to undertake the Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project (PIPIP) (referred to as the Project in rest of the document) in various parts of the Province, and seeking the World Bank assistance for this purpose. In line with the prevailing legislation in the Country, and WB safeguard policies, an environmental and social assessment (ESA) of the Project has been carried out. This document presents the report of this assessment.

1.1 Background2. Irrigated agriculture is central to Pakistan’s economy; because of its arid climate, the annual evaporation far exceeds the rainfall, making irrigation essential for growing crops. Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world, namely the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) to provide basic food security (90 percent of food production and 25 percent of the Gross Domestic Product). Agriculture is the single most important source of employment and exports (two thirds of employment and 80 percent of exports) and irrigation represents more than 95 percent of the total consumptive use of water. However, this massive infrastructure is deteriorating and in need of modernization along with reforms to improve the allocation of water as well as the efficiency of its use. Moreover, competition for water is growing among the provinces and across the increasing needs for irrigation, industrial and domestic use, and the environment. Yet there remains a need for significant new investment, not only in irrigation but in other uses of water as well, including power generation and urban-industrial and domestic supplies (50 percent of the population is not served by a formal supply system and sanitation and water treatment reaches less than ten percent of the population). At the same time, there is uncontrolled pollution of surface and groundwater from agriculture, industry and rapidly growing cities.

3. The key irrigation sector issues are: (i) low surface water delivery efficiency (only about 35-40 percent from the canal head to crop root zone); (ii) water distribution inequities; (iii) lack of storage capacity and control structures; (iv) wasteful on-farm water use; (v) water-logging and salinity; (vi) poor operation and maintenance (O&M) and low cost recovery; and (vii) a constrained investment climate. These issues are a manifestation of institutional weaknesses due to near exclusive control by the public sector entities characterized by the usual inefficiencies of centralized bureaucracies, lack of corporate skills and poor client (farmer) focus and accountability.

4. Watercourse improvements have repeatedly shown to yield an economic rate of return of more than 25 percent, and benefits to laser land leveling and drip irrigation are even higher. These high efficiency irrigation systems typically reduce input costs by 20-35 percent, increase yields by 20-100 percent, lower irrigation labor up to 30 percent, diversify cropping patterns, and save up to 75 percent water. For example, experience in Punjab has shown an increase in yields for citrus to be 44 percent, for mangos 100 percent and for tomatoes to be 150 percent. In addition, water saving for these crops has been 22 percent, 36 percent and 50 percent for citrus, mangos, and tomatoes, respectively. The laser land leveling results in water savings of 30 percent and yield increases of 20 percent.

1.2 Project Objectives5. The project’s main objective is to improve water productivity. Improved water productivity will be understood to mean greater agricultural output per unit of water used, and will be achieved through improved physical delivery efficiency, irrigation practices, crop diversification and effective application of inputs. The project’s objectives would contribute to increased agricultural production, employment and incomes, higher living standards and environment.

1.3 Need of the Study6. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997) requires the proponents of every development project in the country to submit either an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or “where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect,” an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to the concerned environmental protection agency (EPA). Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 1November 2011


7. The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) states that “The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making”1.

8. The present study has been conducted in response to both of the above requirements.

1.3.1 Study Team9. The ESA team consisted of environmental and socioeconomic experts having considerable experience in their respective field of expertise. These included Mohammad Omar Khalid (team leader and environment specialist), Sitara Khan (social specialist), Chaudhry Irshad Ahmad (agriculture specialist), and Maqsood Ahmed (irrigation specialist).

2 Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework2.1 National Legislation and Regulations10. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (the Act) is the basic legislative tool empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment. The requirement for environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act. Under this section, no project involving construction activities or any change in the physical environment can be undertaken unless an initial environmental examination (IEE) or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted, and approval is received from the federal or relevant provincial EPA. The requirement of conducting an environmental assessment of the proposed project emanates from this Act.

11. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 (the ‘Regulations’), developed by the Pak-EPA under the powers conferred upon it by the Act, provide the necessary details on preparation, submission and review of the initial environmental examination (IEE) and the EIA. Categorization of projects for IEE and EIA is one of the main components of the Regulations. Projects have been classified on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts. Project types listed in Schedule I are designated as potentially less damaging to the environment, and those listed in Schedule II as having potentially serious adverse effects. Schedule I projects require an IEE to be conducted, provided they are not located in environmentally sensitive areas. For the Schedule II projects, conducting an EIA is necessary.

12. The proposed project falls under the Schedule II (Section D) of the Regulations. Hence an EIA has to be conducted for it.2

13. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA 1997, specify the following standards:

Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources,

Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers).

Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.

Ambient air quality standards.

Drinking water standards

Noise standards.

14. The other environmental laws relevant to the project are listed below.

Land Acquisition Act, 1894

Punjab Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act, 1974

Forest Act, 1927

1 Excerpts from OP4.01 – Environmental Assessment. January, 1999.2 The terms ESA and EIA have been used interchangeably in this document. The document has been named as the ESA,

however, it meets all the requirements of an EIA as well.Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 2November 2011


Canal and Drainage Act, 1873

Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority Act, 1997

Punjab On-Farm Water Management and Water Users’ Associations Ordinance, 1981

Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001

Antiquity Act, 1975

Mines, Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948

Factories Act, 1934

Employment of Child Act, 1991

Pakistan Penal Code, 1860

2.2 The World Bank Operational Policies15. OP 4.01. The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.3 The OP defines the EA process and various types of the EA instruments.

16. The proposed project consists of activities which have environmental and social consequences, including:

Changes in land use,

Damage to crops

Deterioration of air quality,

Water contamination and consumption,

Damage to top soil, land erosion,

Cutting of trees

Safety hazard.

17. Since none of the potential impacts of the project are likely to be large scale, unprecedented and/or irreversible, the project has been classified as Category B, in accordance with OP 4.01. Furthermore, the present ESA is being carried out in accordance with this OP, to identify the extent and consequences of these impacts, and to develop an EMP for their mitigation.

18. Other OPs. Applicability of the other WB safeguard policies with respect to the environmental and social issues associated with the proposed project is tabulated below.

Operational Policy Triggered Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) NoForestry (OP 4.36) NoNatural Habitat (OP 4.04) NoPest Management (OP 4.09) NoSafety of Dams (OP 4.37) NoProjects in International Waters (OP 7.50) NoCultural Property (OP 4.11) NoIndigenous People (OP 4.10) NoProjects in Disputed Area (7.60) No

3 Excerpts from WB OP 4.01. WB Operational Manual. January 1999.Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 3November 2011


3 Project Components3.1 Component A: Improving Water Productivity 19. Subcomponent A1: Installation of High Efficiency Irrigation Systems. The component would support the installation of drip, trickle, bubbler, or sprinkler irrigation systems at the field level for high value, horticulture, vegetables, floriculture and other high value row crops. The irrigation systems would be installed by a service provider on a shared cost basis. The farmers would carry 40% of the cost of works with the remaining 60% provided by the Project, covering administrative and management costs. Such level of subsidy is justified given that this is new technology. The drip units would include a pumping unit, fertilizer tank, delivery fittings, filters, underground main pipeline, and delivery lines, etc. High efficient irrigation systems would be installed over 120,000 acres. These systems would be installed for orchards, vegetable, flowers and other high value row crops, thereby promoting crop diversification. Controlled application of water and non-water inputs would enhance crop productivity. A technical assistance package would be provided by the vendors to the farmers to promote adaptation of the new technology. In addition, technical assistance and training would be provided to the users through component C of this project. Successful installation and application of these irrigation systems would encourage the private sector to adopt this high efficient irrigation technology, as was the case of groundwater development, which was initiated by the government but brought to scale by the private sector.

20. Subcomponent A2: Strengthening of Precision Land Leveling Services in Private Sector. Un-leveled fields cause wastage of water, resulting in low irrigation application efficiency and much lower yields. Laser land leveling saves up to 30% irrigation water, results in uniform seed germination, and increases fertilizer uptake efficiency which enhances crop yields of up to 20%. Under this component the laser leveling equipment would be provided to the service providers on shared cost basis. The service providers would provide the laser leveling equipment and tractors to interested farmers, who would use their own tractors to complete the leveling. A capacity for laser land leveling of about two million acres annually would be developed for which about 3,000 laser leveling units would be provided. About 50% of the cost of the of laser land leveling equipment would be provided by the service provider who also owns a tractor capable of operating the LASER unit. The sites for installation of HEIS and service providers would be selected based on pre-defined criteria, which would be revised and updated every six month in light of implantation experience and monitoring results in order to ensure that project objectives are met in accordance with the results indicators.

3.2 Component B: Upgrading Community Irrigation System21. Subcomponent B1: Watercourse Improvements in Canal Irrigated Areas. The component would assist Government efforts to improve watercourses (W/C), which is the tertiary level water distribution system where water losses are highest. Of the 140,000 total watercourses in irrigated areas of Pakistan, around 95,000 have been improved under various donor-supported programs. Punjab has about 58,000 watercourses in irrigated areas, out of which about 41,000 have been improved, leaving a remaining 17,000 in need of improvement.

22. The innovations would be introduced to use concrete parabolic channel sections up to 8 feet (or U sections namely canalets) placed on leveled compacted earth with water tight joints, thus improving existing technology of brick lining. Where suitable and where farmers prefer, watercourses would be lined using traditional bricks with plaster. Water turnout structures would be replaced with properly designed concrete structures (pucca nakas). The earthen sections of the watercourse would be improved using clean compacted soil. Efforts would be made to have private contractors/service providers construct the canalets and then be installed by the water users associations (WUAs). The project would provide technical assistance for layout and construction supervision to the WUAs. The length of the watercourses, installation of diversion structures, as well as other improvements to earthen sections of the watercourses would be in accordance with the current standard practice and optimized for each watercourse. WUAs would share the cost through providing labor, and the Government would provide canalets and other material. Approximately 5,500 watercourses would be improved. In canal commanded areas preference would be given to the areas where distributary level farmers’ organizations have been formed.

Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 4November 2011


23. Subcomponent B2: Completion of Partially Improved Watercourses. Many watercourses in Punjab were only partially (barely) improved in the early part of the program in the late 1970s. In order to fully realize the benefits, the improvement works on these watercourses would have to be completed. The project would cover completion of about 1,500 watercourses which have been partially improved in the past. Farmers would contribute skilled and unskilled labor (30 percent of the cost) with the Project funding the remaining cost.

24. Component B3: Improvement of Community Irrigation Systems in the Non-canal Commanded Areas. This component would cover watercourse improvements in the rain-fed (barani) areas, i.e. areas which are not in the command of barrage controlled irrigation but have localized irrigation schemes. These are generally small watercourses and the cost of improvement is less than in other areas. The project would cover about 2,000 watercourses in Barani areas. Farmers would contribute skilled and unskilled labor (about 30 percent of the cost of the improvement works) while the Project would carry the cost of the material.

3.3 Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and Monitoring and Evaluation

25. Component C1: Improved Agriculture Technology and Practices. The purpose of this component would be to enhance productivity of the irrigated lands. The activities under this component would include: (i) effective research, extension, and agricultural information services; (ii) participatory training for farmers, involving training of specific target groups in various agro-technical fields, farm management and irrigation agronomy; (iii) demonstration and assistance in improved and modern technologies and methods to increase agricultural production through better agronomic practices; and (iv) the establishment of a Farmers Information Service Desk linked with internet and cell phone services etc. The Water Management Training Institute (WMTI), Lahore will provide training, research and extension support for adoption of modern irrigation water management and conservation techniques and technologies. Demonstration of new technologies is expected to result in crop diversification, and crop husbandry, horticulture, vegetables and floriculture, improved irrigation and drainage practices and better water management to improve water use efficiencies and reduce environmental degradation. This would include interventions to optimize field size, introduce land leveling and furrow irrigation, irrigation using drip, bubbler and sprinkler irrigation system and ways to adapt these technologies. For this purpose, demonstration plots would be developed in various parts of the project area to complement the direct assistance and to promote new technologies. These activities would be complemented by a Farmers Information Services Desk in project areas to provide relevant information to farmers through different means (pamphlets, videos, radio, TV, weekly papers, and cell phones) and to advise them on making their farms more productive and sensitive to the market demands.

26. Component C2: Monitoring and Evaluation of Project Impact. This component would cover monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the project’s impacts. This would be done primarily by using a sampling technique, as well as by conducting case studies, GIS systems, and satellite data. The M&E activities would provide continuous feedback on the project’s performance and impact of its various components to the Government of Punjab (GoPunjab), the Project Policy Committee, (PPC) Project Steering Committee (PSC), and the implementing agency, so that corrective actions could be undertaken in a timely manner. The M&E activities are likely to cover, but not limited to: (i) the impact of the I&D improvements on water use efficiency, groundwater levels and quality, and soil salinity; on-farm water use; cropping patterns and yields; and livestock population, health and production; (ii) socio-economic impacts and the impact on the level of employment, livelihood and household incomes in the project area; estimation of the project’s overall benefits and economic rate of returns. M&E would be carried out using latest technology such as satellite imagery and GIS systems, where necessary.

3.4 Component D: Project Management, Supervision, Technical Assistance, Training and Strategic Studies

27. This component would cover the cost of (i) project implementation and management, including mobilization of farmers, surveys, engineering and designs, implementation supervision and assistance to the farmers and suppliers, and ensuring quality of the works carried out by farmers and suppliers/venders etc; (ii) project supervision and spot checks, covering quality and quantity aspects, by third party



consultants based on which the funds would be disbursed; and (iii) strategic studies and pilot projects that would be identified during project implementation, and technical assistance, training, in particular training to the project staff (i.e. training of trainers) in crop diversification, shift to horticulture, vegetable and floriculture crops, operation and maintenance of the irrigation systems, and units installed under the project.

4 Project Alternatives4.1 No-project Alternative28. The ‘no-project’ alternative is not acceptable since in that scenario, a considerable amount of irrigation water will continue to be wasted. As described in Section 1.1, the irrigation sector in the Country suffers from among others factors low surface water delivery efficiency as well as wasteful on-farm water use, and only 35-40 percent of the irrigation water reaches from the canal head to the crop root zone. Pakistan relies upon its irrigation network for 90 percent of its food production and 25 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, the Country’s agriculture sector provides two-third of employment and 80 percent of exports. With rising population and the associated increasing pressure on food and other commodities, and decreasing water availability in the rivers, improving the water delivery efficiency is vitally important to enhance the irrigation productivity that will in turn increase the productivity of agriculture sector.

4.2 Alternative Irrigation Methods29. Flood irrigation has been the traditional method in the Country for ages. In this method, the entire cultivation field is flooded with the irrigation water. This method is time consuming and hence labor intensive, highly inefficient in terms of water usage, and also results in other problems such as increased vulnerability to pest attacks and proliferation of weeds, in turn resulting in the increased need of pesticides and weedicides. The high efficiency irrigation methods proposed under the Project address all of these problems, in addition to achieving enhanced yields and productivity of the farms. As already mentioned in Section 1.1, these high efficiency irrigation systems typically reduce input costs by 20-35 percent, increase yields by 20-100 percent, lower irrigation labor up to 30 percent, diversify cropping patterns, and save up to 75 percent water.

30. It is clear from the above comparison that the high efficiency irrigation methods are the preferred option for irrigating the cultivation fields in the Country.

Environmental and Social Aspects31. The high efficiency irrigation methods generally result in the reduced need of farm inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides, as mentioned above. The controlled irrigation generally results in reduced vulnerability of the crops to the pest attacks and reduced proliferation of weeds, in turn resulting in reduced need of pesticides and herbicides. In addition, fertigation (ie, application of fertilizers or other soil additives through the irrigation system) is possible for the high efficiency irrigation systems, such as drip and sprinkler, resulting in enhanced effectiveness of the fertilizers and hence their reduced quantities needed. Similarly, for these high efficiency irrigation systems, chemigation (i.e., application of pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides through the irrigation system) is possible, resulting in enhanced effectiveness of these chemicals and hence their reduced quantities needed. The overall result of the high efficiency irrigation system is therefore a much reduced usage of chemical inputs.

32. The above mentioned reduced usage of chemical inputs affects the environment and communities in a positive manner. The excessive usage of these chemicals causes contamination of soil and water that may pose health hazards for the nearby communities and may also harm the natural flora and fauna including beneficial insects that are important for functions such as pollination. With the adoption of high efficiency irrigation methods, contamination of soil and water and the associated negative impacts on communities and natural flora/fauna is likely to be reduced.



4.3 Alternative Land Leveling Methods33. The conventional leveling with the help of tractors or graders is the major alternate to the laser land leveling, which is included in the proposed project.

Environmental and Social Aspects34. No major environmental and social aspects are associated directly with the leveling activity. The indirect aspects of the conventional leveling methods include increased water consumption, increased need of pesticides, weedicides, and other chemical inputs. This excessive usage of chemical inputs can potentially contaminate soil and water, which may pose health hazards for the nearby communities and may also harm the natural flora and fauna, as described above as well. It can therefore be concluded that with the help of laser leveling, contamination of soil and water and the associated negative impacts on communities and natural flora/fauna is likely to be reduced.

4.4 Alternative Methods of On-farm Water Conservation35. The alternatives available for the on-farm water conservation include i) piped conveyance system; re-alignment and brick-lining the entire length of the water course; and re-aligning and improving the water course, but keeping it earthen (ie, without brick-lining). The cost of the first alternative would be prohibitive with marginal benefits compared to the second alternative, and the reduction of water losses will not be substantial in case of the third option. Therefore, the benefit-cost ratio is best for the second alternative, which has been selected for the proposed project.

Environmental and Social Aspects36. No major difference exists among the above options in terms of the environmental and social consequences, except that the third option would not fully achieve the objective of water conservation and associated benefits.

4.5 Alternative Methods of Implementing the Proposed Initiatives37. The beneficiaries of the high efficiency irrigation/laser land leveling/water course improvement schemes under the proposed project would be required to share the cost of establishing the schemes. Once established, these schemes will be operated and maintained by the beneficiaries themselves. This arrangement will ensure ‘ownership’ of these schemes by the beneficiaries, and thus the sustainability of the initiative.

38. Other options include i) full cost of the scheme to be covered by the Project; ii) full cost of the scheme to be covered by the beneficiary. The disadvantages of these alternatives are quite obvious; the first option would result in lack of ownership of the schemes by the beneficiaries, while the second option may fail to attract the farmers to adopt the new initiatives included under the proposed project.

39. No major difference exists among the above options in terms of the environmental and social consequences, except that the selected option will ensure beneficiary and community participation.

5 Environmental and Socioeconomic Profile 5.1 Location40. The Punjab Province is located south of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, the Islamabad Capital Territory, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK); southwest of the Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir; west of the Indian States of Punjab and Rajasthan; north-northeast of the Sindh Province; and east-northeast of the Balochistan Province (see Figure 1 for the map of the Province).

5.2 Physical Environment 41. Geography. Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province having an area of 205,344 km2 (79,284 sq miles) after Balochistan and is located at the north-western edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Multan, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and Rawalpindi. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From



west to east, these are: the Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60 percent of Pakistan's population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. This geographical position and a large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's outlook on National affairs and induces in Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of the Pakistan's other important provinces and territories. 4

42. The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can be found near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. The region contains the Thal and Cholistan deserts. The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab from north to south.

43. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well.

44. Soil Morphology. The texture, morphology, and moisture holding capacities of the soils in the province vary from region to region. The surface crust soils are composed of alluvial deposits consisting of silt, clay, sand, and loam. Clay and silt formations occur in discontinuous layers with limited lateral extent. Their thickness is generally less than five meters5. Due to rich surface irrigation in the central Punjab, the fertile soils of the floodplains give a good per unit yield6.

45. Air Quality. A joint air quality study of Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad by the Pak-EPA and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), showed that the average suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the study districts was 6.4 times higher than WHO Guideline Values. The levels of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen also exceeded the acceptable standards in some areas, but the average levels were below the Guideline Values7. Another similar study of Gujranwala and Faisalabad also revealed higher concentrations of SPM in the ambient air 8. However, barring congested urban centers, air quality in rest of the province generally conforms to WHO Guideline Values9. However, the project sites will essentially be located in rural areas where the ambient air quality is likely to be free from most of the criteria pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen.

46. Surface Water Resources. The Indus River and its tributaries are the main source of surface water in the Punjab Province (and in the country). The Indus rises in Tibet, at an altitude of about 5,486 m (18,000 feet) above mean sea level (amsl), and has a total catchment area of 654,329 km2. Length of the Indus River in the country is about 2,750 km. Five main rivers that join the Indus from the eastern side are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Besides these, two minor rivers - Soan and Harrow also drain into the Indus. On the western side, a number of small rivers join Indus, the biggest of which is River Kabul with its main tributaries i.e. Swat, Panjkora and Kunar. Several small streams such as Kurram, Gomal, Kohat, Tai, and Tank also join the Indus on the right side.

47. The Indus River exhibits great seasonal variations, with more than 80 percent of the total annual flow occurring during the summer months, peaking in June, July and August.

48. Rivers Water Quality. The water quality of Indus River and its tributaries is generally considered excellent for irrigation purposes. The total dissolved solids (TDS) range from 60 mg/l in the upper reaches to 375 mg/l in the lower reaches of the Indus, which are reasonable levels for irrigated agriculture and also as raw water for domestic use. The disposal of saline drainage from various irrigation projects has been a major factor in the increased TDS in the lower reaches of the rivers in the Punjab. There is progressive deterioration downstream and the salinity is at its maximum at the confluence of the Chenab and Ravi rivers, where the TDS ranges from 207 to 907 mg/l. A slight improvement in water quality is noted further downstream at Panjnad due to dilution from the inflow from Sutlej River. The quality of the

4 Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.5 Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 20086 Ibid 7 3-Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad), JICA/Pak-EPA, 20018 2-Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Gujranwala and Faisalabad), JICA/Pak-EPA, 2003 9 Air Quality Monitoring in Six Districts of Punjab using Physico-Chemical Techniques, Environment Protection

Department, Government of the Punjab, 2005 Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 8November 2011

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan


Indus water at Guddu, however, is within acceptable limits for agriculture; TDS being in the range of 164-270 mg/l.

49. In the upper reaches of the Indus River, the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content remains above 8.5 mg/l which is well above the acceptable levels of 4 mg/l. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) downstream of Attock has been recorded as 2.9 mg/l. Indus River water quality has been studied at the Dadu Moro Bridge and Kotri Barrage, with nitrate levels at 1.1 and 7.5 mg/l, phosphate at 0.02 and 0.3 mg/l, BOD at 2.4 and 4.1 mg/l, faecal coliforms at 50 and 400 per ml, and aluminum at 1.8 and 0.2 mg/l respectively. Due to industrial waste discharges from Punjab and Sindh, a high content of heavy metals such as nickel, lead, zinc and cadmium have also been found in Indus water.

50. Groundwater. The Punjab Province can be divided in four hydro-geological zones: Potohar plateau and Salt Range, piedmont areas, alluvial plains, and Cholistan desert. The total groundwater potential in the province (52.7 bcm or 42.75 MAF) is based upon rainfall recharge (12.2 bcm or 9.90 MAF), groundwater recharge (8.7 bcm or 7.08 MAF), recharge from rivers (4.3 bcm or 3.5 MAF), and recharge from the irrigation system (26.7 bcm or 21.70 MAF).10

51. In the last 25-30 years, ground water has become a major supplement to canal supplies, especially in the Upper Indus Plain, where ground water quality is good. Large scale tube-well pumpage for irrigation started in the early sixties. There are presently more than 500,000 tube-wells in the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS). According to a study, the total groundwater potential in Pakistan is of the order of 67.8 bcm (55 MAF).

52. Major part of the groundwater abstraction for irrigation is within the canal commands or in the flood plains of the rivers. However, the amount of abstraction varies throughout the area, reflecting inadequacy/unreliability of surface water supplies and groundwater quality distribution.

53. The quality of groundwater ranges from fresh (salinity less than 1000 mg/l TDS) near the major rivers to highly saline farther away, with salinity more than 3,000 mg/l TDS. The general distribution of fresh and saline groundwater in the country is well known and mapped, as it influences the options for irrigation and drinking water supplies.

54. Availability and quality of groundwater, the depth of water table, and the aquifer recharge rates considerably differ from area to area depending on a number of variables such as amount of precipitation, proximity to surface water channels, and other meteorological factors11. About 79 percent area of the province has fresh groundwater12. High fluoride content is found in groundwater of the Salt Range13. Water table varies from as low as 1 meter in the waterlogged areas to as deep as 90 meters in desert areas14. The groundwater is drawn through hand pumps, tube-wells, springs, and public water supply schemes.

5.3 Wildlife Protected Areas55. There exist one national park, nineteen wildlife sanctuaries and five game reserves in the project area. A list of these protected areas is provided in Table 1.

5.4 Socioeconomic Environment 56. Demographic Profile.15 The population of the province is estimated to be more than 81 million in 2010 and is home to over half the population of Pakistan. The major language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. The language is not given any official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at National level. Punjabis themselves are a heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans and communities (qaum in Urdu). In Pakistani Punjab these clans

10 Source: Pakistan’s Groundwater Reservoir and its Sustainability. Muhammad Amin, Member Water, WAPDA.11 Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 200812 Water Quality Status in Pakistan, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad, 2003 13 Ibid 14 Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 200815 Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 9November 2011



and communities have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications.

57. In addition to the Punjabis, the province is also home to other smaller ethnic groups in the province include the Siraiki, Hindkowan, Kashmiris, Sindhis, and Muhajirs. The Muhajirs are Urdu speaking Muslim migrants from India and settled in Pakistan after independence in 1947. Three decades of bloodshed in neighboring Afghanistan have also brought a large number of Afghan refugees to the province.

58. As per the census of Pakistan 1998, linguistic distribution of the Punjab province is: Punjabi (75.23 percent), Saraiki (17.36 percent), Urdu (4.51 percent), Pashto (1.16 percent), Balochi (0.66 percent), Sindhi (0.13 percent) others (0.95 percent). The population of Punjab (Pakistan) is estimated to be between 97.21 percent Muslim with a Sunni Hanafi majority and Shia Ithna 'ashariyah minority. The largest non-Muslim minority is Christians and make up 2.31 percent of the population. The other minorities include Ahmedi, Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, and Bahá'í.

59. The dialects spoken in different regions of the land have a common vocabulary and a shared heritage. The people of Punjab have also a shared spiritual experience, which has been disseminated by Tasawwaf and can be witnessed on the occasion of the remembrance-fairs held on the Urs of Sufi Saints.

60. Economy. 16 Punjab has always contributed the most to the national economy of Pakistan. Punjab's economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7 percent in 2000 and 59 percent as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of the Pakistan economy, with their contributions ranging from 52.1 to 64.5 percent and 56.1 to 61.5 percent, respectively. It is also major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44 percent to a high of 52.6 percent. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8 percent and during the period 2002-03 to 2007-08, its economy grew at a rate of about 7 percent to 8 percent per year, and during 2008-09 grew at 6 percent against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4 percent.

61. Despite lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialized province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, cement, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, cement plants, agriculture machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90 percent of the paper and paper boards, 71 percent of the fertilizers, 69 percent of the sugar and 40 percent of the cement of Pakistan.

62. Despite its dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.

63. Punjab contributes about 76 percent to annual food grain production in the country. 51 million acres (210,000 km2) is cultivated and another 9.05 million acres (36,600 km2) are lying as cultivable waste in different parts of the province. Cotton and rice are important crops. They are the cash crops that contribute substantially to the national exchequer. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of the strategies towards small and medium farming, stress on barani areas, farms-to-market roads, electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity.

64. Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units. The small and cottage industries are in abundance. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. The number of textile units is 14,820. The ginning industries are 6,778. There are 7,355 units for processing of agricultural raw materials including food and feed industries. Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods.

65. Punjab is also a mineral rich province with extensive mineral deposits of coal, gas, petrol, rock salt (with the second largest salt mine in the world), dolomite, gypsum, and silica-sand. The Punjab Mineral 16 Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 10November 2011



Development Corporation is running over a hundred economically viable projects. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.

66. Land Use / Agricultural Profile. Agriculture is mainstay of Pakistan's economy. It accounts for 21 percent of the GDP and together with agro-based products fetches 80 percent of the country’s total export earnings. More than 48 percent of the labor force is engaged in this sector.

67. The Punjab province has about 29 percent of the total reported, 57 percent of the total cultivated and 69 percent of the total cropped area of Pakistan. It contributes a major share in the agricultural economy of the country by providing about 83 percent of cotton, 80 percent of wheat, 97 percent fine aromatic rice, 63 percent of sugarcane and 51 percent of maize to the national food production. Among fruits, mango accounts for 66 percent, citrus more than 95 percent, guava 82 percent and dates 34 percent of total national production of these fruits.

68. Agriculture is still the predominant economic activity of 64 percent population of the rural Punjab. About 50 percent of total labor force is employed in agriculture. More than 70 percent of cropped area of Indus Basin is located in Punjab. The principal sources of irrigation are the surface channels supplemented by tube-wells. Rainfall accounts only for a small proportion of the irrigation sources. Sericulture, horticulture, and aviculture are also gaining popularity. Investments in honeybee- sheep-, goat-, fish-, poultry, and dairy farming are also increasing. The major seasonal crops include wheat, rice, maize, and vegetables. Other agricultural products include fodder, fresh vegetables, and lattice17. The reported area of Punjab is 17.62 million hectares, out of which 71 percent is cultivated and the remaining is uncultivated18.

69. Cultural Heritage. A large number of sites exist in the Province having archeological, historical, cultural, and religious significance, and the ones that have been officially notified and protected under the Antiquity Act, 1975 are listed in Table 2.

70. Environmental Hotspots. The environmental hotspots in the Province are essentially the wildlife protected sites listed in Table 1 and the cultural heritage sites listed in Table 2. In addition, heavily forested areas particularly in Murree tehsil are also included in the environmental hotspots in the Province. No project interventions will be carried out inside or at these hotspots.

Figure 1: Punjab Province

17 Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment protection Department, Go Pb, Final Report, 200818 Punjab Development Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, Government of the Punjab, 2007 Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 11November 2011


Table 1: Protected Areas in Punjab

Description Area (ha) Type CoordinatesAbbasia Reserve Forest 2,731 Wildlife Sanctuary Not RecordedBahawalpur R. F. Plantation 547 Wildlife Sanctuary 29/23 N. 71/39 E.Bajwat 5,795 Game Reserve Not RecordedBhagat Reserve Forest 251 Wildlife Sanctuary Not RecordedBhakkar Forest Plantation 2,124 Wildlife Sanctuary 31/37 N. 71/03 E.Bheni 2,068 Wildlife Sanctuary Not RecordedBhon Fazil 1,062 Game Reserve Not RecordedChak katora Reserve Forest 535 Wildlife Sanctuary Not RecordedChak Reserve Forest 2,158 Wildlife Sanctuary Not RecordedChanga manga Plantation 5,063 Wildlife Sanctuary 31/05 N. 73/59 E.Chashma Barrage 33,082 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/27 N. 71/19 E.Chashma Lake Not

Recorded Unclassified 32/27 N. 71/19 E.

Chaupalia 9,857 Game Reserve Not RecordedChichawatni Forest Plantation 4,666 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/32 N. 72/42 E.Chinji 6,070 National Park 32/42 N. 72/22 E.Cholistan 660,921 Wildlife Sanctuary 29/59 N. 73/16 E.Cholistan 2,032,6 Game Reserve 29/23 N. 71/39 E.Chumbi-Surla 55,943 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/50 N. 72/46 E.Daluana 2,314 Game Reserve Not RecordedDaman Reserve Forest 2,270 Wildlife Sanctuary Not RecordedDaphar Reserve Forest 2,897 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/24 N. 73/08 E.Depalpur Plantation 2,928 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/40 N. 73/39 E.Diljabba-Domeli 118,101 Game Reserve Not RecordedFateh Major Forest Plantation 1,255 Wildlife Sanctuary Not RecordedGatwala 5,883 Game Reserve Not RecordedHamot Reserve Forest 889 Wildlife Sanctuary Not RecordedHead Islam/Chak Kotora 3,132 Game Reserve 29/49 N. 72/33 E. Head Qadirabad 2,850 Game Reserve 32/18 N. 73/29 E.Inayat Reserve Forest 4,211 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded Indo/Pak Border Belt Not

Recorded Game Reserve Not Recorded

Jalalpur Lake 42 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/32 N. 72/14 E. Jalalpur Sharif Forest 2,263 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/41 N. 73/32 E. Jauharabad Reserve Forest 399 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/17 N. 72/21 E. Kala Chitta 132,605 Game Reserve N. 72/20 E. Kalabagh Game Reserve 1,550 Unclassified 34/04 N. 71/36 E. Kamalia Plantation 4,396 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/43 N. 72/43 E. Kathar 1,141 Game Reserve 33/45 N. 73/07 E. Khabbeke Lake 285 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/37 N. 72/14 E. Khanewal Plantation 7,217 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/18 N. 71/56 E. Kharar lake 235 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/52 N. 73/13 E. Kheri Murat 5,616 Game Reserve Not Recorded Kot Zabzal 10,117 Game Reserve Not Recorded Kotla issan Reserve Forest 2,178 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded Kundal Rakh 2,999 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded Kundian plantation 7,800 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/27 N. 71/29 E. Lal Suhanra 51,588 National Park (WHS) 29/21 N. 71/58 E. Lohi Bher Forest 887 Wildlife Sanctuary 33/43 N. 73/05 E. Machu Plantation 4,109 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded Miranpur Reserve Forest 768 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded Mitha Tiwana Plantation 1,116 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded Namal lake 482 Game Reserve 32/40 N. 71/49 E. Pirawala kikarwala 506 Game Reserve 30/21 N. 72/02 E. Qadirabad Head Works 2,849 Game Reserve 32/18 N. 73/29 E. Rahri Bungalow 5,463 Game Reserve Not Recorded Rajan Shah Plantation 2,110 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded



Description Area (ha) Type CoordinatesRakh Ghulaman 4,356 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded Rasool Barrage 1,138 Game Reserve 32/42 N. 73/33 E. Shorkot Forest Plantation 4,079 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/50 N. 72/04 E. Sodhi I 5,817 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/35 N. 72/17 E. Taunsa Barrage 6,566 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/42 N. 70/46 E. Tehra Plantation 339 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded Thal 71,275 Game Reserve 33/22 N. 70/33 E. Ucchali lake 942 Game Reserve 32/36 N. 72/13 E.Wathar Reserve Forest 1,874 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded

Table 2: Cultural Heritage Sites in Punjab

Attock District1. Lala Rukh’s tomb, Hasan Abdal, Attock.2. Begum ki Sarai, on left bank of Indus River near Attock Fort, Attock.3. Saidan Baoli, Hatti, Attock.4. Hakim’s tomb, Hasan Abdal, Attock.5. Chitti Baoli, Pindi Suleman Makhan, Attock.6. Attock Fort, Attock.7. Attock tomb, on G. T. Road near Ziarat Hazrat Baba Sahib, Attock.8. Behram ki Baraddari, Attock.9. Tope and Mnastery (Buddhist remains), 5 miles east of Hasan Abal Baoli Pind, Attock.10. Kallar (temple) or Sassi da Kallara, village Shah Muhammad Wali, Tesil Talagang, Attock.11. Site at Garhi, village Malak Mala, 6 miles east of hasan Abal, Attock.12. Inderkot mosque, Fateh Jang, Inderkot, Attock.13. Buddhist site (Behari Colony) Hasan Abdal Town, Behari Colony, Attock.Bahawalpur District14. Tomb of Abu Hanifa, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.15. Tomb of Bibi Jawidi, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.16. Tomb of Nuria, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.17. Tomb of Bhawal Halee, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.18. Tomb of Musa Pak Shaheed, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.Dera Ghazi Khan District19. Ghazi Khan’s Tomb, Mohalla Zaminaran, Village Chirotta, Ddera Ghazi Khan.20. Ther Dallu Roy, Dajal, Ddera Ghazi Khan.Fasialabad District21. Wangar Wala Tibba, Chak No. 742, Tehsil Taoba Tek Singh, Faisalabad.Gujranwala District22. Baraari in Sherawala garen, Gujranwala city.23. Tomb of Abdul Nabi Kotli Maqbara, Gujranwala.Gujrat District24. Akbari Baoli in fort Gujrat city.25. Bahar Wali, Baoli Kharian Town, Gujrat.26. Tomb of Shaikh Ali Baig, locally called Hanjeera, Village Hailan, Tehsil Phalia, Gujrat.Jhang District27. Shahi Masi, Chiniot, Jahng.28. Tomb of Shah Burhan, Chiniot, Jhang.Jhelum District29. Rohtas Fort, 5 miles from Dina Railway Station, Jhelum.30. Ruined Temple with gateway, Melot, Jhelum.



31. Raja Mansigh’s Haveli Rohtas, Jhelum.32. Hill measuring 25 ft. long and 190 ft. broad, Murti in Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.33. Two ancient teples, Bhagan Wala, 11 miles from Haranpur Railway Station, Jhelum.34. Ruins of Nandana, For Bhagan Wala, Jhelum.35. Sardar of Hari Singh’s Haveli, Katas, Jhelum.36. Ruined Buddhist Stupa area around it, Katas, Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.37. Satghara temple Village Katas, Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.Khanewal District38. Tomb of Khali Walid, village Kabirwala, Khanewal.Lahore District39. Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan and Gateway, Lahore.40. Buddo’s tomb, Lahore.41. Sarvwala Maqbara, Lahore.42. Huzuri Bagh Baradari, Lahore.43. Dai Anga’s tomb, Lahore.44. Shalamar Garden, including baradari, gateway, kiosks, pavilions, well, Naqqar Khana, asmani well and garden,

Lahore.45. Old Fort, Lahore.46. Buddho ka Awa, Lahore.47. One kos minar, Lahore.48. Roshani gate, Lahore.49. Mirza Kamran’s baradari, Lahore.50. Tomb of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Lahroe.51. Tomb of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, 34-A, Mcleod Road, Lahore.52. Chauburji, Mazang, Lahore.53. Gulabi Bagh gatweay, Begumpura, Lahore.54. Qutbudddin Aibak’s tomb, Anar kali street, Lahore.55. Tiledd gatweay and two bastions, Nawankot, Lahore.56. Two kos minars, Minola, 6 miles from Jullo, Lahore.57. Tomb of Shaikh Mosa, Ahangar, mosque and house, Mcleod Road, 35, Chiraghan Street, Lahore.58. Tomb of (erroneously called) Zebun-Nisa, Nawankot, Lahore.59. Naddira Begum’s tomb and tank, Mian Mir, Lahore Cantonment, Lahore.60. Hujra Mir Mehdi (Janazegah), Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore.61. Tomb of Prince Parwaiz, Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore.62. Tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, Mughalpura near Railway crossing, B-II, South of railway carriage shop,

Lahore.63. Javedd Manzil, Allama Iqbal Road, Lahore.64. Jahangir’s tomb and compound, Shahdara, Lahore.65. Akbari Sarai an mosque, Shahdara, Lahore.66. Tomb of Asif Khan and compound, Shahdara, Lahore.67. Tomb of nur Jeha, Shahdara, Lahore,68. Tomb of Mahabat Khan and boundary wall, Baghbanpura, Lahore.69. Samadh of Rajit Singh, Karakh Singh and Nau Nihal Singh, Lahore.70. Tomb of Anarkali, Lahore.71. Baradari and Samadh of Maharaja Sher Singh, Lahore.72. Badshahi mosque, Lahore.73. Wazir Khan’s mosque, Lahore.74. Chitta gate, Chowk Wazir Khan inside Delhi Gate, Lahore.75. Another gate to northeast of Wazir Khan’s mosque, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.76. Well of Raja Dina Nath, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.



77. Masti gate, Lahore.78. Bhati gate, Lahore.79. Sheranwala gate, Lahore.80. Kashmiri gate, Lahore.81. Lahori known as Lahori gate, Lahore.82. Delhi gate, Lahore.83. Wazir Khan’s hammams inside Delhi gate, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.84. Haveli Nau Nihal Singh including garden, quarters, latrine etc. inside Bhati gate, Kucha Nau Nihal Singh,

Lahore.85. Tomb of Khawaja Sabir (Nawab Nusrat Khan) inside Railway Mechanical Workshop, Mughalpura, Lahore.86. Tomb of French Officer’s ddaughter, Kuri Bagh, Lahroe.87. Wazir Khan’s baradari, oldd Anarkali, Behind Lahore Museum, Lahore.88. Samadh of Jhingar Shah Suthra (Suthron ka Asthan) Suthron, Teshl Lahore, Lahore.89. Samadh of Bhai Wasti Ram Tixali gate near Shahi Qila, Lahore.90. A Mughal period tomb, Tehsil Lahore Singhapura, oppsite Police Post, Lahore.91. Jani Khan’s tomb, Baghbanpura, Lahore.92. Dai Anga’s mosque, Naulakha, Lahore.93. Mosque with glazed tiles work, Bagumpura, Lahore.94. Mosque of Nawab Zakariya Khan, Bagumpura, Lahore.95. Inayat Bagh, opposite Shalamar Garden, Bagumpuura, Lahore.96. Angori bagh, opposite Shalamaer Garen Bagumpura, Lahore.97. Mariam Zammani mosque, insie Masti gate, Lahore.Mianwali District98. Shershah’s baoli, Wah Buchhran, Mianwali.99. A buddhist Stupa with a surrounding area on River Inddus to the north of Village Rokhari, Mianwali.Multan District100. Sawi Masjid an graves, Kotla Tole Khan, Multan.101. Tombs of Petrick Alexander Vana, Andrew & William Anderson, Old Fort, Multan.102. Shrine of Rukne Alam, Old For, Multan.103. Tomb of Shah Ali Akbar’s mother, Sura Miana, Multan.104. Tomb of Shams Tabriz, Sura Miana, Multan.105. Tomb of Shah Ali Akbar, Sura Miana, Multan.106. Tomb of Shah Yousuf Gardezi, Multan.107. Mound Ratti Khari, Head Bust 133 village Bhatianwala, Teshil Kaberwala, Multan.108. Tobm of Shah Hussain Soozai, near Abdal Road, Multan.109. Tomb of Mai Mehraban, Mohallah Kirialoghana, Multan.110 Ruined mosque Village Sargana, Multan.111. Maryala Moun, Chak No. 267/IOR, Multan.Muzaffargarh District112. Tomb of Thar Khan Nahar, Sitpur, Musaffargarh.113. Mosque of Tahar Khan Nahar, Sitpur, Muzaffargarh.114. Tomb of Sheikh Sadan Shaheedd, Village Sadan, Muzaffargarh.Rawalpini District115. Tope or stupa (Buddhist), Mankiyala, Rawalpindi.116. Top or stupa (Buddhist) Bhallar, Rawalpindi.117. Pharwala fort Pharwala, Rawalpindi.118. Losar baoli, Wah Cantonment, Rawalpindi.119. Bhir Moun,Taxila, Mauza Majawer, Rawalpindi.120. The area or Track known as Babar Khan, Taxila, Babar Khan, Rawalpindi.121. Kalawansite, Mauza Karawal, Rawalpindi.Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management), Government of Punjab 15November 2011


122. Chirtope site, Taxila, Chirtope, Rawalpindi.123. Sirkap site, Mauza Gangu Bahaddur, Rawalpindi.124. Giri remains, Mauza Khuram Gujjar, Rawalpindi.125. Mohra Maradu site, Taxila, Rawalpindi.126. Rewat fort, Village Rewat, Rawalpindi.127. Nicholson Column, Margala Pass, Rawalpindi.128. Kos minar, Milestone 102, G.T. Road, Rawalpindi.129. Kos Minar, near Golara Railway Station, Rawalpindi.130. Farudgh-e-Shahan-e-Mughalia, tank and garden Wah, Rawalpindi.131. Ratta Pind, Village Gangu Bahadur, Rawalpindi.Sahiwal District132. Mounds, Harappa, Saiwal.133. Mir Chakar’s tomb, Satghara, Sahiwal.134. Tomb of Syyed Daud Kirmani, Shergah, Sahiwal.Sargodha District135. Three temple inside fort, Amb Sargodha.136. Site of ancient city, Bhera, Sargodha.137. Site of ancient city, Vijjhi, 2 milles southwest of Miani known as Sabzal Pind, Sargodha.138. A red sandstone teple, Sodhi Zerin, Sargodha.Sheikhupura District139. Sheikhupura fort, east of Sheikhupura town, Sheikhupura.140. Baoli and mosque, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.141. Tank and tower, Sheikhupura.142. Tomb of Abdullah Shah, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.143. Mound Mian Ali Sahib, Mian Ali Faqiran, Sheikhupura.144. Tibba (Mound), Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura.145. Tomb of Noor Muhammad, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.146. Tomb of Hafiz Barkhurdar, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.Sialkot District147. Tibba Jolian, Sialkot.

6 Stakeholder Consultations6.1 Objectives71. The stakeholder consultation is an integral part of the environmental and social assessment for a project such as PIPIP, and aims to provide a two-way communication channel between the stakeholders and the project proponents. In line with this aim, the objectives of the stakeholder consultation conducted as part of the present ESA were to:

develop and maintain communication links between the project proponents and stakeholders,

provide key project information to the stakeholders, and to solicit their views on the project and its potential or perceived impacts, and

ensure that views and concerns of the stakeholders are incorporated into the project design and implementation with the objectives of reducing or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits of the proposed project.

6.2 Consultation Process 72. The consultations with the project stakeholders were carried out while conducting the present ESA. A participatory and consultative approach was employed for information gathering and data collection.



73. Meetings and consultations were held with a range of key informants as well as government and civil society stakeholders at different levels. The focus group discussions with smaller groups of grassroots stakeholders were held, whereas discussions with the institutional stakeholders were arranged in consultation workshops. These discussions were held with project affected people, project beneficiaries and other local communities in Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Lahore, Okara, Sahiwal, Multan, Bhakkar, and Layyah districts. An attempt was made to consult stakeholders from all of the distinct regions of the province with respect to the cultivation and water availability – Potwar, Central Punjab, Sothern Punjab, and Thal desert. This process of stakeholder consultation was conceived to interact meaningfully with affected communities and other stakeholders. The consultations also helped better understand local knowledge with respect to the various sets of issues and concerns, and integrate these into the project design and EMP.

6.3 Consultations with Institutional Stakeholders 74. The institutional stakeholder consultations were held during the workshops organized in Rawalpindi and Multan. The representatives of the following organizations were invited for these workshops:

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Punjab EPA and EPD

Planning Commission

P&DD, Punjab

Ministry of Environment

Ministry of Food and Agriculture

Ministry of Water and Power

Officials from the Agriculture Department, Punjab NARC

The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)

Pakistan Council for Research on Water Resources (PCRWR)

Irrigation Department

Barani Agriculture University, Rawalpindi

Agriculture University, Faisalabad

National University of Science and Technology (NUST) International Islamic University

World Bank

Asian Development Bank

United Nations Development Program (UNDP)

Barani Agriculture Research Institute (BARI)

Punjab Economic Research Institute (PERI)

Cotton Research Center, Multan

Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI)

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

WWF.

75. Concerns Raised and Suggestion Forwarded by Institutional Stakeholders. The institutional stakeholders raised several concerns and provided useful suggestions/recommendations. These are provided below.



The capacity building and awareness raising of farmers should also address the water-borne diseases caused by over irrigation.

The use of FM radio should be promoted for the awareness raising and capacity building of farmers for the improved irrigation techniques.

The research institutions should also play their role in capacity building of farmers and the Department staff.

The research institutes should arrange farmers’ gatherings and workshops.

More effective investment is needed for the bed-furrowing with the help of laser leveling.

Trees and livestock are important elements of the rural agricultural economy. The tree cutting caused by the water course improvement should be compensated through plantation of appropriate tree species at appropriate locations.

The tree plantation can be used for nitrogen fixing of soil, as wind breaker particularly in areas that experience sand/wind storms.

The drip irrigation should be promoted in areas having undulating terrain.

The national water policy needs to be devised addressing judicious use of the available water for irrigation.

Sustainability of the modern irrigation techniques needs to be studied through research.

The laser land leveling equipment should be provided to the rental services.

Demonstration systems should be arranged at regional level to showcase the modern irrigation techniques.

The Project interventions can employ the rural unemployed youth.

The private sector should be motivated to participate in promoting the modern irrigation techniques.

Drip irrigation system is ideal for locations where water is scarce.

The private sector needs to be supported and encouraged to develop simple machinery for bed-furrowing and other similar tasks.

The water course improvement can potentially cause tree cutting and loss of natural vegetation. Tree cuttings should be restricted to only those trees causing restriction in water flow or hindrance in civil works.

Existing provision for improvement of entire earthen section may be reconsidered to relax the same for a certain portion located at tail end of watercourse where water flows only for a few hours.

The hydrology data needs to be collected and analyzed to fully understand the impact of water course lining on the groundwater recharge.

Laser land leveling is now becoming economically viable and sustainable. Other interventions such as water course lining are not yet sustainable and government’s support is needed to undertake these improvements.

Environmental impacts of brick kilns, which would provide bricks for the Project, needs to be highlighted.

Local manufacturing of drip irrigation systems and their parts should be encouraged.

The traditional flood irrigation system is no more viable in view of the water shortage, hence high efficiency irrigation methods should be promoted through the Project.

Tube-wells should be installed giving due consideration to their location and inter-tube-well distance.

The lining of the water courses should be carried out beyond the current limit of 30 percent. The quality of water course lining needs to be improved, and the Department team should regularly monitor this aspect.

The soil and water pollution caused by the left over plastic tubing and other parts for the drip/sprinkler irrigation system needs to be addressed.



The drip irrigation system is currently suitable for large farmers having more resources available to them and having more know-how/awareness. The barriers for its adaptation by the small farmers need to me removed.

Pest management component needs to be included in the Project, addressing the use of pesticides (and other chemical inputs) in the high efficiency irrigation techniques. Awareness raising and capacity building components should also be included in the Project in this regard. Additionally, this aspect needs further field research as well.

The contaminated water in the canals is causing diseases, since it is used for drinking purposes as well in many areas.

The use of solar energy should also be explored for pumping groundwater.

Trees are sometimes cut down for improving the water courses. The compensatory tree plantation should be included in the Project (and Water User Associations’ contracts with the Department).

The Department should also encourage the farmers to build water ponds to store irrigation water.

Laser leveling is highly beneficial for water conservation.

The tube-wells are being misused, and there exists no law to control the installation of new tube-wells.

The Department should promote small dams and sprinkler/drip irrigation in Potohar region of the Province.

6.4 Grass Root Stakeholders Consultations76. The grass root consultations were carried out to inform the communities about the project and to obtain their views and concerns. These consultations were carried out at the following locations:

Farm of Qamar-ul-Zaman and others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock

Farm of Ahsan Khan and others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock

Farm of Mohammad Arshad Khan and others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock

Farm of Moazzam Javed and others, Tehsil and District Attock

Farm of Malik Ghulam Hussain and others, Tehsil Jand, District Attock

Farm of Khursheed Ahmed Khan and others, Tehsil Fateh Jang, District Attock

Farm of Chaudhry Mushtaq and others, Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near Chakri)

Farm of Mian Abdul Majeed and others, Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near Chakri)

Farm of Iqtedar Amir and others, Tehsil and District Chakwal

Farm of Mohammad Hayat and others, Tehsil and District Chakwal WUA # 7828 (Khwaja Faqir), Lahore Cantonment.

WUA # 4412/R (Taqi Pur), Lahore Cantonment Farm (Countryside Natural Products (Pvt.) Ltd.), Tehsil Ferozwala, District Sheikhupura

Farm of Shabir Hussain and others, Tehsil Muridke, District Sheikhupura

Water course # 79430-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara Water course # 40477-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara

Farm of A. Ashiq Babar and others, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

Water course # 6072-TR, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

Farm of Malik Hammad Hyder and others, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

Water course # 13528-TF, Chichawatni, District Sahiw al Water course # 16575-L, Shakh-e-Madina, District Multan

Water course # 37810-L, Gagra, District Multan



Farm near Karor, District Layyah

Farm of Ahmed Mujtaba and others, Karor, District Layyah

Farm of Asad Imran and others, District Layyah

Farm of Bashir A. Khan and others, District Bhakkar Farm of Rana Munawar and others; Chaubara, District Layyah

Farm of Mohammad Husnain and others, Chaubara District Layyah

Farm of Sardar Nasir Abbas Magsi and others, Chaub ara, District Layyah

77. Table 3 presents list of the discussants and the key issues raised during the consultations.

Table 3: Key Issues Discussed during Grass Root ConsultationsLocation/Farmers Number and Type

of ParticipantsKey Issue Discussed

Farm of Qamar-ul-Zaman and others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock

10;Farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officers; District Officer (DO), Deputy District Officer (DDO), Assistant Agriculture Engineer (AAE)

Very positive impact on productivity; water consumption after scheme completion reduced to one-third; area under cultivation increased; price of land increased.Extension of scheme is needed; the farmers showed keenness to participate in any future scheme of same or similar nature.The Department officials informed the farmers about high efficiency irrigation techniques and the forthcoming project.

Farm of Ahsan Khan and others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock

9;Farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officers; DO and DDO; Supply and Service Company (SSC)

Farmers very happy with increased productivity; water consumption after scheme completion reduced to one-third; area under cultivation increased; price of land increased.Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed reduced. Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC support.The farmers showed keenness to participate in any future scheme of same or similar nature.

Farm of Mohammad Arshad Khan, and others Tehsil Hazro, District Attock


Farmers satisfied with increased output; water consumption after scheme completion reduced.Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed reduced. Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC support.The farmers showed willingness to participate in any future scheme of same or similar nature.

Farm of Moazzam Javed and others, Tehsil and District Attock

8;Farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officers; DO and DDO

Farmers satisfied with increased output; water consumption after scheme completion reduced.Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed reduced. The farmers showed willingness to participate in any future scheme of same or similar nature.The Department officials informed the farmers about high efficiency irrigation techniques and the forthcoming project.

Farm of Malik Ghulam Hussain and others, Tehsil Jand, District Attock

12;Farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM)

Farmers satisfied with increased wheat output; water consumption and cost of irrigation after scheme completion reduced.Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed



Location/Farmers Number and Type of Participants

Key Issue Discussed

officers; DO and DDO; Supply and Service Company (SSC)

reduced. Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC support.The farmers showed willingness to participate in any future scheme of same or similar nature.

Farm of Khursheed Ahmed Khan and others, Tehsil Fateh Jang, District Attock


Farmers satisfied with increased orchard output; water consumption and cost of irrigation after scheme completion reduced.Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed reduced. Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC support.The farmers showed willingness to participate in any future scheme of same or similar nature.

Farm of Chaudhry Mushtaq and others, Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near Chakri)

9;Farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officers; DO and AE

Farmers showed satisfaction on the success of scheme. They have applied for drip irrigation scheme for the farm.The farmers reported limited use of pesticides and fertilizers. The farm provides employment to more than 20 workers.The Department officials informed the farmers about high efficiency irrigation techniques and the forthcoming project.

Farm of Mian Abdul Majeed and others, Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near Chakri)


Farmers reported increased output from the farm after the completion of the scheme. In addition to the increased income to the owners, the farm has provided employment to about 50 workers. The farmers enquired about any future schemes offered by the Department.The Department officials informed the farmers about high efficiency irrigation techniques and the forthcoming project.

Farm of Iqtedar Amir and others, Tehsil and District Chakwal


Farmers satisfied on the success of scheme. They have applied for drip irrigation scheme for the farm.The farmers reported limited use of pesticides but increased use of fertilizers. The farm provides employment to more than 6 workers.The farmers willing to adopt high efficiency irrigation techniques.The Department officials informed the farmers about high efficiency irrigation techniques and the forthcoming project.

Farm of Mohammad Hayat and others, Tehsil and District Chakwal

11;Farmers; Directorate General (WM) officers; DO and DDO

Farmers reported increased output from the farm after the completion of the scheme. The farmers have applied for the Government’s scheme for the high efficiency irrigation system.

Water course # 7828 (Khwaja Faqir), Lahore Cantonment.

21;WUA members and other farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officers; DDO, AAE, WMO, Sub

Farmers showed their satisfaction about the water course improvement and reported water conservation after the completion of scheme. They expected the Department to provide further assistance.The community mobilization was found to be effective. The WUA documentation was




Key Issue Discussed

Engineers (SEs) found to be proper.The community showed interest in high efficiency irrigation methods and laser land leveling.The WUA members complained about delayed payments, and also requested the Department to increase the earlier payment installments and decrease the last installment. Trees need to be cut for water course improvement works. Compensatory tree plantation should be carried out.The Department officials informed the farmers about the forthcoming project involving laser land leveling, high efficiency irrigation techniques, and water course improvement.

Water course # 4412/R (Taqi Pur), Lahore Cantonment

17;WUA members and other farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officers; DDO, AAE, WMO, Sub Engineers (SEs)

Farmers reported water conservation after the completion of scheme. They expected the Department to provide more assistance for further improvement in the water courses.The community mobilization was found to be effective. The WUA documentation was found to be acceptable with some need for improvement.The community showed interest in high efficiency irrigation methods and laser land leveling.The WUA members complained about delayed payments, and also requested the Department to increase the earlier payment installments and decrease the last installment.Trees need to be cut for water course improvement works. Compensatory tree plantation should be carried out.The Department officials informed the farmers about the forthcoming project involving laser land leveling, high efficiency irrigation techniques, and water course improvement.

Farm (Countryside Natural Products (Pvt.) Ltd.), Tehsil Ferozwala, District Sheikhupura

10;Farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officers; DDO, AAE, SSC

The farmers reported achieving very high yield from the farm using of the drip irrigation system.The quantities of pesticides and fertilizers need were reduced.Water consumption was significantly reduced. The farmers showed satisfaction regarding the service provided by the SSC.

Farm of Shabir Hussain, Tehsil Muridke, District Sheikhupura

11;Farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officers; DDO, AAE, SSC

The farmers reported achieving high yield from the farm using of the sprinkler irrigation system for wheat crop.The quantities of herbicides and fertilizers need were reduced.Water consumption was significantly reduced. The farmers showed satisfaction regarding the service provided by the SSC.

Water course # 79430-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara

25;WUA members and other farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officers; DO, DDO, AE; Consultant

The farmers reported the reduction in time required to irrigate the fields after the improvement of the water courses. They expected the Department to provide more assistance for further improvement in the water courses.The farmers now moving to further




Key Issue Discussed

improvements such as laser land leveling.The community mobilization was found to be effective. The WUA documentation was found to be acceptable with some need for improvement.The community showed interest in high efficiency irrigation methods and laser land leveling.The WUA members complained about delayed payments, and also requested the Department to increase the initial payment installments and decrease the last installment.Trees need to be cut for water course improvement works. Compensatory tree plantation should be carried out.The Department officials informed the farmers about the forthcoming project involving laser land leveling, high efficiency irrigation techniques, and water course improvement.

Water course # 40477-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara

22;WUA members and other farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officers; DO, DDO, AE; Consultant

The farmers reported the reduction in time required to irrigate the fields and increase in the irrigated area after the improvement of the water courses. They expected the Department to provide more assistance for further improvement in the water courses.The community mobilization was found to be effective. The WUA documentation was found to be acceptable with some need for improvement.The community showed interest in high efficiency irrigation methods.The WUA members complained about delayed payments, and also requested the Department to increase the initial payment installments and decrease the last installment.Trees need to be cut for water course improvement works. Compensatory tree plantation should be carried out.The Department officials informed the farmers about the forthcoming project involving laser land leveling, high efficiency irrigation techniques, and water course improvement.

Farm of M. Ashiq Babar, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

10;Farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officials, DO, DDO, AE; Consultant

The farmer reported about 30% saving in water requirements after laser land leveling.Use of herbicides, fertilizer, and pesticides reduced.The farmers showed satisfaction about the equipment and after-sales service provided by the SSC.

Water course # 6072-TR, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

12;WUA members and other farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officials, DO, DDO, AE; Consultant

The farmers reported increased availability of water and hence increase in the irrigated area after the improvement of the water courses. They expected the Department to provide more assistance for further improvement in the water courses.The community mobilization was found to be effective. The WUA documentation was found to be acceptable with some need for improvement.The community showed interest in high




Key Issue Discussed

efficiency irrigation methods.The WUA members complained about delayed payments, and also requested the Department to increase the initial payment installments and decrease the last installment.Trees need to be cut for water course improvement works. Compensatory tree plantation should be carried out.The Department officials informed the farmers about the forthcoming project involving laser land leveling, high efficiency irrigation techniques, and water course improvement.

Farm of Malik Hammad Hyder and others, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

5;Farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officials, DO, DDO, AE, Supervisor

Farmers reported 30% saving in water use and 30% increase in yield after laser land leveling.Decreased use of fertilizer and weedicides.The farmer informed that without subsidy, they and other farmers would not be able to afford the laser land leveling.The Department officials informed the farmers about the forthcoming project involving laser land leveling, high efficiency irrigation techniques, and water course improvement.

Water course # 13528-TF, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal

18;WUA members and other farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officials, DO, DDO, AE; Consultant

The WUA members reported reduction in water losses, labor required for irrigating the fields, and water pilferage - because of the water course improvement.The WUA members complained about delayed payments from the Government and difficulty in getting farmers’ contributions. The farmers usually have money only after the harvest. The delays in payments also affect the material purchase, since the material rates keep on increasing. The WUA members also complained about tough criteria used by the consultants for approving the works, increasing labor expenses, and requested that the Government’s share should be increased. Trees need to be cut for water course improvement works. Compensatory tree plantation should be carried out.The Department officials informed the farmers about water course improvement, laser land leveling and high efficiency irrigation techniques in the forthcoming project.

Water course # 16575-L, Shakh-e-Madina, District Multan

29;WUA members and other farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officials; DO, DDO, AE, WMO, Supervisors, Rodmen

The farmers reported increased availability of water and hence increase in the irrigated area after the improvement of the water courses. They expected the Department to provide more assistance for further improvement in the water courses.The community mobilization was found to be effective. The WUA documentation was found to be acceptable.The WUA members complained about delayed payments, and also requested the Department to increase the initial payment installments and decrease the last installment. They informed that collecting farmers’ share was a very difficult task. They requested the Department to eliminate the farmers’ share




Key Issue Discussed

altogether.Trees need to be cut for water course improvement works. Compensatory tree plantation should be carried out.The Department officials informed the farmers about the forthcoming project involving laser land leveling, high efficiency irrigation techniques, and water course improvement.

Water course # 37810-L, Gagra, District Multan

27;WUA members and other farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officials; DO, DDO, AE, WMO, Supervisors, Rodmen

The farmers reported increased availability of water and hence increase in the irrigated area after the improvement of the water courses. They expected the Department to provide more assistance for further improvement in the water courses.The community mobilization was found to be effective. The WUA documentation was found to be acceptable.The WUA members complained about delayed payments, and also requested the Department to increase the initial payment installments and decrease the last installment. They informed that collecting farmers’ share was a very difficult task. Trees need to be cut for water course improvement works. Compensatory tree plantation should be carried out. The community showed its willingness to undertake this compensatory plantation.The Department officials informed the farmers about the forthcoming project involving laser land leveling, high efficiency irrigation techniques, and water course improvement.

Government’s Demonstration Farm near Karor, District Layyah

6;The farm’s supervisors and attendants; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officials; DO, DDO, WMO.

Drip irrigation has resulted in decreased water needs, as well as reduced pesticides, weedicides and fertilizer usage.

Farm of Ahmed Mujtaba and others, Karor, District Layyah

10;Farmers; Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officials; DO, DDO, WMO

The farmers reported reduced water consumption by 30%, increased yield, and effective utilization of fertilizers by adopting drip irrigation technique.

Farm of Asad Imran and others, District Layyah


The farmers reported reduced water consumption, increased yield, reduced need of fertilizers and pesticides by adopting drip irrigation technique.

Farm of Bashir A. Khan, District Bhakkar



Farm of Rana Munawar; 8;Farmers;

The farmers reported reduced water consumption, increased yield, reduced need of




Key Issue Discussed

Chaubara, District Layyah Directorate General Agriculture (WM) officials; DO, DDO, WMO

fertilizers and pesticides by adopting sprinkler irrigation technique.

Farm of Mohammad Husnain, Chaubara District Layyah


The farmers reported reduced water consumption, increased yield, reduced need of fertilizers and pesticides by adopting sprinkler irrigation technique.

Farm of Sardar Nasir Abbas Magsi, Chaubara, District Layyah



7 Impact Assessment 7.1 Positive Impacts78. The positive environmental and social impacts of the project include increased water conservation, enhanced social mobilization (ie, establishment of WUAs), and employment opportunities for skilled people. In addition, the project interventions such as high efficiency irrigation techniques will help discontinue usage of sewage water to irrigate crops particularly vegetables in the peri-urban areas – a practice that poses health risks to the population consuming these vegetables.

7.2 Environmental Screening79. The potentially negative impacts of the project interventions have been screened using the ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist for the irrigation projects as given in Table 4 below.

Table 4: Environmental Screening

Screening Questions Yes No RemarksA. Project Siting Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas? Protected Area Unlikely - No subprojects to be located inside

any protected area. Wetland Unlikely No subprojects to be located inside

any protected wetland. Mangrove - ✔ No mangroves exist in the Province.

Estuarine ✔ No estuaries exist in the Project Area.

Buffer zone of protected area Unlikely - No subprojects to be located inside any protected area.

Special area for protecting biodiversity

Unlikely - No subprojects to be located inside any protected area.

B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause… loss of precious ecological values

(e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and

Unlikely - Most of the subprojects will be located in cultivation fields. Only some interventions could be located in uncultivated areas. No subprojects will be located at any protected archeological, cultural, or religious



Screening Questions Yes No Remarksdrainage hazards)? sites.

conflicts in water supply rights and related social conflicts?

Unlikely - The project interventions will not change the existing water rights. Formulation of Water User Associations (WUAs) will address any possible conflicts.

impediments to movements of people and animals?

Unlikely - Most of the subprojects will be located in cultivation fields. The water course improvements include construction of culverts at appropriate locations.

potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased stream capacity?

Unlikely / possibly

- The water course improvement works will decrease soil erosion.Appropriate mitigation measures have been included in project interventions.

Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion?

Unlikely - The project interventions are unlikely to affect the drainage pattern.

over pumping of groundwater, leading to salinization and ground subsidence?

Unlikely - The project interventions will promote judicious use and hence conservation of irrigation water, thus reducing the need of ground water pumping. The water course lining may reduce groundwater recharge, but this lining will be minimized in the saline groundwater zone.

impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial uses of water?

Unlikely / possibly.

- The high efficiency irrigation schemes under the project will generally result in reduced and judicious use of chemical inputs. The chemical inputs are generally applied direcltly to the plant root zone, thus reducing the possibility and extent of soil and water contamination. Awareness raising has nonetheless been included in the apacity building component of the Project.

dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people?

Unlikely - Most of the project interventions will be located in cultivation fields. Only in rare cases, uncultivated land will be brought under cultivation. Appropriate control measures have been included to ensure that no resettlement of people takes place.

disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

Unlikely - The project will generally benefit the land owners and growers, however, these interventions are unlikely to negatively affect vulnerable groups such as poor, women and children. No indigenous people are known to exist in the Province.

potential social conflicts arising from land tenure and land use issues?

Unlikely - The project benefits are unlikely to change the existing land tenure or land use rights. Formulation of WUAs is likely to address any possible conflicts.

soil erosion before compaction and lining of canals?

Unlikely / possibly

- Lining of water courses will generally reduce the soil erosion. Most of the interventions will be located in plain areas, thus minimizing the possibility of soil erosion. Appropriate mitigation measures have been



Screening Questions Yes No Remarksincluded in the water course improvement and other components to control any soil erosion.

noise from construction equipment? Unlikely - The noise during the project interventions will primarily be generated by tractors (laser land leveling), and small trucks (material hauling). These vehicles will essentially operate in cultivation fields, during the day time, where such machinery is routinely used. Hence the noise generation from the project intervention is unlikely to cause any significant impact.

dust during construction? Possibly - Some minor dust emissions are likely to be caused by the construction activities, however these will take place within the cultivation fields where such dust emissions are quite routine.

Water logging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage and farm management?

Unlikely - The project interventions aim to conserve irrigation water and discourage over-irrigation. Hence water logging and salinization are not likely to take place.Soil slinization cuased by high efficiency irrigation may be controlled by flood irrigating the field on occasional basis.

leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of irrigation water?

Unlikely - The project aims to conserve water and discourage over-irrigation. Hence leaching of soil nutrients and soil degradation are not likely to take place.

reduction of downstream water supply during peak seasons?

Unlikely - The project interventions aim to conserve irrigation water and discourage over-irrigation. Hence the project is unlikely to negatively affect other water users (other water users are likely to benefit from the project with increased water availability).

soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides?

Possibly - The high efficiency irrigation techniques under the project need smaller quantities of chemical inputs which are applied directly to plant root zone, thus reducing the resultant soil and runoff contamination. Appropriate awareness raising and capacity building initiatives have nonethelees been included in the project design to address the potential impacts.

soil erosion (furrow, surface)? Unlikely - The project interventions (land leveling, high efficiency irrigation techniques, and water course improvement) will reduce and forestall soil erosion, usually associated with over-irrigation.

scouring of canals? Unlikely - The water course improvement component will in fact arrest any



Screening Questions Yes No Remarksprevious scouring.

clogging of canals by sediments? Unlikely - The water course improvement component will arrest sedimentation in the water courses.

clogging of canals by weeds? Unlikely - The water course improvement component will in fact arrest any clogging of the water courses.

seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater systems?

- ✔ No sea front exists in the Province.

introduction of increase in incidence of waterborne or water related diseases?

Unlikely to possibly

- The project interventions aim to conserve water and discourage over-irrigation. Therefore these interventions are likely to decrease waterborne or water-related diseases. The capacity building component of the project will address this aspect as well.

dangers to a safe and healthy working environment due to physical, chemical and biological hazards during project construction and operation?


- The physical hazards associated with the project are same as the other cultivation activities. The biological and chemical hazards are associated with the injudicious and unsafe use/handling of chemical inputs. The project interventions are likely to reduce the need of these inputs. The capacity building component of the project will nonetheless address these aspects.

large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?

Unlikely - The individual subprojects are quite small and localized, with no possibility or need of any population influx during construction or operation.

social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired?

Unlikely - The individual subprojects are quite small and localized, with little possibility or need of workers from other regions. The contractors will be selected by WUAs.

risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction and operation?


The risk to community’s health and safety is associated with the handling of chemical inputs (pesticides and fertilizers) mentioned earlier as well. The capacity building component will also address avoidance and cure of water borne and water related diseases, particularly malaria and dengue.

community safety risks due to both accidental and natural hazards, especially where the structural elements or components of the project (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?

Unlikely - The project interventions do not include any structures (such as dams and dikes) which could pose hazard to the local community through accidents or natural disasters.



8 Environmental and Social Management Plan8.1 ESMP Objectives80. The ESMP aims to provide the implementation mechanism for the mitigation and control measures for the potential impacts of the project on environment and people discussed in Section 7. The specific objectives of the ESMP include the following:

To provide a mechanism to implement the mitigation and control measures identified during the present ESA.

To propose institutional arrangements to implement the above-mentioned mitigation and control measures

To define environmental monitoring requirements to ensure effective implementation of the mitigation and control measures.

To identify capacity building needs with respect to the environmental and social aspects of the project.

To specify the documentation requirements with respect to the ESMP implementation.

8.2 Institutional Setup and Responsibilities81. The Director General Agriculture (Water Management) – DGA (WM) – will be overall responsible for environmental and social performance of the project in accordance with the national and WB requirements.

82. The DGA (WM) will designate an appropriate officer of the Directorate General to be the Environmental and Social Coordinator (ESC) for the proposed project at the provincial level. The ESC will ensure the effective implementation of ESMP throughout the project implementation. S/he will also maintain liaison and coordination with the WMOs at the district level, who will be designated as the district environmental and social coordinators (DESCs) in their respective districts. The DESCs will in turn supervise and coordinate with the WUAs and farmers for the actual implementation of the environmental and social guidelines (discussed in the next section) and other ESMP requirements during the project implementation.

8.3 Environmental and Social Guidelines83. Four sets of guidelines have been prepared, one each for the four types of interventions included in the proposed project. These guidelines, presented in Tables 5 to 8, have essentially been prepared on the basis of the mitigation measures discussed in Section 7. These guidelines will be made part of the agreements to be signed for each scheme under the proposed project.

8.4 Environmental and Social Monitoring 84. The monitoring will be carried out at three tiers. At the first tier, the WUA/farmers will fill simple checklists prepared on the basis of the environmental and social guidelines. At the second tier, the DESCs (WMOs) will carry out monitoring during their routine visits to the field, with the help of visual observations, review of the checklists filled by WUAs/farmers, and discussions with them. At the third tier, the ESC and/or the Supervision Consultants (where engaged) will provide top supervision of the monitoring carried out by the WUAs/farmers and DESCs, with the help of spot checks during their field visits.

85. Third Party Monitoring. In addition to the monitoring described above, the Department will also engage an appropriate firm/consultant to carry out the third party monitoring (or third party validation – TPV) on an annual basis. The objective of this monitoring would be to review the entire ESMP implementation process and its effectiveness, to identify any environmental and/or social issues caused by the project that may exist on ground, and to frame recommendations to improve ESMP and its various components.

8.5 Environmental and Social Trainings and Awareness Raising86. The objectives of the environmental and social trainings include providing basic knowledge and information on the key environmental and social issues associated with the proposed interventions to the



key project personnel including the ESC and DESCs. The awareness raising initiatives on the other hand are essentially meant for the WUA members and farmers participating in the schemes under the proposed project. The training plan is presented in Table 9. The ESC will be responsible for the implementation of this plan.

8.6 Grievance Redressal Mechanism87. The grievance redressal and dispute resolution mechanism is built in the WUA and SSC contracts. The contracts will have appropriate clauses to address these aspects.

8.7 Documentation and Reporting88. Complete documentation will be maintained for the entire ESMP implementation process, and the ESC will be overall responsible for this. The documentation will include the following:

environmental and social checklists filled by the WUAs/farmers,

environmental and social checklists filled by DESCs,

visit reports with photographs prepared by the Supervision Consultants and ESC,

annual third party monitoring reports,

training reports to be prepared by ESC with the help of DESCs,

district quarterly reports on ESMP implementation activities prepared by each DESC in his/her respective district,

quarterly reports on overall ESMP implementation of the project, to be prepared by the ESC on the basis of the district quarterly reports described above, and

project completion report on overall ESMP implementation during the entire duration of the project – to be prepared by ESC.

8.8 ESMP Implementation Budget89. The cost of ESMP implementation over the project duration of six years has been estimated to be Rs. 19.2 million. This cost has been included in the overall project cost. The breakdown of this estimate is provided below.

ESMP Implementation BudgetDescription Cost (Pak Rs.) Notes/basis

Personnel cost ESC, DESCs)

- No additional manpower is needed.

Third party monitoring 9.0 million 1.5 m per year

Trainings 7.2 million 300,000 per training; 24 trainings

Miscellaneous expenses 3.0 million 0.5 m per year

Total (for 6 years) 19.2 million



Table 5: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Drip Irrigation



Environmental and Social Aspect Mitigation Measures NotesLand use, land form, and/or land take (particularly when the schemes are to be implemented in previously vacant areas)

The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is to be established under the scheme should be owned by the beneficiary. No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during the project.

It should be ensured that the local routes are not blocked by such schemes.Downstream water availability The project schemes particularly those involving expansion of cultivation

area will be established ensuring no negative impacts on downstream water users.

Soil erosion and topography The water ponds under the schemes will be appropriately located and designed, addressing all aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and seepage.The scheme design involving excavation of water pond should include proper disposal of the surplus soil (eg, for the embankment for the water pond itself).

Soil and water contamination Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such as integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and mulching) will be promoted through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives. Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the design of the schemes. It will be ensured that no waste or left over construction material is left behind in the cultivation fields.

Salt built up in soil Soil testing will be carried out particularly in areas where groundwater is used for irrigation.Occasional flood irrigation should be considered if salt built up is identified.

Impacts on natural flora and fauna If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously vacant area, the farmer/scheme beneficiary will carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted will be at least three times the number of trees cut for establishing the scheme. No schemes will be located inside any wildlife protected areas (see Table 1) for the list of such areas)

Safety hazards/public health The awareness raising and capacity building initiatives will also address the safe practices to transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.



Environmental and Social Aspect Mitigation Measures NotesThe farm owners will provide necessary protective gear to the workers handling and applying pesticides and herbicides in the field.The capacity building component will address avoidance and cure of water borne and water related diseases, particularly malaria and dengue.

Damage to cultural heritage (particularly when the schemes are to be implemented in previously vacant areas)

It should be ensured that no schemes are approved inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural heritage sites listed in Table 2.The schemes should not be located in graveyards or shrine.The ‘chance find’19 procures will be included in the scheme agreements.

Employment/contracting opportunities Local labor and local contractors will be preferred to carry out the construction and operation activities.

Sustainability of schemes After-sales service will be ensured through contractual clauses.

Table 6: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Sprinkler Irrigation

19 ‘Chance find’ procedure: In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are discovered during activities such as excavation of water ponds, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological Department will be informed.



Environmental and Social Aspect Mitigation Measures NotesLand use, land form, and/or land take (particularly when the schemes are to be implemented in previously vacant areas)

The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is to be established under the scheme should be owned by the beneficiary. No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during the project.It should be ensured that the local routes are not blocked by such schemes.

Downstream water availability The project schemes particularly those involving expansion of cultivation area will be established ensuring no negative impacts on downstream water users.

Soil erosion and topography The water ponds under the schemes will be appropriately located and designed, addressing all aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and seepage.The scheme design involving excavation of water pond should include proper disposal of the surplus soil (eg, for the embankment for the water pond itself).

Soil and water contamination Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such as integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and mulching) will be promoted through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives. Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the design of the schemes. It will be ensured that no waste or left over construction material is left behind in the cultivation fields.

Salt built up in soil Soil testing will be carried out particularly in areas where groundwater is used for irrigation.Occasional flood irrigation should be considered if salt built up is identified.

Impacts on natural flora and fauna If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously vacant area, the farmer/scheme beneficiary will carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted will be at least three times the number of trees cut for establishing the scheme. No schemes will be located inside any wildlife protected areas (see Table 1) for the list of such areas)

Safety hazards/public health The awareness raising and capacity building initiatives will also address the safe practices to transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.The farm owners will provide necessary protective gear to the workers



Environmental and Social Aspect Mitigation Measures Noteshandling and applying pesticides and herbicides in the field.The capacity building component will address avoidance and cure of water borne and water related diseases, particularly malaria and dengue.


It should be ensured that no schemes are approved inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural heritage sites listed in Table 2.The schemes should not be located in graveyards or shrine.The ‘chance find’ procures will be included in the scheme agreements.



Table 7: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Laser Land Leveling



Environmental and Social Aspect Mitigation Measures Notes

Soil and water contamination Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such as integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and mulching) will be promoted through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives.

Air quality deterioration Tractors will be properly maintained and tuned to minimize exhaust emissions, and proper fuel will be used.

Impacts on natural flora and fauna No schemes will be located inside any wildlife protected areas (see Table 1) for the list of such areas)


It should be ensured that no schemes are approved inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural heritage sites listed in Table 2.The schemes should not be located in graveyards or shrine.

The ‘chance find’ procures will be included in the scheme agreements.

Safety hazards/public health The awareness raising and capacity building initiatives will also address the safe practices to transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.The farm owners will provide necessary protective gear to the workers handling and applying pesticides and herbicides in the field.The capacity building component will address avoidance and cure of water borne and water related diseases, particularly malaria and dengue.

Employment/contracting opportunities Local labor and local contractors will be preferred to carry out the leveling activities.


Table 8: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Watercourse Improvement



Environmental and Social Aspect Mitigation Measures NotesLand use, land form, and/or land take Land for the realigned water course should be voluntarily donated by its

owner, and proper documentation should be completed for this donation. The donation should be appropriately recorded in the WUA register.No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during the project.It should be ensured that the local routes are not blocked by such schemes.

Soil and water contamination Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the design of the schemes. It will be ensured that no waste or left over construction material is left behind in the cultivation fields.Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of alternate techniques (such as integrated pest management, using disease-resistant seeds, and mulching) will be promoted through awareness raising and capacity building initiatives.

Soil erosion Earthen portion of the water course will not be left un-compacted for long durations.Surplus soil and silt will be disposed appropriately, without having any impacts on water courses, local routes, cultivation fields, or drains.

Conflicts Social mobilization and capacity building will address formulation and sustainability of WUAs.The capacity building will address conflict avoidance and resolution.

Impacts on natural flora and fauna Cutting of trees would be restricted to only those trees which cause restriction/hindrance in water flow or civil works. If any trees are to be cut, the WUA will carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted should be at least three times the number of trees cut for establishing the scheme.No schemes will be located inside any wildlife protected areas (see Table 1) for the list of such areas)

Damage to cultural heritage It should be ensured that no schemes are approved inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural heritage sites listed in Table 2.The schemes should not be located in graveyards or shrine.The ‘chance find’ procures will be included in the scheme agreements.

Safety hazards/public health The awareness raising and capacity building initiatives will also address the safe practices to transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.The farm owners will provide necessary protective gear to the workers handling and applying pesticides and herbicides in the field.The capacity building component will address avoidance and cure of water



Environmental and Social Aspect Mitigation Measures Notesborne and water related diseases, particularly malaria and dengue.


Clogging of water courses Social mobilization and capacity building will address formulation and sustainability of WUAs.The capacity building will address proper maintenance and care of water courses.

Sustainability of scheme Social mobilization will address the sustainability of WUAs, which in turn will ensure proper operation and maintenance of water courses.

Table 9: Environmental and Social Training Plan



Description Aspects to be Covered Participants FrequencyEnvironmental and social trainings

Environmental and social awareness;Key environmental and social issues associated with projectESA findings;ESMP and its components;ESMP implementation.

ESC, DESCs, Supervision Consultants; others

At the start of the project;Afterwards as required

Awareness raising Judicious use of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides;Use of alternate techniques (such as IPM, using better seeds) to reduce the application of chemical inputs;Safe handling and application of pesticides and herbicides and use of protective gear;Waste disposal;Community mobilization (for WUA members)

WUA members, farmers On-going


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