EXPERIENCE OF EMPIRE: EXPERIENCE OF EMPIRE: EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAAMERICA

America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Growth and DiversityGrowth and Diversity

1700-1750--colonial population rises from 1700-1750--colonial population rises from 250,000 to over two million250,000 to over two million

Much growth through natural increase Much growth through natural increase Large influx of non-English EuropeansLarge influx of non-English Europeans

Distribution of European and Distribution of European and African Immigrants African Immigrants

Ethnic Cultures of the Ethnic Cultures of the BackcountryBackcountry

800 miles along Appalachian Range from 800 miles along Appalachian Range from western Pennsylvania to western western Pennsylvania to western GeorgiaGeorgia

Already populated by Native Americans Already populated by Native Americans and African Americansand African Americans

Large influx of European immigrants in Large influx of European immigrants in the eighteenth centurythe eighteenth century

Scotch-Irish Flee English Scotch-Irish Flee English OppressionOppression

Many from Northern IrelandMany from Northern Ireland Concentrate on the Pennsylvania frontier Concentrate on the Pennsylvania frontier

and Shenandoah Valleyand Shenandoah Valley Often regarded as a disruptive elementOften regarded as a disruptive element

Germans Search for a Better Germans Search for a Better LifeLife

Fled from warfare in GermanyFled from warfare in Germany Admired as peaceful, hard-working Admired as peaceful, hard-working

farmersfarmers Tried to preserve German language, Tried to preserve German language,

customs customs Aroused the prejudice of English Aroused the prejudice of English

neighbors neighbors

Convict Settlers Convict Settlers Transportation Act of 1718 allows judges Transportation Act of 1718 allows judges

to send convicted felons to American to send convicted felons to American coloniescolonies

50,000 convicts to America 1718-177550,000 convicts to America 1718-1775 some felons were dangerous criminalssome felons were dangerous criminals most committed minor crimes against property most committed minor crimes against property life difficult for transported convictslife difficult for transported convicts

British praise system, colonists deplore itBritish praise system, colonists deplore it

Native Americans Stake Out a Native Americans Stake Out a Middle GroundMiddle Ground

Many eastern Indians moved into trans-Many eastern Indians moved into trans-Appalachian regionAppalachian region a "middle ground" where no colonial power a "middle ground" where no colonial power

was yet establishedwas yet established Remnants of different Indian peoples Remnants of different Indian peoples

regrouped, formed new nationsregrouped, formed new nations European trade eventually weakened European trade eventually weakened

collective resistance to European collective resistance to European aggressionaggression

Spanish Borderlands of the Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth CenturyEighteenth Century

Spain occupied a large part of America Spain occupied a large part of America north of Mexico since sixteenth centurynorth of Mexico since sixteenth century

Range from Florida Peninsula to Range from Florida Peninsula to CaliforniaCalifornia

Indian resistance, lack of interest limited Indian resistance, lack of interest limited Spanish presenceSpanish presence

Never a secure political or military hold Never a secure political or military hold on borderlands on borderlands

Conquering the Northern Conquering the Northern FrontierFrontier

1692—final establishment of Spanish 1692—final establishment of Spanish rule in New Mexico after Poprule in New Mexico after Popéé’s revolt ’s revolt (1680)(1680)

1818thth-century St. Augustine a Spanish -century St. Augustine a Spanish military outpost unattractive to settlersmilitary outpost unattractive to settlers

1769—belated Spanish mission 1769—belated Spanish mission settlements in California to prevent settlements in California to prevent Russian claimsRussian claims

Peoples of the Spanish Peoples of the Spanish BorderlandsBorderlands

Slow growth of Spanish population in Slow growth of Spanish population in borderlandsborderlands

Spanish influence architecture, languageSpanish influence architecture, language Spanish influence over Native AmericansSpanish influence over Native Americans

Spanish exploit native laborSpanish exploit native labor Indians live in proximity to Spanish as Indians live in proximity to Spanish as

despised lower classdespised lower class Indians resist conversion to CatholicismIndians resist conversion to Catholicism

The Spanish Borderlands, The Spanish Borderlands, ca. 1770ca. 1770

The Impact of European Ideas The Impact of European Ideas on American Cultureon American Culture

Change in eighteenth-century coloniesChange in eighteenth-century colonies Growth of urban cosmopolitan cultureGrowth of urban cosmopolitan culture Aggressive participation in consumptionAggressive participation in consumption

Provincial CitiesProvincial Cities

Urban areas included Boston, Newport, Urban areas included Boston, Newport, New York, Philadelphia, and Charles New York, Philadelphia, and Charles Town Town

Economies were geared to commerceEconomies were geared to commerce Inhabitants took lead in adopting new Inhabitants took lead in adopting new

fashions, the latest luxuriesfashions, the latest luxuries Emulated British architectureEmulated British architecture Cities attract colonists seeking Cities attract colonists seeking

opportunityopportunity

American EnlightenmentAmerican Enlightenment

An intellectual movement stressing An intellectual movement stressing reasoned investigation of beliefs and reasoned investigation of beliefs and institutions institutions optimistic view of human natureoptimistic view of human nature view cosmos as orderly result of natural lawsview cosmos as orderly result of natural laws belief in perfectibility of the worldbelief in perfectibility of the world search for practical ways of improving lifesearch for practical ways of improving life

Mixed reception in AmericaMixed reception in America

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

Franklin (1706-1790) epitomized Franklin (1706-1790) epitomized provincial, urban cultureprovincial, urban culture

Became a writer by emulating British Became a writer by emulating British literatureliterature

Achieved wealth through printing Achieved wealth through printing businessbusiness

Dedicated to practical uses of reason, Dedicated to practical uses of reason, sciencescience

Economic TransformationEconomic Transformation

Rising demand for English, West Indian Rising demand for English, West Indian goodsgoods

Colonists paid for imports byColonists paid for imports by exporting tobacco, wheat, and rice exporting tobacco, wheat, and rice purchasing on creditpurchasing on credit

Dependence on commerce led to colonial Dependence on commerce led to colonial resentment of English regulationsresentment of English regulations

England restricted colonial manufacture or England restricted colonial manufacture or trade of timber, sugar, hats, and iron.trade of timber, sugar, hats, and iron.

Birth of a Consumer SocietyBirth of a Consumer Society

English mass-production of consumer English mass-production of consumer goods stimulated rise in colonial imports goods stimulated rise in colonial imports

Wealthy Americans began to build up Wealthy Americans began to build up large debts to English merchantslarge debts to English merchants

Intercolonial, West Indian trade earn Intercolonial, West Indian trade earn colonists the surplus needed for importscolonists the surplus needed for imports

Inter-colonial commerce gave Americans a Inter-colonial commerce gave Americans a chance to learn about one anotherchance to learn about one another

The Great Wagon RoadThe Great Wagon Road

Religious Revivals in Religious Revivals in Provincial SocietiesProvincial Societies

The Great Awakening was a series of The Great Awakening was a series of revivalsrevivals revival: a phenomenon among Protestant revival: a phenomenon among Protestant

Christians characterized by large meetings Christians characterized by large meetings where large numbers experience religious where large numbers experience religious conversion in response to gifted preachingconversion in response to gifted preaching

People began to rethink basic People began to rethink basic assumptions about church and state, assumptions about church and state, institutions and societyinstitutions and society

The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening

Awakening occurred among many Awakening occurred among many denominations in different places at denominations in different places at different timesdifferent times New England in the 1730s, Virginia in the New England in the 1730s, Virginia in the

1750s and 1760s1750s and 1760s Jonathan Edwards was a prominent Jonathan Edwards was a prominent

minister during this time minister during this time His sermons encouraged people to examine His sermons encouraged people to examine

their eternal destinytheir eternal destiny

The Voice of Popular Religion The Voice of Popular Religion

George Whitefield symbolized the revivalsGeorge Whitefield symbolized the revivals Whitefield preached outdoor sermons to Whitefield preached outdoor sermons to

thousands of people in nearly every colonythousands of people in nearly every colony Itinerants disrupted established churchesItinerants disrupted established churches Laypeople, including women and blacks, gain Laypeople, including women and blacks, gain

chance to shape their own religious institutionschance to shape their own religious institutions The Awakening promoted a democratic, The Awakening promoted a democratic,

evangelical union of national extentevangelical union of national extent

The Voice of Popular The Voice of Popular Religion (2)Religion (2)

Most revivalists well-trained ministersMost revivalists well-trained ministers Revivalists found Princeton, Dartmouth, Revivalists found Princeton, Dartmouth,

Brown, and RutgersBrown, and Rutgers Revivalists held optimistic attitudes Revivalists held optimistic attitudes

toward America's religious role in world toward America's religious role in world historyhistory

Fostered American patriotismFostered American patriotism

Clash of Political CulturesClash of Political Cultures

Colonists attempted to emulate British Colonists attempted to emulate British political institutions political institutions

Effort led to discovery of how different Effort led to discovery of how different they were from the English peoplethey were from the English people

The English ConstitutionThe English Constitution

The British Constitution universally The British Constitution universally admiredadmired not a written document, but a system of not a written document, but a system of

government based on statute and common government based on statute and common lawlaw

Believed to balance monarchy, Believed to balance monarchy, aristocracy and democracyaristocracy and democracy

Balance believed to guarantee libertiesBalance believed to guarantee liberties

The Reality of British PoliticsThe Reality of British Politics

Less than 20% of English males could Less than 20% of English males could votevote

Members of Parliament notorious for Members of Parliament notorious for corruption and briberycorruption and bribery

““Commonwealthmen” criticized Commonwealthmen” criticized corruption, urged return to truly balanced corruption, urged return to truly balanced constitution constitution

Governing the Colonies: Governing the Colonies: The American Experience The American Experience

Colonists attempt to model England’s Colonists attempt to model England’s balanced constitutionbalanced constitution

Royal governorsRoyal governors most incompetent most incompetent most bound by instructions from Englandmost bound by instructions from England possessed little patronage for buying votespossessed little patronage for buying votes little power to force their will little power to force their will

Governors’ councils steadily lose Governors’ councils steadily lose influenceinfluence

Colonial AssembliesColonial Assemblies

Elected officials depended on popular Elected officials depended on popular sentimentsentiment

Assemblies more interested in pleasing Assemblies more interested in pleasing constituents than in obeying the governorconstituents than in obeying the governor

Assemblies controlled all means of raising Assemblies controlled all means of raising revenuerevenue

Assemblies jealously guarded their rightsAssemblies jealously guarded their rights Assemblies held more popular support than Assemblies held more popular support than

governorgovernor

Colonial Assemblies (2)Colonial Assemblies (2)

Commerce, communication, religion Commerce, communication, religion broaden colonists’ horizons by 1754broaden colonists’ horizons by 1754

Colonial law courts increasingly adopt Colonial law courts increasingly adopt English usageEnglish usage

Growing awareness of ideas, institutions, Growing awareness of ideas, institutions, problems shared with England, each problems shared with England, each otherother

Century of Imperial WarCentury of Imperial War

British Americans increasingly drawn into British Americans increasingly drawn into European conflict during eighteenth European conflict during eighteenth century century

Main opponents: France and SpainMain opponents: France and Spain British colonies militarily superior to New British colonies militarily superior to New

France but ineffectiveFrance but ineffective

North America, 1750North America, 1750

King William's King William's and Queen Anne's Warsand Queen Anne's Wars

King William’s War (1689-1697): French King William’s War (1689-1697): French frontier raids on New York, New Englandfrontier raids on New York, New England

Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713): French Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713): French frontier raids on North, Spanish Southfrontier raids on North, Spanish South

Wars settled nothingWars settled nothing France subsequently extended its American France subsequently extended its American

empire from Canada into Louisianaempire from Canada into Louisiana

King George's War and Its King George's War and Its AftermathAftermath

Fought 1743-1748Fought 1743-1748 Embroiled colonists more extensively Embroiled colonists more extensively

than earlier warsthan earlier wars 1745--New England troops captured Fort 1745--New England troops captured Fort

Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island 1748--Louisbourg returned to France by 1748--Louisbourg returned to France by

Treaty of Aix-la-ChappelleTreaty of Aix-la-Chappelle 1750s--fresh conflict over Ohio Valley1750s--fresh conflict over Ohio Valley

Albany Congress and Albany Congress and Braddock's DefeatBraddock's Defeat

Albany Congress, 1754--Benjamin Albany Congress, 1754--Benjamin Franklin propose plan for a central Franklin propose plan for a central government government

Albany Plan disliked by English and Albany Plan disliked by English and Americans, failsAmericans, fails

1755--General Edward Braddock leads 1755--General Edward Braddock leads force to drive French from Ohio Valley force to drive French from Ohio Valley

Braddock’s army ambushed, destroyedBraddock’s army ambushed, destroyed

Seven Years' WarSeven Years' War

1756--England declares war on France 1756--England declares war on France Prime Minister William Pitt leads English Prime Minister William Pitt leads English

to concentrate on North America to concentrate on North America 1759--Quebec captured1759--Quebec captured 1763--Peace of Paris cedes to Great 1763--Peace of Paris cedes to Great

Britain all North America east of Britain all North America east of MississippiMississippi

The Seven Years War, The Seven Years War, 1756-17631756-1763

Perceptions of WarPerceptions of War

Colonists realize how strong they could Colonists realize how strong they could be when they worked togetherbe when they worked together

English learn that Americans took forever English learn that Americans took forever to organize, easier to command to organize, easier to command obedienceobedience

North America after 1763North America after 1763

7th ed. revisions by Don Whatley, Blinn College

Rule Britannia? Rule Britannia?

Most Americans bound to England in Most Americans bound to England in 17631763

Ties included Ties included British cultureBritish culture British consumer goodsBritish consumer goods British evangelists British evangelists British military victories British military victories

Empire seemed bound by affectionate Empire seemed bound by affectionate ties ties