EXPERIMENTS AND TESTS ON ANIMALS

The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BC

Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "father of vivisection".

Vivisection: cutting up a being while It is awake or not dead.

People used «vivisection» for centuries, abused them.

After 1610s, scientist approved that during vivisection, pain causes effects on animal’s

body and It can change results of an experiment or a test.

In 1822, the first animal protection law was legalized in the British parliament.

And today, there are lots of laws against mistreatments to animals in America and

Europe but many countries in the world «allows» cruelties to animals.

Even in America and Europe, thousands of animals are being used on experiments and

tests. Even though they are not mistreated, they die and get sick because of tests.

Why do people do

tests on them?

Animal experiments are widely

used to develop new

medicines and to test the

safety of other products.

Many of these experiments

cause pain to the animals

involved or reduce their

quality of life in other ways.

If it is morally wrong to cause animals to suffer then experimenting on animals produces serious moral problems.

Animal experimenters are very

aware of this ethical problem

and acknowledge that

experiments should be made as

humane as possible.

And another reason:

Using humans as test subjects is prohibited all over the

World.

With one condition people can be used as test subjects, if

they are volunteers.

Smoke tests

Ethical sides of the issue

There are two approaches on animal experiments:

In favour of animal experiments:

Experimenting on animals is acceptable if

(and only if):

suffering is minimised in all experiments

There are benefits using animals because

some tests can’t be done with other ways.

Against animal experiments:

Experimenting on animals is always

unacceptable because:

it causes suffering to animals

the benefits to human beings are

not proven because we don’t have

the same DNAs.

any benefits to human beings that

animal testing does provide could

be produced in other ways

People use

animals for:

Pure researches:Basic or pure research investigates how organisms behave, develop, and function.

Xenotransplantation Researches:Xenotransplantation research involves transplanting tissues or organs from one species to

another, as a way to overcome the shortage of human organs for use in organ transplants.

The Vacanti Mouse

The mouse had been developed by Charles

Vacanti at the University of Massachusetts

in order to see if an implant of artificial

cells would work.

During the ’90s, the photo of the mouse

became viral on the internet. Soon,

people protested the tests.

Toxicology Tests

Toxicology testing, also known

as safety testing, is conducted

by pharmaceutical companies.

These companies wants to see

if their products are harmful

for humans.

Cosmetics Testing:

Cosmetics are also tested on

animals, especially on rabbits.

These tests cause general

toxicity, eye and skin irritancy,

phototoxicity (toxicity triggered

by ultraviolet light)

The leaping bunny logo:

Products in Europe that are not

tested on animals carry this symbol.

Drug Tests:

In every country, drugs must be tested on animals before they

get license and go on sale.

These tests are mostly very harmful for animals.

Education:Most universities use animals to educate their students by dissecting animals or

with other techniques.

Military Researches:

Soviet Russia did horrible experiments on dogs.

- The two headed dog experiment

- The cut headed dog experiment

Thank you for listening

What types of animals are used?

Cats

Dogs

Mice

Fish

Rats

Rabbits

GuineaPigs

Monkeys

graph of animals used ıntests

Here is a selection of common animal procedures:

Forced chemical exposure in toxicity testing,

Ear-notching and tail-clipping for identification,

Infliction of wounds, burns and other injuries to study healing,

Food and water deprivation etc…

Alternatives

to animal

testing

İn alternate universes

The 3R’s;

People for the Ethical Treatment

of Animals

(peta)

Can animals be

sacrificed

for the

devolopment on

science?

Is It right to

use animals

even when

their

pain is

minimalized?

Even when people

are volunteers,

do you think

It is right to use

them

on tests?

If you were in

a situation that

you needed a

critical organ to

live, would you

let an animal

die for you?

If you were a scientist,

would you spend a long time in

your carreer/life looking

for new

ways instead

of testing

on animals?

REFERENCES:

www.nationalgeographic.com

www.wikipedia.org

www.bbc.co.uk

www.neavs.org

www.procon.org

www.hsi.org

newsimg.bbc.co.uk/

static.dezeen.com

www.niehs.nih.gov

www.avvs.org

www.peta.org

www.weirdlife.com

pbs.twimg.com

www.dosomething.org