Explorers of the New WorldExplorers of the New World

EQ: Why did the Spanish, English, and EQ: Why did the Spanish, English, and French explore and settle North French explore and settle North America?America?

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

►For one of the most For one of the most famous explorers, it is famous explorers, it is surprising how little is surprising how little is actually known of him. actually known of him.

►For instance, no one For instance, no one really knows what he really knows what he looked like. This looked like. This painting is just a painting is just a guess.guess.

True or False?True or False?►Columbus discovered America in 1492 Columbus discovered America in 1492

while trying to prove that the world is while trying to prove that the world is round.round.

Fact:Fact:►Columbus was trying to find a route to Columbus was trying to find a route to

India. Navigators had known that the India. Navigators had known that the world was round for hundreds of years world was round for hundreds of years before Columbus.before Columbus.

DANGEROUS SILK ROAD

TRADE WINDS

GULF STREAM

Columbus’s idea of the worldColumbus’s idea of the world

►Columbus never set foot on what we call Columbus never set foot on what we call “America.” He explored a series of islands that “America.” He explored a series of islands that historians believe to be the Bahamas. historians believe to be the Bahamas. However, no one is sure which island he However, no one is sure which island he explored first.explored first.

More about Columbus…More about Columbus…►Columbus made a total of 4 voyages to Columbus made a total of 4 voyages to

the “New World.”the “New World.”►On his second voyage, he used 17 ships On his second voyage, he used 17 ships

and 1200 men to conquer “Hispaniola.” and 1200 men to conquer “Hispaniola.” (present day Haiti and Dominican (present day Haiti and Dominican Republic)Republic)

►He introduced horses to the New WorldHe introduced horses to the New World►He was the first person to take tobacco He was the first person to take tobacco

back to Europe from the New worldback to Europe from the New world►He was the first person to send natives He was the first person to send natives

back to Europe as slaves.back to Europe as slaves.

The “not so good” stuff:The “not so good” stuff:► When Columbus returned to the Caribbean for his When Columbus returned to the Caribbean for his

second voyage, he brought with him soldiers, horses, second voyage, he brought with him soldiers, horses, swords, war-dogs, and other implements of war.swords, war-dogs, and other implements of war.

► Columbus required that each adult over 14 years of age was Columbus required that each adult over 14 years of age was expected to deliver a hawks bell full of gold every three expected to deliver a hawks bell full of gold every three months, or 25 pounds of spun cotton. If this tribute was not months, or 25 pounds of spun cotton. If this tribute was not observed, they had their hands cut off and were left to bleed observed, they had their hands cut off and were left to bleed to death.to death.

►Here are some accounts, based on the Here are some accounts, based on the eyewitness testimony of a Spanish eyewitness testimony of a Spanish priest:priest:

► In one day, the Spanish dismembered, beheaded, In one day, the Spanish dismembered, beheaded, or raped 3000 people. or raped 3000 people.

►The Spanish cut off the legs of children who ran from The Spanish cut off the legs of children who ran from them.them.

►They made bets as to who, with one sweep of his They made bets as to who, with one sweep of his sword, could cut a person in half.sword, could cut a person in half.

► They loosed dogs that 'devoured an Indian like a They loosed dogs that 'devoured an Indian like a hog, at first sight, in less than a moment.' They hog, at first sight, in less than a moment.' They used nursing infants for dog food. used nursing infants for dog food.

►Eight million people -- virtually the Eight million people -- virtually the entire native population of Hispaniola entire native population of Hispaniola -- was exterminated by torture, -- was exterminated by torture, murder, forced labor, starvation, murder, forced labor, starvation, disease and despair. disease and despair.

The ControversyThe Controversy

We are all taught that Columbus is a hero.We are all taught that Columbus is a hero.BUTBUT

He waged war against and brutalized the He waged war against and brutalized the native people, took their land, and sent native people, took their land, and sent

them to Europe as slaves.them to Europe as slaves.

What should we believe?

The harsh realityThe harsh reality

►Columbus, whether he is a hero or a Columbus, whether he is a hero or a villain, opened up half of the planet for villain, opened up half of the planet for exploration. He set off a huge race exploration. He set off a huge race between nations to colonize the between nations to colonize the “uncharted” parts of the world and reap “uncharted” parts of the world and reap the benefits of having new territories.the benefits of having new territories.

►Within just a few years, other countries Within just a few years, other countries were sending explorers to the “New were sending explorers to the “New World.”World.”

The so-called New WorldThe so-called New World► A businessman from Italy, Amerigo Vespucci, A businessman from Italy, Amerigo Vespucci,

claimed to have been with Columbus on one of claimed to have been with Columbus on one of the voyages. Vespucci claimed that he believed the voyages. Vespucci claimed that he believed that there were new continents to be explored, that there were new continents to be explored, and he claims to have created the phrase “New and he claims to have created the phrase “New World.”World.”

► In truth, Vespucci was a pickle salesman, and In truth, Vespucci was a pickle salesman, and there is no evidence, other than his own words, there is no evidence, other than his own words, that Vespucci was with Columbus. that Vespucci was with Columbus.

►So what’s the big deal?So what’s the big deal?

The big deal….The big deal….► Is this map.Is this map.

A Swiss map maker in 1507 called the newly discovered land “America” in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. The name stuck.

Results of Columbus’s Results of Columbus’s explorationexploration

►Discovered “New World” (North Discovered “New World” (North America)America)

►Called the natives “Indians”Called the natives “Indians”►Brought horses to the New WorldBrought horses to the New World► Introduced tobacco to EuropeIntroduced tobacco to Europe►Conquered HispaniolaConquered Hispaniola►Started European explorationStarted European exploration

The Battle for LandThe Battle for Land►Part of the deal Columbus made with his Part of the deal Columbus made with his

financial backers is that he would claim financial backers is that he would claim the lands he found in the name of Spain.the lands he found in the name of Spain.

►Other countries scrambled to claim their Other countries scrambled to claim their own land.own land.

►Religious leaders didn’t want countries Religious leaders didn’t want countries of the same religious beliefs fighting of the same religious beliefs fighting with each other, but they didn’t want with each other, but they didn’t want countries with different religious beliefs countries with different religious beliefs getting the new land.getting the new land.

Catholic vs. ProtestantCatholic vs. Protestant

► Catholics are Catholics are ChristianChristian

► Catholics view the Catholics view the Pope as the link Pope as the link between God and between God and humans.humans.

► If a country’s leader If a country’s leader was Catholic, the was Catholic, the country was too.country was too.

► Catholic countries Catholic countries were Spain & were Spain & PortugalPortugal

► Protestants are Protestants are ChristianChristian

► Protestants don’t Protestants don’t believe humans need a believe humans need a person to be a link to person to be a link to God.God.

► If a country’s leader was If a country’s leader was Protestant, the country Protestant, the country was too.was too.

► Protestant countries Protestant countries were England & France were England & France

Lines of DemarcationLines of Demarcation► To keep Spain and Portugal To keep Spain and Portugal (two Catholic (two Catholic

countries) countries) from fighting about newly from fighting about newly discovered land, the Pope created an discovered land, the Pope created an imaginary line that granted land to each imaginary line that granted land to each country.country.

► Any new lands found to the East of it went Any new lands found to the East of it went to Portugal, and any new lands found to to Portugal, and any new lands found to West of it went to Spain.West of it went to Spain.

► Look at the following map. Why do you think Look at the following map. Why do you think Portugal might not be happy with the Pope’s Portugal might not be happy with the Pope’s line (the orange one)?line (the orange one)?

The Treaty of Tordesillas The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)(1494)

► To help protect its shipping lanes around To help protect its shipping lanes around Africa, and to help give it a better chance of Africa, and to help give it a better chance of gaining new lands, gaining new lands, Portugal signed the Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain, moving the Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain, moving the Pope’s line of demarcation 700 miles west.Pope’s line of demarcation 700 miles west.

► What language is spoken in most of South What language is spoken in most of South America today? What language is spoken in America today? What language is spoken in Brazil today? Why?Brazil today? Why?

► Brazil was Portugal’s only territory in the Brazil was Portugal’s only territory in the New World. That is why Portuguese is New World. That is why Portuguese is spoken in Brazil, and Spanish is spoken in spoken in Brazil, and Spanish is spoken in the rest of South America.the rest of South America.

John CabotJohn Cabot► John Cabot, in 1497, sailed from England John Cabot, in 1497, sailed from England

to explore the New World.to explore the New World.► In his first voyage, he explored the coast In his first voyage, he explored the coast

of what is now Canada and New England.of what is now Canada and New England.► In his second voyage, in 1498, he In his second voyage, in 1498, he

explored the coast as far south as explored the coast as far south as present day South Carolina (some present day South Carolina (some experts think even Florida).experts think even Florida).

►England claimed that, since Cabot England claimed that, since Cabot represented England, everything he represented England, everything he sailed past belonged to England!sailed past belonged to England!

The ArgumentThe Argument

► Is it enough to simply sail past some Is it enough to simply sail past some land, or stick a flag in the sand, to land, or stick a flag in the sand, to claim a territory?claim a territory?

►The countries of Europe agreed that, in The countries of Europe agreed that, in order to actually claim a land as order to actually claim a land as territory, the land must be territory, the land must be colonized.colonized.

Results of Cabot’s Results of Cabot’s explorationexploration

►Established England’s claim to the Established England’s claim to the New WorldNew World

►The idea of “colonization” beganThe idea of “colonization” began

Juan Ponce de LeónJuan Ponce de León► In 1513, Ponce de León landed on the Eastern In 1513, Ponce de León landed on the Eastern

coast of present day Florida. He thought he coast of present day Florida. He thought he had landed on a large island, and he named it had landed on a large island, and he named it “La Florida” in honor of Easter.“La Florida” in honor of Easter.

► He was in search of two things that were He was in search of two things that were rumored to be there:rumored to be there:

► A city of goldA city of gold► A fountain that would make people young, A fountain that would make people young,

the “fountain of youth.”the “fountain of youth.”

A Quick Message from FloridaA Quick Message from Florida

►Yes, there really IS a “Fountain of Yes, there really IS a “Fountain of Youth” in Florida. Youth” in Florida.

Ponce (continued)Ponce (continued)► Instead of a fabled “Fountain of Youth” Instead of a fabled “Fountain of Youth”

with magical powers, Ponce de León with magical powers, Ponce de León found a smelly spring of water flowing found a smelly spring of water flowing from the earth with no magical from the earth with no magical properties (properties (except the ability to rake in except the ability to rake in money from tourists a few hundred money from tourists a few hundred years later!)years later!)

►He never found a city of gold.He never found a city of gold.

Trip #2 to La FloridaTrip #2 to La Florida► In 1521, he led an expedition to colonize the In 1521, he led an expedition to colonize the

west coast of Florida. Taking two ships with 50 west coast of Florida. Taking two ships with 50 horses and 200 men, the group landed on horses and 200 men, the group landed on Florida’s west coast and met Florida’s west coast and met immediateimmediate resistance from the natives. Ponce was resistance from the natives. Ponce was wounded by an arrow and he, along with his wounded by an arrow and he, along with his entire force, withdrew to Havana, Cuba, where entire force, withdrew to Havana, Cuba, where he died.he died.

► Juan Ponce de León is credited with being “the Juan Ponce de León is credited with being “the first Spaniard to step foot on the continent of first Spaniard to step foot on the continent of North America.” North America.”

Results of Ponce de Leon’s Results of Ponce de Leon’s explorationexploration

►11stst Spaniard to set foot on the North Spaniard to set foot on the North American mainlandAmerican mainland

►Named FloridaNamed Florida►Did not find the fountain of youthDid not find the fountain of youth

Click here for a short film about Ponce Click here for a short film about Ponce de Leon.de Leon.

Giovanni de VerrazanoGiovanni de Verrazano

►Even though Verrazzano was born in Even though Verrazzano was born in what is now present-day Italy, he was what is now present-day Italy, he was raised in France and served in the raised in France and served in the French naval service.French naval service.

►He set out in 1524 to find a passage to He set out in 1524 to find a passage to Asia that would go north of the North Asia that would go north of the North American continent. Since no one had American continent. Since no one had really explored farther north, he had really explored farther north, he had no idea of what he faced. no idea of what he faced.

► After he reached the Caribbean Islands, he After he reached the Caribbean Islands, he then sailed on to the coast of North America. then sailed on to the coast of North America.

► He arrived first at present-day North He arrived first at present-day North Carolina, then headed north all the way in to Carolina, then headed north all the way in to present-day New York Harbor. present-day New York Harbor.

► He sailed up the Hudson River (realized it He sailed up the Hudson River (realized it was a dead end), and the voyage continued was a dead end), and the voyage continued north Cape Cod, Maine, Nova Scotia and north Cape Cod, Maine, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.Newfoundland.

► To the French, this voyage established a To the French, this voyage established a French claim to these landsFrench claim to these lands, but at the time , but at the time it was regarded as a failure because the it was regarded as a failure because the passage to the East was not found.passage to the East was not found.

► He was later killed in a confrontation with He was later killed in a confrontation with Natives off the coast of South America.Natives off the coast of South America.

Results of Verrazzano’s Results of Verrazzano’s explorationexploration

►Established France’s claim to the New Established France’s claim to the New WorldWorld

Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón

► Historians think that Ayllón can be given Historians think that Ayllón can be given credit for being the first European to start a credit for being the first European to start a settlement in North America, around 1526.settlement in North America, around 1526.

► He left the island of Hispaniola with 600 He left the island of Hispaniola with 600 settlers -- men, women, children, and settlers -- men, women, children, and African slaves. His goal was to start a African slaves. His goal was to start a settlement in La Florida (the Spanish name settlement in La Florida (the Spanish name for all of what is now the American for all of what is now the American Southeast) in the name of Spain.Southeast) in the name of Spain.

► Why would he want to do this you think?Why would he want to do this you think?

September 29, 1526September 29, 1526► On September 29, 1526, Ayllón’s group landed On September 29, 1526, Ayllón’s group landed

in what is present day McIntosh County, GA., in what is present day McIntosh County, GA., after abandoning a camp farther north.after abandoning a camp farther north.

► The group began building homes and The group began building homes and establishing friendly connections with the establishing friendly connections with the Native Americans in the region.Native Americans in the region.

► Their settlement would be called “San Miguel Their settlement would be called “San Miguel de Gualdape.”de Gualdape.”

Disaster StrikesDisaster Strikes►Ten days after the ships land, Ayllón Ten days after the ships land, Ayllón

becomes ill and dies.becomes ill and dies.►Because of cold weather, crops fail, Because of cold weather, crops fail,

settlers become ill and death becomes settlers become ill and death becomes common.common.

►Revolt and panic breaks out.Revolt and panic breaks out.►The slaves revolt.The slaves revolt.►The Indians attack.The Indians attack.►San Miguel de Gualdape is abandoned. San Miguel de Gualdape is abandoned.

Only 150 people (of the original 600) Only 150 people (of the original 600) make it back to Hispaniola alive.make it back to Hispaniola alive.

Results of Ayllon’s Results of Ayllon’s explorationexploration

►11stst European to set foot in Georgia European to set foot in Georgia (even though no one including the (even though no one including the writers of your textbook seem to know writers of your textbook seem to know this!)this!)

►Unsuccessful attempt at settlement Unsuccessful attempt at settlement (San Miguel de Gualdape)(San Miguel de Gualdape)

Hernando de SotoHernando de Soto

► Click on the above link to learn the Click on the above link to learn the background of De Sotobackground of De Soto

► In 1539, De Soto led a force of 600 men to a In 1539, De Soto led a force of 600 men to a site near present-day Tampa to begin a site near present-day Tampa to begin a search for gold and other valuables. They search for gold and other valuables. They marched into the interior and wintered near marched into the interior and wintered near present-day Tallahassee, Florida. present-day Tallahassee, Florida.

Hernando De Soto Hernando De Soto ► Click on the picture below.Click on the picture below.

► In 1540, the force moved northward into In 1540, the force moved northward into the areas that would become Georgia and the areas that would become Georgia and the Carolinas, and then circled into the Carolinas, and then circled into Tennessee and down to Alabama.Tennessee and down to Alabama.

►Resistance from native tribes was Resistance from native tribes was common, stemming from the Spaniards’ common, stemming from the Spaniards’ practices of taking Indian food supplies, practices of taking Indian food supplies, destroying their homes and forcing destroying their homes and forcing captives into slavery. captives into slavery.

►De Soto was wounded in one encounter De Soto was wounded in one encounter with the natives. However, De Soto with the natives. However, De Soto decided not to tell his men that ships decided not to tell his men that ships were waiting in the Gulf of Mexico if they were waiting in the Gulf of Mexico if they needed them. He wanted to keep going.needed them. He wanted to keep going.

► In the spring of 1541, De Soto and his men In the spring of 1541, De Soto and his men crossed the Mississippi River, perhaps near crossed the Mississippi River, perhaps near present-day Memphis, and are credited with present-day Memphis, and are credited with being the first Europeans to view the Mississippi being the first Europeans to view the Mississippi River. River. (click on picture)(click on picture)

► Pushing westward, De Soto and his men Pushing westward, De Soto and his men followed the Arkansas River into the area that followed the Arkansas River into the area that would become Oklahoma. They were would become Oklahoma. They were disappointed with their inability to find treasure disappointed with their inability to find treasure and turned back toward the Mississippi. On this and turned back toward the Mississippi. On this leg of the trip, De Soto became ill from a fever leg of the trip, De Soto became ill from a fever and died. and died.

► His death was a threat to the existence of the His death was a threat to the existence of the small army, since the Spaniards had told the small army, since the Spaniards had told the hostile natives that De Soto was immortal! hostile natives that De Soto was immortal!

► De Soto’s remains were placed in a hollowed De Soto’s remains were placed in a hollowed out tree trunk, fitted with weights and cast into out tree trunk, fitted with weights and cast into the river. the river.

► Despite their leader's passing, the soldiers Despite their leader's passing, the soldiers again pressed westward, following the Red again pressed westward, following the Red River into northern Texas. No evidence of River into northern Texas. No evidence of gold was encountered and the soldiers gold was encountered and the soldiers returned to the Mississippi, constructed rafts returned to the Mississippi, constructed rafts and floated out into the Gulf. By the time and floated out into the Gulf. By the time the explorers found Spanish settlements the explorers found Spanish settlements along the eastern coast of Mexico, only along the eastern coast of Mexico, only about one-half of the original group about one-half of the original group remained. remained.

Results of De Soto’s Results of De Soto’s explorationexploration► Considered a failure because they did not Considered a failure because they did not

find gold or richesfind gold or riches► Brought horses, pigs, war dogs, diseasesBrought horses, pigs, war dogs, diseases► caused death and destruction to Native caused death and destruction to Native

AmericansAmericans► 11stst European to see the Mississippi River European to see the Mississippi River► Explored the entire Southeast (considered Explored the entire Southeast (considered

by most to be the first to set foot in Georgia)by most to be the first to set foot in Georgia)► Journals provide information about Native Journals provide information about Native

American culture and the land of the American culture and the land of the southeast.southeast.

Map activityMap activity

►Trace the southeastern North America Trace the southeastern North America expedition of Hernando De Soto on a expedition of Hernando De Soto on a United States map. (textbook p. 108)United States map. (textbook p. 108)

Jean Ribault & Pedro Jean Ribault & Pedro MenMenééndezndez

The French Challenge

&

the Spanish Response

France’s ExplorersFrance’s Explorers

► France secretly started a France secretly started a colony to compete with colony to compete with Spain for gold.Spain for gold.

► Jean Ribault Jean Ribault settled a settled a group of French group of French Hugeunots near the Hugeunots near the GA/FL border in 1564 at GA/FL border in 1564 at Fort CarolineFort Caroline..

Fort CarolineFort Caroline► The French settlers were The French settlers were

protestants called protestants called Huguenots who did not Huguenots who did not get along with the get along with the Catholic Spanish.Catholic Spanish.

► Spain discovered and Spain discovered and destroyed the fort and destroyed the fort and killed most of the settlers killed most of the settlers including Ribault.including Ribault.

► The The French left and French left and settled the interior of settled the interior of North America.North America.

► France had almost given up on colonizing La France had almost given up on colonizing La Florida, when a group of French Protestants Florida, when a group of French Protestants called called HuguenotsHuguenots insisted that France enter the insisted that France enter the race.race.

► Their leader sent Jean Ribault to La Florida for Their leader sent Jean Ribault to La Florida for the sole purpose of establishing a permanent the sole purpose of establishing a permanent settlement in 1562. settlement in 1562.

► Using sailing instructions from Verrazano's Using sailing instructions from Verrazano's voyage of North America, Ribault reached the voyage of North America, Ribault reached the Florida coast near present-day Cape Canaveral Florida coast near present-day Cape Canaveral on April 30, 1562. He sailed northward to the on April 30, 1562. He sailed northward to the mouth of a wide river the Spanish calledmouth of a wide river the Spanish called "the "the St. Johns", but Ribault renamed it "the River of St. Johns", but Ribault renamed it "the River of May." He landed on a small river island, which May." He landed on a small river island, which he called "Mayport." he called "Mayport."

► Here Ribault constructed a five-sided column featuring Here Ribault constructed a five-sided column featuring a bronze shield bearing the coat-of-arms of Queen a bronze shield bearing the coat-of-arms of Queen Catherine, the King of France’s mother, who had Catherine, the King of France’s mother, who had opposed the mission (she was Catholic). opposed the mission (she was Catholic).

► Curious Timucuans visited the Huguenot encampment. Curious Timucuans visited the Huguenot encampment. The French presented the Timucuans with gowns of The French presented the Timucuans with gowns of blue embroidery. In return, the natives stocked the blue embroidery. In return, the natives stocked the French with maize, beans, cucumbers, and fish. Ribault French with maize, beans, cucumbers, and fish. Ribault wrote glowingly of the friendliness of the contact. wrote glowingly of the friendliness of the contact.

► Before returning to Europe, Ribault stopped at the Before returning to Europe, Ribault stopped at the Broad River, near present-day Parris Island, South Broad River, near present-day Parris Island, South Carolina, just north of Savannah. He called the spotCarolina, just north of Savannah. He called the spot "Port Royal" and built a log blockhouse, he named "Port Royal" and built a log blockhouse, he named "Charlesfort,“ the first European fort in North America."Charlesfort,“ the first European fort in North America.

► Later, when a Spanish expedition was sent to destroy Later, when a Spanish expedition was sent to destroy the fort, they found the fort deserted.the fort, they found the fort deserted.

Charles Fort

Ft. CarolineTwo years later, a group of Huguenots arrived at

the mouth of “The River of May” and built a three-sided fort they called Fort Caroline.

► Fort Caroline was an unusual colony. Not all the Fort Caroline was an unusual colony. Not all the settlers were Huguenots. There were some settlers were Huguenots. There were some Catholics. The colony included soldiers, tailors, Catholics. The colony included soldiers, tailors, brewers, an artist, a physician, and an astronomer. brewers, an artist, a physician, and an astronomer. What the colony lacked was a minister and enough What the colony lacked was a minister and enough experienced soldiers to protect it. experienced soldiers to protect it.

Farming proved difficult. The restless young men stole the fort's longboat and sailed out the mouth of the St. Johns to plunder Spanish gold ships.

Results of Ribault’s Results of Ribault’s explorationexploration

►Established Charles Fort in South Established Charles Fort in South Carolina, but it was not successfulCarolina, but it was not successful

►Built Fort CarolineBuilt Fort Caroline

PEDRO MENENDEZ de PEDRO MENENDEZ de AVILESAVILES ► Pedro Menendez de Aviles was a skilled sailor, a Pedro Menendez de Aviles was a skilled sailor, a

wealthy supporter of Spain, and a staunch wealthy supporter of Spain, and a staunch Catholic, all qualities needed to take control of Catholic, all qualities needed to take control of Florida. Florida.

► In August of 1565, Menendez's attack fleet In August of 1565, Menendez's attack fleet reached the mouth of the St. Johns, only to reached the mouth of the St. Johns, only to discover that Ribault's five ships were blocking discover that Ribault's five ships were blocking the entrance. Menendez withdrew to a deep the entrance. Menendez withdrew to a deep and protected harbor he had seen on August and protected harbor he had seen on August 28, 1565, St. Augustine's day. 28, 1565, St. Augustine's day.

► He started a camp in the place he calledHe started a camp in the place he called "St. "St. Augustine", not knowing he would be starting Augustine", not knowing he would be starting the oldest continuous settlement in the United the oldest continuous settlement in the United States. States. It became used as an important military base It became used as an important military base for Spain.for Spain.

► Jean Ribault realized he had to be daring to Jean Ribault realized he had to be daring to confront the Spanish so he set sail to attack confront the Spanish so he set sail to attack the Spanish while they unloaded supplies. the Spanish while they unloaded supplies. Unfortunately for Ribault, a sudden storm Unfortunately for Ribault, a sudden storm pushed his fleet past St. Augustine's pushed his fleet past St. Augustine's protected harbor. Most of the French ships protected harbor. Most of the French ships crashed on the Atlantic shore near present-crashed on the Atlantic shore near present-day Daytona Beach.day Daytona Beach.

► Menendez, realizing the French were caught Menendez, realizing the French were caught in a storm south of St. Augustine, decided to in a storm south of St. Augustine, decided to start his own surprise attack, an overland start his own surprise attack, an overland march tomarch to Fort Caroline. Fort Caroline. He left his fleet He left his fleet guarding the entrance to St. Augustine, while guarding the entrance to St. Augustine, while he sent five hundred professional soldiers he sent five hundred professional soldiers through the swamplands of Northeast Florida. through the swamplands of Northeast Florida. Despite a driving rain storm and waist deep Despite a driving rain storm and waist deep water, the troops marched north for three water, the troops marched north for three days. days.

► The men thought their leader was insane, The men thought their leader was insane, but Menendez's plan worked perfectly. He but Menendez's plan worked perfectly. He had a French traitor as an informant. They had a French traitor as an informant. They reached Fort Caroline in the early morning reached Fort Caroline in the early morning and discovered the fortress unprepared for and discovered the fortress unprepared for any landside attack. any landside attack.

► The Spanish rushed the defenseless garrison The Spanish rushed the defenseless garrison on three sides. Most of the French were not on three sides. Most of the French were not trained soldiers and quickly deserted their trained soldiers and quickly deserted their positions. The Spanish killed 142 French positions. The Spanish killed 142 French before the survivors surrendered. The before the survivors surrendered. The Spanish lost one soldier. Menendez renamed Spanish lost one soldier. Menendez renamed the fort “San Mateo.” the fort “San Mateo.”

►Ribault's forces, crushed on the Daytona Ribault's forces, crushed on the Daytona Beaches, had no other option but to Beaches, had no other option but to march northward in hopes of attacking St. march northward in hopes of attacking St. Augustine. The effort might have Augustine. The effort might have succeeded if they were not stopped at succeeded if they were not stopped at Matanzas Inlet, the southern entrance to Matanzas Inlet, the southern entrance to St. Augustine Harbor. Without tools and St. Augustine Harbor. Without tools and sufficient lumber, the French could not sufficient lumber, the French could not cross the waterway. cross the waterway.

► Menendez found the worn French on the south side Menendez found the worn French on the south side of the Inlet. Some rich Frenchmen offered payment of the Inlet. Some rich Frenchmen offered payment for their lives, but Menendez refused. He brought for their lives, but Menendez refused. He brought Ribault across the Inlet in a rowboat and accepted Ribault across the Inlet in a rowboat and accepted formal surrender. Ten Frenchmen at a time were formal surrender. Ten Frenchmen at a time were brought across the waterway, and with their hands brought across the waterway, and with their hands tied behind them, marched behind sand dunes to tied behind them, marched behind sand dunes to be executed. be executed.

►When it was Ribault's turn to die, he When it was Ribault's turn to die, he told Menendez he was proud to be a told Menendez he was proud to be a Lutheran. Only ten Catholic French and Lutheran. Only ten Catholic French and six cabin boys were spared from the six cabin boys were spared from the ordeal. The Inlet became known as ordeal. The Inlet became known as "Mantanzas" or "massacre" Inlet. "Mantanzas" or "massacre" Inlet.

Spanish MissionsSpanish Missions

►The key to Spain’s success in the New The key to Spain’s success in the New World wasn’t soldiers, guns or war World wasn’t soldiers, guns or war dogs, it was the “missions.”dogs, it was the “missions.”

►A “mission” is a small church that is A “mission” is a small church that is built to serve as a base for spreading a built to serve as a base for spreading a religion. Missions are run by “friars,” religion. Missions are run by “friars,” (Catholic priests or missionaries).(Catholic priests or missionaries).

►The missions served as places where The missions served as places where the Indians could be taught religion, the Indians could be taught religion, Spanish, and how to write.Spanish, and how to write.

Georgia’s Two Spanish Georgia’s Two Spanish ProvincesProvinces►The coast of Georgia was divided into two The coast of Georgia was divided into two

“provinces” to help organize the missions.“provinces” to help organize the missions.►Guale (“Wal-lee”) was to the north, Guale (“Wal-lee”) was to the north,

between modern-day Savannah and the between modern-day Savannah and the Altamaha Rivers Altamaha Rivers

►Guale is the name the Spanish gave to the Guale is the name the Spanish gave to the eastern coast of Georgia.eastern coast of Georgia.

►Mocama was to the south, between the Mocama was to the south, between the Altamaha and St. Mary’s Rivers.Altamaha and St. Mary’s Rivers.

By 1665, there were 38 Spanish missions By 1665, there were 38 Spanish missions serving 25,000 Native Americans.serving 25,000 Native Americans.

Natives and European Natives and European ReligionReligion

► In 1566, Menendez sailed up the coast In 1566, Menendez sailed up the coast from St. Augustine to find a place to from St. Augustine to find a place to build more missions.build more missions.

►He left a garrison of soldiers on He left a garrison of soldiers on Cumberland Island and sailed north to Cumberland Island and sailed north to meet the Guale king on St. Catherine’s meet the Guale king on St. Catherine’s Island.Island.

►On St. Catherine’s, he erected a cross On St. Catherine’s, he erected a cross and held 4 days of religious instruction.and held 4 days of religious instruction.

► Father Antonio Sedeno Father Antonio Sedeno andand► Brother Domingo BaezBrother Domingo Baez

► Established a mission calledEstablished a mission called► Santa Catalina de GualeSanta Catalina de Guale ► On St. Catherine’s IslandOn St. Catherine’s Island

► Sedeno dies of malariaSedeno dies of malaria► Baez stays for 16 monthsBaez stays for 16 months

► In all, 4 children and 3 adults were In all, 4 children and 3 adults were convertedconverted

► Missionary work grinds to a halt.Missionary work grinds to a halt.

The Juanillo RebellionThe Juanillo Rebellion

► In 1597, Don Juanillo, a Guale Indian, In 1597, Don Juanillo, a Guale Indian, was next in line to become chief.was next in line to become chief.

►The problem with the local friars was The problem with the local friars was that Juanillo had two wives.that Juanillo had two wives.

►One of the friars declared that Juanillo One of the friars declared that Juanillo was “unfit” to be chief and appointed was “unfit” to be chief and appointed another Indian.another Indian.

► Juanillo gets angry:Juanillo gets angry:►Kills the friarKills the friar►Tells other Guales to rebel against the Tells other Guales to rebel against the

missionsmissions

►One by one the missions fall until One by one the missions fall until Mocama Indians help.Mocama Indians help.

►Five friars had been executed, though. Five friars had been executed, though.

Result’s of Menendez’s Result’s of Menendez’s explorationexploration

►Founded Founded St. AugustineSt. Augustine, Spain’s first , Spain’s first successful settlement in North successful settlement in North AmericaAmerica

►Many missions in the barrier islands Many missions in the barrier islands (St. Catherines) and along the coast of (St. Catherines) and along the coast of Georgia and FloridaGeorgia and Florida

Sir Francis Drake Sir Francis Drake ► Francis Drake was one of the most famous men Francis Drake was one of the most famous men

of his age, having won royal favor and amassed of his age, having won royal favor and amassed a fortune from preying on Spanish ships and a fortune from preying on Spanish ships and ports. ports.

► Drake received his first command in 1567 and Drake received his first command in 1567 and sailed on a slave-trading venture in the sailed on a slave-trading venture in the Caribbean. The small fleet was attacked by Caribbean. The small fleet was attacked by Spanish ships; many English lives were lost and Spanish ships; many English lives were lost and Drake's hatred of Spain deepened. In 1570 and Drake's hatred of Spain deepened. In 1570 and 1571, he headed successful trading voyages to 1571, he headed successful trading voyages to the West Indies, but he altered his path in 1572 the West Indies, but he altered his path in 1572 when he turned his attention to “privateering.” when he turned his attention to “privateering.”

Privateer or Pirate?Privateer or Pirate?

►What is the difference?What is the difference?

►A pirate is someone who raids robs A pirate is someone who raids robs and pillages.and pillages.

►A privateer is someone who raids, A privateer is someone who raids, robs, and pillages with a government’s robs, and pillages with a government’s backing. backing.

► In 1585, Drake returned to sea, In 1585, Drake returned to sea, conducted a series of raids against conducted a series of raids against Spanish positions in the Caribbean, Spanish positions in the Caribbean, then attacked and burned the Spanish then attacked and burned the Spanish fort town of St. Augustine in Florida in fort town of St. Augustine in Florida in 1586.1586.

England’s ExplorationEngland’s Exploration► England defeated the Spanish England defeated the Spanish

armada for control of the seas armada for control of the seas in 1588.in 1588.

► They became a powerful nation They became a powerful nation and took control of the seas.and took control of the seas.

► For the next 20 years, Spain For the next 20 years, Spain and England have “unofficial” and England have “unofficial” war until a treaty is signed.war until a treaty is signed.

► England saw North America as England saw North America as a place to start profitable a place to start profitable colonies.colonies.

Impact of the BritishImpact of the British

►The British encouraged pirates to raid The British encouraged pirates to raid Spanish missions.Spanish missions.

►The British set up trade with local tribes The British set up trade with local tribes and encouraged disagreements between and encouraged disagreements between missionaries and Indiansmissionaries and Indians

►Because of continual uprisings many Because of continual uprisings many Indians moved away from the missions.Indians moved away from the missions.

►By 1685 all missions had been By 1685 all missions had been abandoned.abandoned.

Results of Drake’s Results of Drake’s explorationexploration

►Attacked and Attacked and burned St. burned St. AugustineAugustine

►An unofficial war An unofficial war between Spain between Spain and England and England continued for the continued for the next 20 years.next 20 years.

Remember that Remember that September 19September 19thth is is national talk like a national talk like a

pirate day! pirate day! (Seriously, look it up.)(Seriously, look it up.)

NO NOTES: NO NOTES: interesting factinteresting fact

►The last Spanish The last Spanish mission, located mission, located on St. Catherines on St. Catherines Island was Island was destroyed by destroyed by pirates in 1684 pirates in 1684 after 120 years of after 120 years of Spanish control.Spanish control.

England England (now Great Britain as of (now Great Britain as of 1607)1607)

► Roanoke Island, Roanoke Island, NC, led by Sir NC, led by Sir Walter Raleigh Walter Raleigh fails in 1585….. fails in 1585….. others succeedothers succeed

►1607 1607 The Virginia Company The Virginia Company

started the colony at started the colony at JamestownJamestown►11stst successful British successful British

colonycolony►nearly failed until nearly failed until

John Rolfe John Rolfe encouraged settlers encouraged settlers to grow tobacco for a to grow tobacco for a profit.profit.

English (British) coloniesEnglish (British) colonies

ExamplesExamples►Plymouth, MA- settled in 1620 Plymouth, MA- settled in 1620

exported furs, fish and rum.exported furs, fish and rum.►Charleston SC- settled in 1670 grew Charleston SC- settled in 1670 grew

rice and indigo.rice and indigo.

►Over the next 100 years Great Over the next 100 years Great Britain establishes 12 colonies Britain establishes 12 colonies along the coast of North America.along the coast of North America.

Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange (John (John Green)Green)

►http://www.tubechop.com/watch/http://www.tubechop.com/watch/35784663578466

►http://www.tubechop.com/watch/http://www.tubechop.com/watch/3578476 3578476

Georgia (NOT YET!)Georgia (NOT YET!)► A colony called Azilia was A colony called Azilia was

planned for present day planned for present day Georgia in 1717 but was never Georgia in 1717 but was never built. It was considered too built. It was considered too dangerous by investors.dangerous by investors.

► Fort King George is built in Fort King George is built in 1721(in what will become 1721(in what will become Georgia) to help protect South Georgia) to help protect South Carolina from the Spanish in Carolina from the Spanish in Florida and the French along Florida and the French along the Gulf coast. It doesn’t last the Gulf coast. It doesn’t last long.long.

Words to KnowWords to Know ((left side left side assignment)assignment)

1.1. ConquistadorConquistador: Spanish explorers who : Spanish explorers who conquered for gold and glory.conquered for gold and glory.

2.2. IndigoIndigo: A plant used to produce blue dye.: A plant used to produce blue dye.

3.3. MissionsMissions: fortified churches set up to convert : fortified churches set up to convert Native Indians to Christianity (Catholicism).Native Indians to Christianity (Catholicism).

4.4. MercantilismMercantilism: the British economic policy that : the British economic policy that used colonies for profit from exports of natural used colonies for profit from exports of natural resources.resources.

5.5. Trade WindsTrade Winds: Used by sailors to assist them : Used by sailors to assist them from Europe to the Americas.from Europe to the Americas.

6.6. Gulf StreamGulf Stream: Ocean current that assisted ships : Ocean current that assisted ships sailing from the Americas to Europe.sailing from the Americas to Europe.

FranceFrance►King Louis wants a King Louis wants a

New France New France The French create The French create

settlements along settlements along the Gulf Coast, the the Gulf Coast, the Mississippi River Mississippi River Valley (1673), and as Valley (1673), and as far east as what is far east as what is now northern now northern Alabama. They name Alabama. They name this area Louisiana.this area Louisiana.

►The French The French establish Quebec establish Quebec (1608)(1608)

Why? Mostly for fur Why? Mostly for fur trading and trading and fishingfishing

Label the following on your Label the following on your U.S. mapU.S. map

►St. Augustine St. Augustine ►Circle the area where the Spanish Circle the area where the Spanish

missions are located missions are located ► JamestownJamestown►New FranceNew France►Fort King GeorgeFort King George

New FranceNew France

British, Spanish, and French claimsBritish, Spanish, and French claims

France SpainGreat Britain