exploring design, technology, & engineering...dr. wright is the author of manufacturing and...
TRANSCRIPT
Third Edition
R. Thomas WrightProfessor Emeritus, Industry and TechnologyBall State UniversityMuncie, Indiana
Ryan A. BrownAssistant ProfessorIllinois State UniversityNormal, Illinois
PublisherThe Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.Tinley Park, Illinoiswww.g-w.com
Exploring Design, Technology, & Engineering
Copyright 2012by
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Previous editions copyright 2008, 2004
Previously published and copyrighted as Technology: Design and Applications by The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without the prior
written permission of The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2010033181
ISBN 978-1-60525-420-3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 – 12 – 15 14 13 12 11 10
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Brand Disclaimer: Brand names, company names, and illustrations for products and services included in this text are provided for educational purposes only and do not represent or imply endorsement or recommendation by the author or the publisher.
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Safety Notice: The reader is expressly advised to carefully read, understand, and apply all safety precautions and warnings described in this book or that might also be indicated in undertaking the activities and exercises described herein to minimize risk of personal injury or injury to others. Common sense and good judgment should also be exercised and applied to help avoid all potential hazards. The reader should always refer to the appropriate manufacturer’s technical information, directions, and recommendations; then proceed with care to follow specific equipment operating instructions. The reader should understand these notices and cautions are not exhaustive.
The publisher makes no warranty or representation whatsoever, either expressed or implied, including but not limited to equipment, procedures, and applications described or referred to herein, their quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any changes, errors, or omissions in this book. The publisher specifically disclaims any liability whatsoever, including any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, special, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader’s use or reliance upon the information, instructions, procedures, warnings, cautions, applications, or other matter contained in this book. The publisher assumes no responsibility for the activities of the reader.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wright, R. Thomas Exploring design, technology & engineering / R. Thomas Wright, Ryan A.
Brown. p. cm. Rev. ed. of Technology, design and applications / R. Thomas Wright, Ryan A.
Brown. 2008.Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60525-420-3 1. Technology--Textbooks. 2. Industrial design--Textbooks. I. Brown, Ryan A. II.
Title.
T47.W738 2012600--dc22 2010033181
ForewordExploring Design, Technology, &
Engineering, by R. Thomas Wright and Ryan A. Brown, presents the core of tech-nological knowledge and skills demanded to actively participate in our ever-improving society. Studying and applying the lessons included in this textbook provides you with the solid content and the hands-on and minds-on experiences that will enable you to understand contemporary technology, while preparing you to make good deci-sions regarding future technology oppor-tunities and options. This book was written and illustrated to support the growing importance of technology in our democratic society. Exploring Design, Technology, & Engineering is entirely based on the Standards for Technological Literacy: Content for the Study of Technology. The organization and content of Exploring Design, Technology, & Engineering align with the objectives described in the Standards for Technological Literacy, regarding what the content of technology education should be.
Exploring Design, Technology, & Engineering presents curriculum content in five easily understood sections. Therefore, the reader masters the essential core of technological knowledge. The first section defines technology and explains technology as a system. The second section describes the input resources
of tools, materials, energy, information, people, time, and capital. The third section covers creating technology, the inven-tion and design processes, and problem solving in a technological world. The fourth section explains technology contexts, utilizing comprehensive coverage, while providing hands-on applications for the essential technology core areas of agri-culture, construction, energy, information and communication, manufacturing, medi-cine, and transportation. The fifth section relates technology to our society and our future opportunities and challenges.
Additionally, Exploring Design, Technology, & Engineering provides exceptional hands-on learning opportuni-ties supporting the Technology Student Association (TSA) competitive events. Active participation with TSA provides not only exciting student learning experiences, but also a framework for individual growth and leadership opportunities. You are encouraged to study Exploring Design, Technology, & Engineering to expand your understanding of the role technology plays in our contemporary society and the role it will play in our future. By applying the lessons, skills, and content of this book, you will be well equipped to make positive decisions to build our technological world for a better tomorrow.
The Publisher
�
What is technology? Why is it impor-tant in our lives? We need only to look around to see how technology changes our lives. Tools and machines make our work easier. We have automobiles, cellular telephones, computers, and many other products to save us time and improve the quality of our lives.
Construction of all types provides shelter and convenience for all our activi-ties. Houses and apartments keep us comfortable and protect us from the elements. Bridges allow us to cross rivers. We can choose many different kinds of vehicles for travel. Radios, telephones, computers, satellites, and television all help us keep in touch with each other and the rest of the world. All these advantages are the results of advances in technology.
Technology is the knowledge of doing. This knowledge is a means of extending human abilities. Technology allows us to make useful products better and more easily. This knowledge enables us to build structures on Earth and in space. Technology lets us move people and goods more easily.
This book, Exploring Design, Technology, & Engineering, introduces you to the various technologies. Exploring Design, Technology, & Engineering explains the technologies as systems. These systems have inputs (such as people and materials), processes, outputs, goals, and constraints. You will be able to learn about the effects of technology and see that, while most effects of technology are good, some are not. As a result, you will be able to form opinions and make decisions about how to use technology wisely.
Exploring Design, Technology, & Engineering does more than tell you about technology. At the end of each section, you have a chance to apply what you have learned through carefully designed activi-ties. In some activities, you will build and test products. You might even use the prod-ucts in competition with other students. In other activities, you might be introduced firsthand to mass production or the use of tools. We hope this combination of infor-mation and doing activities is a worthwhile experience for you.
R. Thomas Wright
Ryan A. Brown
About the Authors
Dr. R. Thomas Wright is one of the leading figures in technology-education curriculum development in the United States. He is the author or coauthor of many Goodheart-Willcox technology textbooks. Dr. Wright is the author of Manufacturing and Automation Technology, Processes of Manufacturing, and Technology & Engineering. He has served the profes-sion through many professional offices, including President of the International Technology and Engineering Educators Association (ITEEA) and President of the Council on Technology Teacher Education (CTTE). His work has been recognized through the ITEEA Academy of Fellows Award, the ITEEA Award of Distinction, the CTTE Technology Teacher Educator of the Year, the Epsilon Pi Tau Laureate Citation,
Introduction
� Introduction �
the Epsilon Pi Tau Distinguished Service Citation, the Sagamore of the Wabash Award from the Governor of Indiana, the Bell Ringer Award from the Indiana Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Ball State University Faculty of the Year Award, the Ball State University George and Frances Ball Distinguished Professorship, and the Educational Exhibitors Association–SHIP (EEA-SHIP) Citation.
Dr. Wright’s educational background includes a bachelor’s degree from Stout State University, a master’s of science degree from Ball State University, and a doctoral degree from the University of Maryland. His teaching experience consists of 3 years as a junior high instructor in California and 37 years as a university instructor at Ball State University. In addi-tion, he has also been a visiting professor at Colorado State University; Oregon State University; and Edith Cowan University in Perth, Australia.
Dr. Ryan A. Brown is an assistant professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction and an associate director of the Center for Mathematics, Science, and Technology at Illinois State University. He currently teaches courses for preservice teachers on topics such as instructional methods and assessment. Previously, he taught a variety of courses at the secondary level, including design processes, trans-portation systems, and fundamentals of engineering. Dr. Brown coauthored Energy, Power, and Transportation Technology with Dr. Len S. Litowitz. He has also written titles in both the Humans Innovating Technology Series (HITS) and the Kids Inventing Technology Series (KITS) for ITEEA, as well as in the Activity! series for the Center for Implementing Technology in Education. Dr. Brown’s educational back-ground includes a bachelor’s degree and
master’s degree from Ball State University and a doctorate degree from Indiana University. Dr. Brown; his wife, Heather; and his sons, Benjamin and Samuel, reside in Normal, Illinois.
TSA Modular Activities
The Technology Student Association (TSA) is a nonprofit, national student organization devoted to teaching tech-nology education to young people. TSA’s mission is to inspire the association’s student members to prepare for careers in a technology-driven economy and culture. The demand for technological expertise is escalating in American industry. Therefore, TSA’s teachers strive to promote techno-logical literacy, leadership, and problem solving to their student membership.
The TSA Modular Activities are based on the TSA competitive events current at the time of writing. Please refer to The Official TSA Competitive Events Guide for actual regulations for current TSA competitive events. This guide is periodi-cally updated. TSA publishes two Official TSA Competitive Events Guides: one for middle school events and one for high school events. To obtain additional infor-mation about starting a TSA chapter at your school, to order The Official TSA Competitive Events Guide, or to learn more about TSA and technology educa-tion, contact TSA:
Technology Student Association1914 Association DriveReston, VA 20191-1540www.tsaweb.org
� Introduction �
The Career Clusters
The Career Clusters are 16 groups of different types of occupational and career specialties, which are further divided into pathways. Looking ahead at these path-ways will help determine the course of study for your chosen career. The Career Cluster icons are being used with permis-sion of the:
States’ Career Clusters Initiative, 2010, www.careerclusters.org.
AcknowledgmentsThe authors and publisher wish to
thank the following companies, organiza-tions, and individuals for their generous contributions of photographic images, artwork, and resource material:Agricultural Research Service, U.S.
Department of AgricultureAlaska AirlinesAlcoaAll-Glass AquariumAMEC WindAmerican Association of Blacks in EnergyAmerican Baseball CompanyAmerican Petroleum InstituteAmerican Red CrossAminoil UAS, Inc.Amoco Corp.AMP, Inc.
AMS Phoenix/Jim DoreAndersen Corp.Army ROTCArt Design International (ADI) of St.
Hubert, QuebecArtromick InternationalAshlar Vellum 2000Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers
AssociationAT&T Network SystemsBethlehem Steel Corp.Bobcat CompanyBoeingBren Instruments Inc.BuickCarolina Power and LightCase IHCaterpillar, Inc.Cessna AircraftThe Chicago Tribune Co.Chrysler Corp.Cincinnati MilacronClorox Co.Coachman IndustriesThe Coca-Cola CompanyColorado State UniversityConoco, Inc.Custom Modeling & Graphics Studio, Inc.DaimlerDana CorporationDatastreamDeere and CompanyDell Inc.Derek JensenDesign CentralDesign EdgeDremelDuracellEastman Chemical CompanyEIS Div., Parker-HannifinEli Lilly and CompanyElke WetzigEn-Vision AmericaFaro Technologies, Inc.Federal Emergency Management AgencyFine Art LampsFMC Corporation
� Introduction �
Ford Motor CompanyForrest M. Mimms IIIFrist Center for the Visual ArtsGannett Co.GE Medical SystemsGoodyear Tire and Rubber CompanyGraphic Arts Technical FoundationHabitat for Humanity InternationalHarris Corp.Hibbing Taconite CompanyHirdinge, Inc.HondaIDEOIKEA Home FurnishingsIllinois State UniversityIngenicoInland Steel CompanyIntelJack KlaseyJeff SokalskiJerry E. HowellKalbKeith NelsonKen HammondLakeside Equipment CorporationThe LEGO GroupLeon GoldikLexington HomesLTV Steel CompanyLucent Technologies, Inc./Bell LabsMark ChraplaMedlifeMicrosoft Corp.Mila ZinkovaMonster Cable Products, Inc.Motorola, Inc.MTS CorporationNano-TexNapa Valley Balloons, Inc.NASANASA’s Marshall Space Flight CenterNatchez Trace ParkwayNational Park SystemNatural Gas Supply Assoc.
NOAANorthern TelecomOhio Art Co.Olivier TétardOSHAOwens-BrockwayOwens CorningPiaggio AviationProduct Development Technologies, PDTRick EnglishRollerbladeR. R. Donnelley & Sons CompanyThe San Diego Low Speed Wind TunnelSauder WoodworkingScience@NASASportsArtStandard Oil of CaliforniaStandard Oil of OhioStarTracSteven MoederStratasys, Inc.Tandy Co.Technology Student Association (TSA)Tillamook County Creamery Assoc.Timothy HursleyU.S. Department of AgricultureU.S. Department of LaborU.S. Park ServiceU.S. Patent and Trademark OfficeUnderwriter’s LaboratoryVapo OyVelux-AmericaVisteonVX CorporationWB AutomotiveWerner Co.Westinghouse Electric Corp.Weyerhaeuser Co.Whirlpool CorporationWisconsin Department of Natural
ResourcesXeroxZureks
� Introduction �
� �
Did You Know? features in every chapter offer bits of trivia about the content covered in the chapter.
Key Words list new vocabulary covered in the chapter, enhancing student recognition of important concepts.
Preparing to Read features provide students with questions to think about while reading the chapter.
Objectives identify the topics covered and goals to be achieved by students.
Technology Headline features in each section highlight an emerging technology.
� �
Think Green features briefly explain environ-mental concepts related to technology.
Technology Explained features briefly explain how technological devices and systems work.
Career Highlights identify and explain different careers related to the chapter material.
New Terms appear in bold italics where they are defined.
Safety notes identify activities that can result in personal injury, if proper procedures or safety measures are not followed.
10 11
STEM Connections at the end of each chapter encourage students to apply math and science concepts to real-life situations and develop skills related to chapter content.
Summary provides the student a review of major concepts covered in the chapter.
Curricular Connections in every chapter offer suggestions of activities and assignments that connect the content to other subject areas.
Activities at the end of each chapter encourage students to apply concepts to real-life situations and develop skills related to chapter content.
Test Your Knowledge questions help students review the topics and the material covered in the chapter.
10 11
Reading Organizer in every chapter helps students to organize what they’ve learned about chapter concepts.
Chapter Activities correlate to the Tech Lab Workbook and provide suggested laboratory activities requiring creativity and critical thinking skills.
TSA Modular Activities features are addi-tional activities intended to develop skills used in TSA’s competitive events.
Section 1Scope of Technology . . .22Chapter 1What Is Technology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2�
Chapter 1 Activity AWhat Is Technology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . ��
Chapter 2Technology as a System . . . . . . . . . . ��
Chapter 2 Activity AUsing Technology to Make a Product . ��
Chapter �Contexts of Technology . . . . . . . . . . ��
Section 2Resources and Technology . . .76Chapter �Tools and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . ��
Chapter � Activity ATools and Materials as Resources . 101
Chapter � Activity BTools as a Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . 10�
Chapter �Materials and Technology . . . . . . . . 10�
Chapter � Activity AMaterials as a Resource . . . . . . . . . 1�1
Chapter �Energy and Technology . . . . . . . . . 1��
Chapter � Activity AEnergy as a Resource . . . . . . . . . . . 1��
Chapter � Activity BEnergy and Machines as Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1��
Chapter �Information and Technology . . . . . 1��
Chapter � Activity AInformation as a Resource . . . . . . . 1��
Chapter �People, Time, Money, and Technology .1�2
Section 3Creating Technology . .202Chapter �Invention and Innovation . . . . . . . . 20�
Chapter � Activity AInvention and Innovation . . . . . . . . 220
TSA Modular Activity: Inventions and Innovations . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Chapter 10The Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 22�
Chapter 10 Activity ADesigning for Space . . . . . . . . . . . . 2�1
TSA Modular Activity: Digital Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2��
Chapter 11Identifying Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 2��
Chapter 12Researching Problems . . . . . . . . . . 2�0
Brief Contents
12 Brief Contents 1�
Chapter 1�Creating Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2��
Chapter 1�Selecting and Refining Solutions . . . �00
Chapter 1�Modeling Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . �1�
Chapter 1�Testing Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
TSA Modular Activity: System Control Technology . . . . . . . . .���
Chapter 1�Communicating Solutions . . . . . . . ���
TSA Modular Activity: Lights, Camera, Action! . . . . . . . . . . . .��0
Chapter 1�Improving Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
Chapter 1� Activity ACommunication Design . . . . . . . . . �0�
Section 4Technological Contexts . . . . 410Chapter 1�Agricultural and Related Technology . . �12
Chapter 1� Activity AAgriculture and Biorelated Technology ��0
Chapter 20Construction Technology . . . . . . . . ��2
Chapter 20 Activity AConstruction Technology . . . . . . . . ���
TSA Modular Activity: Engineering Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .��1
Chapter 21Energy-Conversion Technology . . ���
Chapter 21 Activity AEnergy-Conversion Technology . . ���
TSA Modular Activity: Web-Page Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .���
Chapter 22Information and Communication Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �00
Chapter 22 Activity AInformation and Communication Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
TSA Modular Activity: Graphic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .��1
Chapter 2�Manufacturing Technology . . . . . . . ���
Chapter 2� Activity AManufacturing Technology . . . . . . . ��0
TSA Modular Activity: Go Green Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
Chapter 2�Medical Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
Chapter 2� Activity AMedical Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
Chapter 2�Transportation Technology . . . . . . ���
Chapter 2� Activity ATransportation Technology . . . . . . �21
Section 5Technology and Society . . . . . .626Chapter 2�Technological Impacts . . . . . . . . . . �2�
Chapter 2� Activity ATechnological Impacts . . . . . . . . . . ��2
TSA Modular Activity: Environmental Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .���
Chapter 2�Technology and the Future . . . . . . . ���
12 Brief Contents 1�
Section 1Scope of Technology . . .22Technology Headline: Hands Free Video
Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Chapter 1What Is Technology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2�
Technology and History . . . . . . . . . . .26Career Highlight: Technology
Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Technology and Knowledge . . . . . . .28Technology and Action . . . . . . . . . . .30Technology and Language . . . . . . . . 31
Chapter 1 Activity AWhat Is Technology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . ��
Chapter 2Technology as a System . . . . . . . . . . ��
System Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40System Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41System Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Technology Explained: Container
Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Career Highlight: Electronic Home
Entertainment–Equipment Technicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
System Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48System Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Chapter 2 Activity AUsing Technology to Make a Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ��
Chapter �Contexts of Technology . . . . . . . . . . ��
Historical Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Technology Explained: Peanut
Butter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62Career Highlight: Construction
Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65Societal Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68Think Green: Green Technology
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68Functional Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Section 2Resources and Technology . . .76Technology Headline: Holography . . . . . .77
Chapter �Tools and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . ��
Toolmakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Technology Explained: Lasers . . . . .84Career Highlight: Fishing-Boat
Captains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89Career Highlight: Mechanical
Engineering Technicians . . . . . . .90Career Highlight: Welders . . . . . . . . .93Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94Safety and Technological Devices . . .97Tool Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Chapter � Activity ATools and Materials as Resources . . . .101
Chapter � Activity BTools as a Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . 10�
Chapter �Materials and Technology . . . . . . . . 10�
Types of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Engineering Materials . . . . . . . . . . . 112Career Highlight: Inspectors . . . . . . 114
Contents
1� Contents 1�
Obtaining Material Resources . . . . . 115Technology Explained: Geothermal
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Processing Raw Materials . . . . . . . . 120Career Highlight: Machinists . . . . . . 120Products of Processing . . . . . . . . . . 123Properties of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . 123Working with Hazardous Materials and
Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Material Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Think Green: Recycling . . . . . . . . . . 128
Chapter � Activity AMaterials as a Resource . . . . . . . . . 1�1
Chapter �Energy and Technology . . . . . . . . . 1��
Energy and Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Energy and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140The Nature of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . 142Forms of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Types of Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . 143Common Energy Supplies . . . . . . . . 144Technology Explained: Biogas . . . . 147Career Highlight: Petroleum
Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Alternate Energy Sources . . . . . . . . 151Think Green: Compact Fluorescent
Lamps (CFLs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Chapter � Activity AEnergy as a Resource . . . . . . . . . . . 1��
Chapter � Activity BEnergy and Machines as Resources . . 1��
Chapter �Information and Technology . . . . . 1��
Career Highlight: Home-Appliance Repair Technicians . . . . . . . . . . 167
Data, Information, and Knowledge . . . 168Scientific Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Think Green: Electronic Media
Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170Technological Knowledge . . . . . . . . 171The Information Age . . . . . . . . . . . . 172Gaining Information and Knowledge . . 172Career Highlight: Broadcast
Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Chapter � Activity AInformation as a Resource . . . . . . . 1��
Chapter �People, Time, Money, and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1�2
People and Technology . . . . . . . . . . 184Technology Explained: Flight
Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Think Green: Carbon Footprint . . . . 190Career Highlight: Occupational-Health
and -Safety Specialists . . . . . . . 191Time and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . 196Money and Technology . . . . . . . . . . 198
Section 3Creating Technology . .202Technology Headline: Space Tourism . . .203
Chapter �Invention and Innovation . . . . . . . . 20�
Invention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206Career Highlight: Patent Attorneys . . .209Think Green: Green Materials . . . . . 213Technology Explained: High-Rise
Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Chapter � Activity AInvention and Innovation . . . . . . . . 220
TSA Modular Activity: Inventions and Innovations . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Chapter 10The Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 22�
What Is Design? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225Types of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226Steps of the Design Process . . . . . .228Career Highlight: Industrial
Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229Technology Explained: Sustainable
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
1� Contents 1�
Chapter 10 Activity ADesigning for Space . . . . . . . . . . . . 2�1
TSA Modular Activity: Digital Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2��
Chapter 11Identifying Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 2��
Needs and Wants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Problems and Opportunities . . . . . .248Types of Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249Recognizing Problems . . . . . . . . . . .250Technology Explained: Universal
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Problem Statements . . . . . . . . . . . .252Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252Career Highlight: Landscapers . . . .253Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254Think Green: Efficient Power Use . .254Design Briefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
Chapter 12Researching Problems . . . . . . . . . . 2�0
Types of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262Think Green: Sustainability . . . . . . .263Technology Explained: Internet
Cookies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266The Research Process . . . . . . . . . .267Career Highlight: Survey
Researchers and Market Analysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
Chapter 1�Creating Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2��
Ideation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277Career Highlight: Architects . . . . . . . 281Sketching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283Technology Explained: Elegant
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286
Chapter 1�Selecting and Refining Solutions . . . �00
Selecting Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . .302Career Highlight: Graphic
Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305Technology Explained: Modular
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308Refining Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Chapter 1�Modeling Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . �1�
What Is a Model? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320Why Are Models Used? . . . . . . . . . .320Types of Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322Career Highlight: Model Makers . . .325Modeling Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . .329Technology Explained: Rapid
Prototyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332Modeling Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339Making a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340
Chapter 1�Testing Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
Tests and Assessments . . . . . . . . . .347Using the Design Criteria . . . . . . . . .348Testing for Certain Characteristics . . 349Career Highlight: Quality Control
Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352Testing Environments . . . . . . . . . . .355Technology Explained: Ergonomic
Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357The Testing Procedure . . . . . . . . . .358Assessing the Solution . . . . . . . . . .360TSA Modular Activity: System
Control Technology . . . . . . . . .���
Chapter 1�Communicating Solutions . . . . . . . ���
Technology Explained: Parametric Sketches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
Communication Documents . . . . . .370Categories of Mechanical Drawings 371Types of Working Drawings . . . . . . . 374Drawing Classifications . . . . . . . . . .376Mechanical Drawing Tools . . . . . . . .382Career Highlight: Architectural
Drafters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382Making Mechanical Drawings . . . . .386Documenting and Presenting the
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387TSA Modular Activity: Lights,
Camera, Action! . . . . . . . . . . . .��0
1� Contents 1�
Chapter 1�Improving Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
Reasons for Improvements . . . . . . .396Think Green: Reduction. . . . . . . . . .398Sources of Improvement . . . . . . . . .400Career Highlight: Building
Inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402Making Improvements . . . . . . . . . . .404
Chapter 1� Activity ACommunication Design . . . . . . . . . �0�
Section 4Technological Contexts . . . . 410Technology Headline: Personal Rapid
Transit Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Chapter 1�Agricultural and Related Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �12
Main Types of Agriculture . . . . . . . . 414Agricultural Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414Technology in Agriculture . . . . . . . . 417Raising Livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426Special Types of Agriculture . . . . . .426Technology Explained: Landscape
Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428Agriculture and Biotechnology . . . . .429Food Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430Think Green: Sustainable Agriculture . 434Artificial Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . .435Quality Control in Agriculture and
Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436Career Highlight: Agricultural
Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436
Chapter 1� Activity AAgriculture and Biorelated Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ��0
Chapter 20Construction Technology . . . . . . . . ��2
Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
Civil Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448Career Highlight: Painters . . . . . . . .448Constructing a Structure . . . . . . . . .449Think Green: Green Architecture . . .452Technology Explained: Tower
Cranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
Chapter 20 Activity AConstruction Technology . . . . . . . . ���
TSA Modular Activity: Engineering Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .��1
Chapter 21Energy-Conversion Technology . . ���
Conversion and Converters . . . . . . . 476Technology Explained: Turbines . . .480Think Green: Renewable Energy . . .485Energy and Power Transmission . . .490Quality Control in Energy and Power
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492Using and Conserving Energy . . . . .492
Chapter 21 Activity AEnergy-Conversion Technology . . ���
TSA Modular Activity: Web-Page Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .���
Chapter 22Information and Communication Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �00
Communication and Information . . .502How We Communicate . . . . . . . . . .503Communication Technology . . . . . .503Career Highlight: Desktop
Publishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506Types of Communication Systems . . .507Technology Explained: Bar Code
Readers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509Think Green: Green Paper . . . . . . . 513The Communication Process . . . . .520Career Highlight: Computer Systems
Analysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523Communication Messages . . . . . . . 524Information Technologies . . . . . . . . .531Quality Control in Communication
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
1� Contents 1�
Chapter 22 Activity AInformation and Communication Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
TSA Modular Activity: Graphic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .��1
Chapter 2�Manufacturing Technology . . . . . . . ���
Manufacturing Processes . . . . . . . .546Career Highlight: Computer-
Controlled-Machine Operators . . 548Career Highlight: Operations
Researchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555Manufacturing Systems . . . . . . . . . .557Think Green: Volatile Organic
Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558Technology Explained: Propellers . .560Career Highlight: Printing Press
Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563Producing Products . . . . . . . . . . . . .565Marketing Products . . . . . . . . . . . . .566Career Highlight: Production and
Planning Clerks . . . . . . . . . . . . .566
Chapter 2� Activity AManufacturing Technology . . . . . . . ��0
TSA Modular Activity: Go Green Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
Chapter 2�Medical Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
Goals of Health and Medicine . . . . .578Career Highlight: Physical
Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580Using Technology in Medicine . . . . .584Technology Explained: Canal Locks . . 587
Chapter 2� Activity AMedical Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . ���
Chapter 2�Transportation Technology . . . . . . ���
What Is Transportation? . . . . . . . . .600Types of Transportation . . . . . . . . . .601Technology Explained: Flight
Simulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602Transportation Processes . . . . . . . .603Modes of Transportation . . . . . . . . .604Think Green: Hybrid Vehicles . . . . .606
Intermodal Transportation . . . . . . . . 610Transportation Systems . . . . . . . . . . 610Career Highlight: Air-Traffic
Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Quality Control in Transportation
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
Chapter 2� Activity ATransportation Technology . . . . . . �21
Section 5Technology and Society . . . . . .626Technology Headline: Nanowire Battery-
Powered Electric Cars . . . . . . . . . .627
Chapter 2�Technological Impacts . . . . . . . . . . �2�
The World of Change . . . . . . . . . . . .630Technology Explained: Earthquake
Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .632Technology and Change . . . . . . . . .633Think Green: Shopping Bags . . . . .636Negative Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639Career Highlight: Airline Pilots . . . . .648
Chapter 2� Activity ATechnological Impacts . . . . . . . . . . ��2
TSA Modular Activity: Environmental Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .���
Chapter 2�Technology and the Future . . . . . . . ���
Futurists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .658Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .658Career Highlight: Conservators . . . .659Think Green: Alternative Fuels . . . .661The Future of Technology . . . . . . . .663Technology Explained:
Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . .667
Technical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ��0
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ��1
1� Contents 1�
Technology HeadlinesHands-Free Video Games . . . . . . . .23Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77Space Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203Personal Rapid Transit Systems . . . 411Nanowire Battery-Powered Electric
Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .627
Career HighlightsTechnology Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Electronic Home Entertainment–
Equipment Technicians . . . . . . . .44Construction Managers . . . . . . . . . . .65Fishing-Boat Captains . . . . . . . . . . . .87Mechanical Engineering Technicians . . 90Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93Inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Machinists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Petroleum Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Home-Appliance Repair Technicians . .167Broadcast Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Occupational-Health and -Safety
Specialists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Patent Attorneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209Industrial Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . .229Landscapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253Survey Researchers and Market
Analysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Graphic Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305Model Makers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325Quality Control Workers. . . . . . . . . .352Architectural Drafters . . . . . . . . . . . .382Building Inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . . .402Agricultural Managers . . . . . . . . . . .436Painters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448Desktop Publishers . . . . . . . . . . . . .506Computer Systems Analysts . . . . . .523Computer-Controlled-Machine
Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548Operations Researchers . . . . . . . . .555Printing Press Operators . . . . . . . . .563
Production and Planning Clerks . . .566Physical Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . .580Air-Traffic Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Airline Pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .648Conservators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .659
Technology ExplainedContainer Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Peanut Butter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84Geothermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Biogas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Flight Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187High-Rise Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Sustainable Design . . . . . . . . . . . . .232Universal Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Internet Cookies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266Elegant Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286Modular Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308Rapid Prototyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332Ergonomic Environments . . . . . . . . .357Parametric Sketches . . . . . . . . . . . .369Landscape Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428Tower Cranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480Bar Code Readers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509Propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560Canal Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587Flight Simulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602Earthquake Protection . . . . . . . . . . .632Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .667
Think GreenGreen Technology Overview . . . . . . .68Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) 151Electronic Media Waste . . . . . . . . . . 170Carbon Footprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Green Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Efficient Power Use . . . . . . . . . . . . .254Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398Sustainable Agriculture . . . . . . . . . .434Green Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . .452Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . .485Green Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Volatile Organic Compounds . . . . . .558
1� Contents 1�
Features
Hybrid Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .606Shopping Bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .636Alternative Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .661
TSA Modular ActivitiesInventions and Innovations . . . . . . .222Digital Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . .244System Control Technology . . . . . . .363Lights, Camera, Action! . . . . . . . . . .390Engineering Structure . . . . . . . . . . . 471Web-Page Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497Graphic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541Go Green Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . 574Environmental Focus . . . . . . . . . . . .654
20 Contents 21
STEM and Curricular Connections
STEM Connections and Curricular Connections are found at the end of the chapters. These activities tie the techno-logical topic to a related language arts, mathematics, science, or social studies skill. The following chart identifies the types of activities contained in each chapter:
20 Contents 21
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STEMCurriculum
Scien
ce
Technology
Mathematics
Engineering
Integrated