extension and extension education2
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Extension andExtensionEducation
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Extension
From the latin word tensio
meaning stretching andex meaning out
Literal meaning stretching
out
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Terminology for Extension and their
Meanings in Some Selected CountriesCOUNTRY TERMINOLOGY MEANING
Dutch Voorlichting Lighting the pathwayahead to help people findtheir way
Indonesia Penyuluhan Lighting the way aheadwith a torch
Germany Beratung Advisory work anexpert can give advice on
the best way to reachones goal but leaves theperson the finalresponsibility for selectingthe way
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COUNTRY TERMINOLOGY MEANING
Aufklrung Enlightenment sothat one knows clearlywhere he/she is going
Erziehung Education, that is, toteach, people to solvetheir problems
themselves
Austria Frderung Furthering orstimulating one to go ina desirable direction
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France Vulgarisation Simplification of themessage for thecommon man
Spain Capacitacion Improving peoplesabilities, normallythrough training
USA Extension Education, orinfluencing people tochange their behavior
Malaysia Perkembangan Education, the wayUSA interprets it
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Different Perspective
as technical assistance a bridge that connects farmers to
agricultural research technology transfer or delivery nonformal educationone that
happens outside the formal school
system
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Saguiguit, 1976
A system of RURAL EDUCATION whichendeavors to MAKE AVAILABLE to ruralpeople who CANNOT ATTEND SCHOOL, atype of service to IMPROVE THE LIVINGCONDITIONS of the farmers, homemakers,
and rural people by teaching them TOADOPT BETTER AND IMPROVED METHODSin their farming persuits.
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Maunder, 1973, 1994
A SERVICE or system which ASSISTS FARMPEOPLE, through EDUCATIONAL PROCEDURES,in IMPROVING FARMING METHODS and
TECHNIQUES INCREASING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY and
INCOME LIFTING SOCIAL and EDUCATIONAL
STANDARDS of rural people
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Rling 1988
An instrument of PREMEDITATED,DELIBERATE INTERVENTION to achieve theINTERVENERS GOALS
and
can only be effective by INDUCINGVOLUNTARY CHANGE on the part of theclient and hence satisfying clients goals.
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PREMEDITATEDcharacterized by fullyconscious willful intent and a
measure of forethought and planningDELIBERATEcharacterized by or resulting
from careful and thoroughconsideration, being aware of theconsequence(s) of actions and/or
decisionsINTEREVENORthe extension organizationCLIENTthe farmer, fisherfolk, rural people
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VOLUNTARYproceeding from the willor from ones own choice or consent;
unconstrained by interference;acting or done on ones own free willwithout valuable consideration orlegal obligation
CHANGEto make or become differentin some particular; to undergo amodification or a transformation
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Extension is
AN INSTRUMENT FOR INDUCINGVOLUNTARY CHANGE TO ACHIEVE THE INTERVENORS
GOALS YET SATISFYING CLIENTS GOALS
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Extension Education Common
Elements
Is an intervention
Is an educational process
Is a communication intervention
Intends to voluntary change in behavior
Focus on a number of target processes at
outcome Has altruistic orientation
Has dimension
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Altruistic Dimension
Extension is aimed at HELPING farmers
A BASIC PREMISE of extension that mustbe observed by practitioners
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Educational Dimension
Extension is a NON-FORMAL methodof ADULT EDUCATION
Thus, extension professionals must beimbued with knowledge on HOWADULTS LEARN
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Communication Dimension
Extension is a COMMUNICATIONINTERVENTION
Knowledge of BASIC COMMUNICATIONPROCESS and its dynamics must beadequately understood by the extensionprofessional
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Behavioral Dimension
Extension is aimed at INDUCINGBEHAVIORAL CHANGES among farmers
This makes behavioral change the ENDGOAL of extension
If farmer has not changed his behavior(for his betterment) NO EXTENSION HAS
BEEN DONE
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Technology Dimension
Extension helps in the TRANSFER OFTECHNOLOGY
Extension should be able to identifytechnologies APPROPRIATE TO CLIENTELE
The NEED for ALTERNATIVE APPROACHESand METHODS for diagnosing technical
problems should be recognized
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Research Dimention
Extension aims at LINKING research withfarmers
Ways to foster CLOSER LINKS between thefarmers and the researchers need furtherunderstanding
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Input Dimension
PROVISION of TECHNICAL INPUTS plays animportant linking function in the transfer of
technology Requires that extension professional be
KNOWLEDGEABLE of these technicalinputs
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Income Dimension
Extension is aimed at INCREASED INCOMEfor the farmer through INCREASED
PRODUCTION and PRODUCTIVITY
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Management Dimension
Extension aims to function according toSOUND MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES.
Hence, requiring that the extensionprofessional be a GOOD MANAGER
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Formal Education vs Extension Education
1. Starts with theory &works
2. Students study
subjects.3. Fixed curriculum
offered4. Authority rests with
the teacher5. Attendance is
compulsory6. Teacher instructs the
students
1. Starts with practices &may take up theory up topractice later on
2. People study problems3. No fixed curriculum or
course of study & peoplehelp to formulate thecurriculum
4. Authority rests with thepeople
5. Participation is voluntary.6. Extension worker teaches
& also learns from7. the people
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7. Teaching is onlythrough instructors
8. Teaching is mainlyvertical
9. More or lesshomogeneousaudience
10. Rigid
11. Pre-planned & pre-decided
12. More theoretical
7. Teaching is also throughlocal leaders
8. Teaching is mainlyhorizontal
9. Heterogeneous audience10. Flexible11. Freedom to develop
programmes locallyprogrammes. based onthe development needs
& expressed desires of thestakeholders ofdevelopment
12. More practical and &intended for immediateapplication in' thesolution of problems.