extraction of biodiesel using jatropha
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EXTRACTION OF BIODIESELEXTRACTION OF BIODIESEL
USING JATROPHAUSING JATROPHA
SUBMITTED BY: NAVEEN CHANDRU.V
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INTRODUCTION:INTRODUCTION:Every year the demand of energy is increasing. If the demand
continues at this rate in future we end up with the depletion ofconventional energy resources.
We are very much dependent on the petroleum fuels like petrol,Diesel, etc,. So there should be an effort has been to develop thealternative sources to the petroleum diesel.
Our seminar involves with regard to the manufacturing of Bio
Diesel from various vegetable oil including Jatropha. A research hasbeen carried out on the manufacturing of Bio Diesel and comparisonmade w.r.t the petroleum diesel in respect of cost benefits &advantages.
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What
is Bio Diesel ?What
is Bio Diesel ?
Bio Diesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acids made from virgin orused vegetable oils ( both edible & non-edible) and animal fats. Themain commodity sources for Bio Diesel in India can be non- edible
oils obtained from plant species such as jatropha curcas (Ratanjyot),Pongamia Pinnata(Karanj), Calophyllum inophyllum(nagachampa),Hevca brasiliensis(Rubber) etc.
Bio Diesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any levelwith petroleum diesel to create a BioDiesel blend or can be used in its
pure form. Just like petroleum diesel, BioDiesel operates incompression ignition (Diesel) engine, which essentially require verylittle or no engine modifications because BioDiesel has propertiessimilar to petroleum diesel fuels.
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It can be stored just like the petroleum diesel fuel and hence does not
require separate infrastructure. The use of BioDiesel in conventional
diesel engines results in substantial reduction of unburned hydrocarbons,carbon monoxide & particulate matters. BioDiesel is considered clean
fuel since it has no sulphur, no aromatics & has about 10% built-in
oxygen, which helps it to burn fully. Its higher cetane number improves
the ignition quality even when blended in the petroleum diesel B20 ( a
blend of 20% by volume BioDiesel with 80% by volume petroleumdiesel) has demonstrated significant environmental benefits. Studies
conducted with BioDiesel on engines have shown substantial reduction
in particulate matter (25-50%). However, a marginal increase in nox (1-
6%) is also reported. HC and CO emissions were also reported to be
lower.
USA uses B20 and B100 BioDiesel. France uses B5 as mandatory
in all diesel fuel. It can be also be used as an additive to reduce the
overall sulfur content of blend and to compensate for lubricity loss due to
sulfur removal from diesel fuel.
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How BioDiesel sav
es energy ?How BioDiesel sav
es energy ?India ranks sixth in the world in terms of energy demand accounting
for 3.5% of world commercial energy demand in 2001. The energy
demand is expected to grow at 4.8%. The demand of diesel (HSD) is
increased from 39.81 million metric tons in 2001-02 to 52.32 million
metric tons in 2006-07 @ 5.6% per annum. Our crude oil productionas per the tenth plan working fro up is estimated to hover around 33-
34 million metric tons per annum even though there will be increases
in gas production from 86 million standard cubic meters per day
(2002-03) to 103 million standard cubic meters per day in (2006-07).
The estimated BioDiesel requirements for blending with petroleumdiesel for the period 2001-2007 is given below :
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Bio Diesel requirement for blendingBio Diesel requirement for blendingTable 1Table 1
Year Diesel demand
million tons
Bio Diesel requirement for blending
million tons
@5% @10% @20%
2001-02 39.81 1.99 3.98 7.9
2002-03 42.15 2.16 4.32 8.6
2003-04 44.51 2.28 4.56 9.1
2004-05 46.97 2.35 4.70 9.4
2005-06 49.56 2.48 4.96 9.9
2006-07 52.33 2.62 5.24 10.48
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AT YEAR 2001AT YEAR 2001--0303
0
12
3
4
5
67
8
9
@5% @10% @20%
2001-02 39.81
2002-03 42.15
Diesel in
Million tons
% of Blending of BioDiesel
Chart 1
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AT YEAR 2003AT YEAR 2003--0505
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
@5% @10% @20%
2003-04 44.51
2004-05 46.97Diesel in
Million
tons
% of Blending of BioDiesel
Chart 2
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AT YEAR 2005AT YEAR 2005--0707
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
@5% @10% @20%
2005-06 49.56
2006-07 52.33
Diesel in
Million
tons
% of Blending of Bio Diesel
Chart 3
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Feasibility of producing BioDiesel as dieselFeasibility of producing BioDiesel as diesel
substitute:substitute:
Jatropha curcas has been found the most suitable tree specie for the
reasons summarized below:
It can be grown as a quick yielding plant even in adverse land situations Viz, degraded& barren lands under forest & non-forest use , dry & drought prone areas, marginal
lands & as a agroforesty crop.
The seeds of Jatropha are available during the non-rainy season.
Raising Jatropha plant & its maintenance creates jobs for the rural poor, particularly the
landless, in plantation and primary processing through expellers.
It has multiple uses & after the extraction of oil from the seeds, the oil cake left behindcan be used for Bio Gas production & is excellent organic manure, the bio mass of
Jatropha curcas enriches the soil & it can also be put to other uses.
Retains soil moisture & improve land capability & environment.
Jatropha adds to the capital stock of the farmers & the community, for sustainable
generation of income & employment.
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Country wise capacity ofthe BioDieselCountry wise capacity ofthe BioDiesel
plantsplantsTable 3Table 3
Country Number plants Total annual capacity
000 tons
Oils use
Austria 11 56.2 to 60 Used frying oil
Belgium 3 241
Canada 1
Czech republic 17 42.5 to 45 Used frying oil
Denmark 3 32
France 7 38.1
Germany 8 207
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Hungary 17 18.8
Ireland 9 5 Used frying oil
Italy 9 779 Sunflower oil
Nicaragua 1 Jatropha
Slovakia 10 50.5 to 51.5
Spain 1 0.5
Sweden 3 75
Switzerland 1 2
U.K 1
U.S.A 40 190 Used frying oil
Yugoslavia 2 5
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PRINCIPLE AND DETAILED OPERATION OFPRINCIPLE AND DETAILED OPERATION OF
BIODIESEL PRODUCTIONBIODIESEL PRODUCTION
Reaction raw materials:
1. Jatropha oil
2. Methanol (CH3OH)99%+Pure
3. Potassium hydroxide(must be dry)
Materials for Titration:
1. Isopropyl alcohol 99% + pure
2. Distilled water
3. Phenolphthalein solution (not more than a
year old, kept protected from strong light)
Chemical Reaction
(CnHn+2)COOH + CH3OH= H3C-OOC(CnHn+2) +
H2O
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STEPS INVOVLED IN EXTRCTIONSTEPS INVOVLED IN EXTRCTION
1. Filtering:
Filter the oil to remove solid particles. You may have to warm it up
a bit first to get it to run freely, 35 deg C should be enough.
2. Removing the water :
Heat the oil first to remove any water content. Waste oil will
probably contain water, which can slow down the reaction & cause
saponification( soap formation). The less water in the oil is better. Raise the
temperature to 100 deg C, hold it there & allow any water to boil off. Run
the agitator to avoid steam pockets forming below the oil & exploding,splashing hot oil.when boiling slows, raise the temperature to 130 deg C for
10 min. Remove heat & allow cooling.
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4. Basic titration:
Dissolve 1 gram of KOH in 1 liter of distilled or de-ionized
water (0.1% KOH solution). You can use phenolphthalein solution to get end
point, in a smaller beaker, dissolve 1 ml of dewatered oil in 10 ml of pureisopropyl alcohol. Warm the beaker gently by standing it in some hot water, stir
until all the oil dissolves in the alcohol and the mixture turns clear. Add 2 drops
of phenolphthalein solution. Using a burette, add 0.1% KOH solution drop by
drop to the oil alcohol phenolphthalein solution, stirring all the time, until the
solution stays pink for 10 seconds. This is the number of grams of KOH you will
need per liter of oil.
5. Preparing the potassium methoxide:
Generally the amount of methanol needed is 20% of the
jatropha oil by mass. The densities of these liquids are fairly close, so 20% of
methanol by volume should be about right. To be completely sure, measure out ahalf-liter of both fluids, weigh, & calculate exactly what 20% by mass is.
Different oils can have different densities depending on what type of oil is
originally was. The methanol is mixed in to a solution with the KOH, creating
potassium methoxide in an exothermic reaction. Keep all utensils the KOH
comes in contact with as dry as possible.
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6. Heating & Mixing:
Pre heat jatropha oil at 48-54 deg C & use a high speed propeller
coupled to an electric motor to work as a mixer. Adjust the speed of stirrer to get the
write effect of mixing & add the potassium methoxide to oil while stirring themixture. Stir the mixture for 50min-1 hr though the reaction will complete in 30 min.
The reaction will be better if we take longer duration Methyl esters will be separated
from the glycerin.
7.
Settling & Separation:Allow the solute to settle down for at least 8 hrs the Bio Diesel
(Methyl esters) will be floating on top while the denser glycerin will settle down at
the bottom of the container forming a hard gelatinous mass then care fully decant the
Bio Diesel. Alternatively you can drained by using transparent holes from bottom of
the container when glycerin gets solidified. If any Bio Diesel is left out the same can
be taken out easily. When once the glycerin is solidified.
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8. Glycerin :
It is a Bi product during a process of manufacturing Bio Diesel which gets
solidified below 38 deg C. Glycerin from fresh oil often remains liquid at a lower
temperatures. Reclaim glycerin is composted by allowing methanol can be removedfor reuse by condensing the vapors through a condensers. Glycerin is a bi-product
can be used for preparation of Medicines, Tinctures, Hand lotions, Wax e.t.c.
9. Soap residue :
The soapy residue suspended in a Bio Diesel due to the presence of Kpositive ions from the KOH can be removed by ensuring the dry contact surface for
potassium hydroxide.
10. Washing & Drying :
After the soap residue is removed the Bio Diesel can be stored for about 2
days to remove the left out soap residues to settle down before running the Bio
Diesel through a filtration system in to the vehicle fuel tank. Another method is
washing the Bio Diesel with any soap residue by using water for 2-3 times. Care
must be taken to had a small amount of dilute acetic acid before adding the water
which brings the PH value closer to the neutralization & drops out any suspended
KOH.
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COST ESTIMATION OF BIODIESELCOST ESTIMATION OF BIODIESELTABLETABLE
Cost (Rs) Assumption/Remarks
Cost of seed (Rs/Kg oil) 16.50 Seed Rs5/Kg. Oil yield 33% 3.28Kg seed for 1 Kg of oil
Cost of collection & oil
extraction
2.48 Losses 5% I.e, 1.05 Kg for 1Kg of
oil, extraction @ Rs.2.35/Kg
Transesterification cost 7.00 For 1000 ltr/day
Cost of BioDiesel 25.98
Less Byproduct(oil Cake) -2.50 2.5 Kg cake at a cost of Rs.1/Kg
Less Byproduct(Glycerol) -3.80 0,095 Kg at a cost of Rs40/Kg
Net cost of BioDiesel per Kg 19.68 As per our estimation
Net cost of BioDiesel per Ltr 16.73 Specific Gravity of oil is 0.85
Sale price of BioDiesel 20.00 Profit 12%(Rs2/ltr) transport
Rs.0.40/ltr & interest &
miscellaneous Rs 0.87/ltr
Cost of petroleum Diesel as
in crude oil stage
19.00 Excluding Excise/sales tax(based on
$65/barrel crude)
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COST OF PETROLEUM DIESELCOST OF PETROLEUM DIESELTABLETABLE
Cost element Cost/liter Remarks
Crude petroleum 24.00 CIF $ 65/BarrelCustoms duty 3.6 @15%
Ocean loss 0.276 @1%
Refinery transfer price 22.04Refinery & byproduct -0.45 Negative margins
Basic selling price 27.88
Road/Rail transport 0.45 Per liter
Ex-Depot price 28.33
VAT 3.25 @12%
Dealer commission 0.67 @600/KL & cess 70/KL
Selling price 30.78 @chennai
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COMPARISION STUDY OF BIODIESEL FROMCOMPARISION STUDY OF BIODIESEL FROM
VARIOUS SEEDS & PETROLEUM DIESEL INVARIOUS SEEDS & PETROLEUM DIESEL IN
SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE:SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE:
Sl.no Load on break drum(kg)
Dead wt spring load
Fuel
consumption
CC
Time taken for to
consume 10CC
Fuel
consumption
(Kg/hr)
Speed(rpm)
1. 1.25 0 10 67 0.936 1575
2. 4 1 10 51 1.244 1550
3. 7.5 2 10 40 1.587 1525
4. 9.85 4 10 34 1.867 1505
5. 13,35 4.5 10 27 2.357 1475
Economical speed test by using petroleum diesel:
Economical speed test by using diesel:
1. 1.25 0 10 72 0.962 1573
2. 4 1 10 55 1.344 1545
3. 7.5 2 10 42 1.617 1522
4. 9.85 4 10 32 1.767 1501
5. 13,35 4.5 10 30 2.157 1470
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CONNCLUSIONCONNCLUSION
BioDiesel has been manufactured successfully. The performance of the
engine is better with the Bio Diesel compare with petroleum Diesel. It
gives better better lubricating property and it emits very low quantity
of carbon dioxide. It does not create any air pollution compare withpetroleum Diesel.
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