FYEPF

P[NNICZFZTCKOGXPBKOF\GTKOCPECZ,GFRFBIEPFOPXB

PYGOK[GCCMNJGC,F\IKNRHMZCBIKGFBGPNNKO,BPROMCZRT\Y

PFOFZCFTE[NBKETPYGOFPXBO.PFT[FF\IKNNXTGYCYGN

DEGNGN\YGTC[GVZ,BGNKK[PTGICKZKGFZTCKOGFBGPNNKOB\YGNG

GK\YZCGBNKGGKCGBGD"MNK[GCFFGBFPNBPMNJGC.

MQFECZ[NVRKRG,FRF\TKRGCPECZFRGZBKIETOMNFBRG[G\

GT\FPXBRGBGXZDEGNFPNBPMNJGCEFKKRGFSVZKYCNF[CBGXZ,

[P[CKTKORV[KRGF[GYYG\GPPNBBG\RGE[QGRI\G[CTRGGFG\ZRG,

BNBHMZGQFICKZKO[NRG[R[BZGCPECZFRGZBBGCEKTXG\,BPRO

FPZIYZCCKRKRGGBKQFECZKOR[PTKOCKRG\KRG,GNVKMLTZMRGB\

F[GVZFHFN\YGTCYGNG\BGNKK[PTGBIKRGGK\YZCGBNKRGGKFKG

PBG[ZKOMPG\KRG.

ETGBIKRGC[ZKRG,MKIMP\FYCNFMNTYZFFGBFKEKTG\BKL

R[\N[NFTGNOPPZGODCFFF[PKPKTECKB\FN[VNG\KRG.GFPXKBG\

FHFFKFPGMZIP[GO["SGUPT[FCPI[CF\IKNF"GPI[C\G

K\’VGTN\\KMUMKBKRGXZKLNMNKPT[FMPG\KRG,GNVKMLKXBRG

P\IKNFCB"SC"F1

TOMNF[NPG\GP[OTENTGNOFHF{GNVKML

YNPBENPXGBMNF\KYGRKOFT\KEKONCBP\GLFTGNPG\F[NPKO

[YEPGNRG.

GP\GLHFBRGKGETKOFBKLN\YQEZMKRGPMBQGNFCBMPGPTN\

FBEOTNFCFPF,["ZGIFCFPFKGZENPJF",MNGPZ[BKRGZGBK\

BNBPPRFGFNBFGBKQNF[MNGCKRFNZBG\PFTCZTNKGMEKN\YQ

FT\KE,RGSUTNKFFBEO["ZGIFBEOTGNFNPTNF",MNGPZNFTCZ,

297

1B"SC"F:BKQ=SGUCZGLFGB.

GPS\MNCFTCZMPGBEOFPS\MNCPZBFGZGBFN\YQB\VDPKG,MQ

F[MNZGBFCFTCZTNKGGP\YQB\EZMKGTNPMBQGNFCB.

GNVKMLBKQF\V\IG\NPKQFCFPFGTEKKQTGPEKOTNBG\GFPYGO

[RCZBG,P[GO[BKQNFOFPZBFNFCKQP\GMFBKLN\YQFEZMKO

GNF\V\INBJNBJMPGFBEO.GFBEOFGNLGP\V\IKGOKGOTE

[PTN\GPGCJI\GPGZD[\[TGETNFVNBRTJTQ2

FTNKGRKOKZMC.

GMNHFBPGZCEZMKFJCTKO[PIGWPPRGEFKKRGFJCT[CFPXKBG\

[CSCKC\KRG,EFKKRGPHGRG\KRGGTKRKRKFIKXGRKO,[TNHFPGTKN

CFS\VYG\DPGZF[MNFJCTK.

P[B"MCVRKPKG\KRGGTXPKRG,FDO[BRGP\V\IKONPYX\BCNBRG

P\V\IKOGP[\CIKOPIP\EIKVG\PBIGZKRG)GKH=B=JTZDB(T"K

KSGZKQG[VKMG\EPKO.GFGBPJTO[BKQNRG[GO\ICGNFNF[KDPZBF

NZBG\CVRKPKG\FBEO[FKGCFEGZG\[TCZG,GBX"NCVRKPKG\FRV[G\

GFTGNPG\BKL[R[\N[NGGCBGNIGZCQRGZBMFKGO[NBKFKGNRG

CJGIG\CIKKRG,GRFKFPGMRKOGTGPEKONJCIGPK\G\P[GRG\C[RKO

FYZGCG\,TE[FMNPGEKO[BKQNFO[GOTXFNPRGTHF.

G\EPGNTXPMONP[N,BOFKG’3

\PXBGBKHFSVZFSJGZK[FKF

PXKKZNMOB\FEGZG\FBIZGRKO[KFKFBIZT[Z\BNVKO[RF,MK

MPG[BRGGB\OPZDK[KOCJIKSVKYFNYI[NFKSGZKOGF[IKJG\

[KIHKZBG\ONPGJCCSEZKOJGCKO.

GBR[KOBNG,FZKNVRKFOSEZKOJGCKOFP[P[KONFONFSVKYFCJIF

GF[BRRG\NMNFVIG\NFCJKIB\IKKFOFKGPKGPK\CF[YJG[NGF.

GCNKSVY,BOFKFBKHFIMO[FPXKBNRGB\FSVZFHFPIMP\

FPEKRG\GPEZMKFKIKE,BHFKGFPRFKDKO[NRGKPXBGMNF\ZGVFBKL

NSEZB\FIKKOMPG\OG"BKQKGXB\GBKQXGIFCZIGCG\KRG",4

GP\CJNKO

FKGF[IKJG\GFKSGZKQFRGZBKOGFMNTNPYGPGKCGBC[NGO.

T\FZCG\K,FZKNVRKMOTZGLGPGJNCBZGQHFFSVZ[CGM\GC

GPVGZ[MNIMP\FPEKRG\GMNSEZKFKIKEGFXCGZB[ZKFKGCSGU

FKPKOEFKKRGFSVZKYCNF,5

[CGPSGEZKOFTGNPG\FP\GYRKO[KXBG

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 298

2FVNRJG\.

3FKGO.

4\FNKOYPE,KE.

5CM\CFKE,CXEFJYSJFP\IKNMBQ,FGVKTFMK\GC:"FOF[NKPG\YGEO

NCN\K[NKPG\".

TOF[NKPG\,MR"N[PF[K"\KGXBF[NKPG\CZB[GRFBI"MBRG

P\YRKOBG\OGCBKON[NKPG\FPGRIGYKKOCTGNOFTNKGQFKGXB

PB"SC"FCEZL"SGUPT[F{CPI[CF\IKNF".GPJTO[PF[NO

NBRP[L\KMUCN\K[NOBNBCEZLFEZDFGBKQFTEZCZGIRK,GT"M

R[BZKOMGNOYKKPKOGPXGKKZKOCMNEPGKKOGXNPOCMNNG\GVZJG\

CIMP\FYCNF.

V\IGFSVZKOFNNGG\PXBGMNSEZKOFJGCKO[K\DNGCBIZK\

FKPKO,GP\GMO\YCNGFNYIFJGCBKLNSEZFECZKODOFKGOMEZMKMO

CTKRKRKFTGF"H,[BV[ZNNPGEB\FSJGZKFFTGCZ\GPPRFBRGP\YRKO

B\FSJGZKFFCBF.

YZKBFNCRKSDGNFNNPGEYCNF

GBRMKFMG\CPMKZPTJB\TXPKGPYGPK[BKRRKPFPXGKKRKOCKG\Z

[CPKQFBEO,GBOBEOMPGRKFKGOKDTGPXBMNHFCFSVZKOFDRGHKO

CBZGRG\[NRGFZKY"G6

CQCRG[NY"G[BOKIKEKSDGNF[CEGZK\DKTG

CFSVZKOFBNF,MPFPFBG[ZGFJGCPGMQNFOGNMNFTGNOMGNG.

YGNK[C[GVZNPFCB?

GMNHF[P\KBNNCKTE[BKRRKKMGNNF\BVYTGE,GFGSMOBXNKNDNG\

PFFS\MNG\KGPPF[PXB\KM\GCCSVZKOFFOMEKEZMKF\KYGQ

FT\KEFPGINJNRG,GBXBGBYZBNCRKFTGNOC[GVZFHFB[ZNVK

ET\KGFTZM\KKSVKYNYCWB\MNCRKSDGNF[K\IKNGNNPGEGNFDG\

CFSVZKO,GKMZKTGB\TXPOGB\MNFTGNOMGNONMUHMG\.

FYEPF299

6Y"G:YNGIGPZ.

CTNFSGNO,"M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ"

INYB

FCSKSNMNCKBGZK,FGBFZXGQNYCNFPGJCTCMNRCZB,GFGB[KRGK

XGZFPFCGZB,GT"MRVZEFPPRGFR[PFMBCZFRVZEPDGU,MK[KRGK

XGZFCZGIRK\FGBMPGDZHQPVZKECD[PKG\.

GPMBQCZGZPFF’ZGXFPB\RG,FGBF[GB\FXGZF,[BHBRGIGHZKO

GRECYKOCGMPJZO[RCZB.

GH"["FECYCPEG\KG,PFFGBZIGO"GMG’,EFKKRG[R[RFFPEG\

[NRG[FGBFZXGQNYCN,GNYI\FPEG\[NFCGZB[FGBZYNF[VKT.

CB‘VQ[MNPT[RGKFKFZYNF[VKTNHGN\RGGNFGTKNNFOCMNKMGN\RG,

GCHFBRIRGCBKONFPJZFNFECYCG[FGBF[GB\FXGZF.

GPF[BEOTG[FNXZMKTXPGCFMZI,EFKKRGC[KTGZPKRKPGO

FPGMZINYKGPGGNYKGOP[VI\G,HFBKRGRI[CN[KRGKXGZF,MK

FFMZINBKDGRFGNBK[GCI.

GHFGFDKNGKFDEGN[NBK\DNFCMN[NPG\GBNBCKPG\FP[KI,

GMB[ZKYCNGFNPGEFHFBHRHMFNDBGNFF[NPF.

GMCZECZ\KPHF,[K[C’EZMKONDKNGKF[NPG\,BGEZL\GZFBGEZL

KSGZKQ,GNVKMLSKCCFYC"FGR\QB\FJTMRKYBNCRKBEOTE[PXBG

FVXXF[NBJOG[NPKPGQ,7

[BOTGENBCZGZNTGNOFIGZCQFMNNK

[FOT\KEKONFCKBNTGNO,KIMGTENPNIPG\TGNO[NK[K\BG

ZCKTK\I"G,GBHKT[GFVXXG\B\[NFO,GF[BZK\[K[BZGBIZ

FIGZCQ,NBKFKFNFOTXFBIZ\BNBNYI\TNTXPOTCGEFFHG{[FQ

KIKEGFQBGPFNBKTCGEGC[CKNTXPOKG\ZPPF[XZKMKONYKGPO

FFMZIKG[BZMNPT[KFOKFKGNJGC\HGN\O.GBOMNBGPG\FTGNO

301

7PKPQ.

KSMKPGNHF,BHK\CJNGFPNIPG\PQFTGNO,[FZKMNBK[NBKEBD

MNNNJGC\TXPOBNBNJGC\HGN\O,GBKQPYGONHGN\O.

G\GZFHG[NF[GB\FXGZFFKB\GZ\G[NP[KI.GTNHFRBPZ:8

"GFKFCBIZK\FKPKOGDG’GFNMGDGKOZCKOGBPZGNMGGRTNFGDG’MK

PXKGQ\XB\GZFGDG’G[VJCKQTPKOZCKO",EFKKRG[FP[KIKNPE

BG\OTCGE\F’CF[GB\FXGZF,[FGB\GZFGP[VJ[NFP[KI

"GFGMIFNDGKOTXGPKO",EFKKRG[KGMKINFO[BONBKYCNGTNKFO

TCGE\F’,KK[PEGMNFDGKOT"KFPNIPG\GBOKYCNG\GZ\G,RBPZBH

"GM\\GIZCG\KFONB\KO"GDG’.

GBO\NMGCEZL\GZFG\YCNGF\CNKQPGJC,GBONBG\NMGCEZL

KSGZKO,EFKKRG[K\DNGFPNIPG\[NVXXG\BJGOGPKPQCTGNOGBH

KIV[GMNBGPG\FTGNOTXFBKLNFPNJPPNIPG\,GKCGBGBNFP[KI

NKZG[NKOGFGBKNPEBG\OB\F\GZFFHB\.

*JZORDTKCTRKQBYEKOFYEPFYXZFCPEG\CRKBEO.GBGPZMKCRK

FBEOP\INYKOTNC’SGDKO:BDBKSJKOGBNJZGBKSJKO.BDBKSJKO

VKZG[G,[MNPF[FOTG[KOFGBN\GTN\TXPO.GBOTG[KOVTO

N\GTN\HGN\OFOXZKMKO[KDKTNFO\PGZFP[\NP\KVFTNTCGE\O,

BOMSUBGMCGEGMEGPF.BNJZGBKSJKOVKZG[G,[PYZKCKOMNKPKFO

N\GTN\HGN\OCNK[GO\PGZF,BNB[PHRKIKO\PKEXZMKFOTXPOMEK

NTHGZNHGN\O.GNBTGE,BNB[K[PFO,[PGSZKORV[OGPBGEO

N\GTN\HGN\O,MPG[PXKRGCP\RECKONXB\NPNIPFN\GTN\CRK

BGP\O.GDOPXKRGBNJZGBKSJKOKG\ZMGNNKO,EFKKRGFPGSZKORV[O

GPBGEOMEKNTHGZNRI[NKO[NMNBGPG\FTGNO,MPGFYBPGRKSJKO,

FNGIPKON\GTN\PEGMBKMNBGPG\FTGNO,GPGMRKON[NOCTEHF

CIKKFOGCPBGEO.

GFRFFBDBKHOPGRICJCTMNBEO,MPGCMNCTNKIKKO.BCN

FBNJZGBKHOFGBMRDEFJCT[NCRKBEO.GTOMNHFPIGRRKOKIKEK

SDGNFCJCTFHF,[BRKPMRFBG\OBKEKBNKSJKO.BCNMNPEKRFBG

ICZFFKBZGCFMMGNFPCRKC[ZGEOV[GJKO,EFKKRGBDBKSJKO.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 302

8PKMFE,B=E.

GPGTJKOFOKGXBKOPQFMNNNFKG\BNJZGBKSJKO,NMNFKG\Z,KFKG

T[ZFBIGHKOPQFICZF.

GT\FBECZNTRKQ.MKPJTOFBPGZ,[FBNJZGBKSJKOPGTJKOFO

CMNICZF,NVKMLFYBPGRKSJKOFZB[GRKO[FKGNVRKHPRG[NYBZN

PZYS,NBFXNKIGCPT[KFO,[\\V[JFYBPGRKHOCTGNO,MV\DO

FTGNO,[XVGZBI\NBTG[FYKW.GNBTGEBNB[FKGPFO[KKSEG

BVKNGPG[CKO[K\GVKKO,TNEZLFYKCGXKO[CBZXRG,GNBFXNKIG

CFO,MKNBKMNGNF\YKKOGNFIHKYPTPE.GFKFHF,PJTO,MKDOCRK

FICZFF[K\GVK\XZKMKOMGNONFKG\BKEKBNKSJKOBNJZGBKSJKO,

MPGFPKSEKOTXPO.GMKGQ[\[TKOBIGHKOPMNICZF,BVKNGPICZF

FPVG\I\CKG\Z,FOBDBKSJKO,TNMQNBKMNGNTPGECSEZKFICZF

F[K\GVK\,[FKBCJCTFZYBNJZGBKSJK\.

GRP[LHFTEHPQYZNPZYS,[FPXKBG\MRK\PGXNI\PBE

NF\V[JG\FYBPGRKHO,EFKKRGN[\GUFPEGMBKOTXPOCPNIP\

FYGPGRKHO,[KNIPGTPFOCKIETOP[JZFYBVTJTNKSJKFCGZDRK,

GP\GL[FPEGMBKOPTGRKRKOCPNIPFHGZYNJGC\TXPO,EFKKRGZY

PJTPKOBDBKSJKKO,YCNGPKEB\F\MRK\PFO,GFYBPGRKHOR\V[J

P[GOHFCMN[MCG\FRI[NKOGFPEGMBKO.GP\GL[FRI[NKOFOZGC

FICZFBKQVNB[FYBPGRKHOFXNKIMFKGONFYKU[NK[FTGNO.

BCNHGGDHF[NFY’FBNJZGBKSJKOTOFVZGNJZKGQ9

FBDBKSJKO

BT"V[FKFPGXNIPBENFVKNP[JZFZMG[RKF[RGBTN[RKFO,TO

MNHF,BKQFHGGDTGNFKVFMNNNYKKOP[JZ[\GVKTOINGYFXGEY\,

GFGBPJTOV[GJPBE,MKBKQBEOTG[FBKHF\RGTF,BNBBOMQ,

[K[NGBKHFPJZF[FKB,FPIKKC\GNT[G\\RGTFFFKB,B[ZBG\F

FPJZFP[P[\NGNMIEGIUNT[KK\F\RGTF,MPGENYFP[P[MI

EGIUNPMGRF.

NP[N,BKQBEOPRKTKEGPPYGONPYGOBNBPJTO[IG[C[CPYGO

F[RKKFKFKG\ZRGINGNFRKI[OB\KEG,GFPJZFFHB\,[PCY[PYGO

RGIKG\ZC[CKNKEG,FKBFIPZENY,FEGIUB\KEGPPYGOHFNPYGO

FFGB.GBKQXZKLNGPZFVGTNFTGCEMNFKGO,[FGBPIGKCNIPZENY

N\RGTG\KGFY[G\[FGBTG[FGFKBF\PGZF[PYCNCTETCGE\G,

INYB303

9NFNQMPFFDEZG\NPGRI"VZGNKJZKGQ":PTPEFVGTNKO,XKCGZF[MKZKO,

BR[KFTPN,PTPEFTGCEKO.

[F\PGZF[PYCN,FGBFIPZENYFEGIUBG\GNTCGE\GFY[F.CB‘VQ

[BONBK\RGNG\PGZFCTETCGE\G,BG[BKQNGXGZLNBG\GF\PGZF,

NBKGMNNTCGE,MKKFKFMPGPMGRF[NBR\RGCFIPZENY,[BKQV\K

CTGNO,[KI[GC[FPMGRF\HGHPPYGPF.

NVKMLCP[JZYGPGRKSJKPGCFY,[FVGTNKGET[NBKGSKVGNGBO

KTCGEKG\Z,GNBKDZTGPPRGBOKTCEVIG\,GPMN[MQNVKFSKSPB

FPG[NP\,"[MNBIEKTCGEMVKMIGGKYCNMVKXZMKG",RPXB[BKQ

NGNVGTN[GO\PGZFCTEIZKXG\GFK\ZFGBKQNGVIEMNNPVRK

F\Z[NG\[NG,BHBKQNGIPZENY[KEIGUBG\GNTCGEF,GBHKZE

VZKGQTCGE\O[NFVGTNKOTENBVS,GTE[KIZKCGB\FP[JZMGNG.

G[GOIKRGL[CTGNONBKGTKNNFVGLJCTFBEO,[KGMNNTCGECNK

IPZENY,EFKKRGCNK\PGZF.FKGXBPMNNFHFFGBFBKEKBNKSJ

FBNJZGBKSJPNKEF,[C[CKNGF\PGZFFKG\ZKVFFKB,JGC\HGN\G,

[IPZENYFBNJZGBKSJKFHFPSVKYNGNDPZKNMITCGEF,MPG

F\PGZFFBDBKSJK\NMNCRKFBEO.BMQBKEKBNKSJKOFOPGTJKO,

GPSVZOBKRGPSVKY[FICZF\\CSSTNKFO.GFRLZGBF[YGPGRKHO

GBNJZGBKHOFKKRGFL.

GKGETBRMK,[K[TXG\NFMZKIB\FTGCEKO[K[NKPGINYTCGE\O,

[KJKNGTNKFOFPVYIKO.EFKKRGT"KBG\OFPRFDKOFRGFDKOCP[JZ

FZMG[RK,[MNBIEKYCN[MZGNVKVZKGQTCGE\G.GTGERGSUTNHF,

NFJKNTGR[KOY[KOGPZKOTNFP\Z[NKO,MRGFDCBZXG\FSGCKTJKO.

BPROBKQHFYGPGRKHOMNN,GBKQXZKLNGPZ,[BKQHFFDQTEQFPYGF

PP[JZFYGPGRKSJK,[KFKFMEBKNPSGZB\FRV[C[CKNG.GBEZCB

[P[JZMHF,FGBDZGTNBKQTZLKG\ZGKG\ZPP[JZFZMG[RK,

PJTPKOPGCFYKOMPG[BZBFNFNQ.

GBOTNMNVRKOFKFP[JZFMVKFFHFCCIKR\[NCBNY’

FPG[NP\,TGEFKFBV[ZNYCNGGNSCGNBG\G,BCNBKRGMQ,MK[GO

IKRGL[CTGNONB\FVGLB\JCTFBEOPQBDBKHONBNJZGBKHO,

GNVKMLP[JZFMVKFFRGFDCSGCKTJKOFGBP[JZRXIK[BKQN[RG\G

NTGNO.GP\K[KZXGN[RG\GNP[JZ[K\GVKBPK\K,KBHNFIPZENYPQ

FTGCEKO,GNBKMNGNTCGE,GKIZKCGB\FP[JZ.FZK[BDBKSJKOGBRJK

YGPGRKSJKOFKKRGFL.GFOHFG\.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 304

GNBTGE,BNB[P[JZYGPGRKSJKCEZLMVKF,BKRGCQYKKPBNDPZK,

MKBKQHMG\YKGONP[JZFRSPLTNMEGRKOCNCE,GSGUSGUKYGPGFZGC

XCGZTNKGGKCJNGFG.GNBNTGNOKMNGT[ZFFBIGHKOFBKEKBNKSJKO,

N[NGJTN\[TKOFBIGHKOFBDBKSJKOGBRJKYGPGRKSJKO,TNEZL

[BRGPGXBKOCSGCKTJKOGPEKRG\FPHZI.

GTGEKG\ZPHF,[BVKNGBG\GFYGPWFBKEKBNKSJKOFYGPGRKSJKO

FTGPEKOFKGOCPEKRG\FBNGCZB[FFRFNF,BKROPGCJIKO[K[BZG

MQNEGZG\,MKBKEKBNKOBKROPGZK[KONCRKFO,GBT"V[FBCG\FO

BKEKBNKSJKOBKQ[GOCJIGQ[FCRKOKP[KMGBIZKFO.GB"MPBKQNRG

FCJIGQ,[FRFNG\[NEGZF[RKBGF[NK[K\FKKRFCKEYGPGRKSJKO

BKEKBNKSJKOMPGFKGO.GBGNK\BPZ[ZGCFXCGZKCIZBG\O\PKE

PCKQFXCGZ,HFJTG\DEGN,MKBKQZGCFXCGZFBDBKSJKCGIZBNBB\

FYZGCKONZGIOGNBB\FP\RDEKOBNKFO.GFMNKGETKO[DOFRFNG\

[NFKGO,BKRORCIZKFXCGZMNN.GB"MPKK[PGZ,[RCIZKFXCGZKFKG

\PKEFBKEKBNKSJKO[CXCGZ?GC[TF[FBDBKSJKOKDKTGN[NJGQ,

CNKSVY[KCJNG\KMUFP[JZFHF,BGTNMNVRKOKFVMGFGNPKQ

RXKBRBNYGPGRKSJKO,GFTZTQVTNYTZ10

.

GFRFMNHF[BPZ\KFGBNVKF[YV\KTXPK,EFKKRGMPG[FGMI\K

[YGPGRKHOGBNJZGBKHOFKKRGFLGMQBDBKHOGBRJKYBPGRKHOFKKRGFL.

BCNBO\[BNNYBPGRKSJKOTXPO,KMIK[GNLHB\CMN\GYU,MKKBPZG,

NFKVL"BRGZIGYKOPMNPGSZFCGZDRK,GBKQNRGMNSTRJKPRJBNKG\

BNBZYFXEYBRGPCY[KO,[NBKRXNGBK[B\ZTFG".EFKKRGTNEZL

FPEF"[NK[NKG[NL[NL".[FGBCBP\PE\FBDBKSJKO.GNVKML

K[NKNFS\MNTNVRKFECZKONVK\VK[\OFO,GRCYZB\FXEYFHF

[FPFPCY[KO,GPGSZKORV[OTNKG.

ZB[K\,NVKF\V\IG\FP[JZKOFYGPGRKSJKO,BRKPGXB,[BG\O

FDEZKO"CGZDRKO"G"VZGNKJZKGQ",MCZBKROPSVKYKONCBZFFSJGZKB

FMNMNK\GBRGXZKMKONDEZKOKG\ZMGNNKO.GKG\ZRMGQNINYB\

FICZFNPTPE[NIZGXKOGNPTPE[NRI[NKO,B[ZCP[JZK

FCGZDRKO:F"IZGXKO"FOFYBVTJTNKSJKOGFCKRGRKO,GF"RI[NKO"

FOFTGCEKOFTPNKOC[CKNO.GCP[JZKFYGPGRKSJKO:F"IZGXKO"

FOFPRFNKOGFPVYIKO,GFBKRJNKDTRXKB,GF"RI[NKO"FOFTGCEKO

INYB305

10TPKO[NBEGRKO.

FTPNKOC[CKNO.GZGCMNICZF\PKEFOFRI[NKO,GFIZGXKONB

KDKTGN[N[KOBIGHKOPFICZF.GIGYJCTKFGB,[PTPEFIZGXKO

KRXNGCMNPE\KMN\OB\PTPEFRI[NKO,MPGEDKO[CKO,[FIHY

CGNTB\FIN[.

GBKQFVZ[CHFBOFIZGXKOFOFYBVTJTNKSJKOGFSGIZKO,

MPGCP[JZFCGZDRK,BGBOFIZGXKOFOFPRFNKOGFPVYIKO

GFBKRJNKDTRXKBGFPINYKO,MPGCP[JZFYGPGRKSJK.MKSGUSGU

FIZGXKOKRXNGB\FRI[NKOFTPNKO,MVKPE\KMGN\O,GNBKIGSG

TNKFOMNN,FIZGXKOK[BCG\PKEB\F[PR\GIPBF,GPKFINC

FMIG[KOK[BKZGNFTGCEKOFTPNKO.ZYF[BNFFKB,PFR[BZ

NFTPNKOBIZFRKXGNFBMHZK[FIZGXKOPRXNKOBG\O,GMPF[KTGZ

F[TCGE[FIZGXKOPJKNKOTNKFO.GMPFIGV[GIKZG\BRG[KFIZGXKO

PZ[KONFO.GZYNVK[KTGZF[KZKOFNNG[FIZGXKOPRKIKO

NFRI[NKO,K[NRGNCBZMNP[JZ,GNFCEKNCKQP[JZNP[JZ,GNCIGZ

BKHFP[JZTEKU.

GRHMKZ[GCPF[BPZRG[FBEOBKRGKMGNNTCGECNKBKHF\PGZF,

[FGBBNKGMPGIPZENYNPMGRF.GCP[JZYBPGRKSJKCN\K

BNJZGBKSJK,PGMZIKON\\NVGTNKO[MZCTETCGE\OGTGR[KO

IPGZKOCTEF\Z[NG\O.BPROXZKMKONPVYIKOPZGCKO[K[PZG

TNKFO,MKCBKQF[DIFMZBGKNBKSVKYG,MPGCQ,F[MZGFTGR[KO

MNGO,BCN,NTPGETNBR[KOGNKSZOGNKDTO,BKQNLTCGEFY[F

MHB\,MKBKQ[GOBEOZGXFNFKG\\NKKQ.GNVKMLBVKNGBOPTPKEKO

PVYIKO,GPPGRKOTNFPVYIKO,GTGEPPGRKODCGFKO[GPZKOTNKFO,

MGNOKIEKHRKIGB\F[DI\O,GNBKKSZGGNBKTCKEGB\FVGTNKO

MZBGKNVKFXGZL.

GBKQTXFNHFBNBNFZCG\FIPZENYBNFVYKEKOC[KTGZMHF

[KSVKYCTETCGEFY[FMHF,EFKKRGTCGE\\NKKQ.MNGPZ,N\\NFO

[MZVKMPFTNVGTNFV[GJ.GNVKMLBN\\PFBOP[NPKOCZGSKB

NVYKEKOPVKT[ZFTEVKIP[KOKG\ZP[MZVGTNV[GJ.MKKDKT\O

DEGNFKG\ZPVGTNFV[GJPVKT[ZFTEVKIP[KO,GBONBK\RGNFO

\PGZFPSVY\FOPGMZIKONFHRKIF[DI\O,GFPEKRF\IZC.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 306

GT\FXBG\I[GCCPJCT[NBZXRG.GRBPZNP[N,[[MZVGTN

V[GJFGBPBFN"KNIGE[.RPXB[FVYKEKOFRPGMKOCKG\ZKYCNG

BNUN"KNIE[EFKKRGVKT[ZF,GRPXB[CP[L[RFKXCGZK"CBNU

N"KGCP[LT[ZF[RKOPBFGT[ZKOBNUN"K.GBORDZTT[ZFBIGHKO

PHFNMNMN\G,K[BZNGPBFG[PGRFBNUN"K.GMRZBF[K[NI[CG

NYBVTJTNKSJPMGCE.GPMN[MQFVYKEKOFDCGFKO.CB‘VQ[CBKHF

T[ZG\[RKOK\FVMGFVYKEKONFKG\NPKNKGRTZKO,CNK[GOSKMGQ,BNB

K[ZPRKXGNFTPNKO.GHFG[BPZ\K,[NVKFRSKGQ[NFKGO,BKQNINY

FICZFTGENCGZDRKOGNVZGNJZKGQ,BNBNIZGXKOGRI[NKO.

GBGNK\BPZ[MNHFFGBZY[NCBNFYGPGRKHOFPGCFY,EFKKRG

[T"KIKRGLGET\FXCGZKIRMGB\FFPGRKOTE["MNBK[KTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG"GNBKFKGXZKMKOPVYIKOGP[DKIKO.HFFGB

JTG\DEGN.MKFSKSPBFHB\[MNBIEKTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG,

FGBSKSPBBNJZGBKSJK\PGCFY\.GCMNFECZKO,[MNBIEKGMN

NTCGENJGC\FICZFCNKIPZENY,BKRFEZLJCTK\MNN,BNBBOMQ

FBNJZGBKHO\FKFFSCFGFIPZENYNTCGE\G,MPG[FGMI\K.

GNVK"HBKQNYGG\N[GO[KRGKNJGCF,BNBBEZCF,[K[NI[G[

[BG\GYGPWFYBPGRKSJKOFBKEKBNKSJKOFTGPEKOFKGOCZB[

FFRFDF,NBKGZK[GFRFN\ONBKEKBNKSJKOBIZKO,MKNBJNBJK\DCZ

MIFTOFBDBKSJK,GKCIZGFRFNFTNKGRFNVKZGIOFBDBKSJK.GBH

KIHKZG[KJ\FYBVTJNKHO.GNMNFVIG\,KFVMGFYGPGRKHONPKQ

RBXKGRBNYGPGRKHO,GFTZTQVBNY,11

MPG[T[FFKJNZKP"[.MKNB

\FKFNFOSKCF[\PRTBG\OPNRXNTPKOBIZKONFRB\O,BOKFKF

NFOMI.

GBGNK\BPZ[T"KIKRGLGET\FXCGZBV[ZNFVLJCTFFPGQ

GNT[G\OBNJZGBKSJKO.HFDOJTG\DEGN,MKFIKRGLBKRGPSGDNNT[G\

KG\ZPET\FXCGZ,EFKKRG[ET\FXCGZ\MCEB\FBNJZGBKSJKOG\CHF

B\FBDBKSJKO,GMNHPQ[ET\FXCGZ\TPGEG\[PGZTNFBNJZGBKHO

CBPXTKFMCGEGFCHKGQ,KGTKNFIKRGL.BCNBOKCBHPQ,GBKHFRGBO

PRGSFGPGXNIKRBGOKGOKGONFKVLPET\FXCGZ,CNKSVY[KGMNN[RG\

ET\FXCGZMVKZXGRG.

INYB307

11TOBEGRKO.

GMCZK[NRGRSKGQPZMHFCFKSJGZKB,BKLBG\GZ[TKP"[,FVLTO

PIGRLFKJCMPGFDZPRKO,GT[FBG\ONIKG\JZU,T"KEZ[G\KGKGO

KGO.B[ZBHVYTGRTNOMPG[NVGIK\CGZK\,MNIKRGMOPMPFPBG\

[RKO.GFKFHF,PVRK[R[\RFET\FXCGZ,GBKQTGENIKRGLTNPF

NSPGL.MKBKQFIKRGLKMGNNF\YKKOCNK\PKMF[NET\FXCGZ.

FZKNTKRKLCTNKN[BKQ[GOSKMGKN[RG\P[JZFMVKFFHF,GBKQ

[GO\YGGF[FFPGQKDKTVTO,NYGPGRKHOFBPK\KNVKFSKSPB,MN

BIEKTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG,BNBFTPNKOPGMZIKONF[BZ

NRXI\I\[CJFRGZB[NFPRFNKOGFPVYIKO,GFPRFNKOGFPVYIKO

KPGXXG\PKEB\EOFTPNKOTNEZLFYBVKJNKSJKOFCGZDRKOBONB

DZGTFZCFKG\ZPFO.[FZKCP[JZFMVKF[NFYGPGRKSJKO,BKQNFO

NTPNKOBVKNGHMG\[CK\F,GFIZCGFZTC\NGKKOTNZB[O\PKE

MRGETPQFRSKGQFSGCKTJK.GBOKCJNGVTOP[JZFMVKFBKQSVY

[\KMU\FZSFICZF,MKBHKBHNIPZFENYPQFTGCEKO.

GFRF...BGPZKO,[CP[JZYBPGRKSJK,MEBKNVZGNJZKGQNSCGN,PVRK

[SGCNKOC[CKNTXPO,MKFOFCTNKO[NMNFTGEVKOGFZMG[GBPXTK

FKXGZ,G[GOBK[NBKRXNBG\O.P[B"MCP[JZCGZDRK,BKQNFOBNB

NIOIGYONCEGMNFTGEVKOKYCNGNFOFYBVTJBNKSJKO.GPFRBG\

PNG\FNNGNVK[JIKG\O.BMQ,BOK[CECZKOBNGYGZJGC[NBP\,

KFKGFECZKOBPGZKOMNVKFIZGXKO,[FOFVYKEKOGFPRFNKO,[CNBG

FMKMNFRBF[CP[JZFMVKF,[NFOFGB,BCNFOPNG\RCGCG\NDPZK

MNVKFVZGNJZKGQ,MNGPZMNVKFRI[NKOFTPNKO.

RYINP[NFPSNG\CZHN[NRG,[FGBZMG[FPEKRF,EFKKRG

[FCTNG\TNPSN\FCZHNFGB[NMNBHZIKFPEKRF.BRK[GBN,FBO

PZDK[BKHFBHZIPB\RGB\HMG\FCTNG\[NGTNPSN\FCZHN?GBO

K[NGP[FGJGC\FRBFKG\ZM[RGSTCPSN\CZHNPGNBP\,PNRSGT

TNPSN\FCZHNYBVTJBNKSJKVZJK.BGRYINP[NCTNG\VZGNKJZKGQ

JFGZ,MPGF"SGNNCGRF"GMG’[FGB\I\CTNG\[NFVGTNKOCNCE.

FBOK[NVGTNKOFTGCEKOCZMG[[NFOJGC\FRBFK\ZFPM[FO

TGCEKOCZMG[YVKJNKSJKHZ.GBRKIG[[[FTGCEBXNYCNQHZ,FZCF

KG\ZPZDK[TXPGMCCK\,PPK[TGCECSGNNCGRF,BT"V[K[NG

MCKMGNCTNG\TNKF.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 308

GZYNYGPWFPRFNKO,NFOMNFCTNG\,GFOTG[KOTOZMG[FNBGPK

FHFMJGCCTKRKFO,GBKQZ[G\BVKNGN[GOBHZIVZJKN[BGNBG\O

"PF\T[GGPF\VTNG",MLBKQFVZGNKJBZKGQPZDK[KO[GOFRBFMN

[FGBPMNZMG[FPEKRFGBPXTKFKXGZ[FGB\I\KEKFPRFNKO

GFVYKEKOFRGD[KOBG\O\PKE,GP[VKNKOBG\OMTVZFBZW.GB"MPFG

FTGEU[K[NFOCP[JZFMVKFFYGPGRKSJK,KG\ZPNIOIGYO?

BKRKPYRBMNNB\FVZGNKJBZKGQFRPXBKOG[KPXBGCP[JZFMVKF

FYBPGRKSJK\I\TGNOFY[F[NFVYKEKOGFPVYIKO,MKKGMNG

NTRG\OCSCNKFOCMNPKRKBMHZKG\CNK[GOCG[FPET\FXCGZ

GFTGNO,[FZKMNBPXTKFVZSGOFGBCKEKFO[NFVYKEKO.GNBKFKF

[GOBV[ZG\NPK,[KDNFPT[KFOFZTKOCZCKO.GRGSUTNHF,MN

BIEGBIEKFKFMCGN\I\KEKFO,[NBKGMNNXB\PPEKRFNPEKRF

GNBKGMNNFPNJPFO,PP[TNEZL[FKGBCG\KRGMNGBKOCPXZKO,

[[GOTCENBFKFKMGNNXB\P[ONIKZG\,P[GO[MNVGTNPRKI

B\MNTGEVKFKXGZ[NGC[CKNFPEKRF,GBKLK\RGBG\GNXB\NPYGO

BIZ,CT\[FPEKRF\VSKEB\FTGEVKO[NG.

CPNFBI\,CP[JZYGPGRKSJKCN\KBNJZGBKSJKPGMZINFKG\\PKE

C’PTPEG\,PTPEFIZGXKO,[FOFPRFNKOGFVYKEKOGFBKRJNKDRXKB,

GPTPEFRI[NKO,[FOFTPNKOFKGXZKO,[FOZGCF[NFICZF.

GPTPEFIZGXKOPGMZIKO,BOPET\OGBOCTNMZIO,EFKKRGPVRK\YGQ

FPEKRF,NFTCKEGNKKSZGNF[VKNB\PTPEFTPNKOCNKZIOGCNK

CG[F.GKRXNGBG\O[CT\KOP[PRXNKOBG\OFCGZDRKO,PVRK[KFKG

PIGSZKPDQNDPZK,MKNBKFKFNFOHMG\[CK\F.GNBKFKFNFO

BV[ZG\NDNG\PT[KFOFZTKO[NFPTCKEKOCZCKO.GNDPZKNB

K[PIGCCTNG\[NBPXTKFKXGZ[ZM[GNFOFVYKEKO.

C:TGEECZ,GFGBFTKYZ.MKTNFYBPGRKHOPGJNNBNCEN\YQB\

FTGNOCSEZFMNMNKBNBDON[PGZTNYKGOIKKCRKFTGNOFPKRKPBNKO,

EFKKRGNPRGTFPNIPG\[NB\IZKCBGPFB\ZTG\F.

GMCZXGGI\KMMZGMKBTNHFTGEC[R\\ZX"D12

CSVZK"YGRJZS

F[NGO",GFHFZ\K[FPNIPG\YCNGPPEKOCKPKRGFPSMRKOIKKFTGNO

MGNG.GBKQTXFNPRGTHF,MKBNBT"K[KYCNGMNFBGPG\B\P[JZ

FYBPGRKSJKFPG[NOEFKKRGFBNJZGBKSJK.GBKQXZKLNGPZMFKGO,

INYB309

12\ZX"D:.1933

BIZFDKNGKGF[KPG[CVXXG\FBJGPKG\GDKNGKVXXG\FPKPRKG\,

MRZBF,[BKQFECZPGJNTGECSVY[BIZKPNIPFBI\BG[\KO

G[N[\IZCMNFXKCKNKHBXKBGFBRG[KG\,CNKNF[BKZ[ZKE.

GFYGPGRKHOFPGEZRKFBDBKSJKBKQCMIGNFCJKI[NGOCTGNO.MK

BVKNGBOKYCNGMNBGPG\FTGNOB\FP[JZFYGPGRKSJKFHF,TGE

NB\FKF[GOSCFPIKKC\,[FBGPG\FT[KZG\CBPXTKKXGZGCIPZ

DNOGCXKCKNKHBXKBK\INYGTOBGPG\FTRKG\CIPZDNOGCBPXTK

KXGZ,[GFC[GF,GNP[NTPKBPZKYFNBKZXGNF[GG\ZP\FIKKO

[NFONTPKBHKBGBVZKYB,BGBVKNGNTPKBKZGVB.

GBOCBGPFBI\,K[MINF[GG\ZP\FIKKO[NT[KZKOGCKRGRKO

CTNKBPXTKFKXGZ,C[GFTOFVZGNJBZKGQ,EFKKRGT"KFS\\FFPGRKO

FTRKKO,[FOZGCFICZF,[K[PKEGFT[KZKOGFCKRGRKOGKYIGNFOB\

ZMG[O,FRFTXFHGNB\GTKNMNN,NFMZKIBGPFFT[KZF[\INYB\

FZMG[GBPXTKFKXGZ[NFTOBGPFFTRKF,MKBGPFFT[KZFMCZ

FMKRFNFMNKHKQGVXXG\N[PGZB\TXPFPVRK[MRG\KFFTRKG\.

GBOMQPFFGTKNGIMPKOC\YR\P[JZFYGPGRHKOCTGNO,PBIZ

[\[BKZPXCFYRBFCKQFBGPG\,PP[MPG[FGBCP[JZFZMG[RK,CNK

FYNFMN[FGB.MKINGYFFXGEY\[CMNBGPFVZJK\CVRKTXPF,NB

\SKKTBUP[FGNINGYFXGEY\CKQBGPFNBGPF.NVKML,CT\[FIKKO

FPKRKPBNKORPXBKOCSMRFYZGCFMNML,ICNTNFHPQ[NBG\O

FTGSYKONF[CKIB\P[JZFMNMNK,GPGJCNFO[KJMSGBKHFTXF

G\ICGNF,CBG\GFHPQ,BKLNFXKNB\IKKFBRG[KG\FPKRKPBNK.

GFRFFZBK\NET\,[MNFXZFCP[JZKFY’[NFKGO,FGBPVRK

ISZGQF\PGZFFPG\BP\,[FGBFIPZENYNMIVZKGQFTCGEF[N

FTGCEKO.GP[GOMLBKBV[ZNFTCKEOCFXNIF,BNBCIPZENY[N

[MZGTGR[,B[ZP[GOHFXZKMKOBPRONPVYIKOGP[DKIKOGPRFNKO,

[KYCNGTNTXPOTCGEFY[FFHF,NTPGETNFVGTNKO,GNPXGW

CBMHZKG\FEOGFKHT[NFVGTNKO,GNPZZNFOIKKFO\PKECYG[K

F[TCGE.B[ZC[MZFTCGEFFY[FFHG,PGMZIKON\\DONFO\PGZF

P[\NP\,[FGBNBVIG\,PNT[G\BG\ONPKNKGRTZKO,MKNBKZXG

NFKG\\NKKRKO[NCRKBEOPZXGROFIV[KCVIG\PHF,MPG[BRG

ZGBKOCBZWFSGCKTJKO.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 310

GDOBKQNYGG\[P[JZFBKPKOFHFK[\RFVTO,MPG[FBGVJKPKSJKO

PCJKIKO,MKNBMKEGRKO,GNBIKRGLGET\FXKCGZ,KGMNGN[RG\B\JCT

FBEO,[KTCGEPZXGRGFIV[KCNKIPZENYP\BKO.GNVKMLFGBYNNF

NEGZG\,MKP\K[KTCKZGGKCJNGP[JZFMVKF,KIENGFTGCEKON\\

VZKGQTCGE\O,[KSVKYNYKGOFPEKRF.GBKQTXFNHFBNBNFCKBCNC

FTGCEBPGR\[MZGTGR[ZGIRKPQF[PKOFKGET\TNGPG\,B[ZT"K

IKRGLG\TPGNFPG\BP\,BG\G[MZGTGR[FZGIRKKFKFIPZENYPSVKY

NVZKGQTCGE\O.GNBKXJZMGTGENPRFNKOGP[DKIKO[KTPEGTNKFO.

BNBMNBIEGBIEKTCGEC[CKNFICZFCRV[IVXFKG\ZGKG\Z,MEK

NHMG\C[MZGPQF[PKO13

.

IKGC

B.)1/(FY’FGBBKEKBF,MNGPZPGSZK.)14/1(T"HPTKEFSGU"NTCGE

MVKFKMGN\GNYCNMVKFXGZL".

C.NMNPGSZXZKL)1/2(CSKSFPIKKCG)14/2(.GFIKRGLGET\FXCGZ,FGB

CSKSIN[PBE,GFFGMIFPFKJNZ.

D.MKGQ[MNRXIGQ)1/3(CETF,PGCJI)14/3(NFZGCXCGZ,GBX"N

FFGXBFNVGTN[NFY’FP\GYQFGBT"KZGCFXCGZ.B"MPIGKCKO

NFTPKEZPFFPGSZK\[NZGCFXCGZTNCSKS[KIKKCGKCJKIB\FY’

FP\GYQ[NBK\YNYNNTGNO.GBKRFPSVKYFFBKEKBFFPGYNJ\CBEO

PNKEF,NFKG\OPKTGJYJQGRJGNTZLCZGCFXCGZ.

E.FE\,FGBCSKS)4/1(FKIKE,[KFKFDGZOCJGINFTNG\ZPF

FPGSZK\[NFXCGZ,NFDKTNFMNN"NTCGENVKFKMGN\GNYCNNVK

FXGZL".

F.K[NYI\FY’PQ)4/4(FVSKO[N"[NK)14/4([NKG[NL[NL",[FGB

PE\SEGO,GNFTCKZGBNFVSKO[N"[NK[NLG[NL[NL",EFKKRG

NBNJZGBKHOBCSGNGJK.GM[ZGCFXCGZKYCN\GZFHGCVGTN,BHFHPQ

NFDKTNMNNNN"FGNN"X14

.GSKPRFFGB,BOMBG"BKTCGEMVGTN

CYCNRG\.

INYB311

13CY[ZNRBPZMBQPGPNWNTKKQC\GSVG\FPGCBG\CSGUINYHF,YJTC,

TP’.328

14NN"FGNN"X:NTCGENVKFKMGN\GNYCNNVKFXGZL.

G.PJZO[FXCGZKDKTNZPF)2/10(PGSZK\FHG,)14/5(BSGZNFNBKO

FZMG[.MKMNTGE[BKRRGYKKODGZOPGSZKCJGICZGCFXCGZ,NBKFKF

NFOIPZENYNTCGEF.

H.MNFTGNOP[VIFBI\)3/1(FKB,)2/1(GPSDZ\FY’XZKLNCSGU

NFYKUMNFTGNOCZP\IKKO[GFNMGNO.BPRO\FNKLFPT[KFGBNBJ

NBJ,EFKKRGMNBGPF[ZGCXCGZ[CF\YCNTNKFOFCSKSKOCB‘VQ

PT[K,GKFKFNFODGZOCJGINIPZENY,KMRSG\KMUCPSDZ\FY’.

I.FXGZFFMNMNK\,GFE\K\)2/2(CPEF[PCJI\FY’,FKBBI\NMN

FBGPG\15

.IGWPXGZG\FE\K\[BKRQRGDTG\NMNMNF,G[BZPRFDKO,

KFKFNMNBIEXGZFCV"T,[BKQN[RG\FCEKGY.

J.BKQN\YQFTGNOCTRKRKFE\)4/2(PJZO[PCJKIKONFTGNO\KYGQ

FMNMNK.

K.NT[G\\MRK\PVGZJPMNFIGYKO)2/3(FR"NG[BZIGYKOFRIGXKO

NTRKQHF,GMNFRMRSNPSDZ\FY’XZKLNF[CTBPGRKO.

KB.\IKNFK[NT[G\PGSEYJQ[ZGCXCGZG)2/4(KFKGBNJZGBKSJKO

C[KTGZFR"NEFKKRG[KTCEGCIZKXG\MPGCYCNRG\,DOPT[ZFTE

K"C[TG\CKGOGKG\Z,GMB"BKN"MGKN"X16

.GKFKFCGMNFXGZG\[N

FRFD\PEKRF,TE[BVKNGBOPSDZ\FPGSEFHF\MKNCYZCFMN

FTGNOMGNG,B[ZBHK\CJNMNKNP[JZFBDZGU,NBKFKFXGZLN[RG\

ECZCKQCTCGEFGCKQCFRFDF.GFPGSEFHFKFKFMTKQRYGEFPZMHK\

TGNPK\[TNKFKNMGGKYKVGTPKOGPEKRG\TESGUFTGNO.GMNFRMRS

CPSDZ\FY’KFKGNFO\MRK\BI\GFRFDFBI\TOFPZMH,GKFKGMPG

TOBIEPP[NZGIKOGNFVSEKOGN\GXBG\.

KC.BSGZCBKSGZIPGZ)2/5(NCRKFPGSE,[K[\P[CBKHFPGSEP[VJK

GMEGPF,PMNXGZG\FRPXBG\CP[JZFMI.BNBMNFS\KZG\KMZKTG

CKRONCKQTXPO,MNGPZCKQFXEEKOFRGDTKOCECZ.GET\FXCGZFPDRF

B\FBDBKHOKDRFB\FCTNECZ[KRXNXEY\ICKZGN\GTN\G.

KD.TGCEBFKB[KFGEKO[RGBKOTNZGC)7/1(FBGPG\.GFOFGNMKO

GPPTJKOBG\OFQFMRSKF[NFOGFQFIKNGRKG\[NFOGFQFY’[NFO

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 312

15TN"FXGZFFE\K\[NMNFBGPG\"GTN"IGYKFE\F[GGKONMNFTGNO"ZBF

NFNQC\GSVG\NINYHF,YJTKB,TP’.338

16MB"BKN"MGKN"X:MNBIEGBIEKTCGENVKMGIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG.

GBKQTXFNFNIOMRDEHFBNBNFCKBPGSZBPK\KBNJZGBKHPKCNC

FBGPG\TENYGSPGVKJNKHO.

KE.BOKIKEBSGZNRXNICZKG,NPFBGPF)3/2(PG\Z\NFNRXN

ICZG\KF.GBKHFIHYFRG\QXEYFNBGPF[\FRFPFBZWKG\ZPICZG\KF.

GNVK"HK[NKSEY’CKQNBGPK.

MKMPG[K[KIKEKO[HMGBO)3/3(CIZKXG\BOCPYZF,BOCKZG[F

PBCG\KGNINYK\ZTNI[CGQFPZG[NKOMQPP[CBGPG\,GB"MNPF

\DENFPNIPFTNFKIKEKOKG\ZPTNFBGPG\.

JG.BOFKK\CBKVZBKO[NB\GMN)4/3(NSEZOCEZLFIGYMKBOCEZL

E\,FFKK\PVYVYCHFGTGHCBG\O[K[PKEGHFB\HF?MQPCIKR\

BNJZGBKHOMGNOVZBKO,GBKQ[GO\ICGNF[KYGCNTNKFOBONBCEZL

E\.PKKFSSNTHCONRV[OTE[K[PKEGHB"HCVXXG\PKKPQ.

JH.D’KSGEG\FONF\V[JG\)5/1(FBPGRF{SKVGY\[GYG\,FGMIG\,

G\TPGNF:17

\[GYG\,FQMPGF[BZ\FRV[,[MZ.GMQ[MZNBGPK[KFKF\VBZ\

FBGPF.

FGMIG\,FQ[BKQYKGONTGNOHGN\G,PM"[CKPKFBJGOF...

\TPGNF,KMGNFN[P[CPYGOFGMIFD"MBOFKBCIZKXG\.

KH.PIP\\BG\FZMG[,RPXBB[ZFY’FBNJZGBKSJKBKBV[Z

[KCRF)4/4(HGN\CFYEP\)4(FY’FBDBKSJK.MPG[FGMKIGMNFICZG\

[ZXGNKSEYB’BNJZGBKSJKPJZOFPBZYSKHO.BNBT\FBIZ[[NK[

FTGNOMCZFRKIGKSGEG\KFOTNP[JZY’BDBKSJK,BV[ZNF\IKN

NKSEY’BNJZGBKSJKCZYKKPBTNCSKSE\K.

KI.FY’FBNJ’SGVGNCJNNDPZK)2/6(PP[N\FMI,BNB"BK[MN

FK[ZCTKRKGKT[F".GBKQN\PGFGNVYVYTNHF,MKMQNBFBPKRG

[BV[ZNIRLKNEKOCFSCZFBNBCPYNIGCNKOTE[MFKGOZGCFTGNO

YCNGHFNPTJPP[N\FMITNKNEKO.GHFBPGZCKNEKO[BKQNFOMI

FSCNRG\GBKQNFOET\GPM"[CYKCGWBR[KOCTNKET\GSCNRG\

GPIGRMKOCBGNJZGBKHO,GNBKFKFXGZLNFOP[JZ[NMI.

GCBP\BKQECZP[VKNGPCHFB\FBEOKG\ZPFKG\GMVGUNPP[N\

FMIFTZJNBK.

INYB313

17CY[ZNRBPZMBQPGPNWNTKKQC\GSVG\FPGCBG\CSGUINYHF,YJTKC,

TP’.340

GBVKNGNC\KP[VJNBKFKGXZKMKO,BNBBOKBZTBKHFPYZFKGXB

PFMNN[F[MRKONBKVTNGTNBEOKGXBEGVQ,BHKHEYYGNGPIRMKO

PGPIKONFJG\GCGKMGIKOGCFSCZ\JGC\O[NFICZFTE[KIHKZG

BG\GBNF[GZF.

GBOKBZTBKHFBEOTY[Q[MNHFNBKGTKNNGBHKVZ[GPPRG

FXCGZMPGPQPRGEFTE[KFKFPGMZINF\ICZNIGYKFICZF.

FKGXBPHF[BIZ[\GSEYKCGWBIEPY’BNJ’,GKPXBCGZGC

[YCNGTNKFOBG\OFIGYKOCVGTN\KMUKYCNGTNKFO[NBNFCKB

BK[B\ICKZGN[GOCK\FP[VJBGNSGMRKFPP[NF,BGNMIBKHF

[FGBBNBFMNCFSCZFZMFMR"N.

GPIP\HFBKQPYCNKOBK[NICZFPJZOKCEYBOBKRGBK[DS

CKG\Z,GBKRGPSGDNNIKRGLFBGNJZGBKHO.

KJ.JGCN\YQ,[NBKFKF[GOBEO)2/7(\GCTXZMKGPFICZF,BNB

KFKGRCIZKONML,[KIYZGPISGZMNBIEGKINYGBG\QNMNBIEGBIE.

GET\FXCGZKGYKTB\F\GCTNTXPGBKHFXGZLNBK[DSGPRGGNMPG

DRCGDHNQ[NFKGO.GNVKML\FKKRFPI[CG\KG[NMBG"BR\GRG\BL

NF[VKTNHGN\G.MJCTMNIKRGLFPI[CB\HF,PJZOKZDK[ISZGRG\

NTXPG.

BOZGXKONYVGWTN)1/5([NIQXZKMKONFMKQTXPONYVGWFZCF

NPTNFPQF[NIQGBHSGVGNYVGWTNF[NIQ.BCNBOKZXFNYVGW

ZYTNZP\F[NIQBHKVGNNPJF.

M.K[NFGEG\[Y’BDB’FGB[NCNXEY,TNEZL"P[NBN[PF

CBKON[PF".BNBBRK)5/2(BGPZ,[MCZFDKTT\N[NCFC’[FGBY’

BGNJZGBKSJK,BMQXZKMKONFRFKDGCBZWBI\NEGDPB,MKBHGEBK

KYCNGFGCTNK[NCFB’.

GFIVHGQI[GCPBE,MKFISZGRG\GF[PG[CMI[CY’FBDB’

PZIKYKOZGCFTGNOCTNKF\ZCG\P[KJFHGCMNNF.GNVKMLXZKMKO

NFZBG\NTGNOB\FY’FPG[NP\,[BHCNKSVYKYCNGFGZGCCTNK

F\ZCG\[CTGNO.

GK[NI[G[PBE[NBKYEKPGFBKPVZ’NCJNB\FY’PQFTGNO.

BMQBO\\VZSO[KJ\RGFPG[NP\CVGTN,CGGEBKK[BZGFBKPVZ’

MPNLCNKIKN.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 314

MB.CZGZ[NBK\MQIKKICZF\YKRF)4/6(GKXKCFHGN\[FS\KZG\

[CCRKFICZF\FKKRFRMZTG\T"KFZGC,GHFPCZZNRG[BKBV[Z

[KFKFP[JZJGCCICZFHGN\BOFZGCFGBJGC.CB‘VQ[ICZFJGCF

VKZG[F[K[CFZGC[FOJGCKO,GICZFZTFVKZG[F[FZGC[CFFO

ZTKO.GHF[BPZ\KNTKNBG\D’,[BKQNKKSEY’,PJZO[ZGCBR[K

FICZFFOCZXGQNF[VKT.

MC.BKQ[GO\TPGNFKMGNF)10/5(NFCJKIP[JZCMITNEGZG\

FT\KEKO.GNBKGTKNMBQIKRGLGNBET\FXCGZ,[PJCTONNM\

GNF\IN[,IGWPE\[PJCTGNNM\GNF\IHY,GBRGZGBKOCRSKGQ,[BG\O

FTPKO[YCNG\IKNFFE\,T"KBGRSGMVKF,GCEGZG\BIZKFOPYKKPKO

BG\OP\GLCIKZFGZXGQ.GNBTGEBNB[PGSZKORV[OTNKG.

GK[NFCKQ,[BT"V[FBCG\)10/6(YCNGTNKFO)4/7(FY’FBNJZGBKSJK

PIP\[FOBKEBNKSJKOBKQTGE[GOCJIGQ[CRKFOBIZKFOKP[KMG

CP[JZFHF.GBKQXGZLNGPZBODOFBCG\YCNGFCMVKFGBGRSMRFGD

CY’BDBKSJK,[NBK\YKKOHFNEGZG\BNBSGUSGUK\DCZGTNKG

GKCJNGFG.

GBKQNMVG\P[JZ[NMVKFNEGZG\,MKBOCEZLPXGG\FE\.

MD.PF[BRKBGPZ[BKQNFRFKD)4/8(P[JZY’PJZO[KFKFZGC

BGNJZGBKSJK,BKQFVKZG[[KFKGMQPCIKR\BKEKBFCIVWNC,BNB

FVKZG[FGB[KYKKPGHFPIP\FE\CXKZGUET\FXCGZGMVKFHGSGVF

NF\YKKONEGZG\PIP\[FE\FGBFMGVFFTKYZK.

ME.K[NHMGZ)5/2(MNFKSGZKOGICNKFTGRKGF[IKJG\GFPNIPG\

GFBNPRG\GFK\GPKOF[GZZKOCTGNOGPCY[KODBGNFPY’

FBGNJZGBKSJK,GBHNBKY[FNBEON\\GNPSGZMNIKKGMEKNFXKN

BG\OPMNKGQGFMBCKOFRGZBKO.GPM"[BEOXTKZ[TGENBJPJONCG

PISZGRG\KGTXPG,GEBK[KTHGZNHFCMNRV[GGPBGEG.

[NKNF

B.BOTG[KOFNBPF)8/1(PJZO)1([FXCGZPGMQNML,EFKKRGPJZO

[KFKFNMNBIECSKSCJGIGDGZOCJGINIPZENYNTCGEF,EGPF

NSG\ZCK\GFYJQPJZO[K[NGFBPXTKONCRG\CK\BIZ.

INYB315

C.F[GB\FXCGZ:BKQ)8/2(FVKZG[,NF[GG\FPGM[ZKOGFPGXNIKO

NZP\FPZG[NKOGFREMBKOMKHFGIGZCQFXCGZPP[.BNBFVKZG[

FGBN\\NMNB’PFXCGZZP\FIKKO[NFCKRGRKO.[DOFPZG[NKO,

KYCNGIEG\FIKKOMPGFCKRGRKO.

D.FIGV[[NFVZJXZKLNFKG\)2/8(R[PZ,BOBKRGPHKYNZGC

FXCGZ.GTNFPHKYKOBKQNZIOMNN.GNT[G\GCN\KPHKY.

E.FY’FTM[GKP\YKKOCHMG\FBKEKBNKSJKO)8/3([CZB[F,[FKG

BKEKBNKSJKOPJZO[RT[GY’,BCNEGZF[RK[KCIZGPRFKDKOT"V

ETG\ZGCXCGZ,KNLFNGLGP\CJN,GKYCNXGZ\RXKHKO,BG[KIHGZ

NZMG[RG\,MKNBKFKFNFODGZO,[KPRTBG\OPNRXNBGPG\BIZG\

FPZG[NG\.

F.FY’FB’BKQCG[GODGZO)9/1(NPRGTPNIPG\,MKCSKSMN

FPNIPG\FGB[JIFPIKF[MNBI\ZGXK\NFCRG\TNIGZCQICZ\F,

BOCXEYGBOCYRBFTNPF[FBIZ\K[NGKG\Z.GFY’FPCGSSTN

"[NK[NK"CPSDZ\INGYF[GF,BKRGPSKZMNNYRB\FBGPG\HGCHG,

GPM"[FPISGZ[NFBGPFC[JIPIKF.DOBKQ\YGF[BGPG\FT[KZG\

K\RGPINYQNF[\GG\TOFTRKG\.MK"[NK[NKG[NL[NL"BKRGPIKKC

B\HF,GMNHFNBKV\GZZYFY’[N"[NK[NLG[NL[NL".

G.DOFKGOZBKRG[K[MITGNPK)9/2([R\DCZGMC[MNFBZXG\FY’

GTG[FCFOMC\GL[NG.EFKKRGPP[MEZLFFSJGZKBCBGPG\YEPGRKO,

jK@GGQGZGPKGMG’.GCNKSVY[MIFHFK\VXNNINYKO,CCBKO.GMCZBRG

PGXBKOB\JKJG.GM[K\VXNGGEBKKNIPGHC"H.MKCPFPG[NZGS’TN

J[GM’18

BONBCMIFIZCGFIRK\.BGTNBIZG\.

H.CY’FPTCKEKOZGXKONPTJ)8/4(FXZKMF[NFTGCEGNFDEKNVZKGQ

TCGE\G.GCBP’FPTCKEKOZGXKOGVGTNKONFZCG\FXZKMF[NFVGTN,

GVZKGQTCGE\GNF[GG\NXZKMF.

I.FPTPEF[NKJKOGFPVYIKO)13/1(SGVONKXGZMPKQDNG\PXZKO

TNPTPEFTGCEKO,P[GO[MNTGCEPRKIFTGEVKO[NGNKEPTPE

F[NKJKO,GFOFNGYIKOPPRGINYCZB[.T"MNBK\RGN[GOTGCE

NFPNJP\I\KEKFONPEKRFBIZ\,GKFKGFTGCEKOMNGBKOGR[PZKO

MPGK[ZBNBXNVZTFCPXZKO.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 316

18ZGS’TNJ[GM’:ZGSKFTNX’MGSNGCYKF.

J.FPTPEF[NKJKO,SGVONFPK\)13/2(MNFRMKOGFHYRKOPPTPE

FTGCEKO,CJTRF[BGMNKOKG\ZPPF[PKKXZKO,GFOVBZHKJKOTN

FPEKRF.G[GOBEONBKPG\PK\\TXPG.

K.GBOFYGPGRKHOK\V[JCTGNOMGNG,KPK\GMNBGPF[BGMN\

KG\ZPMVK[FKBPKXZ\.

KB.BOFSVSZKOGFSGIZKOK\FVMGNPINYKO,K\FVMGFYGRKO

NPYCNKISEGXEYFPQFPINYKO,GFPINYKOK\RFDGTPFONVKXEY\O,

BGC[KTGZFKZBFPVRKFPVYIKO.

=P[JZBKRGP\YKKONRXITNZPIKO=

KC.BKQY’P\YKKO)10/1(TNICZFBRJKY’,P[GO[BKQHMG\YKGO

NP[JZFRSPLTNMEGRKOGZPIKO,MKSGUSGU\\DCZZGCFICZF

G\VKNFP[JZFFGB.

NVKMLXZKMKOPYGEONKXGZZGCY’BNJZGBKSJKO.GFP[JZKS\PL

TNFZXGQ.

=FFZDN[NDNK[RBFGYRBFK\FVLBIZMLTNFRI[NKO=

KD.FY’FRCRFTNDNKF[RBF)10/2(GFYRBFNBKXNKIKG\ZPNFVKN

FCGZD’BCNNBNFKJKCTOFRI[NKOGNFKVL,MKBG\O[FGZDNGNYRB

GN[RGBFRFCHPQ[NBKFK’NFOCGZDRKOKFVMGIKXKF[RBFTN

FRI[NKO.

=FY’FBD’PGCJINPNIPFRXIK\TOFXCGZ=

KE.FP[JZFY’PJCTG)10/3(KGXZLMNKPKGNFNIOTOBRJKY’.MKMN

BEOPJCTGRGJFBIZZMG[.GRGJFNYCNF[PR\GNFRKINICKZG

FSTZGGKEYT19

.GBKQFJCTP[\RFPIP\FIKRGLBGET\FXCGZ.GNB

KXGKKZNTGNO[BEOKSMKOPZXGRGNINGYFXGEY\.GMKEGRKFXCBBKRO

PSGDNKONFVLFJCTGPM"[FIKRGLGET\FXCGZ.GBKEKBNKSJKO

PNKEFPGTJKOFO.

GBO\BPZFZKDRKCFGDHKNFCP[JZFZMG[RKR[PZKOFKJC.BGPZNL

[FGBPJTO[FIGYPRKINFBEOPYGONF\IZG\CEZLFPG\Z.

GBV[ZNEPG\HFNPK[PYCWICZF[ZGCOZGXIKOG[GEEKOGZGXF

NPNGLTNKFOGNMGVO[K[PZGIGY,GMNVKCKJGNZMG[MNBIE[GEE

GIPSQ.

INYB317

19PKFINCFMIG[KO.

=K[ZBNPGM[ZNFZBG\EGDPFNMNFTPKO=

JG.FY’FBGNJ’FGB)12/1(ECZREKZNZGIFBEO,GNVKMLFTOFKG\Z

BXKNXZKLNYCNTNTXPGNFZBG\EGDPBNMNFTGNO.

=FPEKRFFKBCSMRF.Y’BGNJ’KSKKTNYKCGWDNGKG\=

JH.FBGPFFKB)11/1(CSMRF,MKPJZO[\\KKXCFMNMNFKVZIGMN

BIENPYGOBIZ.MKNBMNBEOKGMNNTPGECRSKGQNSCGNCT\[K[

NGTXFNIKG\CFZICF.

GCEZLFY’FBGNJZGBKSJK,KBKZFBKEKBNNMNBIEGK\QNGSKVGY

[KZXFC[CKNHFNSCGN.GNBTGE,BNBKP[KLYKCGWDNGKG\PMN

FPEKRG\,MKFEBDFGPNIPG\FYKGO[K[NMNBIECBZXG\IGWK\Q

NFOEIKVFN[GCNBZXOGNIKG\CPRGIF,GCXEY.

=VKNGSGVKFMCZPGMR\,EFKKRGYCNFFPKGSE\TNFE\=

KH.MN[KJFPT[K\XZKMFDO)4/5(PHGQBKEKBNKFP\IE[,[BV[Z

NFDG\CG,MNGPZVKNGSGVKF.GNDCKEKEQK[MCZVKNGSGVKB[NPF

PGMR\,BNB[PKGTE\ZYNPRFKDKO.EFKKRGYCNF.

=NPFBRGTOFRCIZNHF=

KI.TNKRGPGJNNFKG\EGDPB)12/2(JGCFNTGNO,P[GO[BRGPGM[ZKO

KG\ZPMNFBGPG\,GNBP[GO[BRGBKEKBNKSJKOKG\ZPFO,BNBP[GO

[BRGSCNRGPQFTZKXG\KG\ZPMNFBGPG\.GT"MBRGPGMRKOKG\ZPFO

NCY[\ICGNF[\MNFFTZKXG\PQFBZW20

.

KJ.MKGQ[FCTNG\GF[NKJF)13/4(BKROHFG\.NP[NTNICZ\PSKN\

FCZHN[FCTNG\FKB[NCTNKPRKG\,GF[NKJFNPRFNKO,BTV"K[BKQ

NFOBNBPRKFBI\BGNBMNGO.GMQNICZ\BRKG\,[BKQNCTNKFPRKG\

[GOHMG\N[NGJBGNKTWCFO.GNP[NBRKG\PNIPF,[FCTNG\FKB

[NFPEKRF,GTOMNHFBKQN[GOBHZIEZKS\ZDNTNKF.MPGMQBO

\FKFFPEKRFCKEFVZGNJZKGQCCIKRG\CTNG\SGUSGUFFRFNF\FKF

MBG\OFPRFNKO[NT\FBGFEGPKONFOCPHDOGNBKFKFNVZGNKJZKGQ

[GOEZKS\ZDNGJGC\FRBFKG\ZPFKGO,BNBBOMQF[NKJKOKFKG

BKEKBNKSJKOEGBDKONJGC\MNVZJCB[ZFGBVZJ.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 318

20NFZICFCTRKKQK[ZBNGFKFEG\PGPNWNTKKQC\GSVG\NINYHF,YJTJ

)TP’334(GMQSGUYJTKC)TP’341(.

CPNFBI\,[PCIKR\F[NKJFBKQ[GOR"P21

BOFCTNG\CKEK

YBVKJNKSJKOBGCKEKFPEKRF,MKSGUSGUKRFDGCFOFPRFNKOGNB

FCTNKO,GNVKMLTKYZ\KYGQFICZFXZKLNFKG\CPRFNKO."BKNGU

F[NJGQ",22

.214

GMKGXBCHFBPZBCRKBNCMRS\)IKZG\,KGO...(23

[CK[ZBNFFVZ[

CKQVYKEFYJQNDEGNCKG\ZMPGP=1TE1.7,GCBRDNKBP=1TE10,GMQ

C[BZFPEKRG\VIG\PTJBGK\ZPTJ,BCNCZGSKBP=1TE.50FZK

[CPEKRF[NFVZGNJZKGQKCHCHGFVYKEKOGFPRFNKOB\KDKT\O,FZCF

KG\ZPCPEKRG\FYBVKJNKSJKQ.GHFDZOP[GO[FKBPP[NFBGNKDZMK\

GNBEPGBYZBJK\,BGCN[GQV[GJPVRK[FY’[GNJKOTNBRJK

YBP’.PGMZINFKG\BGNKDZMKB24

.GHFNBK[\RFNTGNOMKY’VKZG[G

BKEKBNKSJ,[HFBKRGRIN\FZGC.

INYB319

21RVYBPKRF,FCEN.

22"BKNGUF[NJGQ"FGBVZYCSVZ"[NJGQ"[NFVKNGSGUFCZKJKCZJZRE

ZBSN)1872{1970(.CTNFSGNOP\MGGQNPFEGZFFTCZK\,FGXB\TOTGCE,

\N=BCKC\[K"D)1953(,TP’213=214:

"YGEOMN,’CTNG\’G’[NKJF’BKRQFKKRGFL.BOPSKN\=CZHN,NP[N,[KKM\

NPEKRF,GFPEKRFFKBMNNFBHZIKO,BKQECZHFPXETXPGCBNFCJKI[K[

NBHZIFZDKN[NJGQMN[FGTNPSKN\=FCZHN.~...|

BKQFPXC[GRFCKSGEGM[FPEKRFCBFCPYGOF\BDKE;BMQ,PBIZ[DENG[N

F\BDKEFGBFGBFDGZONIGSZFK[T[NCTNFPRKG\FCKRGRK,FZKFBHZI

FCKRGRKNTGP\FPEKRFISZ=K[TFGB[CT\KO.BRK\=PNIPFFKBZMG[FXKCGZ,

BCNBO\RSFTNSPLHFNFVTKNHMG\=CTNG\[NL,KIHKZGLPKENPYGPL.

BPROK[CKEL\YRF:CCIKZG\FMNNKG\FCBG\\GMNNFXCKTCTEPGTPE

FJGTQNFYJR\\YXKCFXK,BO\GMNNPXGBPGTPEMHF;BG[KMGNB\FNM\GC

CT\GRKOGNEZG[PB\FKPBKO,MKK\RFDGCK\ZRKPGSTOFPJKKNKO.BLKG\Z

PHFBKQCMGILNT[G\.

BCN,KJTQFJGTQ,BRK\FPNIPF[KKM\NPEKRFYVKJNKSJK\,GMB[Z\FB

[KKM\NPEKR\VGTNKO,KFKFFMN[GRF.EGPFBRK,[F[YVFHGPZBFTEPF

BKQ\GVSKOB\FTGCEF,[F[NJGQFMNMNKFGBMKGOKG\ZTRKQ[NPP[N

PB[ZTRKQ[NCTNG\.BO\BDKEFVNEFFBPZKYBK,NP[N,KTCGZNKEK

PP[N\BZXG\=FCZK\,TEKKQKFKGXZKMKONBR[KO[KRFNGBG\G;FNNGKFKG

BG\OFBR[KOFPRFNKOBG\GTM[KGBGBR[KOBIZKOCTNKSPMGKG\GF[YVG\

EGPG\.BG\FTPEF[FORGYJKOTM[KGMNVKCTNKFPRKG\,KFKGRGYJKOBIZ

MLMNVKFBHZIKO.BP\,FOKFKGMVGVKONPP[NF,BCNBOFKBNB\FKF

EPGYZJK\GRTRK\NET\FYFN,\FBF[YV\FMF[YV\VYKEKF".

23CRKPKQBCRKBN)1906{1993(FKFICZMRS\FINPQFMRS\F[RKKFGBKNL

GF[\KKLN\RGT\FIZG\.CMRS\F[RKKF[KP[BCRKBNMICZCGGTE\FTCGEF

GFZGGIF.K[NXKKQMKFMRS\F[RKKFMKFRFPKGNK1951TEKGNK.1955

24BGNKDZMKF:XGZ\PP[N[CFZGCFMGIFVGNKJKPXGKCKEKINYYJQ

PFBGMNGSKKF,[FGBNZGCFIHYCKG\ZDOPCIKRG\BIZG\,MNMNK\BG

M.PEKRFMHG,[Y’[GNJKO)13/5(TNBRJKY’,PGMZI\NFKG\CKEK

YCGXF[NPRFNKOBJGYZJKO,CEKYJBJGZBPGINJ\GMNBR[KFPEKRF

KFKGCKEKFOMPGBVS,GPIGKKCKONFIHKY\PKECKEKFONFJFIZC

NPK\G\GNPBSZKOGNTGR[KODNGKOGRS\ZKOGNMZK\\PHGQGMNPKRK

TGR[KOM[ZKZG\NCO[NMNPRFNGPRFN,MEKNFIHKYB\BRJKY’

CPGZBGCVIEDEGN[KTCEGC[CKNFPEKRF.GNBKFZSGFC[DDFBG

CHEGQ.

MB.CPEKRFMHGXZKMKO)13/6(GPGMZIKOFPRFNKONEBGD[NB\FKF

BV[ZG\NCRKFPEKRFNCIGZFRFNFEPGYZBJK\.PJTO[ZGCFPEKRF

FOBRJKYBPGRKSJKO.

MC.CPEKRFMHG,[FY’K[NJGTN)8/8(BRJKY’,PGMZIKOFPRFNKO

NZBG\[NB\FKFNCRKFPEKRF[GOBV[ZG\[N\TPGNF,BGNDNG\

FTGNFRGZBFRT[FNCRKFPEKRF,BGNCRKFPKTGJKO[CPEKRF.EFKKRG

[FPEVKSKONBKEVKSGGPRFNKC\KFTOK[DKIGTNFRGBPKO[NBKDNG

[GOCYGZ\TNPT[KFO.GNFTRK[Y[FMNPK[IG[CBGTNFTNET\G

NCYZPT[KFO.CBGVQ[FPP[NF\FKFMNKMGN\NRFGDM[ZKZG\NCO,

GNBKFKFPK[KTMCCKEKFO.)"[NJGQ",21...(25

.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 320

XCBK\,NP[N.FPKNF"BGNKDZMKF"PYGZFCPKNKOFKGGRKG\N"[NKJF"

G"PTJ".

25NFNQECZKZBSN[BNKFOP\MGGQMBQCTNFSGNO:

"GTM[KGCECZ\RBKF\TPGNFNBKNGVG[NF[NJGQ.GEBK,[XZKLNBV[Z

VZSGPO[NYKVGIKOGTGGNG\;FMZIFGB[F\TPGNF\FKFIV[K\GCNCE

[BKQFKBPSK\FNFVZ\FIGY;FMZI[\FKFBV[ZG\NFB[KOVYKEKO

FIGZDKOP\IGOSPMGKG\KFOBGFPGTNKOCFQ.BSGZNFRKICKEKFPP[NFB\

FKMGN\NFCJKIB\[NJGRFTNKEKFVIEF,HKGUVRYSKFCGIZKOBGMN[KJF

BIZ\MKGXBG\CBNF.BSGZ[KGJN[GOTGR[,Z[PKBGNB=Z[PK,TNCKYGZ\

PCGSS\FRP\I\TNBK[KOI[GCKO.~...|

BKQMNKSGENFRKICGEBG\[BK=F[GGKGQFHFKKVSYTOFRFD\FSGXKBNKHO.BCN

BPXTKF\TPGNFCTRKQHFKKVSYG,BONBKKR\RGFGZBG\PVGZ[G\NYKKPO.

FT\GRKOGC\KFEVGSKFKGMGNOYRKQFPP[NFGNBKEVKSGBNBECZKO

[FPP[NF\XGGFNFEVKSO.MNGOBV[ZNFRKICGEBG\,[FPP[NF\EVKS

ECZKF\YVFTNPEKRKG\F?BONB,FZKNB\FKF[GOBV[ZG\[N\TPGNF

VGNKJK\CBPXTG\FEVGS.NBVIG\PHFKFKFY[FNMRSBSKVG\VGPCKG\,

CB[ZMNFBGNPG\KFKG[KKMKONPP[NF.SGUECZ,BONBK\YKRG\YRG\

YVERKG\N\MNK\PVGZ[\HG[N[PKZ\FIKZG\FVGNKJK\,NB\FKF[GOEZL

NVZSO\ZTGPG\,GFPP[NF,P[RCIZFVTO,\FKFMN=KMGNF,MPGFKJNZ,G\GMN

CYNG\NFCJKI[\KCIZG\[GCG\KCIZTEYWFKPKO.FEPGYZJKFBGNK\[PGZ

TNXGZ\F,BLNB\FBCFPP[G\KG\ZPB[ZCBG\QFXGZG\[N[NJGQTPPK

[FBZKMGKPKO\I\MRVKFYKSZG\FZGPK\")CZJZREZBSN,"[NJGQ",VZY

"BKNGUF[NJGQ",FGXB\TOTGCE,\NBCKC,\[K"D~1953|,TP’217=218(.

MD.FPGSZ)14/7(BKRGKMGNNFS\PLTNFIKRGLGTNET\FXCGZCNCE,

P[GO[ET\FXCGZBKRGPIKKCZYPF[FGBN\GTN\FXCGZ,NVKML

BOKCBPKGKGMKI[FPGSZPHKYNFXCGZGFGGNDBZKPGTKNKG\Z\KMU

KPBSGCPGSZGKCIZGCGGNDBZKG\GFKJNZKGMKI.

ME.FY’FBDBKSJKFPKGSE)7/3(TNDNKYRBF[RBF,NBKVJZGPFO

NTGNO,BNBC[TF[NBKFK’NFOCGZDRKOKVKNG[RB\OTNK[ZBN.

GBKQNJTG\MNNB[ZFY’FBDBKSJKKZVB[RB\K[ZBNPQFBGPG\.

GZYFY’FBGNJZGBKSJKBV[ZNXVG\PPRGZVGBFHG.

GKMGI

B.HFCZGZ[FSKSPBMBKN"XGKNV"M,26

FKB)1/6(BGNJZGBKHOPGINJ.

GM[KYGKOHFBHCFMZIMCZKFKGZGCXCGZBGMGNGP[GZKKQCPE\"[NK

[NL",B"MKBPZGRBBKHFFOFDGZPKOKCKBGB\FXCGZNZXGQFHF.MK

FDGZPKO[NFKGO,EFKKRG[RB\FZMG[RKOGMNPKRK[RBG\BNFRP[MG\

PHF,NBKCKBGNFBEOZYBNFFKVL,EFKKRG[KRJTGCBEOPE\"[NK

[NKG[NL[NL".[FGBPE\SEGOFFVGLNBFC\HGN\G.

C.BKQNKPFNECZTOFRP[LBIZFHZO,BNBZYTOPK[K[NG

ETFP[NGGMICYGZ\.

D.RGETZTKGQFKSGE[NBRDNS)8/5(C[OPZYS"[BKQFPTPEFPRGXN

GFPEGMBKMGNNF[\IZZPQFPTPEFPRXNGGPEMBG,CNK[K[IZZCF

C[TFB\FICZFMGNFBI\GN\PKE,PRKXGN,EKMGK,GPNIPG\

PTPEG\"27

.HFS\KZFNRGFDFY’FPBEZRKKO,N[IGJGNRGGQB\MNINYK

FICZFFCGZDRKO,[[RBFTHFHGNBKPIFPCRKFONTGNO.GMQFGB

CS\KZFNPF[PYKPKOPTPEZCGRKG[NKJGPVYITNPTPEFVGTNKO,

[BKQNLPNIPG\PTPEG\MGBCGPKXZKG\ZPFO,GFO[GBCKOB\

F[GPQPN[EFVGTNKOGPRKIKONFOF[KZKOPNGGFCVIEPG\\PKEKBG

VIE[NBK[NIGBG\ONSKCKZ.GBKHFDBGNFMBQ,MKFINKVGPTPE

FCGZDRK[CMNNBKRGMNMLRGZB,GNBPK\G[NECZSZXKNOPTNKFO,MK

K[CKEKFVGTNKOMI[CK\FTNKFO,FINKVGFGCPTPEZCGRK,[NKJ

INYB321

26MBKN"XGKNV"M:MNBIEKYCNNVKXZMKGGKTCGENVKMGIG.

27FPRKVSJFYGPGRKSJKTOPCGBG\GFTZG\,FGXB\FYKCGWFPBGIE,\[K"C

)1952(,TP’.44

GPVYI,CPTPETCEKOPRGXNKOT"K[VIETGR[KOPGJNTNKFO\PKE

NBKQTZLKG\ZPPF[FKFNFOCPNIPFTOFCGZDRKO.

E.FPEKRFRINY\NC’PTPEG\:FIZGXKO,GFRI[NKO.FIZGXKO,

FOFPTCKEKOGFPRFKDKO.GFRI[NKO,FOFTGCEKOGFPGRFDKO.GHFGIGY

JCTK,[FIZGXKOKRXNGB\FRI[NKO,BNBF[BNFFKBMPFIKZG\

G[GKGQGZP\FIKKOFOPRKIKONRI[NKO.GMQMPG\FTCGEF[FIZGXKO

KEZ[GPFO.FRI[NKOFO\PKEFZGCZGCG[NFICZF,GFIZGXKOZY

T[ZFBIGHKOPFICZF,[FKB[KTGZPEGKYNVKFXGZLNFVTN\

FICZF.GBOK\ZCFBGK\PTJP[KTGZFBIGHKOFRXZMKORT[FP[CZ,

GBNGFOFP[CZKO[CICZFFC’,GMQKFKGFP[CZKOCICZFFY’BO

CXGZFBIZ\,BPROCBG\FPE\FKSGZKQ.F[O"IZGXKO",MGNND"MB\

KGZ[KFOGB\CTNKFVZGJYXKFBNFIZGXKO.GC[O"RI[NKO"RMNNKO

D"MBG\OFIZGXKOFRVNJKOP[GOBKHFSCFNPTPEFRI[NKO.

F.CTRKQFE\.{"PXCFYCTFPGSZKBKRGRGCTPQFE\,MKBOPQ

FPET"28

."BPVKZKGYZKJKXKHO",.324

G.PGSZFPCGSSTN\GTN\FICZFPXBRG)14/6(DOCIKG\FICZ\KG\

BPROBKQHFPSVKY,PBIZ[P[\RFNGGNDZKG\CPYGO[PHKYNFICZF,

MDGQFZGXIFDEGNFVJZKGJ,FRK[BTNMVG\FNBGPKKO.

GPMBQ[ZYPGSZFPKGSETNCSKSFE\FGB[ZKZGYKKOGBKQNG\INKU.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 322

28HGFKBPKZF[NNRKQCSVZG"PJZKBNKHOGBPVKZKG=YZKJKXKHO",FGXB\FYKCGW

FBZXKF[GPZFXTKZ,PZICKF,1950,TP’.324NFNQFPGCBFCPNGBF:

"FPGSZRDHZPQFPG[DTN=BGEG\’PXCK=FYCTFPGSZKKO’.’PXC=FYCT,TN=VK

TXOP[PTG\G,BKRRGMGNNC[GOINY=PZMKC[C\GMG\RBK=[KRGKMN[FO.PMBQ

RGCT,NNBMN[KYGNRGSU,MKPXCHFBKRRGPRKITGE[GOBV[ZG\NPNIPF.’

)202(.’F[GKGQFMNMNKGFICZ\KRDHZKOPQFPG[DCECZPXC=FYCTFSGVK’

)endgultig,TP’213(.’PXC=YCT’HFBKRRGRGCTPQFE\,MK=BOPQ’FPET’.NB

’FZGC’KD[KPG,MVK[SCGZKOFSGXKBNKSJKO,NB[NJGQFSGXKBNKSJKO’KCKB

K[GTFNBRG[G\,’)207(,NBGNB,’FF\FGe\FIGV[K\’\D[KOB\FBKEKBN.

GMKBKQB\FPGXB,[FZKGIPQFYBVKJBNVGI\GFGNL,[[MZ=FTCGEFDEN

GFGNLCYCKTG\?)223(.[YZ=GMHCMNFJTRG\CECZ’TCEG\F[MZ’.)229(.

FTCEKO{BV[ZFKFNYXWB\ZDNKFONNBTGR[,GBNGTM[KG?NB,’FVZGDZS

FPGSZK’FGBNPTNFPMNSVY:\RGET\MONKK[GCKOFBGRKCZSKJBKKOB[Z

CBRDNKF,NIKN=FK[T,)230(,N’BDGEG\FXEYF’[CDZPRKF.C[O’PXC=FYCT

FBS\JK’VGSNKOB\’FZGPBRJKYF’.GBNGTNFZGPBRJKYFP\KKISKODOMN

XGZG\FF\V[JG\NNB=SKKD[NFBRK,DOFBKEKBNKHO,DOFPJBVKHKYF,DO

FBfYeNJKHO,DOFSGNKVSKHO,DOFBDGBKHO,DO’MVKK\FBNKPG\[NFZGCTN

FPKTGJKO’,DO’FBKEKBNFSGXKBNEPGYZBJK[NBKZDGQMNFTCGEFCKEK

FPEKRF.’)241=240(."

GMQBRGPGXBKOBXNTPKOFVZBKO[PE\FPGSZ[NFOTGNFTE

BKQYWTNFTPKOF\ZCG\KKO.

H.BKBV[Z[\FKFICZFJGCFBB"MFZGC)8/3([CFFGBJGC.

BPROK[PEFKPKOBGPV\KOB\FZGCFZTCMNPKRK\ICGNG\TE

[PGMZINCIGZCFRFDFJGCF.GHFPRFDMNFEPBGYZBJKG\,BCNSGU

SGUK\IMPGCRKFZGC,BG[BIZKOKIMKPGBG\O,GKCIZGFRFDFZTF

PP[MZXGROFZT.

I.K[NFCKQNPFHFFINKJGPZYSGBRDNS)10/4([[NPG\FY’FGB

"NTCGENVKMIGGNYCNNVKXZMKG".PKFMZKIONHF,GNPFNBPSVKYBO

PYCNMVKVZKGQTCGE\GGNBNF[GG\GTOZ[NQBGPIGSZCRKO.GFTRKQ

FGB,MKFYGPGRKHONBK\YKKOCEZLBDBKHOBNBCEZLBNJZGBKHO,

PJTPKOFR"N.

IE[G\

)15/1(PP[CBG\FFEZL[F[PKEGB\FYBVKJBNKSJKO,FGMZIG

NF[PKEB\FBMZKO,GCPGCQIEGG\FIKKO,KFKGPGMZIKONF[PKE

NTGNOB\FVZGNJBZKQ.

)15/2(PZYSGBRDNS,BT"V[FKGFZB[GRKON[KO\YGQFTGNOTN

FVZGNJBZKGQ,TM"HNBTNFTNET\ONT[G\HFCEZLMVKFBNBCEZL

ETPBYZBJK.GT"MFKFXZKL[FVGTNKOKFKGZGC,GBHKT[GP[JZ

VGTNK,B[ZCTNKFP[JZK\\YRGNBJNBJTEKCGBGNBGNJZGBKHO

FPGV[JBK[NVKPT[KGGBK[NVKXZMG.

FGSKUTNKGN+TR]KQ,29

NFRFKDFP[JZFYGPGRKSJKCEZLFMVKF[NET\

PKTGJTNZCKOC\YGF[NBIZHFKRFKDCKRKFODOFBGNJZGBKHO,GCHF

NBFKFXZKLBNBNPIRFPHGKKR\[NVGTNKO,[CFKG\CTNKFZMG[

PVGHZKOKGMNGNYI\FPP[NFCIHYF,GBI"MKCGBGGKMRKTGB\MNCTNK

FZMG[FIN[KOPIGSZBZDGQ.GNHFINYTNPBZYSGBPZNFVL,

[CPEKRG\FRI[NG\,BV[ZCK\ZYNG\NFMRKTO,MKNBFKFXZKLBNB

NFVGLFIKKNKONYGPGRKSJKOGNP[PKEKOB\CTNKFZMG[,GNYI\

ZMG[O,[NECZHF,CBZWRI[N\YNKG\ZNFSK\FIKKNKO[K[PKEG

GKIPSGGKFZDGB\CTNKFZMG[.GT"MFCKQ[BKBV[ZNFPXBFPGQ

INYB323

29NRKQ.

KG\ZDSPCBZW,GT"MBPZ[BZXG\FKFFP\IN\.GTM"HMKGGQ[ZBF

NPT[F[NBEKNF[PKET[ZFFBIGHKOFZMG[RKOBNB[XZKL

NF[PKEDOFPKNKBRKOFBMZKO,BHR\TKKU,MKBKBV[ZNF[PKEIXK

BGPF.

RGSKUTNKGSJBNKQ[BPZ[FPJZFPYE[\FBPXTKOGYCNTN

TXPGDOPNBMFFHGNF[PKEB\FBMZKO.GFXNKICHF.

BPROMGNONBFCKBGCI[CGQ,MKSGUSGUDOXZKMKONJGC\NCO[N

FVZGNKJBZKGQ[KTCEG.GNFRFKDCFOPE\BGNJZGBKHO[KCKBGBG\O

NSKSPBHG.GHFBKBV[ZMNN[BKQN[RG\FJCT,[NBNCE[KTCGE

NVKXZMKGBNBTGENXGZLICKZG[HFBKBV[ZMNNBNBCEZLBGRS

GMVKF,[SGUKYGPGFZGCGKCJNGB\FP[JZ.

)15/([YZBGPZKOBNG,[FBKEKBNKHOJCTFGBCBEO,BG\GNEF

PIKRGL,BNB[FGB\GNEFK[ZFPFE\,[MNFHPQ[FE\NBR\V[J

CTGNO,C[KTGZDEGN,FKFMNFTGNOCZCZKOCNK[PWPGSZMNKG\.BNB

BIZ[R\V[JGTGCEKBNYKO,RT[GHZTOFMGVZKOBR[KOBKEKBNKSJKO.

CBGVQ[FBKEKBNKSJFGBZYPYKKOPXG\BCG\KGBNBPXGFK\GPF,

EFKKRGCNKPX#G+GF.

GPFKFKFBOFE\K\CJNNDPZKPQFTGNO?BHK\FVMGMNFPP[NG\

NFKJNKZKO[[GOECZNBKTMCTNEZMO,PNFGSKUJGC\TPOCNK

[KTGZ.

MKDOFKGOCPP[NG\BKQKGETKOSTRJKPTRJKO,TM"HK[NPT[KFO

DCGNCKQFEGPOGCKQFBKEKBNKSJKO[CPEKRF.GM[K\CJNFE\,NBY[F

KFK’NFPG[NKONTYGZB\FBKEKBNKSJKOFR[BZKO,MPG[NBFKFY[F

NFKJNZGNSJNKQ.

GFFVZ[CKQE\KKONBKEKBNKSJKO,MKFBKEKBNKSJBKQCSKSNPT[KG,

MKNBKGMNN[MRTNPKNPFFGBPCMZFXEYGPKPIKKCML.BGNKBKRG

BNBIGN[\NC,MECZRKJ[F.BKQNG[GOPNF[NJTOCVKG.GNVKML

FDCKZGTNKFOSJNKQGFKJNZ.

BCNFE\KKTRFCTHG\,MKPXG\BNYKOFGB,GKPSGZRV[G...

)15/(BOECZKKCKB\GTN\,JGC,GBONBGKETGEGZG\BIZGRKONPFR\CJN

FY’,[BKQHFPJTO[BKBV[ZNYKKPFCKQFIKKO,MECZFZMG[RKO,BNB

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 324

PJTO[FPRFKDKONBFCKRGMKXENYCGTB\FP[JZ,GFYKPGP[JZ[N

BDBKHOCPYGO[FKGXZKMKONFYKOP[JZ[NBNJZGBKHO.

GBOKINGYPKTNK[KBPZ[FIKRGLCNCEKSVKYTNHF,BRKPZ[F

BG\GNKKSENGICZFTNIKRGLCNCE.BCNBRKNBBGMNNF[\\UCHF

PIP\[BRKKGETCZGZ[HFECZKOCJNKO.GT"MKZ[FGKSKKTNKNFYKOICZFFPKGSE\TNE\.

\GSVG\GJKGJG\30

YJTB31

"FYGPGRKHOFCKYZ\KNBSKZCPTGNOGBKRGPSZCDOT\FNFVZG\B\

PI[C\GC[VTFZTKGRG\FBKEKBGNGDKKO,FPGSZKKO,FVSKMGNGDKKO

GFIKRGMKKO[BV[ZNFDKTBNKFOP\GLNKPGEMNXGZG\FYGPGRKHO"

)PCGBG\B’NCZKGNFNPBRK’FY’,117(32

.

C."BNGBPZRGNI[GCFKGOMPZYSGBRDNSC[TF[BOFOTXPO

FKGFKGOFKGIG[CKOBIZ\")PCGBG\VNTMBRBGGNPBRK’Y’,128(33

"BNG[PZRGTNBG\FP\F[N\GZ\O"GMG’)[O(.

INYB325

30NFNQKGCBG14YJTKOFPFGGKO\GSVG\BGJKGJG\NPBPZHF.

31YJTHFPMKNZK[GPKOFRZBKOMTKYZKECZKO[M\CFPICZNTXPGNYZB\

M\KC\FPBPZ,PTKQJKGJFZB[GRFGMGNN\.

32FPRKVSJFYGPGRKSJKTOPCGBG\GFTZG\,FGXB\FYKCGWFPBGIE,\[K"C

)1952(,TP’.117FXKJJF[PCKBMBQCTNFSGNONYGIFP\GLFPCGBNPRKVSJ

[M\CBRJGRKGNBCZKGNF)1843{1904(,VKNGSGUSGXKBNKSJBKJNYK.NFNQ

FVSYFCPNGBF:

"FYGPGRKHOFCKYZ\KNBSKZCPTGNOGBKRGPSZCDOT\FNFVZG\B\PI[C\G

C[VTFZTKGRG\FBKEKBGNGDKKO,FPGSZKKO,FVSKMGNGDKKOGFIKRGMKKO[BV[Z

NFDKTBNKFOP\GLNKPGEMNXGZG\FYGPGRKHO,FINPMBNKBSCQYBNB&EGRKF

GMNFCYBCB&.K\ZTNMQ:TNKEKIYKZ\FXGZG\FNNGGKEKT\QP\V\I\GP\IHY\

FFMZFMKXERCENFSGXKBNKHOFPETKPMNF[BZ.PKNBKMKZP\GLFIYKZF

FHB\MK\GPBSPfZeSFKFBEODKCGZGSGVZEDGN[NFSGXKBNKHO?GPKNBKIG[

CNCGFTZXFZCFNZfaB&ZBfB&Q,[FKFFZB[GQ[FTRKYNPGSZFYGPGRKHOB\

FTYZGQFFGB[BKQTNKGTGZZKQ:BGVKFBEOGPGSZGFO\GXBFFMZIK\

P\RBK=IKKGGPQFRSKCG\[FGBR\GQCFQ?GFECYKOCYGPGRKHOFCKYZ\KZGBKO

B\TXPOIKKCKO,C[TF[FOSGYZKOCPI[C\OB\FFKSJGZKF,NTPGENKPKQ

MNFPEGMBKO,BUMKRDHZTNKFOMPTJ\PKENFK[BZPEGMBKOGNSNGN,NBIZ

FK[DKOIGNVKO,B\FEZLN[NJGRO[NPEMBKOIE[KO".

33[O,TP’.128FXKJJF[PCKBMBQCTNFSGNONYGIFP\GLFPCGBNPRKVSJ

[M\CDKBGZDKVNMBRGC)1856{1918(,BCKFPZYSKHOFZGSKGPRFKDF

FBKEBGNGDK[NF\RGTFFSGXKBN=EPGYZJK\FZGSK\.NFNQECZKG:"BVKNG

PGSZIKGC

.1ZBKG\NY’FBGNJZG’.

.2NIGYKFICZFFY’FBNJZGBKSJK\.

.3NY’CKQNBGPK.

.4NE\\GTN\K.

.5SEZ\TPGNFNF\V[JG\FE\.

.6FY’FBDGBKSJKFGBPGYEONY’BNJZGBKSJK.

.7NYKGOFKFEG\.

[NKNF

.1IGN[\YGKFP[JZ[NFY’FBD’)8(.

.2NBKCJNGFPNIPG\)9(.

.3FGMIG\[FY’FBD’BKBV[Z[K\YKKO)10(.

.4PBJKGGKOPXKGRG\)11(.

.5[K[ZBNXZKMKOXZKMKONFKG\PGV\NDGKKO)12(.

.6PTRKRKP[JZFBD’)13(.

.7PGSZ)14(.

14/4 14/8 10/2[FY’FGBBDGBKSJKCEZL,BT"V[SGVGBNJZGBKSJK.

3/3 8/1GK[NINYFTGNONC’SGDKOBDGBKSJKOGBNJZGBKSJKO0/0.

10/6 10/2 10/1 10/3ZGCXCGZFGB\PKEBRJKY’.

8/2GT"MP[JZFY’PIGKCNFSPLTNMEGRKO.

13/7FISZGRG\CFRFNFFY’FBDGBKSJK\.

PQ8/9TE9/1FY’NBKXKNRGPPNIPG\.

FY’XZKL[KFKFCKQNBGPKP3/2TE12/1/2.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 326

CRK=BEO[NCOFKFZIGYPQFPSYRG\GI[[GPVRKFQ,RBNXGNFGEG\MK

F’IYKZF’FCKBFB\PBZjSGB\BRDBNSNKEK[GZF[NPI[CG\CZGZG\

GPYGZKG\.BLBOXEYBRDBNS,[KG\ZPQFPSYRG\I[GCFFF\V\IG\

FPGNKMFBNKFQ,G[CMNNBKQNPSYRG\BNBI[KCG\N[TFCNCE,MKT\F

Z[BKOBRGN[BGN:FBONBR\KK[RGDOFPSYRG\[FGSYGCIKCGZFHF?MNGO

NBRIZWEKRQCFP[LFF\V\IG\,HG[DZPF\IKNFNFSY\Q?~...|BKNG

BPZRGNI[GCMPBZjSGBRDBNS,[TF[FOTXPOFKGIG[CKOBIZ\,FKKRG

PGMKIKOCMLZYB\IGSZ=FM[ZGQFDPGZ[NRGN\VGSB\ZGIFCKYGZ\

FIKFFPVTP\B\\GZ\O;BKNG[PZRGTNFBG\FP\F[N\GZ\O{FKKRG

P\ZIYKOPPRFPZIYZC~...|.PBZjSGBRDBNSCKYZGCNK=ZIOB\MNFSEZ

FYKKOGNBI[[GNPSYRG\CKYZ\O.\NPKEKFO[NPBZjSGBRDBNSBUFO

BKROXZKMKONI[G[NCYZB\FPSYRG\[BNKFQFDKTGZCG\KFO".

11/1IKHGYFXKGRG\{GPM"[FYCGXKO[FOCSMRF[NCKJGNO.

P[JZY’TNBRJKY’NBK\YKKOTNMEGRKO,BG\OFBKEKBNKSJKO

[FOPRFNKOFKGO,CEGZF[RKFTONBKCIZCFOBNBCPRFNKOBDGB’

MPGFO,GK\FVMGNRXKHO.

BRKPECZZYNVZGNKJZKGQ,MNGPZNRI[NKO,GMQNBG\OFBKEKBNKSJKOFPGSZKORV[ONJGC\O,BCNNIZGXKOS\OBKRKPECZ,MKCBP\NB

KISZNFOCMNFP[JZKO,GBVKNGCP[JZFDZGTCKG\ZNBKYGVIG.GNB

KYVKEGBOKYZBGNFO\T[KRKOGSGIZKO,BGKYZBGNFOPRFNKO

GPVYIKOBGPINYKO.

GTM"HBT"V[HGGDFBNJZGBKSJKOTOFBDGBKSJKOFXNKIMNML

NFVKNB\FP[JZFCGZDRK,BKRGPGM[ZMNNNFTPKEICZF[\GVKG\

PBG[ZG\MIVWFPKKSEKO.GNBTGEBNBNFKVLMKHGGDFHF[NFY’

FBKEKBNKSJKOTOFPEGMBKOFBDGBKSJKO,SGVGNFVZEPQFYXFBN

FYXFGKGNKE\GFGGCGFGCICZF.

1MPFP[BKZKO

2MPF[KTGZF[TCGE

3MPF[KTGZFIKZG\

BKQ\YGQNRI[NKOBB"MFOKCIZGFGTE

3FIZGXKONBKRKIGNXB\PPEKR\O

3CSGVOKPK\GFHYRKOGFIGNKO

1M[FSGIZKOKT[GNPINYKOKFKGFYGRKONPYCNKISE

2FCTNG\GF[NKJFBKROHFG\

3CP[JZFMVKFNBKFKFCIKZG\EPGYZJKG\

2CP[JZMHFCRKFPEKRFMBVSCTKRKFPP[NF

2CP[JZMHFFPRFNKOK[TCEGKG\Z

2CP[’MHFKGMNGFPTCKEKONFTNDOBMHZKG\O

CKBGZNFJNKZKHO

1FE\FGBFCSKSFCJGIFKIKEN\YGRKO

1FE\FCSKSFKIKENFTNG\FZPFFPGSZK\

1GBVKNG\IKN\GCBGRS,SGVGCZXGQ

INYB327

2BKQNKSEY’PJZO[FBNJ’PYKUZGCXCGZ

1FE\GFBKEKBFP[NKPKOHB"H:HFNPKTGJGHFNZGC

3PIP\\BG\FBEONTCGEVIG\GNYCNKG\ZNBFKFBV[Z

[KYCNGE\Y’PJZO[E\BDGBKSJKFYKU[NK[FTGNO

4BOCB\CBKVZBKOFP[PKEKOHB"HFKK\PFSSNFXKTNFO

BKHFE\NFXKNIKKFOGYKGPO

5FBEONBKGMNNFS\VYCPXGG\KCK[G\GXZKLNBKHFVKNGSGVKB

NCBZNGPT[KGFJGCKOGHFG[MCZFMKRG

YJTC

NFYEPF

B.)9/3(MCZPSZ\KTYZKETG\KC\ZX"D34

.DOECZ\KTOPRFKDKFEGZ,

GECZKNBR\YCNGBHBT"V[XGGI\KMMZGMKFGFHFZ\KBHTNIGZCQ

FTGNO,NBT[FHFZG[O.BCNT\FBIZFVXXFFBJGPK\GFPKPRK\BRK

IG[C[FTGNOKBPKRGNK[YWFTGNOP\YZCGCBCXTEKORPFZKOGK[ZBN

KFKGRMGKO\IKNFN[BZFBGPG\MPG[FKFCPNIPFFYGEP\,T"MFKGO

JGCNTGZZB\FTGNO[KYCNG\ZGV\GFKIKEFGKIKGGK\YKKPG.

C.)14/8(GK[NFCKQNPFIKKCGPZYSGBRDNSB\FY’FSGVK[MN

BK[KTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG.NPFBRGXZKMKON\RBKFIPGZ

FHF.[HGFKBPE\"[NK[NLG[NL[NL".BNJZGBKHOPGINJ.

GT"HCB\KCPBPZFHFNFGMKI,[BKQ[GO\YGGFNYBPGRKHONF\YKKO

BONBKCKBGBG\GTNSGVGHF,[FGBBNJZGBKHODPGZGTEMBQBKRGBNB

[NCKO[NCKOCYBPGRKHO.

)10/7()14/9(BIZ[FGMI\KXEY\FSKSPB"BK[NVKMIGGBK[NVKXZMKG"

XZKMKONZBG\BOF[NCKOFNNGPGM[ZKONFCKBF\GXBFFHG.

)8/9(FDEZKOCGZDRKGVZGNKJZKGQ,MCZBKROPSVKYKOCKPKRGNCBZTN

KEKFOB\FFSJGZKBFMNMNK\,BNBXZKMKON[PG\KG\ZMGNNKO,GFKKRG

PTPEFIZGXKOGPTPEFRI[NKO)NTKNCGKMGIBG\E35

(.

BIZK25[RKO[NRSKGQCBRGCPCGMFCECZFBG[ZFPGINJ

FPGCJINRGPP[JZFY’,MKF[GRBKGBGPZKO[FGBCMNZT,GFBGFCKO

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 328

34\ZX"D:.1933

35ZBFNTKNTP’.322

BGPZKO[FGBD"TTNKBEPG\.BMQBKQNEIG\ECZKF[GRBKOCPIK

KE,MKM[FBEOZGXFNFMKZPEG\KG[NICKZGFGBPIGKCN[BGN

BGFCKGG[GRBKGDO[RKFO,MKMNNCKEKRG[FBGFCKOKETGZYPTNG\KG

CNCEGNB[GOISZGQ,MK"TNMNV[TKO\MSFFBFCF",36

GF[GRBKO

FONFVL,[NBKETGZYISZGRG\CNCEMKTNMNFPTNG\\MSF

F[RBF,GRPXBM[[GPTECZK[RKFOBHKETFBP\.GZXGRKNCYZMBQ

B\FYGPGRKHOP[GZ[G,GN\\FSCZTNPTNG\KGGPDZTG\KGGFTKYZ

FGB[ZXGRKNCBZB\F\YGRKOBKLBV[ZN\YQB\MNPDZTG\KG,

CBGVQ[FMNKGEGGKZBG[P[JZFHFFGBCBP\P[JZFXEYGFBG[Z

DOKIE.

PFDENF[PI\RGBH,M[FY’CBNKEKRSKGQPT[KCBGPFM"MDEGNF

MZGSKB,MKFKFCZGZNRG[BIZBKHF[RKOPGTJG\KDNFP[JZFXEY

GFBG[ZNTKRKMNFTGNO,[P\GLML,KTNOP[JZFZMG[RKMFZUTKQ

PQFTGNO.BMQNBMLFKF,GNFKVL,MNFBGPG\CTNKFXKCKNKHBXK\

PECZKOTNP[JZFY’FSBGGKKTJKMNPGOZT,TE[NBNCE[NB

R\CJNFP[JZFZMG[RK,BNB[R\IHYMVNKMVNKOKG\ZPJZOFRSKGQ

FSGCKTJK.

YJTD

)14/8(NPFIKKCG...XGZ\FY’NFKG\BK[NVKMIGGBK[NVKPT[KG.

)10/1(BKQP[JZY’P\YKKOTNICZFBRJKY’,P[GO[BKQHMG\YKGO

NP[JZFRSPLTNMKEGRKO.

)10/2(FY’FRCRFTNDNKYRBFPGM[ZZYNFVKNGNFIZKCFCGZDRKO

BCNNBNFJKCTOFVZGN’FRI[NKO,GNFKVL[C[TF[KMNGFCGZDRKO

KVGNIKXKF[RBFTNFRI[NKO.

)10/5(BKQECZ[KMGNNFCJKIP[JZCMITNEGZG\FCBKOIGWPFE\.

)10/6(BT"V[FBCG\[FOBKEKBNKSJKOYCNGTNKFOFY’BKQCJIGQ

[CRKFOKP[KMGCG.

)4/(GBKQXZKLNGPZBODOFBCG\YCNGFY’CMVKFGBGRSMRFGDCY’

BDBKSJK,[SGUSGUKYGPGGKIZKCGFG.

)10/3()10/1(BKQP[JZY’P\YKKOTNICZFBRJKY’,MKK\IKKCNFNIO

MNKPKGTOFBRJKY’.MKMNBEOPJCTGRGJFNZMG[.

INYB329

36P[NKK,KC.

GBKRGKMGNNTCGECNKPBJKGGVBGGZ37

GMKEGRKFXCBNBKFVMGJCTFBEO

GBKEKBNKSJKOPGTJKOFPF.

MKMPFBNVKO[RF[NTGR[KOZGCXKOTNFDRCKOGFDHNRKO

GFZPBKOGTM"HNB[KRGB\JCTOBT"V[K[NFOEZMKONF[KDFMN

CEZLFPG\Z.GFECZEGPFMNVKEKEQ,NPK[PGXBICZF[MGNODRCKO

GZGXIKOG[GEEKOGZGXFNFRFKDOGNFDCKNOCEZLFIGYT"KMI:

[PGMZINF\VGXW.

)10/4(MVGN.)14/1(MVGN.)14/2(MVGN.

)14/3(MKGQ[RXIGQCETFPGCJINFZGC,GPM"[FFGXBFNVGTN[N

FY’NBK\YKKOBNBT"KZGCXCGZ.BRGPIGKCKONFRXKIZPFFPGSZK\

[NZGCXCGZCB‘VQ[NBKYGNYNNTGNO.

)4/1()GBGNKDO4/2(GFE\FGBCSKSFCJGIFKIKE[NBK\CJNNEGZG\.

)14/4(XZKMKONFTCKZFY’TNFVSKO[N"[NK[NLG[NL[NL",EFKKRG

BGNJZGBKHOBCSGNGJK.GBIZ[ZGCFXCGZKDKTNHF,K\YKKO"MNBK[

KTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG".

)14/5(PJZO[ZGCXCGZFDKTNZP\FPGSZMHF,BSGZNFNBKOFZMG[.

PJTPKOFR"N.

YJTE

)8/1(BOTG[KOFNBPF,PJZO[ZGCXCGZPGMQNMLEGPFNSG\ZCK\G

FZTGTPJZO[K[NGFBPXTKONCRG\CK\IHY.

)8/2(INGYFXGEY\,BKQFVKZG[NF[GG\FIZGXKOBNFRI[NKOMKHFG

IGZCQFXCGZ.BNBNF[GG\FRI[NKOBNFPGM[ZKO.

)8/3(FY’FBD’P\YKKOT\FCHMG\YCGX\BKEKBNKSJKO[CZB[F.

BCNCEGZG\FCBKO,BKQFXCGZCGIZCBKEKBNKSJKOBNBCPGM[ZKO

CKG\Z,[FBKEKBFBKRFPDCKN\O,GBHKYCNFY’XGZF[NRXKHO.

)8/4(CY’FBDB’ZGXKOFPTCKEKONPTJFXZKMF[NFTGCE,GNFZCG\

VZKGQTCGE\G,[KFKF\PKECSVYBOKSVKY.GP[GCIPPRG

FBKPVZKBNKSJKO,[FPTCKEKOZGXKONFZCG\FXZKMF[NFVGTN,

GNF[GG\VZKGQTCGE\GNXZKMF.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 330

37PGJKCVBGBZ:"MI=PJZF[FGBMIFVGTNGPRKTNMNDGUGPGEENGMINKDKTF

M\VYKEFENYCPMGRF")FFDEZFNYGIFP\GLYGRJZS"F[NGO"[NCTNFSGNO(.

YJTF

)8/9(FDEZKOCGZDRKGVZGNKJBZKGQMCZBKQPSVKYKONCBZFFKSJGZKB,

BNB:NPTPEIZGXKOGNPTPERI[NKO.

)8/6(IGYJCTKFGB[PTPEFIZGXKOKRXNGB\PTPEFRI[NKO,MPG

EDKO[CKO[FIHYCGNTB\FIN[.GBKQFVZ[BOFIZGXKOFOCGZDRKO

BGVYKEKFPP[N\FY’,BNBF[BNFFKBMPFIKZG\GIEGG\FIKKOFO

P[BKZKONFRI[NKO.

PTPEFIZGXKOFO10BIGHKO,GPTPEFRI[NKOFPGRFDKOPFO,FO

\[TKOBIGHKOPFICZF.

)0/0(BKQ\YGQNRI[NKO,BNBBOMQFOKCIZGCTXPO)8/(B\BG\O

FIZGXKO[KP[NGTNKFO.GBOBKQCKEKFOMIFHF,BHSGVONFKG\

PRGXNKONCNKDCGNT"KFIZGXKO.

YJTG

)13/1(PTPEFIZGXKO,EFKKRGF[NKJKOGFPVYIKO,SGVONKXGZDNG\

PXZKOTNPTPEFRI[NKO[FOFTGCEKO,P[GO[F[NKJKOPYCXKO

NKEOMNFTGEVKO[NFTGCEKO,GFOFNGYIKOPFOINYCZB[,GMQ

PJTOJGC\FXCGZ,NBKRKIGN[GOTGCENFPNJP\I\KEKFONPEKRF

BIZ\GK[PZGTNKFOMPGK[ZBNCPXZKO,[BKQTCEKGXBPFO

NIKZG\.

)13/2(PTPEFIZGXKO,CSGVO,KPK\GMNFRMKOGFHYRKO,[BGMNKOGBKRO

TG[KO,BGBVKNGBOBGMNKOKG\ZPPF[KGMNGNTCGE.MKGQ[FGBNZT\

FICZF:GSTRJKPTRJKOBKQNFO,MRGET.

)13/3(C[TF[FSGIZKOGFSVSZKOK\FVMGNPINYKOK\FVMGFYGRKO

NPYCNKNXEYFPKEKFO,GDGZNOKI\LNVKISEKFPINYKO,BGC[KTGZ

FKZBFPVRKFPVYIKO,BOKFKFNFOTRKQCHF.

)13/4(MKGQ[FCTNG\GF[NKJFBKROHFG\,NP[NBRKFF[KKLNFPEKRF,

[MNBHZIK[NGCTNG\TNKF,TOMNHFBKQNGEZKS\FZDN[PF,BNB

NVKZXGRO[NFPRFNKOF[GNJKOTNKFMPGMQBVKNGBO\FKFPP[N\VZGNKJBZKGQ,NB\FKFNFO[GOTEKVG\KG\ZCRMSKFPP[NFPPF

[K[NFOT\FCRMSKFCGZDRKO.MKMNF[NKJF[CFOZYNPRFNKO,

[FOFCGZDRKO[NT\F,BGFEGPKONFO.

INYB331

)13/5(PEKRFMHG,[Y’[GNJKOTNBRJKY’,PGMZINFPXBCKEK

BGNKDZMKBCEKYJBJGZBPGINJ\B[ZMNBR[KFPEKRFKI[KCGMPG

BVS,GKFKGR\GRKOCKEKFONTGR[KOBMHZKKO,MVK[ZKZ\NCG[NMNPRFN

GPRFN.MKCB‘VQBIZNBKCJKIGYKGOXZMKFO[NFPEKRF.

)13/6(CP[JZMHFXZKMFFPP[NFNEBGD[NB\FKFCIKZF

EPGBYZBJK\,PIP\[ZGCXCGZFOBRJKY’.

)8/5(FY’FBDB’BKRGP[IZZMNGOB\FVZGNKJ’GBEZCBCPYGO

PTCKEKOCGZDRKO[FGNMKOCRGITOFTGCEKOKTPKEGPTPEPRFNKO

GPVYIKO[K[TCEB\FVZGNKJ’CMVKFCTGR[KOY[KOGPZKOGFRKXGN

GFEKMGKKGMVNGTNKFO,GNBKYNNFOMNGOPF[FRKXGNFGBNJGC\

FPEKRF,MKSGUSGUF[PR\KYCNGFPTCKEKOGFPEMBKO,GNTPNKOK\RG

FSTZGGKJYT38

.G\I\HFRPXBKOCVIEPGG\\PKEKBGTGR[KOFDZGTKO

PPG\.

)8/8(CPEKRFMHG,[FY’K[NJGTNBRJKY’,PGMZIKOFPRFNKONZBG\,

[NB\FK’BV[ZG\NCRKFPEKRFNDNG\FTGNGFEKMGK[NFO,MKBIZ

[MNFTCGEG\\FKKRFCZ[G\O,BHKDHZGTNFPEVKSKO[NBKEVSG,GTN

FRGBPKO[NBKECZGGNBKDNG[GOCKYGZ\TNPT[KFO,BNB[KFKG

PIGKCKON[YZGNIVG\TNKFOGNXKKZDQTEQTNKBEPG\.GNB\KGGET

XZ\ONTGNO.GPM"[FPKTGJKO[NBKPXBGIQCTKRKFPRFNKOP[GO

BKHFJTO[FGBKGMNGNFTCKZOPTGNOCNKCG[FGCNKKZBF[KGET

NIGW.GPFKFKFTOKFGEKO[ZGCCRKFTGNO[GRBKOBG\O?

)8/7(BPROBP\DPGZFGB[BKBV[Z[\FKFICZFJGCFGPG[NP\

BB"MFZGC[CFFGBJGCMKFFRFNFPXKKZ\JKCFICZF,GFFRFNF

RCIZ\PZGCXCGZ,GBOZGCOZT,CFMZIDOFFRFNFFKBZTF.MKZTKO

NBK[KPGTNKFOPG[NKO[KFKGNPGZ\ZGIO.

GBKQNFY[G\PQFETPGYZBJKG\FPBETZRKG\MKFPFC\ICGNG\

[GRG\PZPKOB\XCGZFCGIZKO.GM[K\IMPGGKCKRGFTGZPG\[NFO,

BHCJIKCIZGFZGCFRFNFMVKZGIO.GTKYZFTZPFTGPE\NFOCPF

[PYE[KOP\IKNFBR[KOC[OJGC,GPVZSPKOBG\OBOCIMPFBO

CXEYG\,GBHFFPGRKOPBPKRKOGCGIZKOBG\O.BCN[YZBKRGP\YKKO

NTGNO.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 332

38PKFINCFMIG[KO.

)0/0(GCHFRPXBFSCZNFKJNTZKHO.MKB’PVNBKFJCTFGB,PFYZF

NDZPRKO,[RI[CGPTPKOCTNKXKCKNKBHBXKFFKG\ZRTNKO,GV\BGO

CKGOBIERFVMGGRT[GTOVZBKBEO,FDZGTCKG\ZPKQTPKO

FVZKPKJKCKO,[MCZFKGPTGNO.GNBTGE;[FKJNZRCIZTNVKZGC

GCFBPGZFGBV[GJPBE.MKCBP\BKQ[GOETFNZGCFXCGZ,[SGZQ

ZT,BVKNGCTPKOFXKCGNKHKZJT39

CKG\Z.BNB[PZPKOB\ZGC

FXCGZMR"N.GNVKMLBVKNG[ZGCFXCGZFGBZTKMGNNFKG\FRFDF

JGCF.

BCNBOCBBEOZTFPGM[ZNDNG\B\FZPBG\[TG[KOFPRFNKOTO

BR[KOFPVGZSPKO[FOKGXZKO,GPZBFBG\OBR[KOFZBGKONCIKZF

NVKZGIOGZXGRO,MPG[T[FFKJNTZ)GMQN+TR]KQGJZBXYT40

(,BKQ[GO

VNB[P[NKMKOMNFZPBKOGCGIZKOCPRFKDKOZ[TKONVKZGIO.

GNVKMLFKFFKJNTZCBP\RCIZETPBYZJK[R\KIECGZGCFXCGZ.

GBI"HFMRKTGCKTZMNFBR[KOCTNKBKEKBFGT[FCTPKOMZXGRG

GMZXGQFTO.

GHFGMNFIKEG[MKPKPG\TGNOTGENBYZF[ZGCFXCGZK[NJG

CBKHGPEKRF,BNBBGFBGJGYZBJKO,41

[SGUSGUK[CFOBKHF[KTGZ

[NPGSZ.BGBGNKDZMKB,BGETPYZJKOFZPBKOMR"N.BCNZGCFXCGZ

FV[GJNB[NJGBNBCKPKFKJNTZKP"[.

GRGSUTNHFFZKOFZ[TG\MNVKTPKOHZKO.GFZKOJGC\FMNNTE

NPSKZ\RV[.MKFCKQRV[FSBEKSJKO[BORG\RKONFOPYGONVZGY

B\FSBEKHO,K[NPGCTEHFDOCRV[O.

YJTH

)9/1(FY’FBD’BKQCMIGNPRGTPNIPG\.MKFBGPG\FIZGXKOBGCTNK

IGPZFDNONBKZXGNF[\GG\GNF\INYTOBGPG\FTRKG\GFRI[NG\.

GT"M[GCBKQNYGG\TNF[NGOBNBCMIF[PKZFPVRKFPNIPG\

EFKKRGCFMRG\MNKHKKQ,NF[PZPVRKFYRBFGF[RBF[NFBGPG\

FTRKG\GFRI[NG\,PP[MPGFKGO.

INYB333

39CTNKFXKCKNKHKXKFFDCGFF.

40NBGQ)NC(EGKEGCKW’JZGXYK)1879{1940(,PFVMQKFGEKZGSK,FGDFETG\

YGPGRKSJGPRFKDSGCKKJK.

41BGJGYZJKF:[KJ\PP[NB[ZCFK[[NKJBIEGNGMGICN\K=PGDCN.C[NJGQ

HFBKQFMZFCZKCGRG\FTO{F[NJGQCFDEZ\GBKRGEPGYZJKGBKRG[GGKGRK.

)9/2(GNBTGE,BNBDOK\GGSVGPNIPG\PIP\[KRGKBKEKBG\NP[N,

JKJGBKHO,XKGRKHO.

)9/3(MCZECZ\KGM\C\KPHFC\ZX"D42

GXGGI\KMMZGMKBGFHFZ\KMK

FPNIPG\[NFKGOKIZKCGFTGNO.GNBFBPKRG.BCNT\FBIZFVXXG\

FBJGPK\GFPKPK\BRKIG[C[FMNKBPKRGNKBONBRKRXNPPNIPG\

KFK’YWFTGNO.

YJTI

)3/2(FY’,BOFKBXGEY\MNVKMNBGPF,FKBXGEY\MNVKMNFBGPG\,

MKBKHFHMG\GCTNG\K[TNIPZDNO[NFBZWNBGPFKIKEF,KG\Z

PN[BZ.PKIYYIGYFIHYFGPM"[[YRGFGCIZCG\GMKEGRKO.GMQNPF

\RXNBGPFBI\B\ICZ\F,BOECZHFBKRGXGEYNMNKIKE.CPNF

BI\,MPG[XGEYCKJGNZMG[NKIKE,MQFGBXGEYMNVKMNBGPF.GZY

BHKFKF[NGOCBZW.G\PFTNTXPL,BOFIHYFGIGYFKZG[F)3/3(BKRF

PYRFHMG\YRKQNKIKE,NPFKFKFPYRFNBGPF[NPF,GMPG[INGYF

XGEY\RGFD\CKIKEKFBGPF,MQXZKMFNFKG\INGYFXGEY\CKQNBGPK:

CKQFIPZDNO,GCKQBPXTKFKXGZGCKQZMG[FPXJCZNMNFBGPG\

C[GFCNKFVZ[CKQNCQN[IGZ,CKQXCKNKHZJK43

NVZKPKJKCK.PP[

MRGFDCKQKIKEKO[NBGPFBI\.

)9/4(GC[GOBGVQBKQNINYCKQKIKEKO,BGPFBI\,BGCKQMNBGPG\

FTGNO,GMNTGE[KFKFBKHF)0/0(FVZ[,NBKVSYGFPNIPG\.

)0/0(PY’BDBKSJKBKQ[GO\YGFNY’CKQNBGPK.GBVKNGBPTZKYB

\YCNP[JZY’,GDOFGEGGSKQKYCNG)9/6(P[JZY’.BKQTGE[GODGZO

[KMZKICRKBPZKYBNF[GG\ZPG\FIKKO[NFOTOCRKBVZKYBGFGEG

FVZBKOGFVZKPKJKCKO.GMBQNBKGTKNGMNF\ZGVG\[NPZYSGN+TR]KQ,

EFKKRGN[SFB\PTPEFTRK,[KDHNGB\PTPEFT[KZ,MKPTPEFT[KZ

MCZFMKRGNFOMNKON[PKZF.

GBONBKGTKN,FZKMNFY’FBD’N[GBGNZKY,MKNBKPRTGPNIPG\MNTKYZ.

YJTJ

)7/1(TGCEBFKB[K[ZBN[RGBKOPMNFBGPG\BOPJTOE\BOPJTO

DHTBOPJTOYBVTJ’BOPJTOY’BOPJTOYBSPBVBNKJKOGMG’.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 334

42\ZX"D:.1933

43CQXKCKNKHXKF.

)7/3(MKF[RBFYGEP\NMNFJTPKO,BNB[MNBIEVG\Z[RB\GNVK

FVSKMGNGDKT[NG.GNBKGTKN[GOTXFNHFBNBNFCKBY’BNJZGBKSJK

CKQNBGPKFPGSZKCKQMNFDGKKO.)7/2MVGN(

)12/1G12/2(TNK[ZBNPGJNNYCNFY’FBNJ’FCKQNBGPK\IKNFNMN

FBGPG\GNFKG\SPNNFZBG\FJGCGFKGVK[CP[JZFHF.MKP[GO

[FOSGCNKOGKSCNGPFTZKXG\[CP[JZKOKG\ZPMNFBGPG\.GFO

MPGFNCFRKMGF\IKNFNBCZKO.NVKMLPGM[ZKOKG\ZPMGNONYCN

FP[JZF\YKQ\IKNF.

)11/1(MNPXKBG\RGCPEKR\K[ZBNFKBCSMRF.P[GO[NVKSEZ

FMNMNFFRGFD\,TGEKTCGZHPQPZGCFPBGEPJZO[MNMN\RG\FKF

KXKCF.GPGTJKOPBE[KGMNGNTPGECRSKGQNF\TRG\CBZXKRGC[TF

[K[NFOTXFNFDZNBZXG\BIZG\FT[KZG\.GNBJNBJKCZIG

PFSCNTE[NBK[BZPSVZFZBGKNFYZBC[OPEKRF,GKCNTGI"G

CKQFTZCKO.

GBOKYCNGFP[JZFY’FBN’FCKQNBGPK,PNCE[K\QNFOSKVGY

NFKG\BCRDBZE44

NDBGN\FTGNO,[KETG[MEBKNSCGNP[GOHF.BNB

DOKGMNGN[NGJCRV[ONFGZKEZP\IKKFOCT\G,GNTCGEFZCF,C[KTGZ

[KCJKIMNMNFKXKCFNFPEKRF.

)0/0(GBKQXZKLNGPZFYKCGXKO,[MNPXKBG\O[PFCRGKFTNBKEKBNKO,

[PJCTGNNM\GNF\PTJCEGZG\KCGBG,MKBKEKBNBKRGRK\QCKZG[F,

GCNKSVY[FOKIZCG\IKNFYGEONMN.

YJTK

)4/1(FE\FGBCSKSFKIKEFCJGINFTNG\FZPFFPGSZK\[NFICZ

TE[MNBIEKTCGENVKMIGGKYCNNVKXZMKG.

)4/2(CN\KPGCQ...

)4/3(BOFKK\CBK[NVZBKO,B[ZNB\GMNNFXKNIKKFO,[NB

K[PKEGB\TXPOCBMHZKG\RGZBF,HGN\TNKEKFE\,FFKK\PVYVY

CHFNSEZNFOE\FPSVKYNFXKNPXKBG\FBGPFFHG[NB\[PEPQ

FTGNO.

GNDCKY’BNJZGBKSJKFMNVZBKO,GBKQ[GO\ICGNFNFJKNP[JZ

MHFTNFTGNOHGN\CEZLFE\,MKMVKFE\K\RT[K\ZXGQCCRKO)4/7(

INYB335

44BCRDBZEVKZG[GIKN=FINGW.

MPG[ZBKRGCRSKGQCBGPG\[YCNGE\PIP\MVKFGBGRS.PF[BKQMQ

CMVKFT"KIKRGLGET\FXCGZ[BKRFKZG[FNCRKO,BNBFGNM\

GP\PTJ.GB"M\BPZPGJC[MNFTGNOK[PKEGHFB\HFGBN\JKN

TNKFDGZOCJGINFGCKNOBNFIKKOGBNFBG[Z.Y[FNFBPKQ[BKHF

CZET\KFSSCHF.

)4/6(MKGQ[BKBV[ZICZFETPBYZJK\KXKCFHGN\KT"KICZF[ZGCF

JGCFGK[ZF.PIP\[FRFD\FICZFFKBT"KFZGC,BOJGCGBO

ZT,NVKMLBKQNKKSEP[JZY’BNJZGBKSJKBB"MZGCXCGZPGMQNHF

NEGZG\,GBKQNFCJKIHFMKBOT"KE\)4/8(.MKPJCTFE\FGB,[BT"V

[P\IKN\GFGBCBGRSSGVGFGBCZXGQ.

)0/0(FE\GFBKEKBFP[NKPKOHFB\HF,MKMPG[FBKEKBFNB\GMNF

NFKG\RIN\FZGC,MQFBPGRF[GNJ\CKG\ZTNFZGCFVZKPKJKCK[BKRG

PSGDNNBKEKBF.

)4/4(PIP\\BGG\FZMG[,GMQNTCGEVIG\PICKZGGNYCNKG\Z

PICKZG,BKBV[ZNCRG\Y’BNJ’PJZO[P\V[JFY’FBDBKSJK,BNB

T\F,BIZ[MCZ[NK[FTGNOYKCNB\FY’FBDB’,BV[ZCXKZGUMI

FE\NKKSEY’BNJZGBKSJK.

)4/5(FBEONBKGMNNFS\VYCXGGKOKC[KOCNK[KNGFBG\OJTPKO

FDKGRKKOFFGNMKOGPIHYKOFPRFDKOFFO.MNGPZ,[KJFVKNGSGVK\.

GNDCKEKEQMCZPGMR\VKNGSGVKB[NPFTNFZXGQNF[VKT,[FGBY’

BNJZGBKSJKFPSVKYNBEONFDG\CGMNKPKGGNF\IHYTNKEGCPT[K

FF[VTF.

YJTKB

)3/4(FY’FBD’SGVGNYI\XGZ\RXKHONDPZK,BNBC\PGR\

RXKGRBN=YBPBRKHO,[BKQIKNGU[OFHFPVZKTBUNBI\PMNPT[KO

F[JRKO[NFKJNZ.CB‘VQ[FZGSKOKFKGFFTZKQVBNY45

GMNFTGNO

TCEKORZXTKONFOCRGSIFKJNZ.)TK’8/3(46

CP[JZFCGZDRK,TKYZIPZFENYNFXNIFFKBFF\IZG\FIGV[K,

[CTNKF\T[KFGFSGIZKOK[IYGCF,GNHGMKORTKOPBEGNCN\KHGMKO

DGZNOPZPBE.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 336

45TOFBEGRKO.

46ZBFNTKNTP’316;TP’323;TP’.330

GCKRKFOFGBPTPEFVZGNJZKGQ,[BKRGPYCNINYCP[IYFHF,BNB

FGBMPGRKKJZBNKCKRKFO,GBKRGTGNFGBKRGKGZE,BCNZP\IKKGCJGIF,

PIP\MIF[CK\F[K[CKEKG.

)13/7(SGUSGUFQCP[JZY’GFQCP[JZCGZDRKFRI[NKOBKROZBGKKO

NFRFDF,BT"V[FOFZGCXCGZ,BNB[PGMZIKONCIGZPRFKDKOPQ

FIZGXKO,TM"HMKGQ[FORCIZKOTNKEKFOK[NFO\YGGF[NBKRXNG

BG\OMNML.

PF[BKQCP[JZFY’FBD’[BKQFPRFNKORCIZKOPVKZGCXCGZ,

NFKG\OBRJKY’.GMPGCZGSKBG[BZ[BKQNGIRCIZKOBNBPY’CNCE,

NVKMLDGZNOPZFPBEMKBKQNVZGNKJZKGQ[GORXKDCFRFDF.

GMNFBPGZFGBNVKFMNN,[FVZGNJZKGQFOBRJKYBPGRKSJKO

PJCTO.MKFVZGNJBZKGQBKROBKEKBNKSJQ,GFOZGCFICZFFRI[NKO,

B[ZNVKET\OINGYF"XGEY\"VKZG[G[K\INYG[GFC[GFTO

FIZGXKO,B[ZFIZGXKONTGNONBKZXGCHF.

)0/0(ECZKFOZYNVZGNKJZKGQ,EFKKRGBNFRI[NKO)14/1([FOZGCFICZF,

MKNIZGXKOGFBKRJNKDTRX’FOK[BCG\PKEB\F[PR\FQCP[JZY’GFQ

CP[JZCGZDRK.GTNVKFSCZBKKJCNFOKG\Z,NINYDEGNPFO,CP[JZ

Y’,PVRK[NBKKZBGPVRKCYGZ\.MR"NBG\...

ZYNMOFVZGNJBZKGQFRI[NKONMOKFKFDZGTC\MNK\CP[JZFY’,

MR"N.

BCNPTPEFIZGXKOKYCNG[OBIZ,EFKKRGPRFNKOGPVYIKO,GBH

KFKFNFOKG\ZJGC,MKK\VJZGPFF\IZG\FPVKNINNKOCCGZDRKO,

GKYCNG[NFOCYCKTG\GCFZGGIF.

GBKQ[GOTXFG\ICGNFBNFRI[NKO[KXBGPVIEFPNIPG\

GFBCJNFGF[VNG\,BNBFY’FBGNJZGBKSJK.NVKMLBKQECZKPGVRKO

NIZGXKOGFBKRJNKDTRXKT,MKCJINBKYCNGECZK,BNBZYFVZGNKJBZKGQ

GFRI[NKOFOKGMNGNFCKQBG\KGBNKFOBRKPECZ.GDONBG\OFISKOTN

FRI[NKOGP[\\VKOCXTZO.

)14/2()0/0(BIEPIKZGKG\FBEOFGB[NBKFKFY[GZNPYGOBIEMPG

FXGPI[BKRGZ[BKNTHGCPYGOKRKY\G.NVKMLMNPEKRFPIGKC\

NFCJKI[NB\TMCTNFBHZIKONCBNPEKRFBIZ\.GTOHFXZKMKO

NFCJKI,[MNPEKRFNB\SDGZ[TZKFPVRKDZKOGPFDZKO.GTK’13/147

INYB337

47ZBFNTKNTP’316;TP’.331

)2/10(PJZO[ZGCXCGZPGMQNF[VKTNHGN\GBKQNYCGTP[JZY’

BGNJZGBKSJK.

)2/1(SGUFY’FBNJ’FGBNFYKUB\MNFTGNOGNMNFTGNO\FKFZP\

IKKO[GF.BPRO\FNKLFPT[KFGBNBJNBJ,[MNBGPF[ZGCXCGZ

[NFMCZR\IRLNF[VTFNHGN\GKMRSGCZB[NPSDZ\FY’FCKQ

NBGPK.

GMNFBGPG\,[MCZRMRSGCPSDZ\Y’CKQNBGPKKFKGNFOZPG\IKKO

[GKO,CB‘VQ[FTGEVKO[NBGPFFT[KZFBGFIZGXFK[CIGZP\FIKKO

[NBGPFFRI[NFBGFTRKFCIPZDNOGCBPXTKKXGZ.

)2/2(FXGZFFE\K\[NMNFBGPG\XZKMFNIKKCCZB[GRFB\ICZKF

B\FF[VTFNHGN\GCXGZF)[IKKICZGYGEPKONIKKG([N"GBFC\

NZTLMPGL"[NBKFRFPFICZFKG\ZPICZFRI[N.GHFGE\MGNNNMN

FBGPG\[KCGBGCPSDZ\FY’.BCNIGWPHFKMGNFMNFBGPFNNM\

CE\FFKBGCPSGZ\[NF,GBKQNBI\NF\TZCCICZ\F.

)2/11(IGYKFE\F[GFNMNFTGNOFO:

B.[KTCGEC[CKNJGC\CRKFBEOMVKKMN\GGKG\ZPKMN\GBOKFKF

XGZLTE[NBKFKFZTCGXPBCMNFTGNO.

C.BT"V[FGBTGCEIZGWNBKFRFPFICZFKG\ZPPK[FGB

RI[N,CB‘VQ[KFKFZP\IKKO[GFNMNRV[.

D.TM"HBT"V[K[E\K[NFGSKUBG\G\MCGET"VE\.[MN

FPFRFNFICZFKG\ZKYCNBG\MCGEI[GCCKG\Z.

E.MNFPTMCPNDNG\PE\IZKXG\GNJGC\FICZFKTR[NVKIGYK

FICZF.

F.MNBIEGBIEPIGKCNF\BPWTNVKFE\NFZKOZP\IKKO[N

FTGNOKG\ZGKG\ZCB‘VQ[MNCBKTGNOKFRGPIKKFOGKFK’NFOIEG\

FIKKOKG\ZGKG\Z.

G.GMPGMQCZGIRKG\BNBCZGIRKG\NBMNBIEPIGKCNTSGYCHF

BNBBR[KOPKGIEKONVKFXGZL.

H.KFKFMPGC"ETNKGQ,GMNPK[KZXFN\\INYMG[ZTCGE\GTN

IKKOZGIRKKOPIGKCNYCNZ[G\PC"EFHF.

GMQNVZJK\ZIGYKOFRIGXKO.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 338

)2/3(MNFRMRS,KIKEBGXCGZ,NPSDZ\FY’FBNJ’PIGKCN[CT[CGT\

BPGRKO[KYKKOMNHF,PJTO[F’XGFMQ.

BGTM"VK\IKKCNPSGZNCRKG[F’XGGFMQ.GPK[BGPZ[PSVKYNG

FBKEKBF,K[NYCNGGNRSG\GBOBP\FGB.GBOFGBBP\,BV[ZNYCNG.

GTM"VKCJKI[NBKPSGZNCRKGPEZLFMVKZF[NG,BNBKPSGZBG\O

NIKRGLFPEKRF.

GBOBKRGZGXFNBHFGNBHF,BKQNYCNGMNN.MKKYNYNB\ICKZKG

GKXB[MZGCFVSEG.

)2/4(\IKNFK[NT[G\PGSEYJQ,[ZGCXCGZ[CGKFKGPGMRKONTCGEMVK

KMN\OGNYCNMVKXZMOPJTOE\.GKTCEGCIZKXG\MPGTGCECYCNRG\.

GMQKG\ZPPE\FTCGEF[N8[TG\.GMQKFKFCGMNFXGZG\[NFRFD\

PEKRF[NPF.CPNFBI\[MNFSEZ[NFICZFFYJRFFFKBKFKFPSVKY

NPSDZ\C[CKNMNBGPG\FTGNOMGNO,CNKNDZGTGCNKNFGSKU.

GFPGSEFHFKFKFMTKQRYGEFPZMHK\FFGNM\GP\ZIC\TNTPKO

GPEKRG\TESGUFTGNO.GMNFRMRSNPSDZ\FFKBKYCNTNKGBG\FFRFDF

GBG\FF\MRK\[NFPGSECBGVQ[MNFTGNOKFKFTOBIENZKGIGFVSE

GN\GXBG\.

)2/5(FP[VJFRSPLTNFMIKCJNNDPZKPFPGSEFHF,BNB[MN

FS\KZG\[\FKKRFCKQCRKFICZF\FKKRFRV\ZG\CKQFRGDTKOCECZ

CTXPG.GMNPK[KRXNXEY\ICKZGBGIGN[\GNJGC\TXPGKDGRFPET\

FXCGZFMNNK.

TM"H,KFKFC"EYCGTGK[P[ZYNCZZB\FSVKYG\[KCGBGCKQBEO

NICKZG.BCNNBKFKFRSPLTN[GOMI.GFPSZCNET\C"EKDGRFPET\

FXCGZ,G\GNB.

)2/6(GBKQNVYVYBOHFPSVKY,MKMQNBFBPKRG[BV[ZNIRLKNEKO

CFSCZFDZKEB,BNBZYCPYNIGCNKO.TE[FKGOZGCFXKCKNKHBXKT

YCNGTNTXPO[NBNFMG\KNEKO,GFIKRGLFHFPXNKIKG\ZPC[KJF

FYGEP\.

MQBOKPXBBKHFKGXBEGVQCFICZF,BKQNFCKBGNVRKP[VJFRSPL

TNMI.BNBT"KFSCZKOGGKMGIKOGET\FXCGZ,TE[KIHKZGBG\G

NPGJC.

INYB339

GBOMNF\ICGNG\NBKGTKNGNGBHKVZ[GPPRGCRKFICZFMPG

PPRGEF,GBHNBKGMNNYNYNBIZKOPFICZF.

)2/7(JGCN\YQ[[GOBEONBK\CTXZMKGPFICZF,BNB[KFKGPPGRKO

[KIHZGTNFV\IKONIYGZXZMKMNBIEGFOKPXKBGNGPTXPO.

CB‘VQ,[KFKFPI[CG\MNBIEZYNF[VKTNHGN\GGNBKFKFRHYY

NTGNONI[GCNXZMGTXPG.

)0/0(FCSKSTNHF:MKGQ[BRGZGBKO[CPE\FXZKMFBRG[GKONMNFIK,

GMQMNFPT[KOFCHGKO[CTGNOCBKOPQFXZKMF.GNFKVLBRGZGBKO

[MNFPT[KOFPBG[ZKO[CTGNOCBKOPPE\FF[VTFNHGN\G.

NVKMLK[NRGNYPWGNEIG\FPI[CG\[NXZKMFNTXPGGNPNBG\

PI[C\KRGZYCPI[CG\[NF[VTFNHGN\G.[HFK\MQCB‘VQFR"N.

FIGV[[NFVZJXZKLNFKG\R[PZMNHPQ[BKRGPHKYNFICZF

IGWPPK[ZGXFNTHGCB\FICZFGNNM\NBIZ\BKQNTMCGC[GO

VRKO[CTGNO,BVKNG[HFPHKYNFICZF.GDOHFCB‘VQ[NB\FZSMN

FICZF.

YJTKC

\TPGNF)5/1(D’KSGEG\FQNF\V[JG\FE\:B.SKVGY\[GYG\.C.FGMIG\.

D.\TPGNF.

B.SKVGY\[GYG\:FGBMKCMNBEOBVKNGCIV[KK[RKXGWCN\K

RGET,F\GCTF\KKIEG\TOBNYKO.GM[FGBP\TGZZNVZYKOPTGZZCG

\[GYFNET\B\FBNYKOBGNMVGZCBNYKOGFKKRGFL.GBOKPXBPK

[KTGZZCGSKVGY\[GYFHG,KSMKONFMN.

K[NFGSKUTNHFTRKQF[BZ\FRV[G[MZNTGNOFCB.GMQMCGE

FVZJGMCGEFBGPF.

C.FGMIG\.[BKQYKGONTGNOHGN\G,GPM"[CKPKFBJGOGVXX\

FPKKPQ.

D.\TPGNF.N[MGZBR[KONFVKWFECZKOFR"NCKQFXCGZ.

)6/1(FY’FBD’FGBPGYEONY’FBNJZGBKSJK,MKPBIZ[K[NG

[NKJFCIKKONCJGNFZMG[.BV[ZNIRL[FCKJGNZMG[KFKFPIP\

BFC\HGN\G.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 340

)5/2(K[NPFZN[NCF[RK[NFY’,[FGBY’BNJZGBKSJK,PJTOMK

FISZGRG\GF[PG[CMI[NFY’FBD’PZIKYKOB\FTGNOPMNF[KJF.

GNVKMLFDKTFHPQNFZBG\F[NCFSGVK[NFY’FBNJZGBKSJK,[K[

CFPMNFRGTOGBKQCG[GOEGVK.DOK[NI[G[PBE[NBK\TGZZG

PYGEOFPNIPFF[NK[K\,MKVQKCGNTMNFY’PQFTGNO.

CPNFBI\BKQPFNGPFKG\ZY[FNP[JZFZMG[RK,MPGXGZ\Y’

PG[NP\TNEZLFR"N.

)0/0(MCZBRGTEKZBKF[P[JZFZMG[RKIHYFGBGDOFVZNKJZKGQ[N

FPEKRG\FZMG[RKG\PPBSKOCP[JZFY’.GMNHFPVRKFMVKFGFMI

FPIGKC\CF,PJTO[NKJ\YCGW[NY’TNICZFBRJKY’.NVKMLBKQ

NXVG\MNN[FP[JZP\CJNPBNKG.GBEZCFNFKVLFHPQVGTN

NJGC\O,MKMNTGEP[JZFY’KYKUFTGNOK\DNGFMVKFGF[TCGE[CG

[MNBEOCKRGRKPPBSCFOC\MNK\.

MKMNB[ZNBEOK\QCTEIZG\G.

GTGEECZ.MKGQ[FY’BKRGP\V[JCBZXG\FXKCKNKHBXKTBNBCBZXG\

FVZKPKJKCKG\KFKFRPXBCSGVG[NECZICZ\PEKRG\T[KZG\TOZP\

IKKODCGFCP[JZFZMG[RK,GICZG\PEKRG\TRKG\TOZP\IKKORPGMF

CP[JZFY’.

GBHKI\LFEKQTNFY’[[GOBEOCQIGZKQNBKZXFN[PGTPPRGGKPBS

BG\GMPG[PPBSKOFKGOCP[JZ[NTCEKOPMGZKONMNIKKFO.

)5/2(NF\V[JG\G\TPGNF

K[NHMGZ[MNFKSGZKOGICNKTGRKGF[IKJG\GMG’BKQNFO\YGQBNB

CY’BNJZGBKSJK,GBHNBKY[FNBEON\\GNPSGZRV[GTNKG.

)7/1(FKFEG\XZKMFN\\ECZIE[NDGKKO,GNHFFPFPIMKOP[KC\

K[ZBNNBZW,GBKQHFCIMPG\BIZG\,MKCFONBIKE[RGPTGNOGCFQ

BRG\PKE\NPKEKFO.BNBFPEGCZFGBCIMP\FE\GCXEYGC[NGO.

[CHFZGCFDGKKO\NPKERGFO.GIMPFHGPKGIS\ZYNRG.

)7,11/1(MNFXKGRG\SGVGNF\CJN,BOINKNFK\CJN[KCFHG.GPEKRF

HGTRKFPBE,G\G[CKFT\KEKONSCGNFZCF[CNKSVYNBJNBJFPF

BGCRKFOT\KEKONTYGZPQFBZWGNBK[BZZYPSVZPCGJN,[SGVG

NFKJPTCKQFTZCKO.

INYB341

GFTXFNHFZYFY’FBNJ’[PNCEPF[PBIEMNFBGPG\NFKG\BIE

[KSKKTGHFNHF,FRFDORG\R\MIFSCNRG\NMNBIEGBIE,GFTKYZ

[FY’RG\R\MIPZGCFNTCGEFCB‘VQ[VZKGQFTCGEFK[NKOISZGQ

FTRKG\.

)4/(BOKYCNGFE\BHK\MQNCRG\CKFP"Y48

GNFIHKZMNFVBZFT\KY,

[HFGEBKFKFPGMKIXEY\K[ZBNNMNFDGKOTNIHZ\ONBEP\O.GBVKNG

TNFTZCKO.P[B"M[KCFIKNGRK\MKGO,BKRGTG[F[GOZG[OTNFDGKO,

GK[NIG[BONBKPMZGTXPBG\K[ZBNC[CKNXZMKFO.

GBX"NTNFIHZ\KZG[NKO.

GBVKNGTNFYBJBNKYKO49

FKFPJKNVIE.

YJTKD

GTEMBQCBZ\K[Y’GBNJ’FKKRGFLGMQBD’GBRJKY’FKKRGFL.BPROMN

HFFGB[KJ\KTXPK.BCNBO\[BNNZB[KFY’TXPO,KMIK[GHB\CVF

PNB.GNFKVL,MKKBPZG[FOZIGYKOPMNSRJKPRJNKG\GPPGSZFCGZDRK,

BNBFPFPCY[KFXEYCNCE,TNEZL"[NK[NKG[NL[NL".

)GMNHFTN\FNFOPVRKFIKCGZ[R\ICZGTOFVZGNKJBZKGQ(

GNVKMLRS\MNTNVRKFECZKONVK\VK[\OFO.GRCYZB\FXEYFHF

[FOPCY[KO.

NVKF\V\IG\FP[JZKO[NFKGOBG\OFDEZKOCGZDRKGVZGNKJZKGQ

MCZBKROPSVKYKONCBZFFKSJGZKB.MKXZKMKONDEZKOKG\ZMGNNKO,

GZBGKNDEGZBG\O\I\F[PG\IZGXKO)[CP[JZFC’FOFYBVKJ’,

GCP[JZFY’GMG’(GRI[NKO.

MKMNICZFRINY\TNIZGXKOGRI[NKO,EFKKRGM=20BIGHKOKFKG

IZGXKOG=80BIGHKORI[NKO.GIGYJCTKFGB[PTPEFIZGXKOKRXNG

B\PTPEFRI[NKO,MPGEDKO[CKO[FIHYCGNTB\FIN[.GBKQ

FVZ[CHFBOFIZGXKOFOCGZDRKOYBVKJBNKSJKOBG[FOPRFNKO

GPVYIKOGBKRJNKDRXKT,SGUSGUBG\OFT[ZKOBIGHKOFIZGXKOK[BCG

\PKEF[PR\,GK[BKZGNFTPNKOB\PKFINCFMIG[KO.BNBF[BNF

FKB,MPFFOPRXNKOB\FRI[NKO.GBKHFPKQIZGXKOPRXNKOKG\ZB\

FRI[NKOBOPKQFCGZDRKO,BGPKQFPRFNKOGFPVYIKO.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 342

48CKFP"Y:CK\FPYE[.

49FY\GNKO.

YJTKE

FCSKS[NMNFCKBGZ,FGBDKNGKIGPZFCZKBFFZGIRK\GFD[PK\[BKRF

BNBZXGQNYCN,[FGBK[PBKQ.BCNPF[FIGPZHFPYCNRP[LK[PK[.

GPMBQKEGTCCKZGZPFJGCGPFF’EGZ[PB\RG,BKRGBNBF[GB\

FXGZF.MKFDGU[NRGPJCTCZKB\GBKQNGBNBZXGQNYCN,GNBNF[VKT

MNN.[FGBFFKVLPFCGZBK\’[MGNGNF[VKTGNBNYCNMNN,MKPPK

KYCN?GC[KRGKXGZFHGRVZEFFCZKBFPQFCGZBK\’GTNMQRXJGKRG

NT[G\PT[KONT[G\R"ZNKGXZGC\GZFGPXG\GMQNF[VKTNICZG,MEK

NYCNXGZ\FF[VTFGRIHGZGR\ECYCCGZBK\’MPGYEOFCZKBF.

FFCENKOCKRKN[GVRFGBZ:50

B.FGB\GVSBG\GNTXOM[FGBNTXPG,GBRK\GVSBG\GNXGZF

GNR[GB.BPROFPFG\FGBCN\KRGET,BCNKFKFPF[KFKF,FGBRP[L

K[PK[.

C.FGB\GVSTXOFZXGQ,N[BKVF,[[GOPJZFNB\GMNN[KONF

YW,BNBFTVNF\PKEK\GEIKVFCN\KVGSY\.GBXNKFGBPGDCNNYCN

ECZKOPSGKPKOGK[NG[CKTF,EFKKRGPDPF.BNBF[D\FPJZFPDEN\

FZXGQNYCN.T"E"K[NGPRFZGXFPB\KO"51

.BCNPYGEONMQFKF

FZXGQNYCNPGDCNCF[D\PRFCNCE,GNBZXFPB\KO.CB‘VQ

[F[BKVFF\PKEK\FGBPYZFF\ZICG\[CZXGQ,GBKRGTXOFZXGQ

NYCN.

D.FGBBKRGPINYCKQZXGQNF[VKTGCKQZXGQNYCN,GBXNKZY

FZXGQNYCNFGBTXOFCZKF,P[B"MFZXGQNF[VKT[CGFGBBGZ

BNYK,GFGBCIKR\CGZBGNBRCZB.

E.FGB\GVSFZXGQTXPGNTXO,GPF[ZGXFFGBPI[KCMPGXGZF

GPYZFCTXO.GBXNKFED[FGBEGYBTNFXGZF[NFZXGQ,EFKKRGFZXGQ

NYCN,BCNFRG[B[NXGZ\FZXGQNYCNFGBPFG\CN\KRGET.

B.52

MKGQ[ZGBFCZXGQB\FRG[B,FGBPGMZINFDEKZBKHFZXGQ

MGNNCNKXGZF,GT"MCGIZB\F[BKVFFCN\KRVSY\NIGPZ,GPF

[ZGXFFGBFXGZF.

INYB343

50BZ\GZ[GVRFBGBZ)1788{1860(,VKNGSGUDZPRK.

51YFN\ZCF,VZ[FB,NC.

52FSEZFBNU=CK\KPGCBMVK[FGBCM\CFKECPYGZ.

BCNCBP\BKQMBQ[BKVFCN\KVGSY\,BNBZXGQFP\DENGP\DEN

BIZFPDPF,GFGBXGZFGPYZFCZXGQ.

B.NEKEKFTXO,GNEKEKXGZF53

.

C.NEKEKF[BKVFCN\KVGSY\,GNEKEKPGDENCPDPF.

D.NEKEKFBKQIKNGYCKQNF[VKTGCKQNYCN,GNEKEKFZXGQNF[VKT

FKBRKXGWCGZB.

E.NEKEKFF[BKVFFKBIGPZ,GBKMG\FYCNFFKBXGZF,GNEKEK

BKMG\FYCNFFKBIGPZFCZKBF,GFRG[BNBKMG\FGBCN\KPGET,

GBKL[FGB,FGBK[PK[.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 344

53NEKEKFGNEKEKVKZG[GN[KJ\GGN[KJ\K.

INYC

PRFKDKO[NFEGZ

FFPGRKOPJCTONFBPKQNPRFKD[BKQNG[GOPI[CG\GBKRJZTSKO

[NTXPGBNB[FYEK[GFVYKZMNVZJKG\GC[CKN\GTN\FXCGZ,MK

CBP\MQXZKLNFKG\.GBOFPRFKDTG[FZTFNBIEPFXCGZP\GL

BRJZTSVZJKFZKHFCGDEG[YZQGCZDT[KETGHB\FXCGZKZPSRGTE

TVZ.

BPROK[NBEOC’PKRKBRJZTSKOVZJKO:FB’FGBBRJZTSKO

IGPZKKO.FC’BRJZTSKORV[KKO.GPBNGBRJZTSKOFRV[KKOBKQNL

PRFKDCTGNO[NBKM[KNC[CKNOB\FXCGZ.NP[N[FGBZIPQ,

GC[CKNHFNBKCTZB\TG[KFZTGNBK\ZKTTNKFO.FZK[C[CKN

BRJZTSVZJKPIZKCFXCGZ.BG[PVIEPVRKRYPG\GBVK’RYPG\

FCGZBGC[CKNHFKS\KKDTXPGGNBKT[F\KYGRKOFRXZMKO.

CBGVQBOKCJNBRJZTSKOIGPZKOTGENBKZXFNCJNFBRJZTSKO

FBKEBNKOBGFE\KKON\GTN\FXCGZBT"V[FOZYFZD[KO[NG

FVZJKKO,GFXCGZMGNGBKQNFOTSYTPFOMKFPFBKROPCIKRKOZY

CPNFF"\GTN\"NCE,MKBKQNFOECZNGBKEKBNKCKG\Z[KTPGECVRK

F\GTN\.

PT[KOYGEPKON[MN

MPGCZXGQGBFCFFKDKTFBIZFIVWPGNKEKYZGBFCFNFIVW,MQ

FPT[KOJGCKOPGNKEKOBFCFNF’GFBFCFPGNKEFECYG\GFECYG\

PGNKE[MNGET\.

345

D’VGSJPBJKO54

MBNGCQIGZKQ,MBNGCQBNPG\,MBNGB[TKQ.55

GFOZTDCNKBJKCK

N\MGRFPT[KK\)PGSZ(NJGCFRTNFCKG\Z.

BP\G[YZ

RGET[FPI[CFGFIGPZGFZXGQFOC’PBEKVKYBKXKTS56

[NTRKQBIE:

GRPXB[FT\YFFVSKMGNGDKBPQFGKFGFTEZFVKHKFGBBP\G[YZ,

CBGVQ[FBP\MPGFGKFFGB\THKS.GF[YZMPGFFTEZFGBBR\K\THKS

GPCKQ[RKFORGNEFSKR\THKSFRZXF.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|57

ET\FKIKEET\FXCGZ

MPGET\KIKEFGBMPKQPZBF[CGPYGCNKOMNF\PGRG\[NFPT[KO

F\GTN\KKOTOFPHKYKO[FBEOPS\MNCBG\OFRSKGRG\GPCZZNG

FJGCKOF\GTN\KKOGEGIFB\FPT[KO[FHKYGNG)FPMGRFPGI

FHMZGQ(,MNP[NFSGIZP\IYFCPGIFHMZGQMNPKRKSIGZG\[FVSKE

CFOGFSCG\GTE"HMNPKRKFSIGZG\GFSCG\[FCKBGZGIKOGFO

PS\EZKOCPGIGMPKQPZBF[NFRSKGRG\,[NBI"HFGNLGPCZZB\

FPGTKNKOGEGIFFPHKYKOTE[RT[FSGIZJGCGPGXNI.GTE"HMNBEO

CRSKGRG\FIKKO[NG.

TE"HK[NFXCGZPGIP[G\UGPGIFHMZGQGFPEPFP[G\U,[[O

RIYYKOMNFPT[KO[RT[GCKISNFXCGZGNFMNNPMNBEOF\GTN\KKO

GFPHKYKO,GDOFPFCGIZKOB\FPT[KOGFTG[KOF\GTN\KKO

GP[\GYYKO[K\PKEGCFOMNFTG[KOBG\O,GMQRIYYKOCPGI

F"HMZGQ"GFPEPF[NFOMNFTG[KOGFPT[KOFZTKOFPHKYKONFMNN,

GFOPPBSKOBG\OGP[\GYYKON\ICGNG\NFVJZPFO.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 346

54KK\MQ[FMGGRFNPKNFPostulateCN[GQZCKO.PostulateVKZG[GEZK[F,FRIF,TYZGQ=KSGE,BYSKGPF.RegulativeVKZG[GPMGGQ,P\YQ,PSEZ.RZBF

MKECZKCTNFSGNOCSTKUHFRBPZKOCKISNECZKTPRGBNYRJCSVZG

"CKYGZ\F\CGRFFPT[K\",VZY[RK.FVGSJGNJKOFZDGNJKCKONJGCFTNKGQ

FOIKZG\FBEO,BNPG\KG\GGYKGOFBNYKO.

55PKNFHGPGCB\CDGVQRJGKMEKNFEDK[MKBKRFGEBK\.FECZRGCTPPXCM\C

FKE.

56PGEKVKYXKF:[KRGKXGZF.

57CPYGOHFGMQNFNQFXKGQ"PTCZNTPGEIE["PGZFMKCM\CFKEP\IKN

TPGEIE[BGYJTIE[.

NVKMLPFNNKOGP[CIKONFTG[KOGFPT[KOF\GTN\KKOMEKNFRKTO

CPT[KOBNGKG\ZGKG\Z[PMBQRGNEGGKXBGFBKEKBNKOGFBKEKNBSJKKQ

GMNPEG\JGCG\GIMP\FPGSZ.

GNFKVLKDRGPBEB\FTG[KOGFPT[KOFPHKYKOMEKNPRGTGNFVJZ

PFOGPMBQRGNEGMNPKRKPEG\ZTG\GFIJBKOG[VNG\PKQFBEO.

CBGVQ[F\VTNG\ET\KIKEEGPFNDPZKNF\VTNG\ET\FXCGZ.GHF

GHFRTZLZYC\GTN\GFHYCNCE.

FYNYGN[CET\FXCGZ

FYNYGN[CET\FXCGZFGBMKFXCGZBKRGRTZLNVKZGCPRKQ[CGBNBZY

NVKZGCCRKQ,EFKKRGZYF\YKVKO[CFO,T"E[BGPZKO[T[ZKOBR[KO

\GVSKOFFDFCMNPEKR\VZBRXKB58

.GT"VZGCFOFT[KZKO[CFO

[FOZYT[ZFBIGHKOPFXCGZ.GFO\PKEFFEKGJKO[CTO)[HFD"M

NVKET\FXCGZFR"N(MKFOFPHKYKONFXKCGZGFOFPRXNKOBG\O.GT"M

BKQET\FXCGZ[GNJMNNCFTGNO.BNBET\PHKYKO[GNJKOCFXCGZ

CBGVQ[BVKNGFBKEKBNKO[R\YE[GCTGNOBKROBNB[EKOGPNBMK

ICNFCKISZGCPRKQ[NFXCGZ.GNBNCEFE\BNBDOP[VJF[NGO

FGBNJGC\FT[KZKOCNCE.GPM"[\GZ\FPGSZGFBKEKBNKO.

PYGZFETPBYZBJKTGFSBXKBNKHKO

PMBQRGNEZTKGQFETPBYZBJKT[KIHKYGZGCPRKQ[NFXCGZB\P[VJ

F[NGOGFPEKRKG\CKEKFOFO.GMQFSBXKBNKHO[FVZBNBJBZBJ

KYIB\DGZNOCKEKFOFO.[CYKXGZFGB,[ZGCPRKQKT[GB\ET\

FXCGZNFCIKQPF\GTN\NFOGPFFHYNFO,GTV"HKFK’MNFIGYKO

GFBKEKBNKO.

FRKDGE[RT[FCKQFETPBYZJKTGFSBXKNKHO

FRKDGE[RT[FCKQFETPBYZJKTGFSBXKNKHOMVKFRZBFCZGSKB,MK

T[ZFBIGHKO[GNJKO[OCMNFXCGZGCEKYJBJGZT[NPF.FJTO

V[GJ.MKINGYFXGEY\XZKMFNBKEKBNKSJTQ[HFNBRPXBCZGCPRKRG

[NFXCGZ.GT"MSGVGNKVGN:GBKQ\YRFNHFZYCEZLE\PNPTNF

[KT[FMNFXCGZNBKEBNKSJQ.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

INYC347

58XZV\.

YBRJBYJTPGK\’

FFPGRKOPEPKONTXPO[PK[K[NGYBRJBYJ59

TPGK\’FGBBEO...

FJCTG[K[NVIGENECZTPGGPM"[NFPXBCE’BPG\[NG.MKMQJCT

FBEO[PVIEPMNECZ[PIGWNJCTFCZKBFGFGBPVIEDOPECZ

CN\K[MKIMPGZTOGIHKHYGNG\.

BPRONPT[FBKRGMQ,MKBEZCBMKBKQECZKG\ZJCTKPNF[KDPDT

TOCGZBG,MKFGBCTNFJCT,GCBP\K[NMNRCZBPDTTOCGZBG,

MP"["PNBMNFBZWMCGEG",60

BNB[BKRGKGETGPZDK[HB\.GFTGCEG

FHGMFNYBRJBYJTPGBKRGRK\GSUNGZYFKEKTFNCE,MPGFBEO[K[

NGBGXZCMKSGGBKRGKGETGCBBIEGFGEKTNGPF[K[NGCMKSGB[Z

CBP\T\FR\T[Z.GTM"HBKQMBQ[GOIE[NGGBKQPPFNF\ZD[MK

CPXKBG\FPP[KNBR\IE[ECZ.

MQFHGMFNICKCG\K\KZFNET\[FGBCQNPYGOBKQNG[GO[KRGK

P[FGCFPXKBG\FPP[K,BNBKEKTFPF[NBKETPYGEONMQ.

GNVKMLBEZCFDOFBEOFHGMFRT[FP\GLMLJCTKCKG\Z.GV[JQ

CKG\ZGTRKCKG\Z,TE[BV[ZNGPZ[PJZOFHMKFFKFBG\GFBEOGMQ

MNFFPGQPIGWNFJCTFV[GJF.MKT\FFGB[GFGV[JQGPCKQB\

MNFBR[KOGPTGZCTPFOPBEGBKQYZGCGJCTKNFFPGQPPRG,GK[ZY

NBFGCBG\GNCEMKBKQNFOBIYZGCMPGFG.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

CRKQTGNOPIE[

TK’"ET\KIKEET\XKCGZ"G"FRKDGE[CKQSBXKNKHOBNETPBYZBJKT",

T["F.

R\CBZ[O,[TET\FFKFET\FXCGZRCRFGP\V\INVKZGCCRKRG

[NFXCGZEFKKRGF\YKVKQ.GHFPYZGC[R\V\IGFFPGRKOT"KE\,

GT"KFSYGNTQ,61

GT"KZTCGNGXKTRKTQ,GIV[G[KJ\FETPBYJZBJKT

GFSBXKNKHO.

BMQNVKFIGYFJCTK"TKKZVZBBEOKG@NE",62

GFBEOFGBRXZPIKF

ZTFGYGUM[KJ\EZGKQBGMIH"N,[NBIZFIJBKZEPKQFBEONYGVKQ

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 348

59YGRJYJ:Y[Z,PDT.

60K[TKFG,D.

61K[NFRKIMKFMGGRFN"SYGNKQ",FKKRGNC\KSVZ.

62BKGCKB,KC.

MK"MGNOCVRKIGFMYGUCVRKFBEO",63

BPRONVKPTN\FBEOFPGZMC

PFMRF[MNK\FNLGR\V\IT"KFPT[KOGFKSGZKQ,GYCNE\GPEKRKG\

GP[VJF[NGOTE[RS\EZNFKG\BEOPQFK[GC.GMNF\V\IG\

FHB\FKFPGRIMLTNZGCCRKRG[NFK[GCGFFPGRKOPGRFDKOBIZKFO

M"TGNODGNO".

GM[FPGRKOVYIGTKRKFONKJGNFDGZNNKEKFOTXPO,B[ZC[CKN

HFFKGPIGKCKONCJNB\MNF\YGRKOGFIGYKO[NF\YKVKQ[FOFE\

GP[VJF[NGOGFPEKRKG\,B[ZMNBNGFKGZYNVKZGIO[NF\YKVKO

GNVKF\V\IG\ONJGC\OTXPO.

RPXB[FOXZKMKONCRG\TGNOPIE[,MNGPZ[FOEGPKOMPGBEO

FYEPGQFYGUFEBZCKRK,MKNBTNKFOTCZGFRSKGRG\FNNG[FCKBGNFO

[KTGZF\V\IG\FRGFDMFKGO.[Z[Z\F\V\IG\TN[MPf\F\YKVKO

VTNCNCEGNBTNFFPGRKO[FKGTET\FYZYTC\GNF.

GNVKMLRPXBFTGNOT\FCPXC[NIGZCQDPGZVZKPKJKCKPBECPGCQ

PEKRKMCHPQBEOFPTZF...TGENBTCZGTNKFOBG\OFRSKGRG\GFPT[KO

[FCKBGNF\YKVKQNYCNTNKFOFE\GFRKPGSGFP[VJF[NGO.CBGVQ

[BORRKIB\FTGNONF\V\INVKSEKZGFJCTK,FZKFTGNO[NFKGO

PGMZIN\FNKLMNFKSGZKQGFIGZCRG\[TCZGTNFBEOFVZKPKJKCK,TE

[KMZKIGBG\ONYCNP[VJPEKRKYCGTG\GTN\K.

GFVZKFZB[GRF[NFIGZCQCBTNKRGCEPG\FRBXKO[SGUSGUFO

ZY\GNEFK[ZFPFETPBYZBJKTGFSBXKNKHO,MNGPZPFRFDF[NZGC

PRKQBIZVZKY\TGN[NFE\GRKPGSGP[VJF[NGO.

RBXKHOBKRF\GNE\DZPRKB

GR\CBZ[FTGNOCJTG\FIG[CKOB\FRBXKHON\GNE\DZPRKBCNCE,MK

FGB\GNE\F[NFETPBYZJKTGFSBXNKHO,[R[BZGCNKE\GRKPGS

GP[VJF[NGO.GB"MMNFBGPG\[GKOCHFGBKQ\YGFMNN[FRBXKO

KDGGTGTOFRXIGQ[NCTNKFCZK\,MKPIZKYCNGFBRDNBHBYSKQB\

FRBXKHO,[FZKDOFORPXBKOCTGNPO[NETPGYZJTQGRBXKSJTQ.

GHMGZ[DOFETPBYZBJTQPGMZIKONMVGZCE\GRKPGSGP[VJF[NGO

MPGFPBZYSKSJTQ,PVRK[MNBNGFPFP[P[KORBPRKOZYNF\YKVKQ

INYC349

63CCBC\ZBRIT"B.

[CXCGZGPRKIKOPM[GNKO\PKENFETPBYZBJTQ.BGNZGCCRKQ64

[N

FXCGZ.

BP\FGB[FGDKETG\CKQFETPGYZBJTQP[DKIKOC[CTTKRKO

[NBKIZKCGB\FE\GFRKPGSKOCVTOBI\MKKGETKOFO[FTGNO

KIZC.BPROC[KTGZHFFPFPVZKTKODOPP[N\FZGCGBIZ[FZGC

KIMKPGNFCKQBG\OCGEBKKCIZGCPRFKDKOBIZKOCEGPFNFKJNZ.MKFGBPP[CBMIPGCFYPCJBB\ZGCPRKRG[NMNXCGZ,KFK’DZPRK

BGBRDNGHBYSKBGVGNRK.

FTXFFBI\

NBMFETPBYZBJKTFBGPZKONCJNB\FE\GFRKPGSNBJNBJGNF\BKO

PEKRKG\IE[G\CBGVQ[NBKIZKCFTGNO,MKFFPGRKONBKIMGTNKEO

MR"N.BNBMPBPZOH"N,65

BKQSG\ZKQCKFMR"S66

PJZO[BV[ZNCRG\

CFMR"SIE[FCPYGPF.

EFKKRG[BSGZNRGNFRKIB\FZGCCRKQ67

NKJGNNKEKFOB\FFRFDF

PJZO[RCRFE\GRKPGSGPEKRKG\FP\BKOC[CKNO,MKCKR\KOKIZGC

FTGNOGNBKFK’TOPKNECZ.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

RKFKNKHO

NBRKFKNKHO68

PGINJBNBRKFKNKHOFTZMKO)T"ERKJ[T69

NTZMKRXZG\(

FKKRGNMNFTZMKOCSEZKFE\GFPGSZGSEZKFPEKRKG\FPYGCNKOTE

FRFC\VKS\FBRG[KG\.

MKMNBNGFOV[ZG\C[KTGZKFBDBKHOFKIKEBGFPEKRFBGFTGCE

NF’.

GBRKBGPZ[MN[KTGZCBDBKHOVSGNGPHKYGBKQSEZBIZBNB

BNJZBKSJKFQCKIKE,GFQCXCGZ,GFQCF’.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 350

64PXCM\CFKEBKRGPBV[ZNHFG\PKNFHGCCKZGZ,GKK\MQMKMGGR\FPICZ

NPKNF"PRKQ".

65"BPZZCISEBNBNKS\GZBKRK[CKMRK[\BTEECRKCKMRK[\BBIZK\K")CCB

C\ZBDT"C(.

66CKFMR"S:CK\FMRS\.

67ZBFFTZF.64

68RKFKNKHO:\VKSFVKNGSGVK\F[GNN\B\MNFTZMKOGFPGSEG\FPSGZ\KKO.

PYGZFPGRICNJKRK\:nihil{BKQ,BVS.

69RKJ[F.

PBRKHOPBJZTNKSJK70

[FIGPZFGBBCKFMNGFPI[CFFGBo]ZK@O[NFPT[KOGF\IG[G\

GMPKQPZBF.GBKQIKZG\ZXGQZYIKZG\PT[KO.BMQNBT"KTXPGMK

PT[FZTFDGZZ\PT[FZTF,GECZIKZG\FPT[FPGCR\T"K[KS\MN

)CPZBFFPT[KOFRY’(C[MN[NBIZGBHK[NGIZG\NXKK\NG.

GNBKGMNNCIGZP\GL)PZBF[NG([MNGTXPG,MKMNBK[EZMGK[Z

CTKRKG.GK[NG\PKEFSMP\[MNG.

PIGWNTGF"H

PIGWNTGF"HK[NFCKQGNIYGZZYCEZLSGCKYJKCKGVZBDPTJK)PT[K(

GCEZLFHFFZKHFPIYZ[NTGF"HBT"V[FGBPIGWNG.MKFGBFGDF

NVK[KTGZFPNGC[CJCTTGF"H,DONVK[KTGZF\GTN\KF[PG[K

)VZBDPTJK(.

PFGPIGWNTGF"H?

ZYF[K"\FGBPIGKCFPXKBG\[FGBPYGPG[NTGNOGBKQFTGNO

PYGPG.GBG\GNCEGBRGPCKRKO[FGBDOPIGWNTGF"HNB[GOP[FG

BIZ.CRKDGENVR\BKHKO.

GTGF"HFGBPGRIBGCKTYJKCKFRK\QNFCKRGDOCCIKRFBGCKTYJKCK\

[TKYZKFOFZB[GRKOFOINNGHPQ.

GPIGWNTGF"H[FOB"YGBCK"T71

RK\QNFCKQZYCEZLSGCKTYJKCK

PCNKNRDGTCFBCKTYJBUP[FGPFP[FG.

GPFG\FBCKTYJKQ[BRGPDEKZKOC[PG\CBCK"TFONVKFFRIFMKGQ

[FMN\GVSKOMQCNKKGXBPFMNN.)MNGPZKIKEKSDGNF[CMNEGZ[FPF

CMNNZCCG\GPKNGKRTQ[FKGGFT\KEKQNCB(B"MK[NRG[OF[DF

BCKTYJKCK\.BT"V[BKRKRGRGDTKOCBGCKYJKQMNGO.

GPMBQKXBGNRGFE’TGNPG\[NPTNFPTGF"HBT"V[T"VJCTOFO

ZYSGCKTYJKCKKOGP\NC[KOCJCTKFTGF"HCC’FEZMKO:F\V[JG\

GPI[CF,EFKKRGVBZBNTNKHOVSKMGG=VKHK:MKMNTXOPGMZNRGT"K

C’SEZKO:\IKNFVKHK,BI"MVSKMK,GFGNMKO\PKEKIECBZI

VBZBNTNK72

.

INYC351

70KK\MQ[MGGR\FPICZNEJZPKRKHOPJZKBNKSJK.

71B"YGBCK"T:TGNPG\BEO=YEPGQ,BXKNG\,CZKBF,KXKZFGT[KF.

72VZNNK:PYCKN.

GRGET[DOCTGF"HK[ZCKOF\GVSKO[KJ\"BMSVZSKGRKHO"EFKKRGZYNVK\VKSFSGCKTYJKCK\CNCE.BPROBRKPIHKYDOC[KJ\"BKPVZSKGRKHO"NCBZPG[DKTGF"HCEZLBGCKTYJKCKMPF[BV[ZNNB\TZGC\

PZGCF[NIHGYSGCKTYJKCK.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

PFG\FE\

PFG\FE\PGCR\ZYCEZLVZBDPTJKMP"[HKTPS:73

PYGZF[N

BPGRFCXGZLGFBP\CFTEMPF[FKBPSVY\XGZLHF.

GK[BPROC’PKRKXGZMKO:FB’XGZLRV[K,[PBGSNGFIKKOTE

NFYBF,HGN\F.FC’XGZLVKHK,GXGZLHFP\DNFCTKYZCSEZKIKKFICZF,

MPGC\GZ\FPGSZGFPEKRKG\.MP"[YRJ,74

FBPGRFCSKSN\GZ\FPGSZ

G[GPZ\BG\F.

GPGCQPBNKG[IMPKFE\NBKCGBGZYPBG\O[K[NFOXGZLRV[K

MKFGBXZKLNFDOPCIKRFSGCKTYJKCK,P[B"MNINYFC’KDKTNFO

FSKVGYEFKKRGFBP\DOPCIK’SGCKTYJKCK.GTM"H"P\GL[NBN[PF

FGBCBN[PF"75

.

FXGZLFGBYGEONSCFFPIKKC\NBPGRF.

PRFKDKFXKCGZ

BONV"TK[GEBKNMNBIEJTOGZ[G\NCIGZBOCBYSVZKGRKHOBG

CBPVZSKGRKHKO.BPROPIHKYKFZSQ,BKQNFOZ[G\NFRFKDFXCGZHGN\

CEZLVBHKJKCKGVZBDPTJK,EFKKRGNVK[KJ\FBYSVZKGRKHO.MKNB

KGMNNFHKYNXCGZC[CKNBKRJZTSVZJK[NG,NP[NNBKGMNNFGZG\

BPGRFNXCGZC[CKNFCR\FBKPVZTSKGRKHO[NTXPGGC[CKNHFKVSKE

FRKPGSGFPGSZPFXCGZ.GBOBKRG[GNJTNTXPGPGJCNGNF\VJZ.

GNBNFHKYNXCGZTOFBKEBNKO[NG.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 352

73GKNKBOD’KKPS)1842{1910(,VKNGSGUBPZKYRK.CSVZG"FIGGKFFE\K\NSGDKF"

BGPZD’KKPS:"\GTNG\KF[NFE\,\GTN\FNDCKFKIKEFPBPKQG\GTN\G[N

FKIKETXPGNDCKFTGNO{BNFFQFZBKG\FJGCG\CKG\ZMKBP\CF")GKNKBO

D’KKPS,FIGGKFFE\K\NSGDKF:PIYZCJCTFBEO,KZG[NKO\["J~1949|,

TP’300(.TGEFGBBGPZMK"FBNKO[C[POBRGEGDNKOFOFBNKOFEZG[KO

NRGGP\BKPKONXZMKRG~...|MNBPGRF\KBGNGDK\[T[GKFNTGZZCRGHKYF

NBKEBNHFRBPRFFKBTNKRGCDNNTXOSDGN\FHG;GBOBKQ,FZKFKVSGNF

CTKRKRG")[O,TP’216(.

74TPRGBNYRJ)1724{1804(,VKNGSGUDZPRK.

75VSIKORT"C.

\VKS\FTGNO

FTGNORCZBT"KF\V\IG\CSC\KG\T"EFPBJZKNKHOFFS\GZK76

GT"V

FEKBNYJKYB77

[NFDN78

.\THKSGBRJKJTHKSGSKR\THKS.

BMQFGB\MNK\K\NFZD[TOF[K"\PEXI"O79

TENRCGBFBG

NET\F’.

F\TRGDFGBFJTHKS,GFKSGZKQFGBFBRJKJTHKSGFZD[PIGWNFTGZ

FGBFSKRJTHKS.

PFG\FYNYGNKOG\KYGROFGBCET\FXCGZ

MPGET\FKIKEFGBFCGZZNGCKQFFVSEKOGFZGIKOGPTPKEGTNTSY

FPGXNICKG\Z:MQET\FXCGZPCZZCSEZKFPEKRKG\GPTPKEOTN

FPGXNICKG\Z,BMQK[ZGCPRKQGZGCCRKQ.

ZGCPRKQGZGCCRKQ

GTET\FFKGET\ZGCCRKQ)[FOF\YKVKQ(TG[KOGPCZZKOB\ET\

FXCGZMGNGGT"MMNFPGSZGFP[VJ.

GFE\[P[GNFHKYNZGCFPRKQ[FO%80PFICZF.

FZGCPRKQFGBVZKPKJKGKMBEOFYEPGRK

FZGCPRKQFGBVZKPKJKGKMBEOFYEPGRKMKNBRKSFNGN[P[TOFSEZK

P[VJGE\GPGSZ[[P[GTEFRFNBNG.BPROGEBK[MNBNGNBFDKTG

NPXCFFGKHGN\T"KKSGZKQZCKOCEZLFSC\KG\GEKBNTYJK.B[ZFZGC

PRKQNB[ONCGBNKGMNNGPPKNBNBKGMNN\GV[O.

FVTGNFFKG\ZPFKZFFGBFE\

GCMEKNFVTKNET\FXCGZPIE[CFZGCPRKQCBGVQFPGTKNBKQTXF

PFKZFHGN\T"KFE\.GT"KFPKBGS[NMNZXGQNYCNCP[FGGT"KFRTNF

GFKGVK[NFZXGQNF[VKTCPEFPZGCF.

INYC353

76PJZKBNKHOFKSJGZK:SYKZFFKSJGZK\FPVGZJ\C"PRKVSJFYGPGRKSJK"[N

YZNPZYSGP\BZ\PBCYCN\KRPRTCKQFMGIG\FMNMNKKOFPV\IKOB\

PTZMG\FKKXGZNCKQFMGIG\FICZ\KKO{FPTPEGFZMG[.

77EKBNYJKYF:F[YVFVKNGSGVK\FZGBFB\\FNKLFF\V\IG\CEZL[N

RKDGEKO.MNZTKGQ)\HF(PGNKEB\FKVGMG)BRJK\HF(,GNBIZPMQRGXZ\

BIEG\FRKDGEKO)SKR\HF(.

78DKBGZDGKNFNOVZKEZKLFDN)1770{1831(,VKNGSGUDZPRK.

79EXI"O:EGPO,XGPI,IK,PECZ.

GMNHFT"KPT[KOEGYBMKFDO[FVSKMGVKHKFPFVBZNTNKOTM"H

FVKHKFGBYGEONVSKMK.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

FDTRKBH

FDTRKBH80

FGBVZKFEGZ,[K[NGRJKFZCFNF[VKTGBKRGXZKLNTXPG

MNGO.GCHFK[NGF[GB\FXGZFTOF[OGP\ECYCGPBNKG,GPP[KL

PPRGIMPFG\TRGD,GP[VKTNFBRG[KG\.

GFOPGINYKONC’SGDKO:BGTGCEKOPET\O,[VKZG[GNF[VKTR"Z

NKGXZOGP[GOPDPFHGP[VKTKONBRG[KG\.BGTGCEKO[NBPET\O:

EFKKRG[BKROPZDK[KOGKGETKO[ECYKOCF[O,GECYKOCG[NBPET\,

GFOP[VKTKOZYNFBRG[KG\.

GT"VKSGEFHF,BKQYKEPFNBRG[KG\ZYNFJCKTOFZXGQNF[VKT,

GK\ZCFFDBGRKOCTGNO.

JTNTBGNGDKT81

JTNTBGNGDKTPIGKC\FKBCYCNF,T"V[KJ\BRJZGVGXTRJZKG\[FTGNPG\

RCZBGC[CKNK[ZBNGFOF\MNK\GMQ[F[K"\RPNLCR[PG\KFO[N

XEKYKO.

GMQPGCBF\MNK\CFRCGBFG"PNBFFBZWETFB\F[O"82

GBKQNL

\MNK\KG\ZPGCFY.

FZPC"ORGJFBIZ[KJ\EKSJTNTBGNGDKT,GBGPZ[K[NGNF[K"\

CFCZKBFDO\MNK\KOBIZKOHGN\PKQFBEO,MKY[FNGNFCKQ

[F[K"\CZBCZKBFM"MDEGNFTOPTZM\FMGMCKO[FVNBRTJ[NRG

CJNCPXKBG\GMPGDZDKZIZEN,GKFK’MNHFZYN\MNK\[NPG\

FBEO?

F\MNK\PIGKCNMNCZ[MNGFVGTNCNK\MNK\FGBISZETF,GNVK

PT[KGFMZRGFG[CZBFTGNOCEXI"O,[FPECZFGBCIKZFKXKZF

NFKG\GPZDK[HGN\GGP[VKTFG,GRGSUTNKFOFRCKB[PZDK[NF[K"\

GPMKZFG,[HFPGCQN\TRGDNGK\’G\MNK\GCMNFCZKBFFDEGNF.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 354

80FDBGRKO.

81JNBGNGDKF:\GZ\F\MNK\.PYGZFPKNFCKGGRK\,CPKNF"JNBGS"{PG[NO,

[NO,[PYGZFCPNF"JNGS"{SGU,\GXBF.

82K[TKFKB,J.

GFYG[K’[NFDN,FZKK[CFMZICZKG\CNK\MNK\CFJCTMPGZKCGKKO

[CVNRJ[NRGGZKCGKVNRJKONBKQYWB[ZFBEOBKRGP[P[TPFO

MNN?F\[GCFFKB,NVKFIGY"[FCN\KPGETNBKS\KZB\

FPGET"G"BKQNGNEKKQZYPF[TKRKGZGBG\"83

.GBGNKK[EXI"OCMN

FVNBRTJTQ,GCMNVNBRTJ:\MNK\GFPECZ.GMEGPFPQFCN\KPGET.

GBKLKS\GZHFB\FPGETGPGMZCEZLFRCGBF.

GHFGV[GJ[\TRGDNFCGZBNCZGBBCKTYJ[KGM[ZNP[BGP\QTPG

GNFINV\FETG\GMEGPF.GMQK[\TRGDPPKQC[BKRGPKRGGBRGSGPMKQ

NDPZKTNFRCGBF.

SKC\KG\GCIKZF

SKC\KG\GCIKZFFO"EZLKSGZKQ,[RVZTKQ[NBPET\",84

T"KFIGYKO

FEKBNTYJKKO.[MNFGKFK[C\GMFDRGHFFTEZGYKGOFFGKFMNTGE

[NBRDNFFFTEZ[CF,GM[K\DNFGK\V\IFBRJK\THKSFGBPIZKC

B\F\THKS,GPCKBCPYGPFFGKFFKG\ZPG[NP\PFZB[GRF,NFKG\F

MGNN\F\KYGQ[NFBRJK\THKSFYGEPF.)MKMNFTEZFGBYGEONFGKF(

GT"MPMGRFFGKFF[RKFC[O"SKR\HKS",MNGPZ[FKBMGNN\GRGNE\

INYC355

83CCBC\ZBYNBT"B.

84CYGRJZS"F[NGO"[VZSOCTNFSGNOC\ZX"D)1933(BGPZFGBML:

"GBIZ[KETRGB\MNFBPGZNTKN,FZGIRGNFCKQP[RFS\GPFCPSM\BCG\

)VZYD’P[RFJ"H(.GHFN[GRF:’FGB)ZCKTYKCB(FKFBGPZ,FMNR\GQCTZCGQ

GPXGEFVZGSFTNMNFIKKO.FIRG\V\GIFGFIRGRKPYKU,GFVRYSV\GIGFKE

MG\C\,GMNFZGXFNNGG\KCBGKNGF,GFDCBKOPIHKZKQ\EKZCMNKGOGRVZTKQ

PQFBEOPET\GG[NBPET\G,GK[NFOTNPF[KSPGMG,GFEKQEKQBP\GFMN

P\GYQNSTGEF’.~...|

GM[O[FMIG\FSDGNKKO[PGVKTKOTNKEKFTSYCTCGE\GK\’RCIRKONDCBKO

RBPRKOFDGCKOFIGCN[KTGZKQ\EKZECZKGOCKGPGTE[RVZTTNPNGBG,MQ

PP[MIG\FBK\RKOFPGJCTKOCIGYFF\V\IG\RCIRKOD"MNDCBKORBPRKO

FDGCKOFIGCN[KTGZKQ\EKZECZKGOCKGPG,TE[RVZTTNPNGBG,[HFBPZG,

’GFDCBKOPIHKZKO\EKZCMNKGOGRVZTKOPQFBEO’.BPROK[CKRKFOIKNGY

GPZIYZC,EFKKRG’PET\GG[NBPET\G’,B[ZSGDFBIEB[ZIGCORDCFT"K

FDCBKO[NFF\V\IG\,RPXBKOVGZTKOIGCO’[NBPET\O’,BNBDNKOSGTZKO

CBKOTNKFOTNKEKZGIIHYF[NFF\V\IG\FEGIVKOBG\OPBIGZKFO

GPMZKIKOFCZKG\NVSGTYEKPF.FZK[FIGCRVZTCTNMZIOCKSGZKODEGNKO

TNKEKFDKNGKKO[NMIG\FZTFEGIVKOBG\OCEIKVFPBIGZKFO.BGNOFSGD

F[RK,VGZTKOIGCO[FGBF[D\FPJZF’PET\O’PZXGROTXPO,CFKG\O

IGHZKOBIZKFTCGEG\FSDGNKG\FPPFZG\B\F\V\IG\IG[FMZ\FZT~...|

FZKNTKRKLPZIYZCPCKQFRVZTKOPET\ONRVZTKO[NBPET\O,MK\ZGQFBGZ

[NRGTOG\TRGDTNFI[MG\[NKSGZKQGPMBGCKOZTKO".

P[RKFO,[FOFGKFGFTEZF[YGEPGBNFGKFHGFIE[F.GTE"HFGNM\

FBPK\KG\GPG[NP\\PKET"KF"EZLKSGZKQ"[FOFGKFGFTEZ,JTHKS

GBRJK\THKS,GPGNKEKO\PKESKR\THKSKG\ZBPK\KKOTE[PDNFFSKR\HF

F[NPF.BCNPFGF[NPG\?

GCPBJZTNKHOFS\GZK\P\CBZFEZLKSGZKQFR"NZYTNIVW

FMNMNK,[MN\THKSVKZG[GP[JZXGEYN[T\GGMNBR\K\THKSVK’

INGYFCN\KXGEY\CFMNMNF,GMNSKR\THKSFGBP[JZFPKK[CB\

FBR\KHF[R\DNFGNBKG\Z,GT"MDOCFDRGHFFTEZ,GM[P\V\IFFTEZ

PIZKCB\FSKR\HFFFKBD"MGIGHZINKNF,TE[K\DNFFINGYF

FXGEY\.

"GFEZL\GZF"

"GFEZL\GZF"85

FKBR\KR\FDGZNNKEFREMBKO[HFGPPFZB\FYW

CPEF[FREMBKOK[DKIGTNFECZ.GHFGRY’"CIKZF"MKPT\FFCIKZFFGBCKEKFRGDTKOCECZ.

FZK["EZLKSGZKQ"VTGNFBGCKTYJKCK\,G"EZL\GZF"FKBVTGNF

SGCKTYJKCK\GFDGZNCKEKFRGDTKOCECZ.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

FTYZGQ:F[VTFNHGN\G,FFRFDF:P[JZIGCF:NPKRKPGOIKKO

GPT[KPXGG\NZP\IKKONFICZF.F\MNK\GFPJZF:ECYG\GK\’.HFGNET\KFSKR\THKSFBIZGQ[BKQFFTEZDRGHC\GMGTGE.

PT[KOJGCKOGPXG\

NfY86

BPZBKQECZCF[MN[NBKFK’PYGEOCFIG[KO.GMQ[VKR’87

BPZ,

[BKRGZGXFFECZC[CKN[FGBJGCBNB[FGBJGCC[CKN[BRKZGXF

FECZ.GK[NFGSKUT"H[BKQECZCFIG[KO[NBKFK’YGEOCFPT[KO,

CBGVQ[FPT[KOPGNKEKOIG[KOGIG[KOPGNKEKOFFCRF.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 356

85CPBPZ"FIZG\"BGPZCTNFSGNO:"[RKEZMKO[FF[DIFIC[FGFYKVF

BG\RG,MEKNFCKBRGBNFPJZFF\MNK\K\,[FO:EZLKSGZKOFDGZOBNKRG

F\V\IG\FHB\[NBPET\RG.GEZL\GZFGIMPF,FDGZP\BNKRGF\V\IG\

FHB\PET\RG,CNK[GOFMZIGKSGZKO".

86D’GQNfY)1632{1704(,VKNGSGUBRDNK.

87CZGL[VKRGHF)1632{1677(,VKNGSGUKFGEKFGNREK.

NP[N[BKBV[ZNIG[[K\TRDGTNZKCGKFF[VTFPJZO[K[VKTG

CVGTNGMQBKBV[ZNFCKQGNF[MKNI[KCG\GFDEGNF[NFF[VTF

PJZO[JGTPKOBG\GCFIG[KO.

GTE"HBKBV[ZNJTGO\TRGDPECYG\PJZO[KZCFPT[KOJGCKO

FPSGDNKONHFEFKKRGC[PKZFDPGZF[NF\RBKNT[G\R"ZNG,EFKKRG

NF\TRDTNFRI\[DZOBNKGK\’CT[K\FPXGF.GBIZFZD[F\TRGD

FJGCCPT[KOBV[ZNFCKQBG\GC[KTGZF\TRGDFHF.GBO...N\TRGD

RXIKG\PKEKPDZKP\R"ZBNKGBHKHMFNET\...

GTK’NTKN[K[C’PDPG\CE\B’"[NBN[PF"[FGB\GTN\KG\NCE,

EFKKRGCMEKNCSSFKJCFPGSZN\GTN\TXPGGRPXBCF[KDGPDPFHG

MCZK[NGFSKVGY.

GK[PDPFC’CFE\[FGBXGZLRV[KNFECYCG.GHFGRY’"N[PF",

GFGBKMGNT"KPT[KONHMG\NFR"N.G"P\GL[NBN[PFCBN[PF".

PDP\FIKKO

K[D’ETG\CSVZKOGCPIYZ,BGBKEKBPRKG\,NHMG\NECYG\GK\’,BG

CMEKNHMG\NYEPFGNVZBDZTS,FRY’KGJKNKJKNKJKHO"\GTN\KG\".BG

\TRGDC[ZKGIG[RKFRY’FKKEBRKHO88

BGYKZBRKHO.

GFRF[KJ\FKKEKRHOGNGBKFK\FBP\BCNFXZFFGB[FPMBGCKO

PZGCKOTNPTJ\TRGDFIG[KO[BV[ZNFBEONF\TRDCFO.GPNCE

FVDO[NKGOFPK\F.

G[KJ\FKGJKNKJKNFCKBVZGDZTSGYEPFCTGNO,K[MBQ[BNF

DEGNFPKKHMFNFVZTDZTSF[NO...B[ZBRKP[NO\PGZFPZGCFM"M

CPMBGCKOGKSGZKQ.

NVKMLRZBFZYFBKKEBPBRKG\[FPDPFFGBNB[ZG[NFBEO[T"K

[MNGNMNFMIG\[CRV[HGMFNMCGECIKKGGN[OJGCNBIZPG\G.

GYBRJNDNDTN[KJFHGNCSS\GZ\FPGSZTNPDPFBDBKSJK\GFGZF

NT[G\T"P[NY"V89

.

FPETFPBETZRKCIZNGKG\ZB\FKGJKNKHOFR"NBNBZYNXGZL

FMNN.EFKKRGNF[VKT.GDOHFEGPFNT"P[NY"VGPKKZXFHF?DO

[BNFFR"NPFKCKBMNFYKEPFGFVZBTDZTSNFEGZG\[C[CKNHF

INYC357

88FEGRKHO.

89T"P[NY"V:TNPR\[NBNYCNVZS.

BTCGECM"MKSGZKQMEKNF[VKTHB\.TM"VK[NKFXEYNKETPFGFRZXF

PFYKEPFGPKKFRFPBG\FFYKEPF?

GPKV\KK[NO\PGZFDEGNFM"MGNBKETPFK[VKT?

MNFXZFFKB[F\TRGDYXZKPKOGFKSGZKQCBZKM\KPKO.

F\MNK\PFIKKO

PMNFBPGZ\PXB[PDP\FIKKOFGBNHMG\NECYG\GPJTO\GTN\

F[K"\NCEGCYVERG\.BGNHMG\B\FZCKO[KDKTGNECKYG\GK\’.

C’[TCGEKOCTGNO90

C’[TCGEKOCTGNO,BG[TCGEFCGZBBG[TCGENCZKG\KGGBI\PFO

PGMZI,MKBVKNGPNLGR[KBTGCEFCZKG\CFMZI.GBKQBPROJTOCQ

IGZKQDPGZBNBFP[GTCENFCGZBNCEGGNBN[GOCZKFCTGNO.

F[TCGEPGMZI:MKFPYCNPDGRFGCFPKG\FKB.GNF[VKT{K[

[BNFNPK?

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 358

90FBG\C’PGCB\CDGVQDEGNKG\ZMVK[FKK\FCM\CFKECPYGZ.

INYD

YJTB

YGPGRKHOVZBDPTJK

YCN\FE\[N"GBFC\NZTL".V[GJGMP[PTG.

INGYFXGEY\[NFZGIKO[MNBIEKTCGEMVKM[ZGRG\KG{GKYCN

MVKXZMG.

FZMG[PYGKO,ZYFCTNKOBSGZNGNYCNPZGIKOKG\ZPMVKXZMKG.

SGDB’[NFZMG[RKOKFK’TOVYGIXCGZ,SGDC’CRBPRG\TXPGBG

T"KVRYSKO.

FPGCJNKOKYCNGXZMKFOC[GFTOFTSGYKO.

FIKKOCEZLYBPGRKTKYCNGBG\OFSMGPKOMFTGCEKOFCTNKC\KO,

GB\FZKGI[KZGKIGT"KIKKF[G\VG\KT[GPFOZMG[XCGZKC[KKMG\

VZJKNBG\GFYKCGW.

F[\ENG\NCRG\IKKYBPGRKTDONVGTNKOCTKKZG\.

FPTNG\

FTGCEKOGPM"[FPVIEKOPVRKCKJGNTCGEFGEBKKYCNGTNKFO

FE\{[K[KDGCJIGQCIKKFO.

SGDZMG[RKOBKEKBNKKOKYCNGD"MFE\.

T"KFJVFTNCSKSE\KK[NCSSET\FXCGZB[ZFPYCNK\Z

PXZMKGFGBEGPFNFGZDKRV[G\,CB[ZC[CKNGKGMZIFTGNONFP[L

CZXKIG\GCRKPGSKFKJNTZGCPNIPG\RGZBG\,GTK"HKT[GRV[G\ZCG\

NYGPKGRKHO.

359

T"KEGIY[NIGHKOG[CK\G\BV[ZNPZZIKKFO[NFZMG[RKO[KYCNG

TNKFOB\FE\,P\GL[BKRGRGDTKOCZMG[OZYCZGIKO.

P\GL[FE\KFK’CKQNBGPKBV[ZNYRG\T"KMSUGT"KF[VTFE\K\

B\NCF[T’MKQFTZCKO,[KYCNGFE\C[G\VG\TPRGNBDGEFBI\

GKT[GRV[G\CKQFTGCEKOGFZMG[RKOFTZCKO.

PHFKXPIJGCFNXKGRG\,MKPBIZ[KYCNGFE\[PIKKC:BFCF

GF[VTFNMNFBRG[KG\KIECPEFBI\B"MNBKKXZGTKROTNDHN

FBZW,MKKCKRG[FBZWNF’FGB.

ZP\FIKKO[NFTZCKO,KFK’[GFTOZP\FIKKO[NFKFGEKO,GHF

KFKFCY[K[DEGNNT[KK\RV[G\CKRKFO.

YJTC91

ET\KIKEGET\FXCGZ

MPG[K[ET\FKIKE[FGBMIF[KVGJ[NG[[ORT\YKOMNFPT[KO

FPGTKNKOGFPHKYKOGMPG[PS\MNCPZBFFGNLGCGIZFPGTKNKOGEGIF

FPHKYKO.MQK[[MNP[G\UNMNFXCGZ[[PFRT\YKOFPGTKNKO

NFICZFTOFPHKYKO,GET\FXCGZPCZZNFPGTKNKONFOGPFNNKO

NTG[KFO,GNFKVLFOPDRKONTG[KFO[PMBQRGNEKOBKEKBNKSJTQ

GPRFKDKOGIGYKOGDT[PBYTQ92

GMG’.

FYNYGN[CET\FXCGZ:ZGCCRKQ

TEFKGOFKFMIFFRFDFGMIF[KVGJZYNF\YKVKQ[FOZGCCRKQ,MP"[

[M’BR[KOPRFKDKONMNVZBRYZKKL93

GFOFTG[KOET\FXCGZ.

GFP[VJGFPGSZGFE\SEZGNFON\GTN\O.GNVK[FOFPRXNKONZGC

PRKQ[NFXCGZRPXBKOMNBNGFE\GFP[VJGFPGSZZYPHKYKO

NFXCGZ.MNGPZNZGCPRKQ.

GK[NHMGZ[FP[JZFRGMIK[NZGCCRKQFKFPSVKYNDPZKTEFKGO.

PVRK[NFPGRKONBFK’MIF[KVGJMNN,GMNFIGZCRG\[YEPGNFSEZ

FPEKRK[NFKGOFK’ZYCKQF\YKVKQNCE.

BPRONBCEGZBIEF[KDGFSEZ[NFKGOBNBTNIGZCRG\RGZBKO,

TE[F[MKNGB\FE\GFPGSZGFP[VJ[FCKBSEZNTGNO.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 360

91RK\QNFCIKQCFYCNFCKQYJTHFNCKQFPBPZFPGCBCINYC.

92JTPKO.

93XZV\.

CRKQFIE[

GCEGZG\BIZGRKOT"KFXGGBRD[PNNT94

GT"KFETPBYJZBJKT

GFSBXKNKHOF\IKNGFFPGRKONVYGITKRKFOGNYCNFRFN\ICZF

NKEKTXPONZGCPRKQ.GMKGQ[MQPXBGFE\GFRKPGSGFP[JZGFP[VJ

[NGO[MNHFFGBNZT\OMKMQFGBFBP\MR"NMKFOP[P[KQNZGC

CRKQNT[ZFV"S95

[NFXCGZGNMGNOPHKYKO.

GT"MRGNEGNRGC’\PGRG\CP[JZFFPGRKO.

.BGMRBXKSJTQ[VZYGTGNPFE\GFRKPGSGP[VJGTG[KOMPT[F

BEOFVZKPKJKCK[YEPGNSEZKFIKKO[NZGCCRKQ.

.BGMFSBGGKTJKQ[T[ZFBIGHKOPFXCGZ[GNJKOCEKYJBJGZT

TNMNFXCGZ.GHFBKBV[ZNFP[LHPQZC.NVKFEKBNTYJKHO

FFKSJGZK.

"GBOK\CJNFRKPGSI"GKPIGBGKCKK[ZBN96

MGNO"CYKXGZBRG

IGHZKOCFMZIGCFINJBNBEOFKTZ.TE[DO)FFPGRKO(FZGCPRKQ

KNPEGFEKBNTYJKYBTNC[ZOGTXPG\KFOFO)MPNVRKOFZGCCRKQ(

GBHKSMKPGTNSEZ.

GPMBQ[FRBXKHOBKRGVBJTRJDZPRK

BORHMGZ[FFPGRKOBKROBKEKBNKSJTQ{BKQTXFZYFE\[PPRFRBXN

MJCTK,FRKPGSGFXEY.BCNT\FK[P[GFZGCPRKQ.GFMKXE?BKQHFBNB

FE\[NF[VTF.

FTYZGQF[VTFNHGN\G,FFRFDF:IGCFNPKRKPGO,GPXGFNZP\IKKO.

FPJZF:ECYG\F’.

RBXKHOFGBVZKFSBXKNKHO

MKBKEKBNKHSJTQPGTJKOFOGFRG[BKOFBPK\KOFVGTNKOGBMZKOFO

BDBKHJTQ.GCMNBGPFBOKTPGEBKHFEZ[QMFKJNTZ[SBXNKHONBGPK

KG\ZRGIGPGTKNNFOPBKRJTZRBXKTNKNPFNBK[PTGNG?

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

INYD361

94"XGGBRD"P[PTGBKNGWBGMVKKF,G"[PTNQ"VKZG[GNFXZ.RZBFMKMGGR\

FM\GCFKBNNIWFBKNGXKO.

95V"S:oZSRJ,BIGHKO.

96K[NFRKIMKBPKZFHGRBPZFCN[GQSDKRFGZ,MNGPZFCKJGK"ISG[NGOKPIG

BGKCKK[ZBN"P\MGGQNK[ZBNTXPO.

B.BOFK’FRBXKHOGIGZCROPG[MNCBKHF[RKOPYGEOGFKGBKHF

IMPKOPJMSKOTXFNFXKNOT"KE\BEGY[KSVKYNFDRF.FBOFK’

BSGZPJTO[YZ?

C.BONBIZFPNIPFKCGBGFBGPG\NMNNFCRF[PGMZIKQNVHZ

EGYBNK[ZBNNE’ZGIG\GNDZ[KRGPBZXKRGGCBBIEGFJCKTFE\PIE[

)MEKNTPGECPS"R(97

CKRKRGGCKQFBGPG\GTK"HKSMKPGNFKVL[DOCRK

IG"NKCGBGNFBZW.FBOFK’HFBKSGZ?

D.BOK\DCZGI"GFRBXKOGKP[NGTNFTGNOGKZXGNBCE[BZK\

KTYC,BOPG\ZNFJCKTFE\CMNFBGPG\MEKNFXKNFBGPF?

VZDPBJKHO

PYGZF[NFBPGRFCXGZL,GFBP\CFTEMPF[PSVY\NFXGZLFHF

)HKTPS(98

.FZK[FXGZLFGBSKC\FBPGRFGFSVY\FXGZLFKB

BPK\KG\F.

C’XGZMKO:

FB’{XGZLIGPZK,[FGBNCKSGSIKKFICZF.GFKBBPK\KG\F.

FC’{XGZLRV[K[PBGSNGFIKKOHGN\F.GHFGN[PF.

GMPGCQ[IMPKFE\CBKOPXGZLRV[K.BCN"P[N["P99

CBN[PF".

TK’C=BP\VZBDPJK100

.

PDP\FIKKO

B.NFCKBVZGDZTSGBG[ZNFICZFGFGBPFPETFPBEZRK.

C.[T"K[MNGNMNFMIG\[CRV[KHMFNMCGECIKKGG[OJGCNBIZ

PG\G,GT"HPNDNDYBRJ[FKBBDGBKHO.GFGZFZY[NNY"V101

.

GK[NFCKQBONBMEBKNIKG\C[CKNTXPK\BPZ[MEBKNIKG\C[CKN

BNUMPGRKBGPKNKBZE:

GPMBQ[FPDPFFKBN\GTN\FCGZB.BGNVZJKG\GTXPGBGNMN

FTGNO[KHMGNECYG\GK\’.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 362

97PS"R:PSKZG\RV[.

98D’KKPS.ZBFNTKNFTZF.73

99P[N["P:P[NBN[PF.ZBFVSIKORT"C.

100CSTKU"BP\G[YZ"NFNQ.

101[NNY"V:[NBNYCNVZS.

BP\G[YZ

BP\G[YZFGBFT\YFVSKMKSPQFGKFGFTEZ[FO\THKSGBRJKJTHKS,

[P\GMORXPI"BP\N[T\G"[FGBSKR\THKS.GHFGBP\VZBDPJKGRP[LHFTE[K\DNF"BP\PGINJ",[BKQCPXVGRKG[YZ.

P[NE’)TK’NTKN(102

BOFK’CHPQFBEOFYEPGRKFVZKPKJKC[FKG

DGHNKOGZGXIKOBK[NICKZGMIK\FKTZBOFK’P\KZNFRFKDCKRKFO

P[JZE\K?

P[NF’)TK’NTKN(CYJRG\KNBZXK\KNYZG\ZBPBRKOCMEKNBNTSGYC[YZKO,GNBYZK\KZYFSJBZKT

103

.GM[DEN\KGFCR\KF\GTN\[CFO

[FOPV\IKOFEPKGQBHRT[GNKNBP\.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

FXGZL

PCIK’N[PFFGBXGZLRV[K.GK[NFGEG\MKPGTJKOFO)T"E[BPZG

"ZBFXEKYKOGMG’G[\NQCMNEGZ"(104

[KFK’NFO\CKTFPNKEF.

BPROK[ROMHF[PGBSKOCIKKIGPZGBONBK[KDGPJZ\FECKYG\FK’

PBCEKQTXPO.

FTYZGQFE\K,P\GL[NN"[CBN[PF

GFMKQFF[DIFFRFD\FCZKG\CEZLBDBKSJK[CFMZI\CKBFNIGZCQ

FTGNOBONBKYCNGFE\NF[VKT.GT"MK[CFXGZLVZBDPTJK.GP\GMF

CBN[PF.

PFGXGZLRV[K

MPG[NTGZNBKG[DXCTKOGNSZKSBFC\FPKQMQFISZFXGZLRV[KB"B

NXKKZNGFXGZLFHF.BPROXGZLPIGKCFGB.

PT[FPXG\

PT[FPXG\PSGDNKONT[G\NGXGZLRV[K.

INYD363

102ZBFNTKNC\IKN\TP’.362

103FKSJGZKF.

104KGPBNIT"C:"BPZZCKKGIRQZBFFYEG[CZGLFGB[XEKYKOPGTJKQTPE

G[\NQCMNEGZGEGZ".

PGSZKG\RKPGS

PGSZKG\RKPGSVKZG[F,PEG\JGCG\[NTPN"V,105

GNNBFMZIIKXGRK,

ZY[PCGSSTNBGNJZGBKSOGFZD[BIZKG\MNVKFICZFFBRG[KG\.

PG[DT"KIKRGL.

BPROFIKRGLXZKLNET\FXCGZ[KVZRSGKYKKOGKTPKEGBIZKXKB\G

PZ[G\FIKRGL.

GET\FXCGZBKRGRP[LPIKRGLBNBZYP\GTN\FXCGZ.

G\GTN\FXCGZRTZLZYCVKFPEKRFFVZJK\[NBG\GFXCGZ[CFMZI

FGBCS\KZFNTPKOGPEKRG\BIZG\{GBKLKGTKNT"HIKRGL.GFZBKFMK

TGENBRCZBFRKPGSGBVK’FE\[KSVKY"NCKQNBGPKG\"MKFZXKIF

GFDHKNFGMG’[GNJCMNIP\O.CNK[GORKPGSMN[FGBGBEZCFFZGXI

FDEGNVJZKBJGPRGPSKI[CGMFKGONRKPGSCKQNBGPKXZKMKO.

NBDBKHOXCGZKBKQ\YRFZYE\

NBDBKHOXCGZKBKQ\YRFZYE\MKFIKRGL[BKRGPCGSSTNMNGOCRYN

KGMNBKHFZ[TTZGONFIZKCG,GFZBKF,DZPRKB.GBKNGYZFFKJNZ

NDZPRKBE\K\NBFK’TG[FMNGO.

FBDBKHOFJCTK

FBDBKHOFJCTKNB\[CGZCECZKOPNBMG\KKOMDGQIKRGLGET\FXCGZ.

GBKQ\YRFNHFZYE\[FGBJCTK.

\GTN\KG\MVGN

E\FF[VTFPCKBF\GTN\FQNDGUGFQNZGIGT"MPGMZIGPGSMOPMN

F[KJG\[CTGNO,TK’NFNQCBGZL.

PBJKGGVBGGZ106

C’CIK’CG:BGMIFPG[LGGKH=B=VZBRJB,BGMIFMVKFGGKH=B=JZDB107

.

GBKLKGTKNFIKRGLCT\[KGXBCQIGZKQNTXPG,GBKQNG[GOPBJKGG

VBGGZTNFIGCG\[R\IRL[FZKBKQCFOMIPG[LGRTEZDOPMIFMVKF.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 364

105[NTPN"V:[NBTNPR\NYCNVZS.

106PGJKCVBGBZ:MI=PJZF[FGBMIFVGTNGPRKTNMNDGUGPGEENGMINKDKTF

M\VYKEFENYCPMGRF)P\GLYGRJZS"F[NGO"[NCTNFSGNO(.

107GGKH=B=VZBRJB:MIFPG[LNBKHFECZPNVRKG.GGKH=B=JTZDB:MIFEGIF

NBKHFECZPBIZKG)P\GLYGRJZS"F[NGO"[NCTNFSGNO(.

F[BZ\FRV[

FGBPGCQPBNKGCFKG\FINYBNYKPPTN.BPROBKRFCBFCIMP\

FYCNF,MK[GOTXOBKRGCBCF[DF.BMQFRV[P\DNK\NFBEOFRG[B

BG\FZYT"KVTGNG\,GVTGNG\KFFGBZYF[DG\KGK\’CNCE.

GPMBQPGCQ[FV\DO"ETB\TXPLG\MKZMN"FGBP...VKNGSGVKMK

CYCNFXZKMKQNGPZNFKVL,"ETFMNG...\[KDB\TXPL".[BKQTXO

RV[PG[DMNNZYVTGNG\CNCE[FOF[DG\[PG\KGK\’.EFKKRGZY

SGCKTYJKCK.

F’IG[KO

SDGN\PT[KFPXG\FGBMPGCD[PKG\[FPT[KOPDKZKOFIG[KO,

GM[R[BZ...FIG[KOCPIFHMZGQRT[KO[ONEKPGKO[NPGTKNGPHKY

GZMG[,GM[F[MNBGFZXGQBG[GPZFD...PS\MNCFPZBF[NFHMZGQ,

FGNLGPCZZB\FEKPGKOGPYZCFBPK\KG\EFKKRGFPGTKNBGFZMG[

GEGIFFMHCKO[FOFPHKYKO.GNVKCFKZG\FCKZGZKDENF[MN\FBEO.

GBOCPB\KPBJKYTKZDKNNFEKPGKOPGTKNKOCCFKZG\GBPK\KG\.GDO

CISMGQHPQMKBNFKGTKNGNGCCIK’ZMG[YKKO.GMQCRKDGQBGCZVGBF

G\MGRF.

GTE"HSDGN\PT[KOZGIRKKO[...FPXGG\[FOPDKZKOFIG[KO

FBEOFZGIRKKO.GMBQK[C’PKRKIG[KOBGZ[Z"E108

ZD...GMQID"\

R"F109

DGVRKO:MKF\PE\FPT[KOJGCKOP...CFTGCEZGI"BFCF",

GCFXJCZFN[KTGZI[GCP...CGIG[F"KZBF"[NBNIJBGNBCE

FBFCF,GM[CJ...CTXPG[K[NGIG[BFCFGKZBFRGNECGIG[

F\VB...TNICZKG[NBHMGNHF)GHFGZMG[(.GBIZD’IG[KOF...RGNECG

F"RXI"MDCGZPG[NCZGIG,GNVKMNFZD[KE’FIG[KOBNGRGNENG

"FGE"[PGEFCPXKBG\F[K"\.

GCMNPXGF[PGSKUP\ZCFCGF’IG[KO\\BKQFR"NGJTPKPXG\.

GM[P\YCXKON[KTGZFRZXFRGNEKOCGF’IG[KOTNKGRKOZ[Z"ENZBG\

MCGEGPP[GN[PGTYGNF’GNFZKICKZB\GGNECZNVRK’K\’.

GM[HGMFKG\ZR[BZCHMZGRGEKPGKOPF\VTNG\F’IG[KO\\BKQGF’

IG[KOTNBKQ,[MPGCPZBFF[MNPS\MNCF\VTNGKG\BNGGPCZZ

FPGTKNKOGFZ...GEGIFFPHKYKO,GNVKCFKZG\FCKZGZKOKDENET\F’.

INYD365

108Z[Z"E:ZBKKF,[PKTF,ZKI,EKCGZ.

109ID"\R"F:ISE,DCGZF,\VBZ\,RXI,FGE.

NGYSGS,GZMG[PXJCZ

MPGCD[PKG\MQCPG[MNG\...CIMPG\IKXGRKG\KFK’IMP\FMNMNF...

GZVGBFCIK’CKZGZKO[NFPGTKNKONZP\FIKKON[...NNGYSGS,[FGB

EZDFB’[NZMG[.GEZDFC’FGBZMG[PXJCZ[BKRGTGPEN[KPG[MPG

FT[KZG\:GFGBIMP\FPBJT...G\MGRFGRKDGQ.

GTE"HCZGIRKG\FCKZGZKOFTGPEKON[KPG[...FONZP\IKKOZGIRKKO

GZMG[CN\KPXJCZ.

GK[CKZGZKODCGFKO[BKROP[P[KONZP\IKKO,ZYNCI’ZMG[

PXJCZGNCIK’YRKQI[GCMPGFT[KZG\GF\MGRFGFVKNGSGVKT.

BCNBNGGBNGCBKOPEKPGKOZGIRKO[YCNVTOCFIG[KO.[CZKZ\

FPGTKNBGNGBGNBIZKORY’ET\F’.GET[CIMP\FYCNFK[D"MC’

PKRKZMG[FR"N.

VBZBNTJKHOVSKIGGVKHK

[\KEZMKFGVTF[NPFG\BI\.MPGFZTOGFCZY.GHFSGE"PT"J110

G\GZF".BPROFBEOPZDK[\IKNFB\FFSCZFVSKMKGBI"MFVKHK.

MPGCBFCF[FPYCNP\RFPZDK[\IKNFC[MNG[FRG\QBGFCBG\G

GBI"MRHZPKOGP\V[JKOCGRKXGXKBFCF...ZB[PDNFFGBVSKMK

GC\GLFGBF\NC[...

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

PYGZMNFJTG\KO[CTGNO

PYGZMNFJTG\KO[CTGNO:BKEKBF:VKZG[F[NGYIKOBKHFPG[DBG

EKPGK[FKFVTOPNGC[CDGUGPXKDKOBG\GMBGCKTYJPGV[JMPG

[NBFK’VTOCDGU,MNGPZ[P[CIKQBG\FBGPDRKONFNVKFTZMF

FPGV[J\FHB\.

GFXZFFGB,MKFPG[DBIZ[R\V[JPFDGUMCZRBCENGCEZMGINYKO

I[GCKOPP[PTG\GFZB[GRF[CT\F\NC[G\GFDGU.GFERKOBG\GNVK

FP[PTG\FR[BZCGPIGKCKONJTG\CFMZI.

NP[N.FBP\GF[YZCT\[VTNGCDGUBRIRGP[CIKOFBP\NVKZGC

\GTN\GNFKIKEBGNF...

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 366

110PT"J:PT[KOJGCKO.

GBRIRGPDRKOF[YZNVKZGCFHKYGNFMNNGVZJ.BPROBIZ[R\V[JG

FBP\G[YZPFDGVKQGRT[GPG[DKOPGV[JKOMCZRBCEPFOTKYZ

P[PTG...GYRGYEG[FBGJGPBFCXGZ\OFPGV[J\,GNVK...BV[Z

NFPTZKLN[CIB\FBP\DOCT\[FGBPHKYDEGNNFMNNBGVZJ,GMQ

NDRG\...B\F[YZDOCT\[PCKB\GTN\FKG\ZDEGNNFVZJBG

NFXCGZ.GHFGJTG\PZFPHKYNC...GBKQBEOIV[KN[BGNNTXPGPK

YE[FBP\FHF?BG...JKPBGBGSZF[YZFHF?

\GTN\KG\,NPT[FFMNPGEKOCF

MKFIGNYKOFGB...[K[NFO\GTN\RV...GRKPGSKPGSZK[NVTPKO

CS\KZFN\GTN\KG\DGVRK\.BPROCKSGEFZKFPGSZGFE\D"M\GTN\...

FMNBNBBG[ZZGIRKGPFGFR"P111

.

GBKQ[GJF[KTPGNTXPGCNK\GTN\NBNDGUGNBNZGI.

\GTN\KG\FMVGN

GNVK"HPGMZI\GZ\FF[VTFNHGN\GPMNEZKTGF"HKI...[FZKCF

\GTN\KG\DGVRKGDORV[KNVKIMP\FYCNF.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

\SCKLPTGZVN[K[NV\ZGBI\NBI\CHFBIZHF

TKYZFYG[K,FGB[K[MBQSC...PSGCL[NMPFSVKYG\FP[\NCKO

HGCHG:

FB’{BVK’[NBNYI\CI[CGQB\FBPK\KG\K[[BNFBOFGB

\GTN\KCFINJ?

FC’{BVK’BOFGB\GTN\KBOBV[ZNYKKPGCVGTN?

FD’{PKFPFFBR[KO[KGM[ZGNBKPGQFEGZCECZDCGFMHB\?

FE’{BGNKKCKBFVTGNFFHGCHKGQGXIGYPFXCGZ?

KEKTF

KEKTFFKBCB’PD’EZMKO;BGPCIK’BPVKZK[FGBP\GLFS\MNG\

IG[RK\)PRSKGRG\PP[(;BG"FS\GZK\",[P\GL\TGEG\GPSPMKO;BG

P\KPJK\[P\GLXKZGVKPSVZDGENG\CRK\.)T"KKEKTF({...

GIMP\FYCNFPBG[Z\PMNFD’EZMKOFR"N.

INYD367

111R"P:RVYBPKRF{FCEN,[GRK.

GMQK[EZLE’NKEKTF[FGBP\GLFY[KOVKNGSKVKKOBGCEZL

ETEGYJKCKBGBKRETYJGCK,[VKZG[GPFMNNBNVZJKGBGPFVZJTN

FMNN.GHFGBKSGZIPGZCIMP\FYCNF.MKMNPF[NBR[KDNB

RET112

...

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 368

112CM\CFKENBRK\QNZBG\B\SGVG[NFP[VJ.CTRKKQHFRCKBECZKOEGPKO

[NCTNFSGNOCPYGPG\BIZKO:"GHFMNNCZHNBXNMNIMPKFYCNF,’MNPF

[NBR[KD,NBRDEZFGC[OGPNF’")PBPZ"PFG\IMP\FYCNF"(."MKHF

FMNN,MNPF[NBR[KDNBRETFGC[O")"\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\",INYB’,

VZYB’,BG\C’,BGZVRKPK(.

INYEYJTB

113

FCKBGZ[DOT\FBRGP[VKTKOGNBGPYCNKOFQPPF[BKQ

RGJNKOB\FTGEU[BRGPKKXZKOBNKYCZ.

2GPJTO[BOFKDKTF[NKGOPYCN\TRGD[NIXKKGORY’HF

F[VTF.GP\GL[MNNG\F\TRGDPPGTJPBEPFKDKTF[BEOP\KKDTKO

RPXBKOMGNRGZYP[VKTKOGNBPYCNKO{GHFI[CGQPJBP\K.

3FCKBGZ[BRGP\KKDTKOFKGOPIP\[TCGEFICZFNMF"V14

[TG\CKGOTOXTZGPMBGCKO{[FZKMNPRFDKRGCBKOPF[TCGENXCGZ.

369

113RZBFMKFRBPZCYJTHFPFGGFFZICFNECZKCTNFSGNOFPGCBKOCPBPZ

"F[NGOCTGNO".RCKBMBQ[\KPGCBG\PPBPZHF:

"C’PP[NG\FVGTNG\CEZMKFF\V\IG\FBPGZF:BI\FKB:’PP[N\

F[PKO’,FPCJKIFNTXPFNFIHKZMNZTGPHKY{NJGCGPGTKN.BNB[CB

CT\G.MEZMGCMCEG\GCBZKM\FHPQ.GK[{’PP[N\FBZW’~...|[FOCRK

BEO[NYIGB\IGYKFF\V\IG\FBPGZF\I\PP[N\OTXPO,[MIOKVF

NF[\IZZNDPZKPMCNKFHPQ".

"K[[RKXEEKOCPJCTFKIKEKG\FBPGZF,MKBORS\MNCFPXEFFB’FTNKGQ,

EFKKRG,PXEF[\GG\FTOKIKEG[NTGNO,FZKFKBVGTN\ZYCXGZF[N

’F[VTFNHGN\G’,[FZKFCGZBK\’MGNGP[VKT~...|NMQ,DOFKIKEKG\[RP[L

BXNRGPPRGK\’,PIGKC\[\VTNDOMQZYCXGZG\[N"F[VTFNHGN\G"GNB

MNGO"NYCNNTXPG".PXEFFC’[NBG\FFPJCT,EFKKRG,PCIKR\XGZ\

VTGN\FFPT[K\[VGTN\CRG,{RPXB[VGTN\CMGGQFVGLNDPZK,MKVGTN\

ZYCXGZG\[N’YCNFNTXPG’.~...|GM[RDKTNRYGE\FDGCFFTNKGQ[N

FPEZDG\,R[P[MGNRGCKIKEKG\[NRGZYCXGZF[N’F[VTFNHGN\G’,GNB

KBZTBUVTON[GOBEO[K[P[TPFCXGZG\[N’YCNFNTXPG’.

GTNVKFECZKOFNNG,PXBRGFHEPRG\,NFS\MNC\RBKFIKKO[NEGZ

FBIZGQ,FHPQ[N[NGOFTGNO,CHPQ[FBRG[G\MGNF\DKTNRYGE\FDGCF

[NXEFB’,GKFKGP[P[KOTOFKIKEKG\[NFOZYCXGZF[N’F[VTF

NHGN\G’GNBMNNCXGZF[N’YCNFNTXPG’.GMEBKNFT\KYMBQB\XGZG\

FIKKOFBPGZF,CPEF[\[P[NRGNYIGPGV\,GNF\KK[CCET\RG\I\

[JUDNKFIKKO[NRG,BGNKMEBKGBV[ZDOCEGZRGNT[G\RSKGQ,NFEPG\

NXGZ\FIKKOFBPGZF".

...FCKBGZ[BOR[\P[C"PP[N\FBZW"BV[ZNFIK[F"EGZ

FBIZGQ"DOCEGZKRGHF.

4ECZHF[NFF\IZG\P\GLFKIKEKG\CF[VTFNHGN\GBKRRF

VTRJBHKTPGV[J\,[FZKP[\P[KOCFCFIKKOFPT[KKOMDGQFPVHZKO

MNZMG[OBGZGCONXZMKZCKO,BGICZKFPVNDG\FBKEKBNKSJKOCKG\Z

[PVYKZKOGPBCEKOB\IKKFONJGC\FMNNGMEGPF.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

P[NNPF"E,114

NT[KZ[FKFNGBCHYQGNBFK’ZGXFNVZRSG.FCKBGFG

NFCFP"[GKXBFVS"E[KVZRSGTN[NIRGCMCGENBVIG\P[FGPPF

[PBMKNB\C"C,GBONBGKTR[CTGR[IPGZ.

GMPGCQ[NYIGNCK\GGFGMZINVZRSBG\GCMNJGCBNBNCGFKFPNB

XTZ.JTQBNKGFHYQ,CKQMLGCKQMLB\FRG\QNKMNPTERKTGNO[TN

[NIRKLGPFBKMV\NLGPF\GMNNFVSKEBO\FKFNLDOFMGRF

FJGCFFPYGCNTNET\MNBEOFDGQ,N[PGITNB[ZK[NLFHEPRG\

NMCEB\BCKLB[ZVHZTNKLMNMIGGT[BLNBK[TOPTPEPMGCE

CKQFCZKG\,GNPF\\TY[CVRKPKG\NCLTENFXJTZ.FBO\GMNNVJGZ

B\TXPLP[FGPIP\HF.

MQFECZFFGB.MKSGUSGUBRGP[VKTKONFICZFGZYFICZFPZG#I\

PIKKRGMKMNBK[MYJQMDEGNPGSKUBXGZGPT[KZB\YGV\FICZF.

GFBEOTXPGM[K[YGNB\FXTZGF\TRGD[PYCNKFGFEKTVKXKJ115

DEGN,GB"MB\FP[VKTNHGN\LBNB[FGBCMBCNCGCKSGZKQDEGNKO

GPZKO,GPFBKMV\NLFMGRFFJGCF.

YJTC116

.MNBEOPFOPPNBB\\VYKEGC[ZG\FXCGZCBGVQFPXGKKQ

CKG\ZGBT"V[BKQZGBFBG\G,MKET\FYFNNGIWTNMNBEO

BVK’CS\ZTE[PZDK[FP[FGBGRBF[FGBPBRFB\FICZF

N[DD\GMPGFGZDRV[C[DDF.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 370

114NFNQCKBGZZB[KF\KCG\CP[VJHF:NPF"E{NPFFECZEGPF;

NFCFP"[{NFCK\FP[VJ;FVS"E{FVSY=EKQ;C"C{CRKCK\G.

115EVKXKJ:DKZTGQ.

116YJTHFMGNNBZCTFPYJTKOB[ZYGCXGKIETNVKFY[ZO.

.MNPEKRFRINY\NICZG\B[ZPSVZPSGKO[NBR[KOTO

BPXTKOFPGM[ZKONSVYNTXPOB\FSVY\OCMNXZMO

P\ICZKONICZFBI\.

.MNICZFK[NF\YXKC[TG\TCGEFCF\BONVK\RBKFPYGO

[RPXBKOCF,B[Z\YXKCFHFP\PNBPIXK\GP[TG\IGCF

EFKKRG[MNICZP\IKKCNTCGEPSVZ[TG\NVKMIGGPIXK\G

F[RKP[TG\RECF.

.BEO[RM[NCBKHFTGCEFN\GTN\GFVZJK\,FZKMNTPKE\G

FICZ\K\P\REV\GFNMFNFCBGKZFIKKO[NFICZFMTRRKOTN

VRKZGI,PIP\FBRJKVKBFTPGYF[PYCNPMN[EZG\FTOBNKG.

*MKBHMNKIKE

B.MNKIKETGPEPET\GFIV[KNZ[G\FXCGZCMNT\GCMNHPQ

[KXJZMGNG

C.FF\IZG\IV[KNMNKIKEBNBFGBTN[EF[NF[VTFNHGN\G

D.DKNGKZXGQ[NYCNFNTXPGCMNXGZF[FGBFKBVIK\G\GVDO

DEGNPBETE[FGBTGPECKQF[VNKOGFKZGEKO[CICZF

E.MNBEOCKRGRK

*B.K[NFOFZCFSVZKIMPF[KJ\KKOGSVZKPGSZFPGMKIKOB\

F\VBZ\GFZGPPG\[NFFXJKKRG\CF[VTFNHGN\G,B[ZMNFTOPYJRG

GTEDENGTSGYKOCFOZB[OGZGCO.

C.MNPYCNP[ZFI[GCFDCGFPIGKCNDPGZPYGEOYGZSPSGKO

CIMPFFBPGZF.

D.FC\KP[VJ[NFOTSGYKOCTKYZCR\KR\\GBZKMCGEFPXKKRKO

PE\FXJKKRG\MNBK[CF[VTFNHGN\G.GBKQBEO[NBKFKFPHGKKQ

C\GBZMCGETN[ZGGNG,GTCKZFDEGNFFKBNYZGB[OBEOCNKF\GBZ

MCGE[NG.DOTCKZFDEGNFKI[CNBK[FPGINTNMCGEGFZBGKNGNVK

\GBZFMCGE.

E.F\IZG\DEGNFRPXB\NFOCF[EFVTGNF[NF[VTFNHGN\G

TE[PZCK\OPCKBKOB\TXPOCSMRG\RV[KG\,MKET\FYFNPI[KC

INYE371

GPMCEPBECF\VTNG\KXBFPFMNNB\F\GBZKMCGEPPEZDG\

FDCGFKOCF[VTFNHGN\G.

F.BOPMKZKOCBKHFBEO,[T[FNXZMKGBKHFTCGEFMEKNFJKC

PTJNTXPGCKG\ZPPF[RYCTNGPSEZKFICZF,RT[FCHFCKHGK

DEGNCTKRKFICZFTE[CG[KONECZTPG,GDOVGDOMCGEMNFP[VIF

[NGCPEFPZGCFPBE.GBKQ\ZGVFNPM\GHGN\NCY[THZ\CK\

FP[VJ[K[NFOBGVRKOPSGKPKOBKLNTHGZNBGPNNKOMBNG[BCEG

TPE\OCFICZF,B[ZTV"ZP[RKONGB\PYGPG,MKETFYEGPF,MK

BKQN[RG\ET\FYFN.

G.BKQPN\TGR[PXGKFMNNCIGYKCK\FP[VJMKNVKFIGYKO

[NFORPXB\PKE[FRB[PKOCKG\ZFOPZGKIKOCKG\Z.NP[NBO

FRB[OTCZ[BKRGPPNBB\[TG\FTCGEFBHBG[PVIK\KQNGB\

FHPQTCGEFBG[PYKNKQNGBG[P[CKIKOB\BGZIFSVY\G,GNT\KO

PYXKCKONGHPQJKVGNCCK\FIKRGLNNPEGPTN\FFZCF[N"F[VTF

NHGN\G".FMNNVKZBG\TKRKF[GVJKO.

*B.FPEKRFPIGNY\NICZG\.PSVZBR[KOFPGM[ZKONSVY

NTXPOFSVY\OCMNXZMOKMGNKONFCENNTXPONVKZXGROCICZF

PKGIE\.

C.FICZFFHB\K[NF\YXKC[N[TG\TCGEFCPSVZPSGKKO

CF\BOTOF\RBKO[RPXBKOCFOEFKKRGNVK\RBKFPYGOGNVKJTO

FICZKO[CF.

G\YXKCFHFP\PNBP[TG\IGCFGP[TG\P\RECKOGTV"ZTGNKO

[TG\FP\RECKOMPIXK\O[N[TG\IGCF.

F[TG\TCGEFCBKOPE’SGDKOFP\INYKONVKFMINTCGEF:SGDB’

FIN[KO,SGDC’FCKRGRKO,SGDD’FBPKXKO,SGDE’FHZKHKO.

B[Z[NFTCGEF[N[TFBI\PSGDB’RG\QSGDC’[\K[TG\,

GSGDD’E’[TG\,GSGDE’G’[TG\.

GMNBEORBPQNF\BKONGFSGDGMNBEORBPQNFTZKLNTXPGB\

FSGDFPG\BONMIGMTCGEF.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 372

YJTD

.1FYEPFFBRG[KG\\GNEFK[ZFPFE\.

.2G\FNKLFE\CTDGNKOCBF[CRYGE\F[VNFCBIGZCQFBRG[KG\

C[KTGZIGZCQFE\KG\,GT"MCT"M117

PYCNKOFE\KG\G\RGT\FTNKF

P\IN\PIE[GRT[FTKDGNIE[.

.3PE\DENG[NFTKDGNNVKBPK\KG\FE\[RI[C"NCSKS"CT\

FTNKF.

\MRK\B’

MPG[EZK[\RGPFP[IYKOC\KBJZGQ[KT[GMNPF[CMIOTE[KV\G

B\KEFEPKGQ[NRGNI[GCB\FXDG\KFONPXKBG\PP[,

MQIVXKRGPPCBZKFE\[KGMNGNECZTNN]a+RGMNMLTE[BPGR\FE\

K\VG[CNCG\KRGMI[NPXKBG\PP[K.

MCNKFE\NBK]Ma#EMNNTNFBKROPBPKRKO,MKEZK[\FPXG\"[CKQ

BEONICKZG"PYGCNCNBGFMKG"PCKQBEONPYGO"EKZYCBKHFPXG\

CVZSKBMDGQ[P\"K.

\MRK\C’

"JCTCDK’BNYKO"118

.GB"MMNPF[PIKKC\FJCT...ECZF’.B[Z

F\GTN\FICZFFGB[MZGFHYFICZFFGBFTGR[.

NVK"HBKQ[GOJTONFVLBNYKONJCT...GPZ119

CGZBTGZ[NB

KZBFGNBKCKQNPT[KKEKG,GPGJCNRGGPS\CZCETFMNBK[CZKBMK

KZBFGKGETFMN[FZKFGBPTRK[GP[MKZMPCGBZ.MKFMNZGBKO

[FJCTFGBPTRK[GP[MKZ.GFKJNZKGMKI.

\GMRK\D’

MNF[MZFPYGFPF[K"\GMQPJZ\MNFCZKBFFGBECYG\F[K"\CSGE

"PDENPNBPMNJGCGBKQNGBGZIKQ",120

GFGBPYGCNNECYKOCGK\’

CBFCF.

INYE373

117GTNMQCTNMGZIO.

118PRKQ"FJCT"G"BN‘F=KO"FGBHFF{V"G)86(.FECZCBNFXCKTTNML[FMGI

FTNKGQVGTNTNFRCZBKOEZLFJCT.

119PKNFHGPYGJT\CM\CFKE.KK\MQMKPEGCZCPKNF"MNGPZ"BG"GNGPZ".

120BPZFHGPCGSS\TNFRBPZCPEZ[ZCF:"BPZGPNBMKF[Z\NVRKFYC"F

ZCGQFTGNO)\FKNKOI(’PFBRG[MK\HMZRGGCQBEOMK\VYERG’,FEB

TY\BNFQPCZKB,BPZNFGQB"MXGRFGBNVKOMNOGDG’NPFRCZBG,XVGZ

GHFCZGZ[\IKNFKGXBKOPCK\BSGZKO[FGBKXKBFPTGZDGVGT"K

F[VTFNHGN\G,GBI"MCBKONFKMNFPNL[FGBFECYG\CGT"KFMGRF

NF[VKTR"ZNKGXZG.

GNVKMLTKYZFPXGG\FOCKQBEONICKZG.GFPTEKUPYGEOB\FPXGG\

[CKQBEONPYGOEGPFNTGNFTNPEZDFC’PJZO[TNFTNPEZDFFB’,

MKCZGZ[K[CZB\ZDNKG.

BPGRFCFPGQ

MP"["YGNFPGQMYGN[EK".BMQBKQHB\BGPZ\,BNB,[NVKFPXKBG\

CIZGB\FZTCPKTGJGGC[KTGZFHFFGNMKOCEZLFJGC\PKE,BPRO

GEBK[XZKMKON[RG\B\FPXKBG\CBGVQ[KGMNGNYCNEZLF[NO

NDPZK.GFCQ.GFQBP\[MIF[PKZF[CFFPGQCMNNOCGIZNFOEZL

NVKFPXC.GT"MPBIZ[YNYNGCVKZG[F\GZFGFPXG\NMQVZYGTGN.

BPROIGCYEG[FGBNPXGBVKZG[CICZFNBP\G,GBHBEZCFKFK’MI

F[PKZF[CFPGQMIPIKKCN[PKZ\F\GZFGFPXG\.

*...XCGZKPPEZDFZB[GRF.

NFMKQEZLRKSF)JTPB(

B.FRBXKHO:BDBKHO;GFBKRJZR’:BNJZGBKHO.

C.NI\GZ\I\FRBXKHO.BKBV[Z,MKBOCE\[NBNJZGBKHO.

D.ZYFVGTNKOPGMRKONRG[BFE\FHF,CFKG\GPFVKMFC\VKSB

FE\K\.

E.N\VKSBE\K\HGK[D’\VYKEKO:

FB’{NI\GZ\I\FRBXKHO.

FC’{NFM[KZNFPGQNYCNTNKEKFOFP[JZF[\GVK,[NB

KM[NGMFZGSKO.)GHFNVKFPGRI:[YEPFFBRG[KG\ZYCE\

CBF(MKMNMPF[FTGCEXZKL\PGZFCTETCGE\G,BKQFP[JZ

P\YKKOMECZKPBZYS.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 374

[PKOGEDKFKONPFRCZBG,P[NNPNL[FKFNGPDENPNBMNJGCGBKQNG

BGZIKOPFFRBFK[NPNL[PNBG")PEZ[ZCF,I,G(.

CTNFSGNOP\KKISNPEZ[HFCYGRJZS"F[NGO",GMQCFYEPFNVKZG[G

"VRKOPBKZG\GPSCKZG\"TNF"TWIKKO".NFNQECZKGCYGRJZS"F[NGO":

"VKZG[,MKFPNBMKO[ZBGMNFPMBGCKOGFKSGZKOFT\KEKONF\DNDNTN

FBRG[G\,\PFGG[BNGFXZFFHB\NPFNL?GF[KCNFOFYC"F,[K[NGBPRO

PDENFPNBPMNJGCGBKQNGBGZIKOBIZKOPGHPRKOBNKGZYFBRG[G\FHB\".

FD’{NDHGNB\FE\PKEKFZMG[RKOGNFVMGNPM[KZCKEK

FTGCEKO.

F.\IKNFK\YCNT"KFTGCEKOGTNKEKFONMNK[ZBN.GTE"H

NBKRJTZRBX’[NMNFBGPG\GTNKEKFONMNFPTPEG\[CKQFBGPG\.

G.FPFVKMFC\VKSBE\K\VKZG[F,MK\I\[FRHKZKOTET\FFKG

PCNKTGNOGM[KYCNGTRKQFBNJZGBKHOKFKGFRHKZKOCGRKTGNO,MKPE\

FIZEG\K[GTZCPE\FTHZFNFICZF:MEKNF[VKTR"ZNKGXZG.

H.\VKSBHGP\CBZ\CYZGCNC’BNVKOEVKQ121

FPCBZMNZHKQ

EBGZK\B[TKQBRG[NBK[GZROGFKB\MZKINMNBEONFBPKQ

CBPK\KG\F,MKKZBG[ECZKF’FO,MKDRHKIMPFPVGBZFFPKGIS\

NRCGBFPTKEFTNBPK\KG\O.

I.FPVKW[NFE\:XZKLNFKG\PSGDNN\MRK\FB’[KCKBBPGRF

MPF[BV[ZCFTO.

GPNCEHFXZKL[KCKBFSVYFDPGZFNEXI"O,[NGNBHFBKQNG

NFE\HMG\YKGOMPBPZFZPC"O,[EGPFN[GZF[NTGZKO[ZGBF

BIETGPECZB[F[GZF.EFKKRG[CIK’FPECZXZKLNTPGECMNPYGO

GCMNEGZCZB[F[GZF,GB"MMNE\[BKRGPCJKINFGXKBBEOBIE

PBNUNFKG\NPECZBKQFE\FFGBCZYKGO.

J.FVX\FE\FBFCFFGBT"K\GZFG\VKNFFP\BKPFNFDCKZ

CFBEOPE\F[VTFNHGN\G.GBHRPXBF\GZFG\VKNFMPGFPIEEB\

SMKRG[KMGNNI\GLGNMNG\TCGE\GCPFZF,NBVGYK122

PFTGCECSMKQ

PJGPJO[REPFNG[JGCKG\ZNCNKNCNG\HPQTNIKEGEFSMKQ,GFGB

PGJTFMKTCGE\GP\BZM\CKG\Z.

)DOHFPGCQTNFPGRI[BKQYKEPFNBRG[KG\HGN\CE\(.

K.)[KKLNSTKUJ’(\VYKEE’FGBNJGC\FXKGRG\,MKCT\[CK\\

FR[YM[KI\MGDGZNG\PEKRG\NBKFK’NRGBG\OF[GRBKOPF[PZRKO

FIG[CKOBG\RGNPIGSZKE\MRGETPECZKGGKKXPBQ,123

GFP\GGMKO

CJIKFKGPF[PZRKOFNNG.

INYE375

121K[NFRKIMKMGGR\CTNFSGNONKXKZ\GFPZMHK\,"\NPGET[ZFSVKZG\",

FVZGSFTNVRKMBNVKKOEVKO.16INYKG[N\T"SFGXBGNBGZP[R\1937

GBKNL.

122NBVGYK:NFCEKN.

123FMGGRFNIKKOGKXPQ)1874{1952(,R[KBFFZB[GQ[NPEKR\K[ZBN.

CTNFSGNO,"M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ"

INYF

CN\[IK\

MCZBIHGNFOYNKFET\B[ZBKBV[ZNCRG\HGN\TNPYGOIGZC\G

[NICKZG,G[KJFHGFKBFPJDR\B\CRKFTGNOTNFB[TEFKGO

FHF.MKCJZO[BEOPGXBPYGOIN[CZ[G\ICKZKGBKQNGBVK’

FTNB\TNFET\NCRG\PF,BNBCBG\GZDT[PGXBECZIN[C[KJ\

ICKZGBHKRTGW[OXVZRKGGBZSGTE[PIZKCGTEFKSGEG[OCGRF

FKMNIMP\G.

CBGVQ[MNFKMNG\FPETRCRKOCPYGOIGZCQGT"MMNIGYZBKQNG

TRKQBNBNFIZKCGMNFPIZKCKG\ZFGBPVGZSOGP[GCICKG\Z{GFBP\

[FGBPEZMKF\V\IG\FIMPFB"BNFMIK[,BPRONPFHFEGPFMPG

FF\BCYG\[FKF[GNJCIGZCRG\KGFBKGPKOMPFPNKGRK[RKO124

CJZO

377

124CTK\GQ"FBAPF",CPBPZ"CYGZ\NPZYSKHONBGZPXKBG\FIE[FGV\ZGQ

N[BN\BKIGEFBGPFTNHZPKF",BGPZCTNFSGNO:

"IGYF\V\IG\FEZD\K~...|PYKUNMNFCZKBFMGNF.GTNKGRCRGMNPTZMG\

FJCTMGNF,FQFCN\KBGZDRKO,GFQFBGZDRKO,TENPKQFBRG[KCMN\MGRG\KG

FBKEKBNKKOMPGFIGPZKKO{CMNBNFBKQNLECZ[NBKTCGZ\I\IGY

FCZHN[NF\V\IG\FEZD\K,FPSGCCGCBPMGIF\ZGXXG\[N[RKMGIG\

HFCHF:MGIVGHKJKCK,EFKKRGMGICGRF,GMGIRDJKCK,EFKKRGMGI[GNN

GPFZS.

~...|GRKYINEGDPBB\MEGZFBZW,B[Z\IKNFFKFZYMEGZDHKEGDP\TZVN.

GTNKEKMGIFPG[L[C\GMG,ZKMHCP[L\YGVFPSGKP\B\FBJPKO[CG

N\GLIGDKG\ZXZ,[C\GXBFPHFR\FVLMEGZFDHKNMEGZB[RGHNK.GCFP[L

\YGVG\[NPNIPG\RGZBG\[N[RKFMGIG\[CMEGZFBZW,FVGHKJKCKTO

FRDJKCK,DCZMGIYZKZG\[CGTNMGIFB[RGHNK,GYKZZBKHFYNKVFEYF

PSCKCFMEGZGR\Y[F[O.

BMQTGENB[YJFMEGZPPNIPG\FMGIG\,GCFP[LBKHF\YGVFDCZ[GC

MGIFB[FRGHNK,GF\VZWCZT[DEGNP\GLCJQFMEGZ,GTNFG[KCZB\

FYNKVFFYZFGFY[FNZSKSKO.GIHZFMEGZNB[RGHNK.G[GCF\IKN\YGVF

[NPNIPG\IE[G\,TE[CSGUF\YGVFDCZ[GCMGIFYZKZG\TNMGIFB[,

GYKZZ[RK\YNKVFYZFGY[FPSCKCFMEGZ.GFVTOFKK\FFYNKVFKG\ZTCF

[RGXZFKC[FTNKFKO,MKDOHFFKFPTKQF\V\IG\CNKSVY.BPRO

TM"HBKQNYRBG\BG\OFCZKG\[FKGTEKZBKFNBG\OFPFVMG\,GKG\Z

K[NYRBG\NBG\OFCZKG\B[ZMCZCBGNTGNOBIZFT[K\[NGOBIZ

[FIGPZKOFP\BCYKOT[G[NGOCKRKFO,GMNBIEPXBB\PYGO

PRGI\GTNKBEPG\MFKGOFHF.

GFDO[IGYF\BCYG\BKRGRVSYDOFKGO,BPROFGBTM"VF\BCYG\

PYX\GGNBPFVMG\[MNBIEFIZKCICKZG[RIN[TE\GPGBNBMCZ

FCKRGHF[BSGZNF[IK\,MK"TNEBJV\BJVGLGSGUPJKKVKL

KJGVGQ"125

.BNBECZFF\BCYG\FGBCCIK’FIN[FGXPXGOGKIETO

HF[GPZIKKFIN[[NBNFIZKCG,MKKGET[CRV[GFGB[BI"MK\FVL

FDNDN"GPJKKVKLKJGVGQ",MEPKGQFIGYKO[CPNIPF[FNGIPKO

[GPZKOTNKFOCHPQPNIP\O[FGBD"MPBG\GFJTO.

T\FBOCBP\BRGNGPEKOPFSJBZKT126

FPT[K\BNNRGNENDTN

TYZGQFBPGZ,GK[NRGNF\I[CTOFPXKBG\T"ESJBJGSYGGBGNTRG[

TNZGXIETFMPGTNZGXIRV[.TM"VMKRV[CNBETFBKRGCSGD[N

FZD[ZIPRG\MKZCKOFPFTNMNFB[V\G\GFBDPKOGCMNFBGKZ,

[P[GOHFPSGZKONF[DIFGBKQNRGTXG\NSKKTO.

T"MK[NRGNFRKIIGYB[ZFBZW[NVRKRGZIC\KEKOFGBGK[

PYGONMNFETG\NRGICFOMJGCKOMZTKO.MKCBP\FFGZDGPIZKC

ETFZTFFGBMPGPIZKCETFP\GYR\P[GO[BKQMNNETFZTF

CTGNOBNBETFCN\KPCG[N\FGBZTF.GT"MK[NRGNEGQBG\FMPG

FFGZDRV[ZTFB[Z"YGNEPKHZTGGHZTHZTG"BRGRVZTKOPFPHKY,

MQETFFZTFFGBDZTGQ[TEKKQBKRGZBGKFNBMKNFBPROSGVFNXPGI

GNF\V\I.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 378

GKG\ZPSGDN\NFIHKYPTPERDEFF\VZXGKG\[NFRGHNKOP\GLCJQFMEGZ.

GFKK\FMGIFKVFN\YGVFKG\ZBZGMF.BPROCSGVF[GCF\DCZGFRGHNKO,

GF\VZXGP\GLCJQFMEGZ,G[CZGB\FYNKVFNZSKSKO.G[GCRIZCFMGN,

GRT[FNMEGZRGHNK.

GMQR\INVGF\YGVG\CHGBIZHG;GCMNVTO[DCZFMGIFYZKZG\,RT[F

FYNKVF[MC[NGTCFCKG\Z.TE[CSGUF\DCZGMGIG\FVGHKJKCKOTN

FRDJKCKO,GCBGNKEKFZPGRKFPGINJ\:GFRGHNKONYIGPYGPOCPTPYK

FBEPF,GFYNKVFFYZFR\TCFMNXZMFPSCKCNFO,GR\FGGFBV[ZKG\

NKXKZ\IKKOBGZDRKOTNKFMKGOFHF".

125TN[FJCT\BIZKO,FJCKTGL.GSGVO[NBNF[FJCKTGL[KJCTGBUFO.

)BCG\C,G(.

126FKSJGZKF.

GFKMNFIMPF[BRGZGXKONCRG\RIV[NRGPYGOIE[MNGPZ

PYGOZKYPCRKRKO[NBIZKO,MNGPZPCNKNVDGTCZTFN[GO[KJF

[K[RFCPXKBG\.MKF[MNTPGYGZICKEKOFGBGECZKIMPKOCRI\

K[PTG{G[KJ\FPRXNKOGFPRGXNKOFGBPGSMONZTFNECZKFMN

MPCGBZ,T"MBG\FNCEK[NCTZP[GO[RG[R\GPBGSFFGBNECZK

FMN.

BPROKIET"HK[NRGN[PGZTNMNEZMKFIKKOT"VSJBJGSYGGBGT"V

IGV[\G[NFVZJ,MKBG\OBKRORIGXKONCRKRKRGFIE[MKSGUSGUBKRG

ZYCRKQMNMNK.GFZKHFEGPFNSGIZ[ZGXFNV\GIIRG\PMGN\GKZBPVRK

YBRYBZTRXT127

T"M[GZUB\MNIRG\KO[CTKZ,TNFHFCGPZDNKG\

G\M[KJKOGFCDEKO,[FGBJV[KG\ZPEBK.MKNBKT[KZMNGOP[ZKV\

IRG\K\M[KJKOBLIRG\KPMGN\NCEFKFEK’NIGZCRG{GFRINFO

NFP[PZKOTNP[PZ\OGFIV[RKOTNIGV[\O,GNMNFKG\ZK[NIGYY

IGYB[ZMNP[PZXZKLNFGSKUTCGEF[KSVKYC[CKNCTNKFCIKRF.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

KGETBRKP"[PBZY,B[ZBIZBIZ[K\IC[FDGUPVDTKGGPJZEG\KGBH

R\IKNGKFK’NRGPYGORBPQNIYGZTNBKEKBNKQ.FRFPNCE[K[NRGNJTGQ

TNTKYZKSGEG[BKRGBPK\K,P[GO[T"VFRSKGQRGETCTNKN[DGUPGJZE

GPTGRFPGXBET\GBP\KG\ZPDGUF[CTGBKRGKGETPISGZ.

BMQHGN\HFBVK’RRKIMECZKG,TEKKQK[NRGNGPZ"CN\[IK\"TM"V

FZKHFEGPFNBEOFYGXWTXKVZKP[GO[ZGXFNTKKQCFO[KXPIG

CKG\ZTGHFZKHFV\K,MKBOKYXGWBG\OKPG\GGNBKFK’PK["KJTGQ

VKKZK"128

.

MQCFETG\B[ZCBGNRGCKZG[FPBCG\KRGPPBG\EGZG\[NF\V\IG\

FGBFGNLGPYXWBG\OGPKKC[QGPIZKCQ,GPCJKINRG[BI"MM[KFK’

CPRGIFK[KOTKRGTNKFOGK[CIOBOBV[ZFZKHFV\KDPGZ.

FRKI[E\KG\PHKYNYBPGRT)GPBKQCJGICFRIFHG,SGUMNSGUFGB

ETFPDGNDN\CKQFBR[KO[NYKGOG[NKNFGZCKOFPFFPXEEKO(.FGB

ZYKMGNNTZTZTNXGZ\FFCRFB[ZFPRXNKOPRXNKONJGC\O,GT"M

XZKLNNIGOTNFCRF[NBKHKY,BCNN[VGJBG\FP[VJPG\

INYF379

127P\IZKO.

128VKKZK:VKZG\.

BPROMNF\KBZKT129

[NGBKRFBNBCRKQTN[RBFE\K\NCEMPG

CRKRKO[NIMPKHPRGTN[RB\FE\,CNK[GOPBJKGG[NFHYMNMNK.

GT"MK[NRGZ[G\N\CGTPFIMPKOFBPK\KKO[MNPDP\OZYXE

FMNMNK,B[ZKPIGB\STKUFHFPSVZKFOGZYBHKFK’NFO\YGF[N

RXIGQRXIKCN\KP\DNDNTNYKFG130

GNBHGN\.

CPNFBI\,BKQ[[GQCNKBSGQ,BKQJGCCNKZT,GDOFIMOFKG\ZDEGN

BKRGRKXGNPTZCGCKB[N[DBG\,GHFGXEFIN[[CG[PRKIPYGO

NFCBKONF\DEZ[PFGNFIZKCGTE\GPG{GFGBFXEFIN[[CPZYSKHO,

[P[GOHFY[FNFOFMKCG[GTGEVKPBFFHMG\YKGO.

GNVKMLBOCRKORBPRKOB\ON[KJ\MOGZGXKOCYKGPG,PFZGRB

NPIGYB\STKUFBPAZP\GLFIGYKO[NMOGBH\ETGNCJIEZMMO.

FR\YKPFRCGB\PZYS?

FRFPXEBIEBV[ZNZBG\RCGB\GMBNGR\YKPFCMNFRZXF.MKCTNK

FMIKG[CKOHFMPFTNFVIEPIGZCQFCJGITNFR[YKVNBKO

[RXJCZGGBKQNFO[GOYGBGRKXGW[N\YGFNFVJZBGNCBNTPY

F[GF.GMQCTNKFMNMNFZGBKOB\IGZCROCTKRKFOGRMCGCFPXKBG\

MNHKY[NFXNF,FPIRG\ZTCKOFGNMKOGPXJCZKOCFPGQBKGOKGO

KGO,FVZBNBJZKBJ[NFPTPEFCKRGRKMPTJ[RDPZGR\C[NMNXZMG

GMG’GMG’.

NPFFG[NMGNFKPKQ?

BPROPXEF[RKBRGPGXBKOB\FFKVL.MKBEZCBFVB[KHOP\ZCF

GDEGNKGOKGO,PNVRKOBKJNKBGT\FDZPRKBGNPIZVGNRKBGMQBPZKYB

TGPE\TNFSUGMG’GMG’{GB"MGEBKR\TNOBKHFECZPB‘\GFRCKB

[TNVKFRP[L[DKB\GFYKX‘RK.

BPROFMNCYCGZC\GZ\GTXPG

BPROFMNCYCGZC\GZ\GTXPG,MKFGSKUPG\ZG\C\GZ\F[\\VG\

GFQFPFFDZTKRKOFY[KO[FFS\GZKBBKRGKMGNNTMNOC[GOBGVQ

)FE\KGG\GFNBGPKG\(GREIGNKPKQ.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 380

129\BGZKF.

130KK\MQ[MGGR\FPICZN"YKBG".

FPEKRKG\FP[GC[\

BKQF[GPZXZKLNFKG\KG[CGP[PZTNFTGEVG\[BKRORGDTKON[PZRG\

[NG,GBKQFIV[QXZKLN\CGTIGV[NPG\ZG\FDGU,GBKQFP[\UXZKL

NFIZKCB\FETG\[BKROCRKDGENF[\VRG\[NG.

MND’F[JG\FNNGFPFBP\KKKOGPMGCEKOTNRG[BKFO[GFC[GF

TM"V.GBOFMIG\KTEKVGNM\FBI\NFIZKCB\ICZ\FN[T\GFZK

DNDGNFGBHF,GSGUSGUXZKMKONIGYKFDCNFTNPKRKFR[Y[NBKIZKC

BI\NICZ\FCPEFKG\ZDEGNF,P[GO[DNDNFGBCTGNOGBKQBEOKGET

KGOFPIZ\[NG.GT"MCJZOKCGBFF\BCYG\K[HPQN[MNNFDQTN

IGZCQ[NO[NBKHFXE[FGB,GBNNCJGITNMIFTM[GKBNBNF\I[C

TOFT\KEFPGCJI.GTRKQFBP\[CKQF[JG\BRKPDEKZB\PNFHGT"V

IGYFTCGNGXKT,131

MKMNETFGMN[KJFFKBPMKRFGPVRFEZLN[KJF

KG\ZJGCF.GMNHPQ[NBT[BFHF,EKQ[PKZFGYKGONF,MKCFIZKCF

\IZKCB\FETFGF[KJF[TN\VYKEFNFCKBFNCK[GNF.

GFRFT"HMCZTPEPZYSCTXPGTK’...MKBGPZ[PCJQFCGZDRG\

FDEGNFKGXBKOGRGNEKOFVGTNKOFVZGNJZKJ.GB"M\ZBFCJIBOFK’

TGPEBKHFPXKNNFVZBNKJZKJC[T\GNFIZKCB\FCGZDRG\FDEGNF

GEBKFKFPGIYB\KSGEG\FYBPGRTPTYZF{FZKBGPZNLIGYIHY

FHF[N"CN\[IK\"TE[KCBT\PBNKF.GT"HBRKIGNYTNKGMKBGPZ

[K[NPFZB\FYWCMNPIKZKO,GBRKPDKF,IGWPIGZCQETG\[BKRO

XZKMKOMNNNFYWFHF.

BKQNLECZ[BKQNG[TFGN[KJFF[\VRG\FDKT[T\FCHF"H,132

GBGKNFONMSKNKO[PIPKXKOB\F[TFGFRKIGNTXPOPM[GNKOGDEZKO

[BKRORIGXKOMNNGBEZCFMT[QNTKRKFO.GT"MCJZO[K\FVMGBRF

GBRFMCZR\FVLFTGNOGKPXBG"Z&G#IGFXNFPPYGOBIZ",133

GFPF

G[KJ\OKBCEGNHPQBZGL.

FPNIPFTNFDEZ[NNBGPKG\FGBNDPZKPKG\ZFGBKQCHF[GO

EPKGQNYRKQFVZJK,MKYRKQFVZJKBKRGRGFDCZGIRKZYCYRKRKOD[PKKO.

GPKBKRGZGXFCF\V\IG\FIMPFGPKBKRGKGET[YRB\SGVZKO\ZCF

IMPF,GT"MBKQIGNYTNKFBVK’CFPZYSKSJKOF[PBNKOFYKXGRKO.

INYF381

131FBCGNGXKF.

132CHFFHPQ.

133BS\ZE,KE.

BNBMNNFPNIPFRSCFZYTNYRKRKOFD[PKOB[ZYRB\OBKRO

PCKB\OBNBCFNFGKSGZKONCJNF,GB"MNPFNMONFNIOCYRKRKO

ZGIRKKOGNBGPKG\.

RRKI[CECZFMNMNFMNFBPG\CBGNTPYF[GFGNCJNB\MNFYRKQ

FVZJKCBGVQ[NBKXGKKZCMNNTRKQ[NPRXNKO,BNBCPYGO[MNBGPF

GBGPFF\IZGHFTOHFNRMSKOD[PKKOKFK’PT\FF\IZG\CRMSKO

ZGIRKO.GF\IZG\FHFGEBK[KXGKKZCVZJKOMPGCMNNKO.FRFT"HGEBK

[BKQMBQVGXFVFBVK’CKQFKG\ZYKXGRKOGPKK\QGFK’.

GB"MMNFGKMGI[NRGSGCCZYTNRMSKOFZGIRKKOPFTCZ.MK\BPZG

BRIRGP\KZKONYRG\RMSKOMBNGCFT\KECMNIGV[FZBGKGFRZXFZY

B\FTCZ\CTZGPKQC\KMO,FBKQHFIGNKZTGNKYGKPGIKQ,MKPF

[PG\ZCFT\KENPFRIZKCB\FPGMQC[KTGZTRYKMHFPQFTCZ.FZK

HFMPGBG\GPNLPXZKFKEGT,B[ZFK’NGKZG[FCKCNKGJTY134

[N

[N[FIGXG\TOSVZKOKYZKO,GVYETNKFON[GZVOGR[ZVGP[GO

[BKROXZKMKONYKGPF[NFE\BGI[[FHY.

GPNCE[[GOBGPFNBKXKK\NVYGE\MONIZGCB\MNRMSKFTCZ

[NFGKNIPGCDNNFCPSKZG\RV[)FZKHFECZPG\ZNMONDPZKMKBG\F

BKRMOXZKMKOMNN(,BNBBVK’BOZGIT]GT]KOG[DTGQKCGBTNFBZW

NXKK\NFOMHB\,FZKTNKFONIGSTNCRKQTRYKMHF[NMPFEGZG\

[KNLNBKCGE"TNNBIPSCMVKF"135

GNBMNGO.

T"MK[NMONFRKIB\F"B\FCIZ\RG"[NMNBGPFGBGPFTN

PMGRFCMNF[KTGZ[ZGXKO,ZYCSKSFD[PK[NMNBGPFBG\FNCEF

K[NPIGY.MKFCSKSFHFFDKTTN[T\FGKG[CTNFP[CZPBNKG

GT"MFKBTNGNFNYCN\KYGQPMNKEFV[GJFBNKF.BPROKIETOHF

NK\QCJIGQPNBGRBPQNMNBGPFGBGPFN[PGZTNRMSKOFZGIRKKO

TNMNPNGBOGJFZ\O.

GBKQNJTGQTNFP[VJKOFTGPEKOCRKDGETNF[\VRG\MPGTNFE\,

MKFQFPIGYYKOFTKGRKOGFQCTNKFE\PGEKOB[Z"FVYZC"EFVYZ

GEKRBEPNMG\BEKRB".GB"MK[BZGMNFIGYKOFBNFFP\RDEKONTXO

F[\VRG\MPGFS\GZKB[TCZ[T\F,B[ZDOT\FK[MCZZGCDEGN

CDRKHFCNK[KPG[.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 382

134SVZKKF.

135MVK[RBPZ:"TNNBIPSCMVK")BKGCJH,KH(.

K[NVRKRGCPXKBG\[N[FMIG\FNGIPKOHFTOHF,GFDO[FGBCRKDGE

NET\FPBZYSKSJKO[PI[CKOZY[RKMIG\PRXNKOGPRGXNKO,BPRO

HFFGB\KBGZKFPGV[J\GBKQNFHMG\KG\ZPMNF\KBZKG\FPGYETPKO.

BPRONVKFCBSKS[NFPBZYSK’CTXPGK[NRGNF\I[CZYTOPT[KG\

GNBTN\KBZKG\[BKQNFOYW,GT"MCIZ\KN[VGJD’MIG\MPG[TZGMKO

NTKRKRGCFPXKBG\.

PTPEG\PIE[:HZKHGTXN

RRKI[BGPFBI\TXNFGBGPFBI\T"VJCTFFKBKG\ZHZKHF,GPF

[BI\\T[FC[T\KOKT[FF[RKFC[TFBI\.GPGCQPBNKG[K\IKNG

JTRG\.FBI\KBPZGNMNFBGPG\HPQTCGEF[GF,GF[RK\\BPZFFTKYZ

FGBFKKXGZ[RG\RKO.GMEZLFP\GMIKOMNBI\\TPGEC[NF{GPFG

FKSGE[TNKFKPRGFC"E.BOT"VFKSGE"MNBIERG\QMPF[KGMNGRKHGQ

MPF[XZKL"FZKTEKKQBKQHFPIKKCHPQ[GF.GBOCBP\R[VGJMQCKQ

FBGPG\T"VP[YNGMPG\TCGEF,B"MDONKIKEKK[JTRFMHGGFDCGZ

KTCGENPIXFPFIN[.GB"MMCZFMR\CTXPLPTPEIE[PTPE[N

HZKHKOGPTPE[NTXNKO.

BNB\BPZK[MICFZGCFTXNKONMVG\B\FPKTGJFHZKHKO

[CBGP\GBCNBKQMIPBGPFTNBGPFGHFCNKSVY,B"M\T[FPTPEG\

CKQFBGPG\GPRXNKOGPRGXNKOCKQFKIKEKO.

CKB\FDGBN

GFRFBKQHFIKEG[MKDOFPKSEKOTXPOKETGHB\MPG[BGPZ...

[P\INFKZBGCV[ZG\MKXE[BV[Z,GNCSGUKCGBNBKEBNKOBP\KKO

NPEZDFFDCGF[NF[\VRG\.[MNBIEK\QMPF[KMGN,GBI"MNBKYI

BNBMPF[XZKLMNGPZC[GFTOFTXNKO.BKQHFBNBCTHZ\CKB\

FDGBNXEY["KPNBFBZWETF",136

GBHFP[VKTKCKQ[TGPNNBNYKG

GTG[FRI\ZGINKGXZG.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

FRFBKSJKRYJKQFBKEKBNKKOMCZFM\F[GZ[KQNBKQYWCPKQFBRG[K,

DOCBGGRG[RGGF\BHZIGCPYGOCJGI[BKQ[GOKECQBEOKMGNNFDKT

INYF383

136K[TKFKB,J.

[PFFGBFSGCYBRK[KTS137

[CPGIFP@B>ZL,FPRKTB\TXCKFBEO

PBNKGCNKET\FCTNFCK\.GT"MCBGCRSKGQCZGSKBMRGET[NBVTNG

MNGOCMNPNIPG\KFO.GKETGRBFNGIPKOFBNFMKFMNK\QNFOFNC

FBRG[KHGN\BOKRKIGNGB\FBKEBG\[CBGNGCPGZ[FPEGZKEGZG\

CSGCYBRK[KTS[NG,GBOK\TY[GNF[IK\DOFPGZ[FFHB\BHSGU

MNSGUEPOCZB[OTXPG.MKFIGOGFDVZK\FGNLGPXJCZKETNKETE

[K\PNBTNDEG\KGGK\IKNFF\VGXXG\.

GPNCEMNBNFFGNLGDEGNEGZIE["B[ZNBKETB\KGSU"138

,B[Z

BKROPCKRKOMNNB\FXGZLGFRIKXG\NCJNB\YRKQFVZJKP\GLC[ZO

GEPOBNBZYT"V\KBGZKBKCK[F.GT"M\BG\YRKQFVZJKFYCGZFKJC

CFSGCYBR[KTS[NFOPEGZKEGZG\,B[ZBIZMNFNKPGEKOCCGYZ

BIENBTCG\KYGPGPIRG\XTKZKOPMNFXEEKO,GFPFCTXPOKPK\G

B\FHYRKOTOMNP[YOGIMP\O.MKTRKQFBKEKBFBKRFCBFNBEO

P\GLF[MN,ZYP\GLFRKSKGQ[NFIKKOP\GLFZKIGOGFZMC[N

JG"Z139

M[KJ\FBGJGPBJTQ,GF[MNBKQNG[GO[NKJFTNFDGUMK

HZNDPZKFGBBXNRG.GT"MBG\OFXTKZKOF[\VRKO[ZM[GNFO

FKEKTG\P\GL[MNO,BKQCFOBKPGQ[NMNGOGMPGCGTF[NCGZK\

KVZIGNFO.

PKNFBIZGRF[NPEKRKG\

BHK[CGNFOD’MIG\{KPKQ,BPXT,[PBN{TNEGMROCFPGTXG\,

K\GMIGGK\RDIGHFTOHF.FKPKQMRDEFIV[KG\[C[PBN,GF[PBN

MRDEFZKBYXK@T[CKPKQ,GFIV[RKOK\RGPYGON[RKFOGFZGCKV\GZ

GKMZKT.

BMQCBI\MCZCBGNKEKV\ZGQGFGBF[\VRG\CMNFXZMKO

FFMZIKOGFIKGCKO[NFIKKO,EFKKRGINGYK[GFCMNXZMKFMNMNF.

BZWBI\NMNFIKKOTNKFGINGYFBI\C\TRGDKFFDGVRKKO.GMN

FP[VJKOGFGKMGIKTPKSGTNSCNFR[GBKOFZGIRKKO,GKIETOHFD’

FPEZDG\,YRBFGMCGEG\BGF,K\FVMGGKXJPXG140

ZYCDCGNKOFZGIRKO

CNCE.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 384

137Subconscious,\\=PGET.

138MVK[RBPZ:"GKYOPNLIE[TNPXZKOB[ZNBKETB\KGSU")[PG\B,I(.

139JG"Z:JGCGZT.

140GKXJPXPG.

GRGSIHFBPROKFK’PNFBIZGRF[NPEKRKG\,P[GO[MQK[BZNRXI

"IGYGNBKTCGZ".MKMVKF\V\IG\PKQFBEOMQK\VZEGGK\IHYGFETG\,

GMNBIEKTPGETNET\GFZCFKG\ZPTNPPGRG[NT\F,GNXB\PPXZ

FHFBKQ\YGFHGN\BOFBEOK\IKNNKSGDBIGZTE[KYCNXGZ\V\K,

MNGPZ[K\ZGYQPMNET\G.

GT"MK\ZCGFPVNDG\MPTJNVKFKIKEKO,GBKQVG\ZBG\GHGN\

IGYFYCGT"BIZKZCKONFJG\".GBHKT[GFKIKEKOCKRGNCKROPKRK

V[ZG\GCKXGTKOTE[K\YCXGNICGZG\.GCFICGZG\KFKGF\IZG\TO

BVBHKXKTS141

TE[FBVBHKXKT\XBNTXPFNVKZGECV"T.GMFK\VNDG

FICGZG\FDEGNG\NYJRG\,GFYJRG\NYJRKYJRG\,GDOKSIZGCKRKFO

ICGZFTOICGZFMZDKNCHF"H.BPROFPG"PFHFPGMZINKN+KLGNYCN

CMNVTOXGZFKG\ZIZKVF,PP[MVK[KTGZF\V\IG\FETG\CNKV[ZF

NRXI[MQXZKLNFKG\NRXIKG\.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

BPROCBI\:CYRKQFVZJKMCZCBGNKEKV\ZGQPGSMO,B[ZMNBIE

K\QMPF[PGXNINK\QGKYCNMPGCN\KPGXNICNK\GSVG\MIGJ

F[TZF.GHPQFTCGEFKFKG[GFNMNCIKGCPGINJ.GPNCEFIKGCKG[DG

\GSVG\HPQ[NFG\KYKOB[ZK\RGNTGP\FIN[KONVJGZBG\ONDPZK

GNBNTRG\O,GFKFHFEGDP\FXEYFFZDKNFTM[KG.GCMNTKZGYFNF

K\INYGBG\OFIN[KOCPSVZ[GFNF,GBOKPXBGCFYFNFFZCF

PRECKOBHKVJZGMNING[KMI,GBOPTJKOKFKGBHKVJZGZYPYX\O

GFKG\ZING[KOGMEGPF.

FTGCZTNIGYKOFNNGKTR[BGCP\QIGYGBGCEZLVNKNK.

VZXGUVRKO[NBKEBF

BPK\KG\CZGIFTGRD[NFPCKTGRKMZ\.RT[K\KY’...FDO[142

...

FZCF[RKOPYGEOHF,BPRONBFSKCG\K\[GP\NCKTE[ZBK\KFO

PECZKOGP\GMIKOBHFMZ\KFBP\CVZXGVG.MKIGYFGB[BK[CN\K

PGJZEC[GOBGVQNBKFK’NGSKVGYCYRKRKD[PKKODOC[TF[BEO

INYF385

141BGVGHKXKG\.

142JYSJHFPGCBCDGVQRJGKTNPR\NFEDK[MKKK\MQ[BKRGPEGKY,[MQPXC

M\CFKEBKRGPBV[ZHKFGKGEBK.

TGSYCBKEBKFPGMZINFZDK[ZGI\TRGDC[T\FTSY,G[KTGZFZGI

GFTGRD[FGBPZDK[\NGKCBP\KG\FBKEKBF[FGBTGSY.GP\GLML

PXBRGNFBP\VZXGUVRKONFMKZG,EFKKRGZYCFS\MNG\NBEOFPCKT

BG\GBOTRGDFGB.GMPG\FTGRDFGBMPG\FBP\{GHFG[FCKBRKNFBPKQ

CBKETFHB\,MKNBZBK\KTEBHPK[KCKTBKHFBKEKTFCYGZ\ZGIGTGRD

MPG\O.

BP\PGINJ

BONBK[BPK\KG\PGINJG\BNBCTNKHPQ,B"MBGPZBRK[MNBP\

NV"TC[T\GFGBBP\PGINJ,MPG[BKBV[ZN’143

TNBKHFPXKBG\

[TGPENPG\B[ZMP\EPK144

P[GO[CHPQ[IKFZKFGPXKBG\PGINJ

C[T\G.

~PTCZNTPGEIE[|

BKQ[GOECZRVTNBGCEZLFZXGQBGCEZLFMVKFGF[MNBKRGPMZKI

MRGET.GB"MK[NRG[BNFPKKRGTTB\F[\VQCT\VTGN\G,PPYGZPK

K\NYINGFZXGQNF\RGTT,BGPMIPKKCGBBNKGFMVKF.

MKBHKFVLF\RGTFNPKQYRKQVZJK.GMNBEOPYVKETNFBRZDKT[NG

[NB\\VHZCN\K\GTN\TGEKG\ZPTNPPGRG.GBOF[\VRG\BKRGPISZ

NGPIP\MKRGSFBTRZDKTGEBKNBKVHZFTRTZDKTCMEK,GFXEYBG

FIPNFPBKQKCGBG?

NPFZHPQCK[GNF:CE\KG\

ZTKGQF[\VRKXZKMFCK[GNGCKMGZCPGIGFBEONBVIG\PD’EGZG\

[NKPKOG[N[NGFGFSMPFMNNK\,GNVKMLTGEFZCFDNDGNKOGRSKGRG\

KTCZGCTGNOCJZO\CGBFTNYXF{GBKQEZLKG\ZRYNNC[NFZTKGRG\

ZYCEZLFE\KG\.

M\CKFEGZFBIZGQ 386

143NGPZ.

144EGPF.