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Dynamic

Ecosystem

CHAPTER 8

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8.1 The Abiotic and Biotic

Component of the Environment

The abiotic component

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The non-living components such as

1.pH value soil and water2.Light intensity as source of energy

3.Temperature

4.Humidity amount of water vapour

present in the air

5.Topography physical features of land

(altitude, gradient and aspect of region)

6.Microclimate climate in a microhabitat

The biotic component

The living organisms in the environment

such as

Producers synthesise organic

substances (plants)

Consumers eat other organisms

(primary consumer, secondary

consumer, tertiary consumer)


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Decomposers microorganisms that

break down waste products and dead

bodies (bacteria and fungi)

Food chain, food web and trophic

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The living organisms in the environment

such as

Producers synthesise organic

substances (plants)

Consumers eat other organisms(primary consumer, secondary

consumer, tertiary consumer)

Decomposers microorganisms that

break down waste products and dead

bodies (bacteria and fungi)

Food chain, food web and trophic

levels

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Each stage - trophic level

Food chain, food web and trophic levels

Food chain - sequence of organisms

through

which energy is

transferred.

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Each stage - trophic level

Food chain, food web and trophic levels

Food chain - sequence of organisms

through

which energy is

transferred.

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Food web food chain interconnected.

Energy flows through food web and lost

when

it transferred from one level to

another level

of the trophic levels in the form of

heat

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Food web food chain interconnected.

Energy flows through food web and lost

when

it transferred from one level to

another level

of the trophic levels in the form of

heat

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8

The interaction between biotic component

in relation to feeding

Saprophytism

Symbiosis

Prey-predator

Symbiosis

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Organisms interact with one another in

various ways such as

close relationship between two or more


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different species which live closely

together and interact with each other

three categories:

Commensalism

Mutualism

Parasitism

Commensalism

One species (the commensal) benefits, the

other (the host) dont get benefits nor is

harmed

E.g. epiphytes grows on branches of trees

Mutualism

Relationship between two species of

organisms in which both benefit

E.g. bacteria in the digestive system of human

Commensalism

One species (the commensal) benefits, the

other (the host) dont get benefits nor is

harmed

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Prey-predator

E.g. epiphytes grows on branches of trees

Mutualism

Relationship between two species of

organisms in which both benefit

E.g. bacteria in the digestive system of human

Parasitism

Relationship between two organisms in which

one organism (the parasites) benefits from

the other organism (the host)

Two types:

Ectoparasites live on the surface of the host

(e.g. ticks and fleas)

Endoparasites live inside the body of the

host (e.g. tapeworms)


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Relationship where an organism which

is

smaller, called the prey, is haunted

and eaten

by a stronger animal, the predator

E.g. an owl (predator) and a rat (prey)

The interaction takes place in a cycle

that

keeps the populations of both

organisms in a

dynamic equilibrium

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Competition interaction between

organisms living together in a

habitat andcompeting for the same

resources that

are limited supply

Two types:

Intraspecific competition

between the

same speciesInterspecific competition

between

different

species

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The interaction between biotic

component in relation to competition

8.2 Colonisation and

Succession in an Ecosystem


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Vary in size.

A community of organisms which

interactwith their non-living environment &

function

as unit.

Have level of organisation:

15Ecosystem

Species a group of organisms that

havesimilar characterisitics, share the

same roles

in an ecosystem and are capable of

interbreeding.

Population a group of organisms of

samespecies living in the same habitat

at the same

time.

Community several different species

livingin the same habitat in an

ecosystem

Niche role of an organism in

ecosystem

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Colonisation and succession

Colonisation takes place in a newly

formed

areas where no life previously


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existed.

The first organism occupy a newly

formed

area are called pioneer species.

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Characteristics:

1.Hardy plant that have dense root

system (grass)

2.Short life-cycle

They modify and creating more

conducive

condition to other organisms

Second species came after the pioneer

species are the successor species.

Characteristics:

1.Bigger than pioneer species (herbs)2.Have small wind-dispersal seeds (to

spread and grow rapidly)

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They change the structure and quality

of the soil and creating more conducive

condition for larger plants to grow.

Third and permanent species are the

dominant species (shrub).

Modify the environment for larger trees

to

grow.

Succession the gradual process

through

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which one community changes its

environment to be replaced by

anothercommunity.

Climax community ecological

succession

leads to relatively stable

community

(equilibrium with its environment)

8.3 Population Ecology

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population ecology

A branch of ecology that studies the

structure and dynamics of population.

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Direct counting method to estimatethe size and density of population

(impractical due to the size of

ecosystem, the number of plants

involved and the movement of the

animal).

Affected by abiotic and biotic factors,

birth rate, death rate, immigration and

emigration.

Population density number of


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organism per unit area of habitat

Sampling technique more practical

way, enable us to estimate the total

population size of the organism.The quadrat sampling technique

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).

Used in estimating the size of plant

population and immobile animal.

A quadrat metal, wooden frame or

PVC pipe frame which form a square of

a known area (1 m

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Placed randomly in an ecosystem

where sampling is carried out.

Frequency number of times a

particular species is found present

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when a quadrat is thrown a certain


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number of time

Density the mean number of

individuals of species per unit area

Percentage coverage an indication of

how much the area of quadrat is

occupied by a species

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Procedure:

1.Animal sample is captured2.Marked

3.Released

Used to estimate mobile animals (small

mammals, butterflies, birds and

insects)

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Second sample captured & number of

marked animal recorded.

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The capture, mark, release and

recapture technique

8.4Biodiversity

What is meant by biodiversity

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The diverse species of plants and

animal interacting with one another on

Earth.

Need to be classified because there are

many organisms in this world.

Classification of Organisms


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Taxonomy branch of Biology

concerned with identifying, describing

and naming organisms.

Systematic method of classifying plantsand animal based on the similarities in

their characteristics.

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Classification of Organisms

Organisms can be classified into 5

major kingdom:

1.Monera / Prokaryotae

2.Protista3.Fungi

4.Plantae

5.Animalia

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The hierarchy in the classification of

organisms

7 hierarchy levels

1.Kingdom

2.Phylum3.Class

4.Order

5.Family

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6.Genus

7.Species

The number of organisms at each levels

decreases

Naming of organisms is based on

Linnaeus binomial system.

Each organism has two names in Latin

first name is the name of genus (begins

with capital letter) & second name is

the name of species (begins with small

letter)

E.g. Mimosa pudica Mimosa refers

to the genus andpudica refers to the

species.

Specific names are written in italic or

underline.

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Provide various biological products

food,

medicine, timber, etc.

E.g. Mimosa pudica or Mimosa

pudica

The importance of biodiversity

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Provide many environmental

services

nutrient cycle, pollination, etc.

Give diversity in the genetic pool.

8.5 The impact of

Microorganisms on Life

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Microorganism

Tiny living things that only can be seen

using microscope

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Classified based on their characteristics

(appearance, shape, size, method

of

reproduction, nutrition and habitat)

Classified into 5 groups:

1.Viruses smallest microorganisms, not

a living cell and must use living cells to

reproduce. (E.g. HIV, Influenza virus

etc.)

2.

Bacteria unicellular organisms, have

cell wall, form spores under

unfavourable condition and have 3

common shape

spherical, rod-shaped

and spiral. (E.g.Lactoba cillus sp.,

Straphyloccous sp. etc.)

3.

Protozoa unicellular organism, have plasma membrane and can carry out living processes.

(E.g.Amoeba sp.,

Paramecium sp. etc.)34

4.


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Algae have chlorophyl and chloroplast,

can undergoes photosynthesis process.

(E.g.Spirogyra sp.)

5.Fungi heterotrophic microorganisms,

feeds bysecreting enzymes that break down

thesurrounding organic material into

simple

molecule before absorb them. (E.g.

Mucorsp.,

yeast etc.)

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The role of useful microorganisms in

the ecosystem

The role of useful microorganisms in the ecosystem

Roles of

microorganisms in

ecosystem


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Decomposition

T he nitrogen cycle

Digesting animals

food

Digesting humans

food

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The harmful microorganisms

Microorganisms that cause diseases are

called pathogens

Pathogens are classified as parasites or

saprophytes

They cause diseases in two ways:

1.Produce poisonous chemical

2.Attack and destroy host cells and body

tissues

Transmission of diseases

1.Air

2.Water

3.Food

4.Vectors

5.Direct Contact

6.Indirect Contact

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Controlling pathogens

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The uses of microorganisms in

biotechnology

Biotechnology application of biologicalprocesses in the manufacturing and

servicing industries

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Appreciating Biodiversity

The use of

microorganisms

in

biotechnology

Production of

antibiotics, vaccines

and hormones

Waste treatment

Production of

biodegradable plastic

(bioplastic)

Cleaning of oil spills

Production of energy

from biomass

Food processing

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Through conservation and


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preservation.

Endangered

Ecosystem

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CHAPTER 9

9.1 Human Activities that

Endangered an Ecosystem

Pollution

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Pollution - Any undesirable change in

the natural environment caused by

pollutant.

Pollutant substance that cause

pollution

Pollution being make dirty

Types of environmental pollution:

1.Air pollution

2.Water pollution

3.Soil pollution

4.Pollution caused by solid waste and

hazardous (dangerous) waste

5.Noise pollution

Air pollution

Air pollution is responsible for major health effects. Every year,

the health of countless people is ruined or endangered by air

pollution.

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Boston Harbor is a strong example of how badly pollution can

damage bodies of water. The water is filled with toxic waste

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Water pollution

Many different chemicals in the air affect the human body in

negative ways. Just how sick people will get depends on what

chemicals they are exposed to, in what concentrations, and for how

long.

Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in

the US alone could be over 50,000.Older people are highly vulnerable to diseases induced by air

pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional


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risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk.

Because people are exposed to so many potentially dangerous

pollutants, it is often hard to know exactly which pollutants are

responsible for causing sickness. Also, because a mixture of

different pollutants can intensify sickness, it is often difficult toisolate those pollutants that are at fault.

Many diseases could be caused by air pollution without their

becoming apparent for a long time. Diseases such as bronchitis,

lung cancer, and heart disease may all eventually appear in people

exposed to air pollution.

Air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide

also have harmful effects on naturalecosystems. They can kill

plants and trees by destroying their leaves, and can kill animals,

especially fish in highly polluted rivers.

and sewage, and routinely receives more waste when rainfall

pushes it into the harbor.

Many bodies of water near urban areas are highly polluted.

This is the result of both garbage dumped by individuals and

dangerous chemicals legally or illegally dumped by industries.

The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life

that inhabits water-based ecosystems. Dead fish, birds,

dolphins, and many other animals often wind up on beaches,killed by pollutants in their habitat.

Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. Pollutants

such as lead and cadmium are eaten by tiny animals. Later,

these animals are consumed by fish and shellfish, and the food

chain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels.

Eventually, humans are affected by this process as well.

People can get diseases such as hepatitis by eating seafood that

has been poisoned.

Ecosystems can be severely changed or destroyed by water

pollution. Many areas are now being affected by careless human pollution, and this pollution is

coming back to hurt humans.

Soil pollution

Not enough oxygen in the soil,

acidy soils that may burn the plant,

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bugs will go and start an infestation in the

soil,

it effects plants growth,


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the soil pollution eats away at the

nutrients and becomes

a bigger soil polluter,

not enough drainage,

new soil diseases develop every year,

not enough moisture in the soil.

Noise Pollution

Noise pollution disturbs our health and behavior in a

number of ways including deafness causing lack of sleep, irritability, indigestion, heartburn, high

blood pressure, ulcers, and heart disease. Just one noise

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explosion from a passing truck drastically alters our

endocrinal, neurological, and cardiovascular functions

in many individuals. If this is prolonged or frequent,

the physiological disturbances become chronic and

contribute to mental illness.

Sometimes, even low levels of noise are irritating and

can be frustrating, and high volumes can be annoying.

Natural sounds are less irritating than those we find

uncontrollable but intermittent sounds such as a tap

dripping water can be more irritating than the sound

of falling rain.

Noise more than 50dB can be very difficult to hear and

interpret and cause problems such as partial deafness.

Increased noise levels gives rise to a lack of

concentration and accuracy at work, and reduce ones

productivity and performance. Difficult tasks can be

impaired, and instructions or warnings difficult to be

heard and interpreted, causing accidents.

The Greenhouse Effects and the

Thinning of the Ozone Layer47

Greenhouse effect.

Occur when greenhouse gases

accumulates in the atmosphere to form a

layer of gases

Greenhouse gases carbon dioxide,

chlorofluorocarbon, nitrogen oxides,

methane and water vapourThe layer of gases trap the Suns heat


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around the world

Greenhouse effect cause the global

warming

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Thinning of ozone layer

Ozone layer

located in the atmosphere.

consist of ozone molecules which made

up of three oxygen atom (O3).

act as protective shield that absorb the

Suns harmful UV radiation

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Main cause - chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

CFC man made gases used as

refrigerant (substance that make thingscold or freeze) and propellants


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(compressed gas that forces out the

content of an aerosol container)

CFC when exposed to UV radiation will

release chlorine

atom which can break down ozonemolecules in chain

reaction causing the ozone layer become

thinner

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The increasing in population cause the

increase in development.

Development interfere the balance in nature.

Unplanned and unmanaged development

cause environmental problems.

Proper management of development activities

are important

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The Importance of Proper

Management of Development

Activities and the Ecosystem

The need for development and the

effects of an increasing population on

the ecosystem


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The importance of proper management

of development activities

Natural resource are non-renewable means

once they have been used they cannot be

replaced.

They need to be manage in proper ways to

maintain balance in nature.

Uncontrolled use of the natural resources will

cause them to be used up.

Carry out sustainable development to balance

the demands and the needs for resources with

the need to conserve the resources.

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The importance of proper management

of development activities


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Measures taken in the management of

development activities

1.Implementation of laws

2.Use of technology

3.Education on the management of

resources

4.Preservation and conservation

activities

5.The practice of biological control

BY IDZY_93

MRSM MELAKA

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