facts of matter by ms. renfro. the two categories of matter pure substances are chemically the same...
TRANSCRIPT
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FACTS OF MATTER
BY MS. RENFRO
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THE TWO CATEGORIES OF MATTER
• PURE SUBSTANCES
ARE CHEMICALLY THE SAME THROUGHOUT
• MIXTURES
SUBSTANCES THAT ARE NOT CHEMICALLY COMBINED
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PURE SUBSTANCESPURE SUBSTANCES INCLUDE:
• ATOMS-THE SMALLEST PART OF ALL MATTER MADE OF PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND ELECTRONS
• ELEMENTS- SUBSTANCES MADE UP OF ONLY 1 TYPE OF ATOM
• MOLECULES ARE PURE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE FORMED FROM 2 OR MORE ATOMS CHEMICALLY COMBINING
• COMPOUNDS- ELEMENTS THAT CHEMICALLY COMBINE TO FORM A NEW SUBSTANCE
• HTTP://STUDYJAMS.SCHOLASTIC.COM/STUDYJAMS/JAMS/SCIENCE/MATTER/ELEMENTS-AND-COMPOUNDS.HTM
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ELEMENTS
1. PURE SUBSTANCES MADE FROM
ONLY ONE TYPE OF ATOM
2. EXAMPLE: CARBON ONLY HAS
CARBON ATOMS, NITROGEN
ONLY HAS NITROGEN ATOMS
3. CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN
INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES…
THEY ARE PURE!
4. CAN BE CHEMICALLY COMBINED
TO FORM COMPOUNDS
•HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=FOFPJJ7V414
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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ATOMS AND ELEMENTS?
ATOMS• ATOMS ARE THE SMALLEST BITS OF
ORDINARY MATTER.
• ATOMS ARE MADE FROM TINY PARTICLES CALLED PROTONS (POSITIVE), NEUTRONS (NO CHARGE) AND ELECTRONS (NEGATIVE).
• THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS CLUSTER TOGETHER IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE ATOM, CALLED THE NUCLEUS
• THE ELECTRONS 'ORBIT' THE NUCLEUS.
• A PARTICULAR ATOM WILL HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS AND MOST ATOMS HAVE AT LEAST AS MANY NEUTRONS AS PROTONS.
ELEMENTS
• AN ELEMENT IS A SUBSTANCE THAT IS MADE ENTIRELY FROM ONE TYPE OF ATOM.
• FOR EXAMPLE, THE ELEMENT HYDROGEN IS MADE FROM ATOMS CONTAINING JUST ONE PROTON AND ONE ELECTRON.
• OR THE ELEMENT GOLD, IS MADE FROM ATOMS CONTAINING 79 PROTONS AND 79 ELECTRONS.
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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A COMPOUND AND A MOLECULE?
• A MOLECULE IS FORMED WHEN TWO OR MORE ATOMS JOIN TOGETHER CHEMICALLY.
• A COMPOUND IS A MOLECULE THAT CONTAINS AT LEAST TWO DIFFERENT ELEMENTS.
• ALL COMPOUNDS ARE MOLECULES BUT NOT ALL MOLECULES ARE COMPOUNDS.
• MOLECULAR HYDROGEN (H2), OXYGEN (O2) AND
NITROGEN (N2) ARE NOT COMPOUNDS BECAUSE
EACH IS COMPOSED OF A SINGLE ELEMENT.
• WATER (H2O), CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) AND METHANE
(CH4) ARE COMPOUNDS BECAUSE EACH IS MADE
FROM MORE THAN ONE ELEMENT.
• THE SMALLEST BIT OF EACH OF THESE SUBSTANCES WOULD BE REFERRED TO AS A MOLECULE. FOR EXAMPLE, A SINGLE MOLECULE OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN IS MADE FROM TWO ATOMS OF HYDROGEN WHILE A SINGLE MOLECULE OF WATER IS MADE FROM TWO ATOMS OF HYDROGEN AND ONE ATOM OF OXYGEN.
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ELEMENTS: PURE SUBSTANCE• THERE ARE OVER 120 ELEMENTS
AND MOST (92) ARE FOUND IN NATURE.
FUN FACTS!
• APPROXIMATELY 95% OF YOUR BODY IS MADE OF THE ELEMENTS
• HYDROGEN __________
• CARBON____________
• NITROGEN______
• OXYGEN___________
• PHOSPHOROUS_________
• CALCIUM_____________
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THE PERIODIC TABLE
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READING THE PERIODIC TABLE• PROVIDES A WEALTH OF
INFORMATION ABOUT ELEMENTS
• EACH ELEMENT HAS A CHEMICAL SYMBOL
• ATOMIC NUMBER- TELLS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS
• ATOMIC MASS-TELLS THE MASS OF THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS
• THE NUMBER OF PROTONS= THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
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HOW THE PERIODIC TABLE IS ORGANIZED
• THE PERIODIC TABLE IS ARRANGED IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER.
• THE 2 MAIN GROUPS OF ELEMENTS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE ARE METALS AND NON-METALS.
• THE METALS ARE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE TABLE MOVING TO THE NON-METALS ON THE RIGHT.
• THE ELEMENTS IN THE CENTER ARE CALLED TRANSITION METALS.
• METALLOIDS ARE FOUND ALONG EITHER SIDE OF THE STAIRCASE.
THE BASICS
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HOW THE PERIODIC TABLE IS ORGANIZEDGROUPS/FAMILIES AND
PERIODS• THE VERTICAL COLUMNS ARE CALLED GROUPS/FAMILIES
• THE FAMILIES HAVE SIMILAR PROPERTIES.
• THEY ALSO HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS ON THE OUTER SHELL, WHICH ARE CALLED VALENCE ELECTRONS.
• VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE WHAT DETERMINES AN ELEMENTS PROPERTIES AND REACTIVITY.
• THE MOST REACTIVE ELEMENTS ARE ON THE FAR LEFT AND THE LEAST REACTIVE ELEMENTS ARE ON THE FAR RIGHT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE.
• THE HORIZONTAL ROWS ARE CALLED PERIODS.
• EACH ELEMENT IN THE SAME PERIOD HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF ATOMIC ORBITALS, OR ELECTRON SHELLS (THE PATH THAT ELECTRONS FOLLOW AROUND THE NUCLEUS)
• HTTP://WWW.CHEM4KIDS.COM/FILES/ELEM_PERTABLE.HTML
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METALS, NONMETALSMETALS
• SHINY 'METALLIC' APPEARANCE• SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
(EXCEPT MERCURY)
• VERY REACTIVE
• HIGH MELTING POINTS
• HIGH DENSITIES
• LOW ELECTRONEGATIVITIES
• USUALLY, HIGH DEFORMATION (CAN BEND WITHOUT BREAKING)
• MALLEABLE
• DUCTILE
• THERMAL CONDUCTORS
• ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
NON-METALS• HIGH IONIZATION ENERGIES
• HIGH ELECTRONEGATIVITIES
• POOR THERMAL CONDUCTORS
• POOR ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
• BRITTLE SOLIDS
• LITTLE OR NO METALLIC LUSTER
• GAIN ELECTRONS EASILY
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METALLOIDSTHE METALLOIDS, OR SEMI-METALS, ARE ELEMENTS WITH PROPERTIES THAT SHARE PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS. Physical Properties of Metalloids
State of Matter Solid
Luster Metallic luster
Elasticity Brittle
Conductivity Semi-conductive. Average transmission of heat.
Chemical Properties of Metalloids
Oxidation Readily form glasses
Alloys Form alloys with metals
*Allotropic Several metallic and non-metallic allotropic forms
Melting Some metalloids contract on melting
Compounds Reacts with the halogens to form compounds
https://youtu.be/9u6-V7Q3AS0
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WHAT IS A PHYSICAL PROPERTY?
A FEATURE OF MATTER THAT CAN BE OBSERVED WITH YOUR SENSES AND MEASURED WITHOUT CHANGING ITS IDENTITY.
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PHYSICAL PROPERTY EXAMPLES
STATES OF MATTER
IF IT’S A SOLID, LIQUID, GAS, OR PLASMA IS A PHYS. PROP!
TEXTURE
COLOR
DENSITY
LUSTER
MELTING, BOILING, FREEZING POINT
STREAK
ODOR
MASS
VOLUME
HARDNESS
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WHAT IS A PHYSICAL CHANGE?A CHANGE THAT CAUSES A PHYSICAL PROPERTY TO CHANGE BUT IT DOESN’T CHANGE THE IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE.
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EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL CHANGES
1. MATTER CHANGING STATES
2. FREEZING, MELTING, BOILING
3. CUTTING, CRUSHING, DISSOLVING
4. LOSING OR GAINING MASS
***WHAT DOES THE ARROW REPRESENT IN THIS PICTURE?
Solid liquid Gas plasma
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WHAT IS A CHEMICAL PROPERTY?
• THE ABILITY OF MATTER TO INTERACT WITH SOMETHING AND CHANGE INTO A NEW SUBSTANCE WITH DIFFERENT PROPERTIES.
• CHEMICAL CHANGES REQUIRE A CHEMICAL REACTION!
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EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. REACTIVITY WITH OXYGEN
WHEN 2 OR MORE SUBSTANCES COMBINE TO FORM A NEW SUBSTANCE.
EXAMPLE:
WATER+OXYGEN +IRON RUST
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EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
2. FLAMMABILITY-
THE ABILITY OF A SUBSTANCE TO BURN
WHAT CANNOT BURN??
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COMBUSTIBILITY
3. HOW FAST A SUBSTANCE CAN CATCH ON FIRE OR BURST INTO FLAMES!
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CHEMICAL CHANGES
•HAPPENS WHEN 1 OR MORE SUBSTANCES ARE CHANGED INTO NEW SUBSTANCES WITH NEW PROPERTIES.
•ONCE THERE IS A CHEMICAL CHANGE, IT CANNOT CHANGE BACK!
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EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL CHANGES
1. SOURING MILK- SMELLS BAD DUE TO BACTERIA FORMING
2. BUBBLING WHEN ACID REACTS WITH BAKING SODA
3. RUSTING
4. BURNING
** CHEMICAL CHANGES HAVE CHEMICAL FORMULAS BECAUSE THEY ARE ENTIRELY NEW SUBSTANCES
EXAMPLE: H2O