faculty of management and social sciences, abasyn...
TRANSCRIPT
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KPK: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
By
FARYAL RAHEEM
Registration No.AUP-12FL-Ph.D (MGT) - 4476
Research Thesis Submitted to the Department of Management Sciences,
Abasyn University Peshawar, in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement
for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILASOPHY
Faculty of Management and Social Sciences,
Abasyn University Peshawar Campus,
Ring Road (Charsadda Link), Peshawar, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
January 2019
i
ABSTRACT
The study aims to explore the factors that affect women entrepreneurs of Pakistan and to
measure the relationship and effect of women entrepreneurial factors on women entrepreneur
business performance in Pakistan. The study was descriptive and co-relational in nature. The
universe of the study was registered women entrepreneurs of Women Chamber of Commerce &
Industry Peshawar, Women Business Development Center Peshawar and non-registered
entrepreneurs working at diverse cities of KP, Pakistan. Data collection instrument was
questionnaire (5-point Scale). Total 540 questionnaires were distributed among registered and
unregistered women entrepreneurs of KP, Pakistan. After data collection from respondents, data
was analyzed by using SPSS, AMOS and Liseral software’s. Researcher analyzed the data via
descriptive statistics; factor analysis, structure equation model and multiple linear regression
model. Findings of the study reveals that there exists significant positive relationship amid women
entrepreneurial factors i.e. social factors, economic factors, individual factors, political factors and
entrepreneur performance. Factor analysis reveals the exceptionality of the constructs and the
questionnaire was found valid for data collection. The collected data was tabulated and found
normal, with no multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity and auto-correlation in it. Social factor,
economic factor, individual factor, political factor was found a significant constructive predictors
of women entrepreneurs performance. There exists an insignificant difference between the
responses of women entrepreneur performance about the registered and unregistered women
entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. Study recommended that government should focus on the creation
and promotion of women entrepreneurship culture b) removal of socio-cultural obstacles
prevailing in the society, c) nurturing entrepreneurial culture and environment, d) provision for the
women entrepreneurial education opportunities, e) developing friendly and supportive
environment infrastructure for women entrepreneurs, and f) forming women entrepreneurs
associates. Implication of the study is for the development and promotion of women
entrepreneurial culture in Pakistan. Women entrepreneurs become more aware of the importance
of social, economic, individual and political factors and its influence on women entrepreneurs
performance.
Keywords: Women Entrepreneurs, Performance, SEM
ii
Acknowledgement
First of all I bow my head with thanks and submission before Allah Almighty, the Most
Merciful and Beneficent, who enabled me to complete my research thesis. I would like to express
my special appreciation and thanks to my supervisor Dr. Qadar Bakhsh Baloch, a person with an
amicable and positive disposition, whose valuable guidance, scholarly inputs, consistent
persuasion and encouragement I received throughout my PhD program. His guidance helped me
in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better
advisor and mentor for my Ph.D. study.
Dr Syed Umar Farooq, Vice Chancellor of Abasyn University, deserves a special mention
of my sincere gratitude for his continuous support, motivation, immense knowledge, facilitating
attitude and helping mindset. His guidance and advice on my research and career has always been
valuable. No research is possible without the Library, the centre of learning resources. I take this
time to express my gratitude to the Management of Abasyn University for maintaining enriched
library network, and all the library and supporting staff for their services in updating the latest
publications. Dr. Shahid Jan, Dr Fawad Latif were always available to do their bit, whenever I
required some help.
I am very much indebted to my family, my parents, my husband and Jordan and my mother-
in-law, father in law who supported me in every possible way to see the completion of this work.
Words cannot express how grateful I am to my parents and brothers (Mr.Fawad Ahmad &
Mr.Zuhaib Ahmad) for all of the sacrifices that they have made. At the end I would like to re-
express my appreciation for my beloved husband Atif Raza who encouraged me a lot and was
always my support in the moments when there was no one to answer my queries.
iii
Author’s Declaration
I Faryal Raheem hereby state that my PhD thesis titled “Factors affecting the performance of
Women Entrepreneurship in KPK: An Empirical Analysis” is my own work and has not been
submitted previously by me for taking any degree from Abasyn University Peshawar or anywhere
else in the country/world.
At any time in my statement is found to be incorrect even after I Graduate, the University has the
right to withdraw my PhD degree.
Student Signature: _______________________
Name: FARYAL RAHEEM
iv
Plagiarism Undertaking
I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled “Factors affecting the
performance of Women Entrepreneurship in KPK: An Empirical Analysis” is solely my
research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help
wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me.
I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and Abasyn University, Peshawar towards
plagiarism. Therefore I as an author of the above titled thesis declare that no potion of my thesis
has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited.
I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after
award of PhD degree, the University reserve the rights to withdraw/revoke my PhD and that HEC
and the University has the right to publish my name on the HEC/University website on which
names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis.
Student Signature: _______________________
Name: FARYAL RAHEEM
V
DEDICATION
This Small Initiative is dedicated to My Loving Parents and My teachers who have been
the guiding lights of my life and to whom I owe whatever little I have been able to achieve.
Faryal Raheem
VI
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
WBDC Women Business Development Centre
WCCB Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry
KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
VII
Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................I
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................... II
Auther’s Declaration ................................................................................................................ III
Plagiarism Undertaking ........................................................................................................... IV
Dedication ................................................................................................................................. V
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................... VI
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... VII
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... XI
List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... XIII
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Research GAP ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Statement of Research Problem ........................................................................................... 6
1.4 Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 6
1.5 Objectives of the study......................................................................................................... 7
1.6 Significance of the Research ................................................................................................ 7
1.7 Scope of the study ................................................................................................................ 8
1.8 Limitation ............................................................................................................................. 8
1.9 Sequence of Thesis .............................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................ 10
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................... 10
2.1 Entrepreneurship ................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Entrepreneur Definitions .................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Concepts and Needs of Entrepreneurship .......................................................................... 12
2.4 Types of Entrepreneurs ...................................................................................................... 13
2.5 Features of successful Entrepreneurship ............................................................................ 14
2.6 Entrepreneurial Process ..................................................................................................... 15
2.7 Significances of Entrepreneurship in the socio-economic progress .................................. 16
2.8 The Benefits of Entrepreneurship ...................................................................................... 17
2.9 Women Entrepreneurship .................................................................................................. 19
2.10 Islamic perspective about women Entrepreneurship ....................................................... 22
VIII
2.11 Women Vs Men Entrepreneurs ........................................................................................ 25
2.12 Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan ................................................................................... 26
2.13 Women entrepreneurs in Small Medium sized Enterprise (SMEs) ................................. 30
2.14 Benefits of women entrepreneurs in SMEs ..................................................................... 31
2.15 Qualities of Successful Entrepreneurs ............................................................................. 32
2.16 Factors affecting women Entrepreneurs’ performance .................................................... 35
2.17 Social Entrepreneurial Factors and Business Performance ............................................. 48
2.18 Economic Factors and Business Performance ................................................................. 51
2.19 Individual Factors and Business Performance ................................................................. 54
2.20 Political Factors and Business Performance .................................................................... 56
2.21 Socio-Cultural Theories of Entrepreneurial Emergence .................................................. 57
2.22 Family orientation theory ................................................................................................. 59
2.23 Educational incubation theory ......................................................................................... 59
2.24 Social Learning Theory .................................................................................................... 59
2.25 Theoretical framework ..................................................................................................... 61
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................ 63
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................................. 63
3.1 Quantitative Research Methodology.................................................................................. 64
3.2 Research Type / Nature ...................................................................................................... 65
3.3 Population of the Study ...................................................................................................... 66
3.4 Research Population........................................................................................................... 68
3.5 Sample Size Determination................................................................................................ 68
3.6 Sampling ............................................................................................................................ 71
3.7 Measurement Instrument ................................................................................................... 72
3.8 Data Collection Method ..................................................................................................... 73
3.9 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 73
3.10 Reliability Analysis Of Data ............................................................................................ 73
3.11 Data Source ...................................................................................................................... 74
ANALYSIS OF REGISTERED WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AT WBDC, PESHAWAR,
KPK, PAKISTAN .................................................................................................................... 75
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................ 76
DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 76
4.1 Demographic Variables of Women Entrepreneurs ............................................................ 76
4.2 Chi-Square Test ................................................................................................................. 79
IX
4.3 One Sample T test .............................................................................................................. 85
4.4 Validity and Confirmatory Factor Analysis ....................................................................... 87
4.5 Structural Analysis for Social, Economic, Individual and Political Factors and
Performance of Entrepreneurs ................................................................................................. 90
4.6 Correlation ......................................................................................................................... 92
4.7 Regression Analysis ........................................................................................................... 94
4.8 Normality of Data .............................................................................................................. 94
4.9 Homoscedasticity and Heteroscedasticity of Data ............................................................. 96
4.10 Durbin Watson test .......................................................................................................... 98
4.11 Multicollinearity .............................................................................................................. 99
4.12 Multiple Regression Model.............................................................................................. 99
ANALYSIS OF UNREGISTERED WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AT DIVERSE
LOCATION OF KPK, PAKISTAN ...................................................................................... 103
4.1 Demographic Variables of Women Entrepreneurs .......................................................... 104
4.2 Chi-Square Test ............................................................................................................... 107
4.3 One Sample T test ............................................................................................................ 113
4.4 Regression Analysis of Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs ....................................... 115
4.5 Normality of Data ............................................................................................................ 115
4.6 Homoscedasticity and Heteroscedasticity of Data ........................................................... 117
4.7 Durbin Watson test .......................................................................................................... 119
4.8 Multicollinearity .............................................................................................................. 120
4.9 Multiple Regression Model.............................................................................................. 121
4.10 Discriminant Analysis .................................................................................................... 123
4.11 Group Statistics .............................................................................................................. 123
4.12 Eigen Value .................................................................................................................... 124
4.13 Wilks Lambda ................................................................................................................ 125
4.14 Canonical Structure Matrix ............................................................................................ 126
4.15 Independent Sample T-Test ........................................................................................... 127
4.16 Mean Difference ............................................................................................................ 127
CHAPTER 5 .......................................................................................................................... 132
Discussion and Research Findings......................................................................................... 132
5.1 Findings............................................................................................................................ 132
5.2 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 134
5.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 144
X
5.4 Theoretical contributions and Practical Implications ...................................................... 147
5.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 147
5.6 Limitations of the study ................................................................................................... 149
5.7 Futures Areas for Researches........................................................................................... 149
CHAPTER6 ........................................................................................................................... 150
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. 150
6.1 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 150
6.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 152
6.3 Theoretical contributions and Practical Implications ...................................................... 157
6.4 Recommendations for Future Research ........................................................................... 157
References .............................................................................................................................. 158
Annexure (Questionnaire) ...................................................................................................... 173
Appendix-P ............................................................................................................................ 180
Appendix-Q............................................................................................................................ 205
XI
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Definition of Entrepreneur ....................................................................................... 12
Table 2.2 Variables Table ........................................................................................................ 48
Table 3.10.1 Reliability............................................................................................................ 74
Chapter 4 Section I (Analysis of Registered Women Entrepreneurs)
Table 4.1.1 Gender of Participants .......................................................................................... 76
Table 4.1.2 Ages of Participants .............................................................................................. 77
Table 4.1.3 Qualification of Participants ................................................................................. 77
Table 4.1.4 Type of Business ................................................................................................. 778
Table 4.1.5 Cities of Respondents ......................................................................................... 778
Table 4.1.6 Business Finance................................................................................................... 79
Table 4.2.1 Chi Square amid Respondents Ages and Qualification ...................................... 800
Table 4.2.2 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Types ................................... 80
Table 4.2.3 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and City ..................................................... 81
Table 4.2.4 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Equity .................................. 81
Table 4.2.5 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Types ...................... 82
Table 4.2.6 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and City ........................................ 82
Table 4.2.7 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Equity ..................... 83
Table 4.2.8 Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Cities ..................................................... 83
Table 4.2.9 Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Business Equity .................................... 84
Table 4.2.10 Chi Square Amid Cities and Business Equity .................................................... 84
Table 4.3 One Sample T-Test .................................................................................................. 86
Table 4.13 Goodness of fit for overall Models ........................................................................ 91
Table 4.6.1 Matrix Correlation ................................................................................................ 93
Table 4.8 Tests of Normality ................................................................................................... 96
Table 4.9.1 Leven Statistics ..................................................................................................... 97
Table 4.10 Durbin-Watson Statistics ....................................................................................... 98
Table 4.11 Collinearity Statistics ............................................................................................. 99
Table 4.12 Coefficients ...................................................................................................... 10101
Chapter 4 Section II (Analysis of Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs)
Table 4.1.1 Gender ............................................................................................................. 10404
Table 4.1.2 Age .................................................................................................................. 10404
Table 4.1.3 Qualification ................................................................................................... 10505
XII
Table 4.1.4 Type of Business ............................................................................................. 10606
Table 4.1.5 Cities of Respondents ......................................................................................... 106
Table 4.1.6 Business Finance................................................................................................. 107
Table 4.2.1 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Qualification ..................................... 108
Table 4.2.2Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Types .............................. 10808
Table 4.2.3 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Cities ............................................. 10909
Table 4.2.4 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Equity ............................ 10909
Table 4.2.5 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Types ................ 11010
Table 4.2.6 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and City .................................. 11010
Table 4.2.7 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Equity ............... 11111
Table 4.2.8 Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Cities ............................................... 11111
Table 4.2.9 Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Business Equity .............................. 11212
Table 4.2.10 Chi Square Amid Cities and Business Equity .................................................. 114
Table 4.3.One Sample T-Test ................................................................................................ 114
Table 4.5.3 Tests of Normality .......................................................................................... 11717
Table 4.6.1 Leven Statistics ................................................................................................... 118
Table 4.7.1 Durbin-Watson Statistics .................................................................................... 119
Table 4.8.1 Collinearity Statistics .......................................................................................... 120
Table 4.9.1 Coefficients ......................................................................................................... 122
Table 4.11 Group Statistics .................................................................................................... 124
Table 4.12 Eigen Value.......................................................................................................... 125
Table 4.13 Wilks Lambda ...................................................................................................... 126
Table 4.14.1 ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.26
Table 4.15 Independent Sample T-Test ................................................................................. 127
Table 4.16.1 Paired Samples Statistics for Registered and Un-Registered Women
Entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan ........................................................................................ 12828
Table 5.1 Summary of the Hypotheses .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
XIII
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Entrepreneurial Process .......................................................................................... 16
Figure 4.1 Measurement Model ............................................................................................... 88
Figure 4.2 Measurement Model Analysis for Entrepreneurial Factors and Performance ..... 889
Figure 4.5.1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 1 ....................................................... 900
Figure 4.5.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 2 ....................................................... 900
Figure 4.5.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 3 ....................................................... 900
Figure 4.5.4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 4 ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.1
Figure 4.5.5 CFA for Model 5 ................................................................................................. 91
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Entrepreneurship or business enterprise is progressively perceived as an imperative
element of socio-economic development, innovative efficiency, advancement and work
(Manzoor and Jalil, 2014). Entrepreneurship is broadly acknowledged as a main part of
economic dynamism. It is generally accepted as a main part of financial dynamism. The
decisive issue of entrepreneurship is the transformation of new ideas into economic
opportunities. The history demonstrates that significance of economic growth has been possible
because of the people who are down to earth. These pragmatic people are entrepreneurial and
creative, and able to take opportunities and risks (Batool and Ullah, 2018; Hisrich, Peters and
Sheperd, 2005). Civilizational growth and development are outcomes of entrepreneurial
creativities.
Even though sometimes the role of business enterprises and social improvement has
been neglected but it has always been acknowledged that entrepreneurship contributes a lot to
economic progress and development of a country. However, the thought and routine of women
business enterprise is a late wonder. According to ILO (2006) a remarkable numbers of
business enterprises were owned by men. History shows that businesses owned by women was
not very common in developing countries especially in Pakistan. In other words, the practice
of female entrepreneurship is a new idea. Before 1980’s the entire focus was on men because
people were less familiar with the practice and research about women entrepreneurship. It
determines that the scientific consultation about female entrepreneurship is the development of
1980s (ILO, 2006).
As globalization reshapes the worldwide monetary scene and innovative change makes
more prominent instability on the planet economy (Neneh, 2017).The dynamism of business
2
enterprise is accepted to have the capacity to meet the new financial and social difficulties.It is
normally consider by the government that business and development to be the foundations of
an aggressive national economy. Most of the nation’s enterprise arrangements are in reality
firmly associated with advancement approaches, with which they share numerous qualities and
difficulties. Entrepreneurship is highly embraced in the contemporary competitive business
world. Its input to the economy is acknowledged worldwide (Ghouse et al., 2017; Fielden,
2010).
The entrepreneurial business is mostly considered a male-dominate field generally in
pakitsan and particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Hafizullah, Manzoor, Hussain, & Farooq
2012). With regard to the ownership of the business enterprises the gender discrimination is
prevalent in Pakistan and women are highly disadvantaged particularly owing to their gender
and social-cultural factors. Discrimination and prejudice against women are not only observed
in the professional fields but also in the entrepreneurial sector (Bukhari, Awan and Ahmed,
2013). This prevailing rampart gender discrimination has virtually kept country’s 50%
population out of the economic productivity, which is badly needed for this under developed
part of world - facing menace of poverty, debt and unemployment. Women entrepreneurs, if
any, in Pakistan suffer many challenges and there is no denying the fact that the economy of
Pakistan would have been much better if women were given the same opportunities as their
male counterparts (Rani and Hashim, 2017; Haq and Safavian, 2013).
The personal experience and the glance over the record of Peshawar chamber of
Pakistan that self-employed women in the area are scarcely visible and rather greatly
underrepresented than their male counterparts. However, Allen, Link and Rosenbaum (2007)
and Parker (2009) determines that female contribution is comparatively improved in the
consumer- oriented, retail and personal services sector. On the other hand men mostly have
their own businesses in the manufacturing, financial and the construction sector. The same
3
pattern is commonly predominant in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the reasons behind these
differences are factors for instance education, start-up capitaland job experience (Haq and
Safavian 2013). Because these factors can effect the decision of becoming an
entrepreneurs.Multiple topics related to entrepreneurship, less women entrepreneurship, have
already been acknowledged broadly (Audretsch, Grilo and Thurik, 2007; Van Praag and
Versloot, 2007; Fielden,2010).
Over the last few years, because of maximum participation of female, women
entrepreneurship has become the interested topic. Roomi (2013) describes that“the growth rate
of female entrepreneurs in the United States grew two times faster than that of total
entrepreneurship.” A self employed woman is also getting more importance in Europe
(Cowling, 2000). However it is also fact that in comparsion of men, self employed women are
still in the minitority stage. (De Bruin et al., 2006; Langowitz and Minniti, 2007). According
to Allen et al., (2007), there are some exceptions for the fact that women are equally or less
represented in entrepreneurship. The examples of these countries are Japan, Brazil, Peru and
Thailand.
There are four vital entrepreneurial factors exist (Langowitz and Minniti, 2007) which
are firstly, Political factor (which is defined as an activity that influnces a business when there
is any change in government policy (Allen et al., 2007). New legislation, training infrastructure,
legal and regulatory environment are the examples of a political factor. According to (Robb
and Coleman, 2009) it has impact the company's operations by either prohibiting or requiring
it to act in a particular way.Secondly, Social entrepreneurship which is defined as the use of
the techniques by commencement and other entrepreneurs to develop, fund and implement
solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues (Abu-Saifan, 2012). Education, workplace
environment, social status, network factors, access to market, family issues associated with
entrepreneurs are the examples of social entrepreneurs (Abu-Saifan, 2012). Thirdly, Economic
4
factors define as the current and expected future value of a business or investment portfolio.
For a business, key economic factors include access to capital, labor market, marketing issues,
access to technology and raw material, excess of taxes and inflation (Abu-Saifan, 2012). Lastly,
individual entrepreneurial factors which include personality, risk taking, confidence and
motivation (Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).
The ongoing globalization drive across the world has affected not only the integration
of market and production process rather it has also affected the pace of entrepreneurial activities
and the pattern of business ownership as well by giving way to the female community. Resason
for undersire entrepreneurial performance in Pakistan is political and economic unstability
(Abu-Saifan, 2012; Manzoor and Jalil, 2014). This innovative change in the business and their
women ownership influenced the Pakistan’s businesses environment as well (Manzoor and
Jalil, 2014). Successive governments of Pakistan and the provinces have progressively
consider women entrepreneurships as the grounds of an evolving national economy but the
speed of this paradigm shift is very slow (Abu-Saifan, 2012). In order to seek promising results
matching to the dictates of globalized economy the government and society are to brought at
one page in identifying, addressing the challenges to the women entrepreneurships culture.
Pakistan’s overall competitiveness is quite low and its ranking on the global
competitiveness index (GCI) fell from 83 in 2007 to 126 in 2016. The Global Competitiveness
Report for 2015/16 (prepared by the World Economic Forum for 144 countries) identifies 12
‘pillars’ that contribute to productivity and competitiveness. Four of these are directly linked
to skills: primary education, higher education and training, business sophistication and
innovation. The indirect pillars include technological readiness (which measures how a country
implements existing technologies to improve productivity) in addition to labor market
efficiency. The primary cause of Pakistan’s poor performance is poor performance against the
basic requirements, which carry a weight of 60 percent in the evaluation. When it comes to
5
technological readiness or the capacity for innovation, Pakistan fares badly overall, being
ranked the lowest among the Asian countries. Langowitz and Minniti (2007) identified four
vital entrepreneurial factors i.e. political, economic, social and individual. For this there is dire
need for a research study to identify the four vital entrepreneurial factors intervention towards
success and failure of women entrepreneurship in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan.
1.2 Research GAP
Research studies conducted in South Africa on women entrepreneur firm performance
highlighted the research gap that there is still a limited understanding of the underlying
mechanisms through which different types of factors that influence firm performance and
studies are inconsistent in the context of firm performance (Neneh, 2017; Mari et al., 2016;
Welsh et al., 2014). Another research study conducted in Oman on identifying the barriers
associated with women entrepreneurs and reported that literature on rural women entrepreneurs
is very sparse in Asian countries ouse (Ghouse, McElwee, Meaaton and Durrah, 2017).
Research studies conducted in Malaysia regarding factor influencing women entrepreneurs’
success reported that there is still lack of research done on women entrepreneurial success and
performance even though the entrepreneurial studies are continually conducted (Rabi and
Hashim, 2017; Akhalwaya and Havenga, 2012). In the context of Pakistan research studies
highlighted the research gap that none of the study so far in Pakistan comprehensively and
systematically explores the factors that affect women entrepreneurs’ performance in Pakistan
and measure the relationship amid entrepreneurial factors that affect women entrepreneur
business performance (Batool and Ullah, 2018; Rehman and Roomi, 2012). To fill the
literature gap this study explore the factors that affect women entrepreneurs in Pakistan and to
measure the relationship amid entrepreneurial factors and women entrepreneur business
performance in the context of Pakistan.
6
1.3 Statement of Research Problem
According to Manzoor and Jalil (2014) the concept of women entrepreneurs is
unnoticed in Pakistan. In addition to that research studies reported that the studies in the context
of social, political, economic and individual entrepreneurial factors in Pakistan are very limited
(Abu-Saifan, 2012; Manzoor and Jalil, 2014). The entrepreneurship inventory, in Pakistan in
general and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in particular, reflects a grave degree of underrepresentation’s
of females entrepreneurs which is tantamount to excluding half of the country’s population
out of the economic development process. This dismal picture of the female entrepreneurships
is direct or indirect outcome of the many factors that are negatively affecting the female
entrepreneurships. These factors are multi-faceted and fall under the array of multi-dimensional
spectrum such as, socio-cultural, economic, political, and personality. The success and growth
of female entrepreneurships is predominantly dependent upon taking cognizance of the
challenges emerging out of these factors and responding with the appropriate measures jointly
by the society and the government at their earliest. The research aims to investigate female
entrepreneurship environment of Khyber Pakhtunkhaw, and determine thefactors that affects
the performance of female entrepreneurs in Pakistan with a view to identify challenges and
constraints; and suggest measures for improvement.
1.4 Research Questions
The research study consists on the following questions.
1. What are the factors that affect women entrepreneurs of Pakistan?
2. What’s the relationship amid entreprenurial factors and women entrepreneur business
performance?
3. What is the effect of women entrepreneur factors on entrepreneurial Performance?
4. What is the difference between the mean score of registered and un-registered
entrepreneurs?
7
1.5 Objectives of the study
Objectives of the study are the following.
1. To explore the factors that affect women entrepreneurs of Pakistan.
2. To measure the relationship amid entreprenurial factors and women entrepreneur
business performance.
3. To find out the effect of women entrepreneur factors on entrepreneurial Performance
4. To comparatively analyze the difference between the mean score of registered and un-
registered entrepreneurs.
5. To suggest measures to overcome the challenges being faced by the female
entrepreneurs of Pakistan.
1.6 Significance of the Research
The economy of country is the aggregate outcome of the nation’s contributions/ input
without any discrimination of gender, religion, socio-cultural or ethnic ground. Women are
almost half of the national population and getting them excluded from the national economic
input and socio-economic development affect the economy of any country negatively. And the
situation becomes most aggravated in the country like Pakistan whose economy is not able to
sustain every day increasing unemployment, alleviate poverty and minimize the debt to GDP
ratio. This result of this research study is important and beneficial for Pakistan’s socio-
economic development as it is likely to help grow females’ entrepreneurships and inculcate
supportive culture in this regard. The research is unique and very contributing for business and
social sector having multi-dimensional significance as follow
The research study would provide guidelines for the potential and present female
entrepreneurs to improve the performance of their entrepreneurship.The research study creates
awareness amongst society and business world about theproblems and constraints being faced
by the female entrepreneurs.The research, being the unique in its kind, holds lots of academic
8
significance by adding a new source of knowledge.Improvement of female entrepreneurship
performance would directly impact Pakistan’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and generates
employment opportunities and tax contributions.
1.7 Scope of the study
The scope of the study is for the women entreprneurs of Pakistan in terms of, a)
identifiying the key factors that affect the business performance of women entreprnreurs, b) to
encourage the female entrepreneurs by giving them the precise direction for improving
business performance, c) giving suggestions to reduce the challenges being faced by women
entrepreneurs in business processing and execution, d) women entrepreneurs become more
aware of the importance of social, economic, individual and political factors and its influence
on women entrepreneurs performance and e) women entrepreneurs should have to give high
level of encouragement for the development of entrepreneurial culture in Pakistan.
1.8 Limitation
Owing to the time and resource constraints the study investigation is restricted to
theWomen entrepreneurs of Khyber Pakhtunkwa registered at Women Business Development
Center Peshawar Women Chamber of Commerce & Industry Peshawar, SMEDA Peshawar,
and Non-registered entrepreneurs, mainly from service sector, working at diverse areas of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
1.9 Sequence of Thesis
This research study is composed of the following six chapters.
Chapter 1 Introduction of Study
This chapter consists on the background of the study, problem statement, research
questions, research objectives, scope of study, and scheme of research.
9
Chapter 2 Literature Review
This chapter presents salient points from the related literature reviewed for the study,
derives theoretical framework and develops hypotheses.
Chapter 3 Research Methodology
The chapter includesthe research methodology and research design of the research
study which was adopted during the course of conduction of this research. The chapter explains
the different components of the research design such as, working population of the research,
sample size, sampling technique adopted to reach to the sample and rationale behind the
determination of sample. The chapter also explains the efforts gone in development of scale
and testing of scale’s reliability, validity etc. The chapter gives the details of the data analyses
method and tools followed at the analyses stage.
Chapter 4 Data analysis and Findings
This chapter presents the data acquired and the data analyses exercise through tables,
graphs, and matrix.
Chapter 5 Discussion and Research Findings
This chapter includes the findings and discussion.
Chapter 6 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
The chapter includes summary and conclusion of the thesis.It also provides
recommendation for further studies.
Annexure/Appendices Including questionnaire, sample frame and other additional documents
felt necessary to be attracted with the research report.
10
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents the literature review related to the research titled as “factors
affecting the performance of women entrepreneurship in KPK: an empirical analysis”. In this
chapter the search of related literure pertaining to women entrepreneurship in Pakistan is
incorporated. So to present the whole well rounded picture, this literatur review combines
recent research along with the previous work done on the related topic.
2.1 Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is defined as “a process of actions of an entrepreneur is a person
who always looks for new ideas into profitable opportunities for accepting the risk and
uncertainty with the company (Batool and Ullah, 2018; Neneh, 2017; Ghouse et al., 2017;
Rani and Hashim, 2017; Bukhari, 2013).” Moreover, Fielden (2010) defined
entreprenurship as the activity of starting a business along with financial risks to get profit.
Entrepreneurship is the willingness and having capability to organize and manage a business
enterprise by taking risk for the purpose of gaining profit. Along with any of its risk in order
to make a profit. The example of entrepreneurship is to take a start of new businesses. The
idea and the meaning of entrepreneurship were first evolved in the 1600s. The
"entrepreneur” is derived from the French word, enterprendre meaning "to carry". It
identifies to those people who "accept" the risk of new companies. A person who creates a
company is known as entrepreneur and the creation process is called as entrepreneurship.
2.2 Entrepreneur Definitions
The Oxford English Dictionary (1897) describes the word Entrepreneur as “the
director or a manager of a public musical institution, one who gets-up entertainment arranged,
especially musical performance.”According to Hisrich & Peters (1992) Richard Cantillon
(1725), is an Irishman who lived in France was an economist and the first one to use the
11
word“entrepreneur”.According to his opinion, “entrepreneur is a person who buys factors of
production at a certain price and sell it at uncertain price by operating at risk (Hebert & Link,
1988).” Singh and Belawal (2008) described the term entrepreneur that is derived from the
French word ‘Entreprendre’ meaning “to undertake”. At the start of the 18th century the term
“entreprendre” wasinitially used in French.Literally it can be translated as “go-between” or
“between- taker” (Collins & Moore, 1964). Some scholars and authors have presented other
definitons in respect of entrepreneur are as follows.
A Study conducted by Say (1803) assessed that“an entrepreneur is one who shifts the
economic resources out of an area of lower productivity to an area of higher
productivity and greater yield.”
According to Kirzner (1997) “an entrepreneur is a decision maker in a specific cultural
context.One who commands a variety of behaviors that exploit these opportunities”.
Wennekers & Thurik (1999) described that“an entrepreneur is an individual who
exercises his ability and willingness to recognize new competence and introduces
particular methods of seizing opportunites to the market in the situation of uncertainty”.
An Entrepreneur is an innovator who undertakes a commercial business firm (Gartner,
1990; Gartner et al, 2004). Singh and Belwal (2008), further examines that entrepreneur
is a person who come up with an idea and ambition, motivate people, bring financial
resources and techniques together to hundle the firm in a effective and innovative way.
By summarizing different defintions by different scholars it can be concluded that,
Entrepreneur has capacity to takerisks, bring innovative ideas, strategies, methodology and
manage different factors of productions to generate a maximum profit, in business from time
to time.
12
Table 2.1
Definition of Entrepreneur
Period Connotations and meanings
Early 16th century It was referred to the persons engaged in
military expeditions.
17th century It was refereed to the persons engaged in
engineering activities such as fortifications
and constructions.
Beginning of 18th century It refered to persons engaged in economic
aspects of human activities.
Adopted from Deshpande & Sethi, (2009)
2.3 Concepts and Needs of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is considered as a main element for the economic growth of a country,
and is considered as a key tool for economic dynamism worldwide. Over the year it has
gained popularity among business students as well as among management scholars and
researchers.Many governments around the world, believe that entrepreneurship is the key
to economic development.
Since 1980 (Ahl, 2006; Carter, 2000) female entrepreneurship has been a topic of
interest for the researchers. Women entrepreneurship is considered as a significant and
emergent way of economic progress and growth,generation of employment and creation and
transactions of wealth in all economies of the world (Brush and Brush, 2006; Langowitz
and Minniti, 2007).There is a higher uncertainty in the global economy due to revamping of
international economy and technological changes, but it is believed that the dynamics of
entrepreneurship can assist in meeting these higher challenges (e.g Economic, social and
environmental).
13
For competing local and national economiesEntrepreneurship and Innovation are the
two main pillars. In fact, most of the countries have common entrepreneurship and
innovation policies as both these pillars have many attributes and challenges. The innovative
procedures of conceiving and developing new businesses are imperative for any economy
as these procedures either introduce or improve existing products, processes and
organizational structures. However, each country may have different definition of
entrepreneurships depending on their business objectives and policies. Though the study
and development of entrepreneurship has never supported gender discrimination. The focus
on female entrepreneurship has been very limited in the history.
2.4 Types of Entrepreneurs
Followings are the different types of entrepreneurs,
2.4.1 Innovative Entrepreneurs
These business visionaries can consider new thoughts, better and less expensive for
the association and business administration. They are business pioneers for financial
improvement of a nation (Bukhari, 2013). Followings are the examples of innovative
entrepreneurs.
‘A small car introduced by Ratan Tata named “Nano’
‘Retailing organized by Kishore Biyani,’
‘Making cell phones available for the common good by May Anil Ambani (Fielden,
2010).
2.4.2 Employers Imitating
These kinds of entrepreneurs are the followers of innovative entrepreneurs (Singh
and Belawal, 2008). The fact is that the environment in which they work doesn't permit them
to be imaginative (Fielden, 2010). In Pakistan many entrepreneurs are employers imitating.
A large number of these people are in all fields of business. They are trying to satisfy their
14
requirement for accomplishment by imitating the thoughts presented by innovative
entrepreneurs (Bukhari, 2013). Examples of employers can be the imitating development of
small shopping malls and small automakers (Bukhari, 2013).
2.4.3 Fabian Entrepreneurs
Fabian means a man who finds “victory for the delay rather than a decisive battle”.
They are the people who don't indicate activity in representation and use of new thoughts
and advancements. Examples of Fabian entrepreneurs can be young people seeking
employment (Gartner et al., 2004).
2.4.4 Drone Entrepreneurs
The meaning of the drone is a ‘man who loves to lives in the work of others’. These
kinds of Entrepreneurs are quite satisfied with their current business speed. They show no
interest in getting market leadership. At the end of the day, business visionaries with drone
are severe and even eager to endure loss of business moderates (Singh and Belwal, 2008).
2.4.5 Social Entrepreneur
A person who starts business with the aim of solving social problems in the society
is known as social entrepreneur. Social business visionaries drive social advancement and
change in different fields, for example, training, wellbeing, human rights, work rights,
nature and business improvement (Ahl, 2006). The purpose of poverty reduction combined
with the zeal of an entrepreneur, business practices and to overcome traditional practices
and innovation. Dr. Mohammed Yunus of Bangladesh started Gramin Bank is an instance
of social business visionaries (Singh and Belwal, 2008).
2.5 Features of successful Entrepreneurship
2.5.1 Dynamic Economic Activity
Business enterprise is an economic activity which consists of the creation and
operation of an organization to make wealth, guaranteeing ideal utilization of rare assets
15
(Carter, 2000). Since this quality creation movement is performed consistently indifferent
business environments, thus, enterprise is viewed as a dynamic power (Carter, 2000).
2.5.2 Related to Innovation
Entrepreneurship is a constant search for new thoughts. Enterprise requires
persistent assessment of existing methods of business operations to develop and embrace
productive and successful frameworks so enterprise is a continuous exertion of authority
(execution improvement) with in organization (Brush and Brush, 2006).
2.5.3 Profit Potential
Potential increase is the possible level of compensation to any employer to take the
risk of turning new ideas into a real business. If there is no profit potential then an
entrepreneurs efforts become just a leisure activity based on abstract or theory (Langowitz
and Minniti, 2007).
2.5.4 Bearing Risk
Entrepreneurship is all about getting new ideas and implementing them which may
give rise to high risk by implementing new ideas. If an entrepreneur is not willing to take
risk it is not possible for them to be successful. Patience is an important element which all
entrepreneurs must possess in order to see their efforts bear fruit (Drayton, 2004).
2.6 Entrepreneurial Process
Entrepreneurship is a process, a journey, not the destination a means, not an end. All
successful business for example, Bill Gates (Microsoft), Warren Buffet (Hathaway), Gordon
Moore (Intel), Steve Jobs (Apple Computers), Jack Welch (GE), GD Birla, Jamshedji Tata
and all others had gone through the same process (Hebert & Link, 1998).
The Establishment and implementation process of a company can be divided into three parts
business work, promotion, and operation. Corporate work is divided into two steps, the
16
generation of an idea and preparation of feasibility report. This process have the following
aspect (Hisrich et al., 2003).
Figure 2.1 Entrepreneurial Process
Source (principles of marketing management by Philip Kotler)
2.7 Significances of Entrepreneurship in the socio-economic progress
Presently business is an essential component for practical advancement made by
individuals having business mind set, who start different projects some of them become
successful while others of them get a chance to form mega ventures.Business is generally
explained as advance self-esteem, to rehearse inventive opportunity, to have a general
feeling of having control over their own lives (Mary, 2005).
2.7.1 Entrepreneurship is a key component in our economy
A huge number of employment is created by small organizations which were begun
by business minded people, huge number of whom will make large organizations.
17
Individuals in enterprise regularly express that they have ample opportunities to practice
innovation flexibility, visible self-regard and control over their own lives. Therefore, many
people with having different experiences in divergent sectors believe that by building a good
corporate culture in a country will help to maximize its individual and economic strength,
which may be helpful in gaining success at global level. Keeping this National Standards
for Business Education were created to prepare youngsters and grown-ups to succeed in an
entrepreneurial economy (Batool and Ullah, 2018; Neneh, 2017; Ghouse et al., 2017; Rani
and Hashim, 2017; Mary, 2005).
Entrepreneurship training is a deep rooted learning process, beginning from
elementary school and advancing through all levels of instruction, including grown-up
instruction. It is helpful for teachers to use standard indicators that help them to achieve
their goals and objectives towards their target audience. Students should be allowed to create
business opportunities and knowledge along with their studies. In this way, they would be
able to take a new start of their business. Utilizing this structure, understudies will permit
them to make business opportunities, and effectively begin and deal with their own
particular organization to exploit these open-door experiences (Brush and Brush, 2006;
Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).
2.8 The Benefits of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is vital for economic growth, employment and development of
goods and services. Business activities have been perceived as a vital component in the
economic development, wealth creation and performance of any country. According to Fox
(2001) Hisrich (2005) and the World Bank (2007) Entrepreneurship has the following
advantages.
18
2.8.1 Development of management capacity
The significances of entrepreneurship depend on the fact that entrepreneurship
improves power of decision making, administrative management abilities, and management
of things with in limited resources, risk handling and dealing with any critical situations. An
entrepreneur studies a problem, recognizes the options, and then select the best option
(Brush and Brush, 2006)
2.8.2 Creation of organizations
Because of entrepreneurship different business organizations are created. Different
small new organizations, firm projects, outlets, resturants, hospitals, saloons etc started by
the people having less resources. Where people can learn about how to use its available
financial resources which contribute to society by offering it quality services as well as
making facilities available to the community in a participation area along with the benefit
of making money by profit organization (Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).
2.8.3 Improve the quality of life
Living standards of people can be improved by making productive companies as
entrepreneurs because it provides different goods or services to society (Gartner et al,
2004).Due to efforts of entrepreneurs it becomes easy for people to possess luxury expensive
items such as cars, mobile phones and promotes the growth of shopping malls which may
help them to raise their living standards.Entrepreneurship improves quality of life at all
levels by giving people job opportunities by offering services, goods, facilities and by
development in general.
2.8.4. Means of Economic Development
Entrepreneurship is valuable tool to improve economic conditions of any country
especially for a developing country like Pakistan. Small organiztions and mega projects both
provide employment opportunities to youth. Forthmore they add a competition between
19
organizations to hire best people by offering them good packages (Ahl, 2006).
Entrepreneurship business visionaries are their own boss (Ahl, 2006). They are not
subordinate so they are free of the worries of being terminated from the job,and comaprsion
from being punctual and regular.If their business get successful and flourishes they can
transfer the business to their next generation who can have the fruit of already established
business. An entrepreneurmay have a new suggestion regarding a specific service or
product. If an entrepreneur supposes that others would be keen on it, they can make business
for themselves and earn profit, which is the cash left after clearing all the expenses (Batool
and Ullah, 2018; Neneh, 2017; Ghouse et al., 2017; Rani and Hashim, 2017; Brush and
Brush, 2006; Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).
2.9 Women Entrepreneurship
Women's profitable exercises, especially in industry, enable them financially and
empower them to contribute more to general improvement. Whether they are included in little
or medium scale generation exercises, or in the casual or formal divisions, women'
entrepreneurial exercises are methods for monetary survival as well as have positive social
repercussions for the women themselves and their social surroundings United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO, 2001).
In numerous social orders women loath indistinguishable open doors from men. In
numerous transitional economies advancement has been accomplished in opening ways to
training and wellbeing assurance for women yet political and financial open doors for female
business people have remained constrained. Coordinated endeavors are expected to empower
female business visionaries to settle on better monetary decisions and to change their
organizations into competitive enterprises, creating wage and work through enhanced
generation (OECD, 1997). There is no consensus among specialists with respect to the
distinctions in the attributes of male and female business people. A few gatherings of scientists
20
concur that there are no distinctions. Yet, some others state contrast. For instance, Green and
Cohen (1995) expressed, "A business person is a business visionary and it ought not to make
any difference what estimate, shape, shading, or sex the business person may be. Provided that
this is true, great research on business visionaries ought to create hypothesis material for all.
While inquire about shows likenesses in the individual demographics of men and women
business visionaries, there are contrasts in business and industry decisions, financing
techniques, development examples, and administration structures of female drove wonders”
(p.106) .
These distinctions give convincing motivations to study female business – taking a
gander at women authors, their endeavors, and their entrepreneurial practices as a special subset
of enterprise. Pretty much as we have found that clinical trials led on an all-male populace don't
really give exact data about the determination or treatment of female patients, we see that
academic research concentrated just on male entrepreneurial endeavors leaves numerous
inquiries unanswered for their female partners. Some contend that it is imperative to take a
gander at female business people who, however they impart numerous attributes to their male
partners, are one of a kind in numerous angles. Perceptible contrasts in their endeavors reflect
fundamental contrasts in their inspirations and objectives, arrangement, association, key
introduction, and access to assets.
Birley (1987) pushed on the distinctions even in their experience and individual
attributes. It was observed that the female business visionaries to be the primary conceived;
from a center or high society family; the little girl of an independently employed father;
instructed to degree level; wedded with kids; forty to forty-five at start-up; and with important
experience.
In their yearning in beginning new organizations, analysts recognized various explanations
behind women to wind up business people. South Africa Entrepreneurs Network (2005) as
21
sited in http//www.dti.gov.za/sawen/SAWENreport2.pdf called attention to that
difficulties/attractions of enterprise; self-assurance/self-rule; family concerns – adjusting
vocation and family; absence of professional success/segregation; and authoritative
progression control/legislative issues are accounted for as primary initiators to end up business
visionaries for women. The report likewise added the learning to make a social commitment
and helping other people is considered as a key for gettimg women to be entrepreneurs.
There is no specific definition of gender. Authors found which appealed to them
because of its emphasis on female entrepreneurship. “Women entrepreneurs are defined as
those who use their knowledge and resources to develop or create new business opportunities
that actively participate in the management of their businesses, and own at least 50 percent of
business and have been in operation for over a year" (Moore and Buttner, 1997 Farr-Wharton
and Brunetto, 2009, 2). Allen et al. (2007) said that “Entrepreneurs are often an untapped
resource and undervalued with potential boost economic success”.
According to (Birley, 1989; Gray and Collins-Williams, 2006) “It has been postulated
that when welfare of any disadvantaged group of the population is promoted, eventually the
development of local communities and economies “Through entrepreneurship, it become
possible to find a way to empower minorities and marginalized groups, creating upward
mobility and restricts discrimination in the labor market. “Entrepreneurship then offers
significant economic opportunities when other options are unavailable” (Fairlie, 2004;
Verdaguer and Vallas, 2008; Zhou, 2004). Female entrepreneurs are increasing day by day
globally. It is evaluated that organizations are run and claimed by female entrepreneurs at
somewhere around 25% and 33% of all organizations. Tominc and Rebernik (2003 781) said
that females are also impacting how the media, business authorities and public officials see and
respond to them. It is important to note that female entrepreneurs are not in a very large
numbers of group. They are taken as a group with complex histories and situations. The
22
outcome is that the study of female and entrepreneurship is developing (McKay, 2001).
In Pakistan, sometimes it becomes difficult for women to participate in some types of
activities. Our Religion and cultural values restricts her to have freedom in life. Because of the
discrimination, females cannot enjoy the same opportunities as men do. According to (Roomi
and Parrott, 2008), Support mechanisms also put restrictions on female entrepreneurs and
complicate the matter more. Bari (1997) said that the economic potential of female
entrepreneurs ar not fully realized as it is difficult for them to access capital. On the other hand,
women are also discouraged by male family members if one wants to be an entrepreneur.
(Roomi, 2011; Shabbir, 1995).
In Pakistan, the ratio among females starting a new business is not very high GEM
(2010). Female entrepreneurs consist of only three percent of a total of 3.2 million enterprises
(FBS, 2005-2006). When speaking of the status and role of women in Pakistan, religious
prescriptions, values and cultural traditions vary widely and are sometimes contradictory
(Roomi and Parrott, 2008). Gender is considered as one of the most important elements of
Pakistani society. Women have to face all social cultural barriers which in most cases
negatively affect them, because these are inherent things in their cultures. Due to this problem,
female entrepreneurs may not work properly even once they start a business. (Goheer, 2002;
Rajivan, 1997; ADB, 2000)
2.10 Islamic perspective about women Entrepreneurship
In Islam, the status of women is unique which does not resemble any other systems.
Islam believes in the equilibrium of women rights and status for preserving social balance.
Women are absolutely secured by Islam in all the spheres of life. Islam has given equal rights
of spiritual development and religious independence to women as compared to men. Islam is
not against of money making by engaging in business ventures. Islam realizes that every
business should considered as ibadah to please the Almighty Allah. Kayed (2010) believes that
23
business activities strengthen the faith/ iman of a Muslim to remember Allah and attending to
his duties of a religion. The Qura’n says
“By men whom neither traffic nor from regular prayer nor from the practice of regular
charity” (Qura’n, Suarh An- Nur Ayat -37)
The Quran says; “and not whoever does righteous good deeds, male or female and is
a (true) such will entre paradise and not the least injustice, even to the size of a speck on the
back of date- stone, will be done to them” (Qura’n, Surah An- Nisa Ayat -124).
It is a misconception that Islam prohibits the concept of women entrepreneurship. The
study of relevant Islamic Verses as well as Shariah provisions with respect to women
entrepreneurship reveals that there are no religious barriers in Islam which restrict women to
choose entrepreneurship. The teachings of Islam are taken into account in this regard which are
based on the Quran (Allah’s revelation) and Hadith (sayings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
as they are the basic authentic sources attributed to Islam.
Islam does not deprive a Muslim woman to work within limits so as to protect her
dignity and honor (Al- Sheha 1997). Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) encouraged women himself
in different spheres of activities including trade and commerce. Our Prophet’s life itself
indicates that there was a lack of commitment to a gender based division of labor. Islam gives
privilege to Muslim women to earn money, to enter into legal contracts, to own property and
to manage the assets that she possess. A Muslim woman can run and manage her own business
and no one can claim on her earnings even her husband. Qura’n clearly states a positive
correlation between women and earnings
“Men shall have a benefit from what they earn, and women shall have a benefit from
what they earn.” (Qura’n, Surah An- Nisa Ayat 32).
Islamic history sheds light on Muslim women engaging and managing different kinds
of businesses. It is advent by having a glance at Islamic history that many sahabiya (Women
24
companions) of our beloved Prophet (PBUH) were running and managing different business
activities which is permitted in Islam.The Holy Qur’an and Sunnah invite people
(Men/Women) to work to earn lawful money i.e Women entrepreneurship was allowed.
Khadija Bint-I- Khuwailad (RA) the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the example
of a prominent Muslim business woman. She was a well-known trader of Quraish and our
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) would take her goods to Syria in his youth. Our Prophet married
Ayesha (RA) after the death of Khadija (RA) who was a distinguished religious leader.
According to Al-Bukhari, Ayesha (RA) told about Umm-al-Momineen Zainab Bint-I-Jahash
that she would process leather and then sew things from it to sell out in the market. In this way,
she would spend the money earned for giving alms. Advent of Islam gave a relief to womenfolk
because Islam established equality of men and women; areas of business have also been devoid
of a woman who is Muslim.
Islam gives permission to a Muslim woman to do the business within the framework of
Islamic principles and Shariya. Our beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) once said to Sowda
“There is no doubt that you can go out of your home if necessity arises”. Allah also permits a
Muslim woman in Qur’an that “whenever they go out of their home they should fully cover
their bodies with a long piece of cloth”. Islam protects a woman by prescribing her creation of
a moral and supportive business environment. The various principles prescribed by Islamic law
or Shariya is given below
Qiwama specifies the patriarchal responsibility or being in charge and responsible for
support of family and wasta requires a manto help woman by allowing her entry to their
networks. A Muslim woman mostly relies on her family members for introducing to
potential business partners (Dechant & Lamky, 2005; Yetim, 2008)
Therefore; her family should be supportive to her for accessing business networks.
25
Modesty requires a Muslim woman to wear a hijab or scarf that covers her hair. Hijab
protects a woman and give its wearer a respect as well.
The study reveals that Islam completely supports a Muslim woman to entre in to
entrepreneurship from the very beginning of Islam. Furthermore, the participation of a Muslim
woman is allowed in the economic activities. Entrepreneurship is a critical part of the Islamic
religion. Islam is one of the religions that attempt to encourage human beings to be
entrepreneurs. Islam encourages men to constantly look for bounties of Allah. Islam accords
commercial enterprise and entrepreneurship a place of high esteem Entrepreneurship is a thing
which could trade the economic problems of any state. It is also have interaction masses of
people as worker or self-employed. Until a few years ago, most of the countries in the world
were following different systems specifically socialist in place of the capitalist machine
particularly since the fall of the Berlin Wall Entrepreneurship is part of Islamic subculture.
According to prophet Muhammad and his partners there are a lot of Muslims and successful
entrepreneur in the global and Islam usually invite all Muslims to be progressive entrepreneur
and active. Hazrat Khadija is the excellent instance of a female entrepreneur. For Muslim
women there may be no extra position version than Hazrat Khadijah (RA) - Hazrat Khadijah
(RA) was no longer regarded as pious enterprise woman only, instead her position as a helping
spouse and a real Muslim is also evident from her lifestyles.
2.11 Women Vs Men Entrepreneurs
While gender orientation was demonstrated not to influence new pursuit execution
when inclinations, inspiration, and desires were controlled for, the distinctions among men and
women business people were seen by various specialists. Among these Shane (1997)
distinguished that men had more business experience preceding opening the business and
higher desires; women business people had a bigger normal family unit measure; the instructive
foundations of male and female business visionaries were comparative; women were more
26
improbable than men to buy their business; women will probably have constructive incomes;
men will probably claim a business firm; female proprietors will probably incline towards
okay/return organizations; men invested somewhat more energy in their new wanders than
women; male proprietors will probably begin a business to profit, had higher desires for their
business, and accomplished more research to recognize business openings; male business
visionaries will probably discover innovatively escalated organizations, organizations that lose
their upper hand more rapidly, and organizations that have a less topographically limited client
base; male proprietors spent more exertion hunting down business openings and this held up
when different variables were controlled for. Other than this, Malaya (2006) attempted to
recognize male and female business people as for their prosperity pointers organized in a
successive request from essential to slightest critical.
2.12 Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan
Social disapproval of the working women in Pakistan society results in the invisibility
of the share of women in the labor force (Kamal, 1997). Moreover, involvement of women in
their family and other affairs of household are considered as their prime responsibility a social
duty. Women in Pakistan don’t take up entrepreneurship as first priority. Pakistan got 132nd
position out of a total of 134 countries in terms of female economic activities and opportunities
available to females (Nadgrodkiewicz, 2011). Furthermore, overall entrepreneurial activity in
Pakistan is pretty low and it’s even lower i.e. 3.43% when it comes to female entrepreneurship
activity rate which is 4.1 times less than their males’ counterparts (GEM, 2010).
A new social structure around the world is facilitating the gradual movement of women from
their homes to the public arenas but unfortunately in Pakistan, the following factors limit their
movement
Two important factors influencing the occupational roles of Muslim women are Pardah
and Izzat (Roomi & Parrott, 2008). Pardah (veil) is an instrument of sexual segregation
27
and seclusion where a woman confines herself at home. Papanek (1982) says that veil
is a portable boundary behind which women extramural activities are concealed. Izzat
is a notion that a woman is a repository of her family’s honor and her good reputation
is valuable and should be protected (Shaheed, 1990)
Women are discouraged and protected from doing things on their own throughout life
(Roomi and Harrison, 2010)
Social disapproval of the working women in Pakistan results in the invisibility of the
share of women in the labor force (Kamal, 1997). Moreover, involvement of a woman
in her family and other affairs of household are considered as social duty. A study by
USAID reveals that in Pakistani culture, females are discouraged in self employment
as it is a matter of “family reputation and honor” when a woman goes out to work
(Goheer and Penksa, 2007).
The reproductive ability of a woman confines her to remain at home and curbs her
movement and bounds societal communication. (Ahmad & Naimat, 2011)
Apart from the above-mentioned reasons, women can’t come to the market because the war on
terror, economic recession and floods (GEM, 2010) along with lack of access to finance,
technological constraints, environmental/societal issues, insufficient supply of labor and tax
policies are fueling an unfriendly environment in which female entrepreneurs are finding it
difficult to succeed, despite having clear motivations and goals.
Firdouse (2005) reports that it is quite recent that women are coming into the job market
and struggling for income oriented jobs to become independent and in order to get the social
status as males. Roomi (2013) found that majority of the Pakistani women entrepreneurs are
concentrated in low- growth oriented, handicrafts, service and textiles sector where their
customers are women which is in line with women enterprises in other Islamic countries where
28
the initial cash outflow in the form of investment in the enterprise is relatively low (McElwee
& Al-Riyami, 2003; Roomi & Parrott, 2008).
A woman staying at home to take care of the family is no longer described as typical
Pakistani society especially in developed urban areas of Pakistan where both husband and wife
work to meet their family needs.
By analyzing the above-mentioned situation in Pakistan, there is a dire need to give a
voice to the faceless and voiceless females of Pakistan who can definitely play a crucial role to
make themselves financially stable.
A national study led by the Pakistan Entrepreneurial Monitoring Unit demonstrates that
women business people in Pakistan are not given satisfactory arrangement related and vital
support from the national government, and that the advancement of dynamic SMEs ought to
be a standout amongst the most essential need methodologies for engaging women, tending to
contemptible neediness and unemployment in Pakistan.
Organizations and undertakings worked by women contribute for financial dynamism,
broadening, profitability, rivalry, advancement and monetary strengthening of the poorest of
poor people. Generally, there has been a settled convention of women being included in private
ventures and undertakings. Notwithstanding, it is just as of late that women' business enterprise
has picked up the consideration of financial organizers and approach producers especially in
creating nations in Pakistan. In spite of the fact that the national government has come to
recognize that supporting undertakings worked by women advances sexual orientation equity
and financial strengthening, the larger part of ventures worked by women confront trouble as
far as access to back, assets, business aptitudes and institutional support from the national
government Pakistan Ministry of Trade and Industry of Pakistan (2003); National Bank of
Pakistan (2002); Negash and Kenea, (2003). The studies focused on that SMEs claimed or
worked by women in Pakistan. While without a doubt the overwhelming picture of the
29
"Pakistan lady business person" is one of poor women attempting to get by, there are different
profiles. One is of the lady who has, as a result of advanced education and better access to
financial and assets, possessed the capacity to develop her smaller scale undertaking into the
little endeavor classification (Hadiya, 1998; ILO, 2003). As indicated by Hadiya, these women
trust they are the most ignored class of women business visionaries since they don't have
institutional credit or other bolster administrations accessible to them. These women have
outgrown the smaller scale fund framework but then are not ready to acquire from banks. The
other profile is of the lady who, as a result of her advanced education, past work experience,
and better monetary conditions, has access to the money related assets expected to begin and
develop bigger endeavors. Individuals from the Pakistan Women Exporters' Forum (EWEF)
are illustrative of this gathering, albeit even individuals from the EWEF whine about lacking
access to business bank credits to meet their working capital needs as a result of the inflexible
necessity for insurance ensures (which they regularly can't meet). Investigations have
demonstrated that it is possible for women to make the move from a miniaturized scale to a
little venture under the right conditions. The ILO (2003) investigation of women in
development endeavors found that 70 for every penny of the women business people at present
occupied with little undertakings had begun them as miniaturized scale ventures and developed
them after some time. Eshetu and Zeleke (2008), ILO (2003) additionally recognized that the
accompanying are the primary difficulties that women business visionaries in Pakistan confront
in a successive request from exceptionally Severe to slightest critical.
Difficulty in getting advance from business banks
failure of business/chapter 11
Failure to change over benefit once again into venture
Shortage of specialized abilities
Poor administrative abilities
30
Low level of instruction
Moreover, ILO (2003) found that absence of appropriate area or outlet; solid rivalry; low
acquiring force of the neighborhood populace; absence of showcasing skill; occasional nature
of the business; absence of market data ;deficient foundation ;lack of time (because of
numerous assignments) ;lack of crude materials ;shortage of working capital are requirements
of women business people in Pakistan. A study directed by ILO (2008) in Pakistan, reported
that, women business visionaries don't have an indistinguishable access to systems from men;
women business visionaries experience issues getting to premises due to, in addition to other
things, an absence of property and legacy rights; women' absence of access to titled resources
that can be offered as guarantee for advances unfavorably influences the development of their
ventures; women business people need access to formal back and depend on credits from family
and group; women business visionaries have a tendency to be gathered specifically divisions,
especially nourishment preparing and materials; business improvement benefit suppliers don't
give sufficient time or push to target women business people – they don't offer adaptable plans
in regard of the planning and area of administration conveyance; women frequently encounter
provocation in enrolling and working their undertakings.
2.13 Women entrepreneurs in Small Medium sized Enterprise (SMEs)
Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs are critical to all economies on the planet, yet
particularly to those in creating nations and, inside that general classification, particularly to
those with significant business and wage conveyance challenges. On what we may call the
"static" front, women business visionaries in MSEs add to yield and to the production of "better
than average" occupations; on the dynamic front they are a nursery for the bigger firms without
bounds, are the following (and critical) stride up for growing smaller scale ventures, they
contribute straightforwardly and frequently fundamentally to total reserve funds and
speculation, and they are included in the advancement of fitting innovation.
31
In an undeniably global commercial center, numerous organizations are finding that
flourishing is best accomplished from specialization, rather than enhancement. While most of
the world's biggest organizations keep on providing different administrations to various
markets, they now buy numerous segments and merchandise from littler organizations that
serve one specific specialty. As the worldwide commercial center keeps on creating, women
business visionaries in MSEs give a compelling instrument to monetary development through
support in worldwide supply chains (World Bank, 2005).
2.14 Benefits of women entrepreneurs in SMEs
With different definitions by different nations, once in a while it turns into a
troublesome errand for a person to comprehend significance of women business visionaries in
SMEs. One may not know the imperative part those women business visionaries in SMEs plays
in building up a specific area, economy of any nation, lightening neediness, expanding work,
and, most importantly giving different things of day by day use at a moderate cost. Inside the
most recent couple of years numerous created and creating nations have understood the
significance of the division.
As per World Bank (2003) report Women business people in MSEs are the motor of
development; crucial for a Competitive and productive Market; Critical for Poverty
diminishment; and Play a Particularly Important Role in creating Countries Furthermore; as
per UNECE as sited in http//www.unece.org/indust/sme/ece-sme.htm, women Entrepreneurs
in MSEs are adding to work development at a higher rate than bigger firms. The private division
and specifically women business people in MSEs shape the foundation of a market economy
and for the move economies in the long haul may give a large portion of the work. Bolster for
women business people in MSEs will help the rebuilding of substantial ventures by
streamlining fabricating buildings as units with no immediate connection to the essential
movement are sold off independently. Also, through this procedure the effectiveness of the rest
32
of the endeavor may be expanded too; they check the imposing business model of the
substantial ventures and offer them correlative administrations and retain the vacillation of a
present-day economy; through between big business participation, they raise the level of
abilities with their adaptable and inventive nature. Hence women business people in MSEs can
produce imperative advantages as far as making a talented modern base and enterprises, and
building up a very much arranged administration part fit for adding to GDP.
UNIDO(2004) included that a normal for women business visionaries in MSEs is that
they create overwhelmingly for the local market, attracting general on national assets; the
auxiliary move from the previous extensive state-possessed endeavors to women business
people in MSEs will build the quantity of proprietors, a gathering that speaks to more
noteworthy duty and responsibility than in the previous halfway arranged economies; an
expanded number of women business people in MSEs will convey more adaptability to society
and the economy and might encourage mechanical advancement, and additionally give huge
chances to the improvement of new thoughts and aptitudes; women business visionaries in
MSEs utilize and grow prevalently household advances and abilities; New business
improvement is a key variable for the achievement of territorial reconversion where ordinary
substantial enterprises will need to eliminated or be reproduced (particularly in the field of
metallurgy, coalmining, overwhelming military hardware, and so forth.
2.15 Qualities of Successful Entrepreneurs
Entrepreneurship is a complex process which can be influenced by the interaction of
many factors. Followings are the most important factors.
2.15.1 Personality factors
Individual elements, having essential abilities of business entrepreneurs, including.
33
2.15.2 Initiative
Entrepreneurs should be an initiator in all things. They should be able to make all
necessary things before it is being asked (Gartner et al, 2004).
2.15.3 Proactive
It is also one of the qualities to becoming a good entrepreneur. A person who has
ability to identify opportunities and is able to exploit them (Fielden, 2010).
2.15.4 Perseverance
Entrepreneurs are the people who accept all chances and challenges to overcome all
the problems. They are passionate about succeeding and never giving up (Carter, 2000).
2.15.5 Problem Solver
They always come up with new ideas and presenting solutions to different problems.
2.15.6 Persuasion
If a person has an ability to persuade customers and financiers to develop and
maintain relationships towards its business, this is also considered as a good quality to be
an entrepreneur (Hebert & Link, 1998).
2.15.7 Confident and Versatile
It is not enough to make and market the product, but having confidence is the key to
be successful in life (Singh and Belwal, 2008). A person should have the ability to take a
decisions quickly and also stick to his decision. Confident amidst troubles and disheartening
circumstances (Mary, 2005).
2.15.8 Self-Criticism
To be a good entrepreneur one must have the ability to learn from their own mistakes.
They can get help from the experience of others (Drayton, 2004).
34
2.15.9 A planner
They are people who do all the things according to a plan. (Get information, make a
plan, and monitor the performance) (Singh and Belwal, 2008).
2.15.10 Innovative skills
In a traditional sense an entrepreneur is not an inventor. They are people who are able
to take a new start of any thing in the market which may often be invisible to others (Singh and
Belwal, 2008).
2.15.11 Oriented results
In order to be successful, unity is the thing that requires a lot. Successful
entrepreneurs first set their goals and objectives. And they get pleasure once they achieved
them (Fielden, 2010).
2.15.12 Risk taker
Successful entrepreneur has courage to take risks because of being a business
minded person they know that high risk leads to high return. So, in the case of any risk he
can move to another stage because each and every decision is illustrated (Gartner et al,
2004).
2.15.13 Dedicated and committed
The most important profile of entrepreneurs is that they are very energetic and
passionate about their work which helps them to be successful (Hisrich et al., 2003)
2.15.12 Risk taker
These elements identify the conditions under which a business needs to work.
Environmental factors, for example, the political atmosphere, the legitimate framework,
financial and social conditions, economic situations, and so forth contribute altogether to
the development of business. For instance, political stability in a nation is completely
important for smooth monetary action. There are some other obstacles to the growth and
35
development of entrepreneurship such as unfair trade practices and, fiscal policies (Brush
and Brush, 2006; Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).
2.15.15 Business Performance
Dess and Robinson (1984) concluded that performance is a complex and
multidimensional phenomenon that is difficult to operationalize without using a combination
of objective and subjective measures. The present study is based on the following operational
definition of Business Performance.
2.15.16 Operational definition
The Business Performance can be defined as how the company is doing financially,
ability to achieve improvements in specified areas like competition, market growth and
achievements and measure of how effectively each of these areas has been addressed. The
concept of Business Performance was conceptualized using five dimensions proposed by
Hisrich and Brush (1982, 1985). These dimensions include the increase of revenue, increase of
profit, ability to face competition, business expansion and business achievements. The
dimensions of Business Performance were then measured with the use of five question items
specially developed by the researcher for this purpose.
2.16 Factors affecting women Entrepreneurs’ performance
Female entrepreneurs face challenges that create barriers to refrain them from their
prosperous entrepreneurial venture. These barriers may come from their immediate family,
from personality, from their locality and the societal perceptions and expectations from the
people in general and particular (Brush and Brush, 2006; Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).
The number of the businesswomen has grown worldwide in the last decade on one
hand and business opportunities for women have increased and changed the rural economies
in several parts of the world on the other hand (Brush and Brush, 2006; Langowitz and
Minniti, 2007). However, this does not mean that the problems for women entrepreneurs
36
have been resolved. According to the Center for Women's Business Research in 18 United
States in the UNECE (2004) and Mahbub (2000) women entrepreneurs face many hurdles
in their professional life. In support of this, the problems faced by the women are given
below
2.16.1 Social Factors
Social factors are things that affect lifestyle, such as religion, wealth or family (Mahbub,
2000). It is important for businesses to be aware of these factors as they change because it is a
very important component in proper marketing. The social factor includes entrepreneurial
(education, workplace environment, social status, network factor, access to market, family
issues and experience).
2.16.2 Education
The level of education of an entrepreneur has gained a significant research
consideration. Research shows that entrepreneurs are more educated than general public
(Hirsch et al, 1987, p.7) and an entrepreneur having more years of schooling sharply raises his
ability to start an enterprise with higher entrepreneurial orientation (Selz, 1995). It is the
education which has conventionally been found as a key determinant of human capital of an
entrepreneur positively affecting the success of an enterprise (Bruderl et al, 1992). Better
educated CEOs are more likely to run an enterprise with higher motivation than uneducated
ones (Wiklund, 1998). Several studies have found that educated entrepreneurs run the
organizations successfully (Hisrich, 1990; Krueger, 1993).
The study conducted by Hurang et al (2012) in Community of Valencia concludes that
level of education and managerial skills in Women Entrepreneurs influence the success of
enterprise. The study by Djankov et al (2007) was conducted in 7 cities of Brazil where data
was collected from 400 entrepreneurs and 550 non-entrepreneurs and it was found that the
success of an entrepreneur is determined by the Individual’s smartness/ school achievement
37
(above 10 % in the last place of study) and higher education in the family. The study by Roomi
(2013) explored the variables contributing the growth on women entrepreneurship in Pakistan
and it was found that educational qualification, work experience in the same sector effects the
growth. Education and work experience are the crucial factors responsible for the growth of
enterprises (Henry et al, 2005; Storey, 1994). Human capital is a factor that affects the
profitability of women entrepreneurs in Malaysia in terms of education level, previous
experience (Nordin, Hamid, & Woon, 2011). The study by Pfeifer (2001) asserts that
entrepreneur having higher education level, business exposure; industrial and managerial
experience has greater possibility of success than those who lack these attributes.
It is an important key component that becomes a source discouragement for women
entrepreneurs. According to a study carried out in Nigeria, education is the main factor in
limiting the success of women entrepreneur because lack of education is another name for lack
of knowledge of information and financial resources, lack of awareness regarding different
available opportunities and fear of failure (Halkias, et al, 2011).Even in countries like Australia,
women are ignorant of the law and order to facilitate them (Farr-Wharton and Brunetto, 2007).
According to Itani et al., (2011) women entrepreneurs also lack administrative and managerial
skills. Entrepreneurial women have lack of knowledge about market conditions. Additionally,
they also lack basic training and knowledge to run a business plan (Roomi et al., 2009). In
Pakistan, the government and NGOs are making local and international efforts through
seminars and workshops but women still face certain problems. The ILO (2003) also reported
lack of knowledge as an important aspect in Pakistan that has limited the success of women
entrepreneurs.
2.16.3 Workplace environment
The term work environment is used to describe the surrounding conditions in which
an employee operates. The work environment can be composed of physical conditions, such
38
as office temperature, or equipment, such as personal computers. It can also be related to
factors such as work processes or procedures (Itani et al., 2011).
2.16.4 Social Status
The social status of women entrepreneurs is a women entrepreneur standing or
importance in relation to other people within a society (Mordi et al., 2007).
2.16.5 Network Factor
Network factor is an important factor in female entrepreneurs’ promotion. It is an
issue for women in Islamic countries as they do not communicate freely with men. The
network is weak because women feel it difficult to interact with man even for a minimal
problem, they don’t trust a man and can’t have discussion in privacy (Farr-Wharton and
Brunetto, 2007; Itani et al, 2011). Even men don’t guide women honestly in particular
matters.Women growth is limited because of lack in different skills such as business
contacts, bargaining power and dealing with the government bureaucracy. Most of the
women entrepreneurs start their business on a small scale, not being a member of any
network; often find difficulties in accessing to information. Majority of the prevailing
networks are men dominated and is less welcoming for women. In case a women venture
into any network, it is difficult for them to run with it because of certain activities in the late
working hours. There are hardly such networks where women can venture to gain
confidence and progress. Lack of networking deprives women of exposure to innovative
models and conscience (Mahbub, 2000).
2.16.6 Access to Markets
Access to markets demands knowledge, contacts and experience. Due to lack of
access to women trainings and less experience on participating in the market which is a loss.
Furthermore, they also have less exposure to the international market and trend. Because of
less contacts and business relationship, women entrepreneurs hesitate to start business in a
39
new city and county. Women may be limited to travel to networks because of fear of sexual
harassment and prejudice (UNECE, 2004).
2.16.7 Family Issues
Women in Pakistan and particularly KPK are considered the honour and prestige of
the family. Therefore, starting a job is considered as tantamount to tarnish the integrity of
the family in the neighborhood. If she does so, her life becomes insecure and unsafe. In
Pakistan women is assigned the duty of caretaker while men with the duty of breadwinner.
A woman is considered to stay within the four walls. Therefore, a woman is hesitant to be
financially independent either inside or outside the home. She fears and wishes not to bring
dishonor to the family. There are business willing women who are housewives / home
makers single but they cannot run a business due to certain limitations such as family
responsibilities and children bringing up etc (Itani et al., 2011). Husbands can provide
support to their wives if they want to but they don’t cooperate in general. According to a
research study carried out in United Arab Emirates, husbands are not supportive in fulfilling
household responsibilities and women avoiding children for business activities are
unappreciated (Jamili, 2009).
The women entrepreneurs are discouraged and stopped at the very initial stage.
Women are considered to complete all the household activities without the help of men and
this trend is especially common in rural areas. Joint family system and large family demand
many responsibilities which can result in limitation of the women business activities, though
this may not be the case all the time (Tanbunan, 2009). Unmarried women also encounter
problems as their parents worry about their marriage prospects. A business woman becomes
independent and dominant; therefore, she doesn’t get proposals as this society values a
woman’s gentleness and shyness (Mordi et al, 2010).
40
2.16.8 Lack of Experience
Experience brings more success to an entrepreneur. In Pakistan, normally women
lack experience of business which is considered as an obstacle for the entrepreneurship
(Mordi et al., 2010).
2.16.9 Economic Factors
A consideration regarding how a consumer's disposable income and other financial
resources tend to impact their buying activities (ILO, 2003). The economic factor includes
entrepreneurial (access to capital, labour market, marking issues, access to technology, taxes
and inflation).
2.16.10 Access to Capital
Women do not have sufficient funds to develop their business because of
unavailability of easy access to capital (ILO, 2003). In the developing world, women are
generally discouraged to take leadership and management roles. According to their male
counterparts they have to be subservient and submissive. (Dzisi, 2008). A women leader is
always discouraged in such a male dominated society and she has to face lots of barriers to
grow and move ahead. Lacking access to finance and funds by researchers is a major hurdle
to women entrepreneurs (Jamali, 2009). The same situation is observed in the case of
Pakistani women entrepreneurs. Though USAID (USAID Web-blog) is very active in
working for women in rural areas of Pakistan, finance remains one of the main hurdles faced
by women entrepreneurs.
Access to finance helps out an enterprise to run its operations smoothly. The
literature finds that access available to entrepreneurs to get finance for their enterprises leads
to improved performance and success. Access to financial resources and other financial
constraints have a strong affect on business (Carter & Allen, 1997). Women find it
particularly difficult when it comes to access capital to start and sustain their businesses, it
41
poses problems for women to start and run their ventures. The dearth of entrepreneurial
capital is one of the main reasons behind low women entrepreneurial activity and slow
growth of their businesses (Brush et al, 2004; Shaw et al, 2008). Several studies believe that
it is difficult for a woman to raise-up capital /finance for their business ownership and also
she encounters credibility problems while dealing with the bankers (Schwartz, 1976;
HisrichandBrush, 1983; GoffeeandScase, 1985; vanderWeesandRomijn, 1987; Carr, 1990;
Brush, 1992; Carter andCannon, 1992; Orser andFoster, 1994; SaraandPeter, 1998).
Cartin and Marlow (2007) identified the following four areas of financing problems
that have been noted as major threats for women Entrepreneurship
1. Women have disadvantaged to raise capital for the start-up phase (Schwartz,
1976;CarterandCannon,1992;Johnson and Storey, 1993; Koper, 1993;Van Auken et
al., 1993; Carterand Rosa, 1998)
2. The guarantees required for granting external finance may be beyond the capability of
most of the women’s personal assets and credit track record
(HisrichandBrush,1986;RidingandSwift,1990;MarlowandPatton,2005)
3. Due to a woman’s inability to penetrate informal financial networks, finance granted
for the female-owned firms may be less available than for male enterprises
(Olmetal.,1988;Aldrich,1989; Greene et al., 1999)
4. The relationships of female entrepreneurs withbankers maysufferbecause
ofsexualstereotypinganddiscrimination(Hisrich andBrush, 1986; Buttner and Rosen,
1988)
Different scholars present the views through their work that access to finance is crucial in
the success of an enterprise. The study conducted by Yusuf (1995) investigated the critical
success factors of South Pacific Entrepreneurs for small business. Using a sample of 220
entrepreneurs (180 males and 40 females), the study concludes that individual (good character
42
and possession of skills) and environmental factors (government support, traditional and
political demands, the needs of balancing these demands with the business commitments) and
access to financing are crucial in the success of small business. The study conducted in Kenya
by Waruguru (2012) investigated the factors that affect performance of women entrepreneurs.
Access to finance, Record Keeping, Budgeting, working capital management, proper
entrepreneurship training and education and access to appropriate training help to improve the
performance of Women entrepreneurs. The study by Wube (2010) was conducted to assess
the factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurs in Dessie Town on a sample of
203 women entrepreneurs engaged in 5 sectors. The study found that personal, legal, social
and economic factors (lack of own premises (land), tough competition, financial access,
inadequate access to technology and raw materials) are the factors that affect their
performance. The research by Gundry & Welsch (2001) pointed out that access to wider range
of financial resources, capitalization and earlier planning are the differentiating factors for
better performance and growth of female owned enterprises. Kamunge, Njeru, & Tirimba
(2014) conducted a study to identify the factors affecting the performance (measured in terms
of increase in profit, additional stock, additional employees) of SMEs in Kenya using a sample
of 274 SMEs. The study concluded that socio- economic factors affecting the performance of
SMEs are access to finance (Sources of capital, accessibility to loans) and availability of
managerial experience.
2.16.11 Labor Market
Labor market is also an important factor because normally skilled labor is not easily
available at judicious remunerations (Roomi et al., 2009). According to the ILO (2003)
study, in Pakistan the unavailability of the work is one of the most unsatisfying issues
confronted by women entrepreneurs. These women put in a excessive determination to
43
improve their workforce, but if they are qualified, they find better chances resulting in a
high turnover of employees for these small businesses.
2.16.12 Marketing Issues
Promotion and marketing of goods create more difficulties for women entrepreneurs
who have no formal promotion and campaign plan available. In order to spread their
message, they generally depend on word-of-mouth (Halkias, et al., 2011). Finding a target
market, distributing products to these markets and customer acquisition can also be
challenging for women entrepreneurs (ILO, 2003).
2.16.13 Access to technology and raw material
Generally, women entrepreneurs have less knowledge about usage of new gadgets
and raw material which creates difficulties for them.
2.16.14 Excess of Taxes
Usually women are unaware about taxes which is a barrier for their business. There
are less training services available regarding awareness about tax for women in KPK.
2.16.15 Inflation
Inflation is the increasing rate of prices in the economy. Inflation brings increase in
business expenditures such as utilities, materials production cost, and rent. Rising costs
means to force businesses to increase prices on services and products to maintain profits
keep pace with inflation. Inflation can lessen the purchasing power of customers unless
employers rise wages leveled of inflation.
2.16.16 Individual factors
The individual factors refer to environmental, organizational and job factors, and
human and individual characteristics which influence behavior at work in a way which can
affect health and safety. The individual factors includes entrepreneurial (personality, risk
taking, training, confidence and motivation).
44
2.16.17 Personality
According to some recent studies an entrepreneurial personality is very effective in
attaining business success. Normally, they cannot confidently take a decision which hinders
them from starting a new business.
2.16.18 Risk Taking
According to Halkias (2011), psychological barrier is one of the factors that refrain
female entrepreneurs from success. Actually, the fear of failure stops them from moving
ahead. According to the 2nd International Conference on Business Management Pakistan,
this factor is quite high among female entrepreneurs in Pakistan. In a research study carried
out by GEM, fear of failure stops both male and female to take initiatives. Therefore, 27.7%
of business activities are not taken in consideration in Pakistan. However, this is not the
case with all female entrepreneurs; some of them like to take risks and challenges (Mordi et
al., 2010).
2.16.19 Access to training
Women, in South Asia, get fewer opportunities to attend technical and vocational
training. primary and lower secondary education is a foundation for developing technical and
vocational skills but women have less access to education; therefore, they are left behind in
skills development. South Asia is categorized for poor quality of education, high dropout rate
and low enrollment of women in education. The table below shows the comparison of women
and men literacy percentage as well as years of schooling of women and men. The figures
testify clear gender discrimination in providing equal opportunities and developing the skills
and abilities of women (UNECE, 2004). The study conducted in Kenya by Waruguru (2012)
investigated the factors that affect performance of women entrepreneurs and it was found that
proper entrepreneurship training, education and access to appropriate training help to improve
the performance of Women entrepreneurs. Training, use of good communication skills and
45
technology by women entrepreneurs in Malaysia affect the profitability of an enterprise
(Nordin, Hamid, & Woon, 2011).
2.16.20 Lack of confidence
It is another factor women entrepreneur. Women are not respected if they adopt
selling as a profession.
2.16.21 Motivation
An entrepreneur motivation is an important factor in starting a new business. Many
reasons can lead women and men to create new business ideas, to attain personal achievement,
to get power and wealth to become an employer. The motivation relies on the measures set for
success of business. Research asserts that motivational factors provide effective results. A
rising number of scholars are of the view that growth of a business is determined by the
entrepreneur’s motivation (Shane Kolvereid, &Westhead, 1991; Brush & Hisrich, 1997). Choy
& Teoh (2007) are of the view that the five factors affect the performance of entrepreneurs and
that are Individual characteristics, goals and motivations, entrepreneurial orientation,
Management practices, networking. The study conducted by Lerner, Brush & Hisrich (1997)
showed that factors like motivation (achievement, independence, and economic necessity),
network affiliation, human capital (previous experience in the industry) and environmental
factors affect the performance of businesses. Also, the use of outside advisors generates
revenue.
A number of researches affirm that motivation in women leads towards better
performance and profitable business. According to Brush (1992) motivations of an individual
and goals like revenues, profitability and sales growth are related to performance in women-
owned businesses. As far as women are concerned, motivation can be an important explanatory
factor to firm’s performance (Miner, 1990; Miner et al, 1992; Wiklund, 1998). Glancey, Greig
& Pettigrew (1998) found that women that are pulled to establish their enterprises have more
46
profitable business. Hisrich & Brush (1987) concluded that motivations of an individual and
owner goals are related to performance in women owned businesses and as a result, motivation
represents a strong association with performance (Lerner et al, 1997). According to Ali, &
Mahamud (2013) there is a moderate correlation among motivational factors and performance
of women entrepreneurs in Somalia. A study conducted by Nordin (2005) in Malaysia reveals
that psychological motives like the search for independence, self satisfaction and supportive
environmental factors affect women entrepreneurs to exert themselves into business. Alam,
Jani, Omar (2011) conclude that important determinants that positively affect the success of
women entrepreneurs in the small business are family support, social ties and internal
motivation. Motivation can lead to a firm’s performance for women entrepreneurs (Miner,
1990; Miner, Smith& Bracker, 1992; Wiklund, 1998).
2.16.22 Political Factors
A political factor is an activity having to do with government policy and its
administration that has the potential to change or influence a business. New legislation is one
example of a political factor because it can impact the company's operations by either requiring
or prohibiting it to act in a particular way (Wiklund, 1998). The political factors includes
government support, legal and regulatory environment and training infrastructure).
2.16.23 The lack of government support
The lack of government support is one of the factors in creating hinders for women
entrepreneurs. A research conducted in Ethiopia showed that women entrepreneurs can get
benefit from government in shape of different pans and strategies however. There always
exist gap between the declared policies and the implemented one (Singh and Belwal, 2008).
The study further identified corrupt officials, slow official procedures, bribery and high tax
rates as additional concerns. Most of the countries, irrespective of their developing and
developed status, have failed to announce promising plans and well thaught out strategies
47
for promotion and support of women entrepreneurs (Farr-Wharton and Brunetto 2007).
Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan also face these difficulties; registration of a company is
itself a tough task in Business Women.
2.16.24 Legal and Regulatory Environment
The efforts by government agencies and educational institutions are very little to
support women entrepreneurs particularly. It becomes easy to take initiative for business
legal environment favors otherwise they face many barriers.
2.16.25 Training Infrastructure
In Pakistan, majority of the women have fewer chances to get vocational and
technical skills. Another reason of barrier for women is less provision of the training
infrastructure. An extensive documentation of the literature reviews has been made to show
women entrepreneurs’ problems and prospects in Pakistan. Muhammad observed that the
role of women entrepreneurs in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad and Peshawar has always been
limited due to various problems. These problems can be classified into the cultural, social,
technical and business problems (Mohammed 2012). According to a study, Lahore and
Peshawar entrepreneurs’ cities experience serious personal and social problems, such as
unfavorable market conditions, lack of knowledge and skills, lack of education and lack of
community support (Rehman and Roomi 2012). On the contrary, Shahid proves that the
main problems faced by women entrepreneurs in Pakistani cities are gender based prejudice,
lack of sufficient time for managing their companies due to domestic responsibilities, and
lack of family support (Shahid, 2010).
According to a study conducted in Karachi, increasingly lending services to support
business is one of the biggest problems of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan (Mahmood
2011). Mahmood says that the best reliable sources for women entrepreneurs are support
from family and personal savings. He further says that Islamabad is the most favourable city
48
for a woman to start a business. Other literatures argue that lack of sufficient knowledge on
hiring employees to run business and marketing problems are common business issues
confronted by women in Pakistan.
In a study Patel (2010) argues that technical problems are one of the biggest
problems that affect the role of Pakistani women in business matters on a large scale. Some
of these common technical problems that women entrepreneurs encounter in Karachi,
Lahore, Islamabad and Peshawar are the limited raw materials, unskilled work & shortage
of working capital, lack of knowledge and skills relevant business.
According to Zahra (2013), there are several perspectives to improve and encourage
female entrepreneurship in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad and Peshawar. She further proposes
that the government needs to raise awareness in society to lessen gender bias, to access
women to financial resources, and to provide ready markets for various commodities and
products. The author thinks Pakistani government should support the above factors for the
improvement of women entrepreneurs.
Table 2.2
Variables
Independent variables Dependent variables
i. Social factors,
ii. Economic Factors,
iii. Individual Factors
iv. Political Factors
Performance of female
entrepreneurs
2.17 Social Entrepreneurial Factors and Business Performance
Understanding entrepreneurship as a social phenomenon allows us to draw on the well-
developed more general literatures on social capital and social networks. The concept of social
49
capital is arguably one of the most successful ‘exports’ from sociology to the other social
sciences (Portes, 2000). The origin of the term ‘social capital’ is credited to Jacobs (1962) and
Loury (1977) developed the individualistic and economic conception (Anderson and Jack,
2002; Anderson et al., 2007). Social capital is defined as the tangible and virtual resources that
facilitate actors’ attainment of goals and that accrue to actors through social structure (Portes,
1999). Given the central proposition that networks of relationships constitute a valuable
resource (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998), many of the insights of social capital theory relative
to entrepreneurial activity can be found in the social network literature (Casson and Della
Giusta, 2007).
In general terms, social networks are defined by a set of actors (individuals and
organizations) and a set of linkages between those actors (Brass, 1992). Social networks are
the relationships through which one receives opportunities to use financial and human capital
relationships in which ownership is not solely the property of an individual, but is jointly held
among the members of a network (Burt, 1992). Social networks are also a set of relationships
that can define the perception of a community, whether a business community or a more general
notion of community in society (Anderson and Jack, 2002). Thus, society, in the abstract sense,
is a series of connected or ‘tied’ nodes (Narayan and Pritchett, 1999).
This broad conception of social networks and social capital implies that the dynamics
of economic exchange are socially embedded (Granovetter, 1985; Portes and Sensenbrenner,
1993). As distinct from rational choice perspectives, the social embeddedness perspective
emphasizes that, in embedded contexts, entrepreneurial agency, that is the ability to garner
entrepreneurial ideas and the resources to develop them, is shaped by implicit norms and social
mores. Thus, social capital is conceptualized as a set of resources embedded in relationships
(Burt, 1992). This idea raises interesting questions revolving around the entrepreneurial
applications of social capital, in particular, in relation to some less desirable consequences. For
50
instance, the exploitation of social capital by any one person or entrepreneur, even within
contextual rules, if any, implies both winners and losers (Anderson and Jack, 2002). Related to
this idea, Portes and Landolt (2000) identified four negative consequences of social capital
exclusion of outsiders, excess claims on group members, restriction on individual freedoms
and downward levelling of norms. As an example, these authors point out that the same strong
ties that enable group members to obtain privileged access to resources bar others from securing
the same assets. In a similar vein, the particularistic preferences granted to members of a clan
or circle of friends are commonly at the expense of the universalistic rights of others. This
phenomenon of unequal rights to entrepreneurial resources often frame the differences among
ethnic entrepreneurial groups, or among entrepreneurs in different regions or countries (e.g.
developing countries). This view of social capital is closely associated with the emphasis
placed by Coleman (1993) on community structures as a mechanism of social control, which,
in turn, is also linked with the predominant culture in a specific society.
Within the field of entrepreneurship many studies have drawn on social network
analysis to illustrate entrepreneurs’ access to resources that are not possessed internally (Bowey
and Easton, 2007; Casson and Della Giusta, 2007; Ostgaard and Birley, 1994). The underlying
idea is that, although entrepreneurs usually hold some of the resources necessary to create a
business (e.g. ideas, knowledge and competence to run the business), generally they also need
complementary resources which they obtain through their contacts (e.g. information, financial
capital, labour) to produce and deliver their goods or services (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986;
Cooper et al., 1995; Greve and Salaff, 2003; Hansen, 1995; Ribeiro-Soriano and Urbano, 2009;
Teece, 1987). In the entrepreneurship network literature, three elements of network relations
stand out as critical to theoretical and empirical research on the entrepreneurial process (Hoang
and Antoncic, 2003; Johannisson, 1988, 1998) the nature of the content that is exchanged
between actors(e.g. social capital and intangible resources, such as emotional support) (Bates,
51
1997; Light, 1984; Zimmer and Aldrich, 1987), the governance mechanisms in network
relationships (e.g. trust between entrepreneurs and venturing partners) (Larson, 1992;
Lorenzoni and Lipparini, 1999), and the network structure created by the crosscutting
relationships between actors (e.g. the ability to use cohesion and structural. According to
(Ribeiro-Soriano and Urbano, 2009) there exist significant positive relationship amid social
entrepreneurial factors and business performance. Most of the studies reported that all the vital
facets of social factors including entrepreneurial (education, workplace environment, social
status, network, access to market, family issues and experience) are found the positive and
significant predictors of business performance (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Johannisson, 1998,
Bates, 1997; Light, 1984; Zimmer and Aldrich, 1987).
2.18 Economic Factors and Business Performance
Economic factor is not a new concept it can be traced back to the late of three centuries
before when the Friedrich Willelem Raiffeisen established the first cooperative lending banks
to support farmers in rural Germany (1742). However, the modern concept of economic factor
was found in 1970s when Muhammad Yunus established Grameen bank in Bangladesh (Ullah
etal., 2012). The successful experience of Grameen Bank in combating the poverty and
flourishing the economic wellbeing of poor has attracted many government and
nongovernment organizations attention to the possibility of replicating this experience.
Economic factor has gained a universal consensus as an effective tool for alleviating poverty,
wellbeing improvement and developing SME’s (Ebimobowei, Sophia, & Wisdom, 2012; Imai
& Azam, 2010). It is also seen as an approach to help the local economy (Johnson & Rogaly,
1997). The dynamic growth of Economic factor activities can lead to the achievement of a wide
range of development objectives, including the fulfilment of self-employment, new firms
formation, and income distribution (Bakhtiari, 2006; Khandker, 2005; Ledgerwood, 1999).
52
The role of Economic factor goes beyond the improvement of the economic wellbeing of
households to business investment (Angioloni, Kudabaev, Ames, & Werzstein, 2013).
Economic factor also considers as an essential approach to empower businesswomen especially
women entrepreneurs (Littlefield et al., 2003; Swaina & Wallentin, 2009). Economic factor
enables them to make their decision independently, improve the quality of their life and dignity
(Ledgerwood, 1999; Narayan, 2002). Furthermore, some Economic factor institutions provide
financial services such as loan, saving, insurance services. Therefore, the output of Economic
factor performance is usually subject to several criteria which may vary from one study to
another (Ledgerwood, 1999; Robinson, 2001).
The importance of access to finance can be interpreted from different angles. Research
study revealed that access to finance empowers women through allowing them to improve their
ability in decision making and gain money as well as enhance their household expenditures
(Haile, Bock & Folmer, 2012). Another research study depicts that access to finance allows
poor to advance the quality of their life through enabling poor to generate income and acquire
assets (Garikpati, 2008). Access to finance plays a significant role in the families’ wellbeing,
gaining assets and generates income, improve children’s education as well as advance their
health condition and harmony (Nader, 2008). One research study reported that access to finance
has a positive impact on the women entrepreneurs in stimulating new businesses formation
(Ahmad, 2012; Burjorjee & Jennings, 2008). Moreover, the impact of access to finance in the
clients’ micro and small enterprises lies on the size of the given loans (Mokhtar, 2011). In the
same vein, Simeyo and Odondo (2011) assumed that extending the size of the given loan will
lead to improve the performance of women entrepreneurs.
Research study stresses that Economic factor can attain a wide outreach sustainably through
establishing self-sufficient commercial institutions that is outside the subsidized credit model
(Robinson, 2001). Christen and Drake (2002) used to define the concept of Economic factor
53
commercialization as “movement out of the heavily donor-dependent arena of subsidized
operations into one in which institutions ‘manage on a business basis’ as part of the regulated
financial system”.
Wisniwski (1998) indicated that the advantages of saving service can be read from the
perspective of the clients as well as Economic factor. On one hand, saving services are a
valuable mechanism to clients for liquidity management through accessibility to cash, rate of
return, security and divisibility of savings (Manzoor & Jalil, 2014). On the other hand, savings
are vital and attractive source to Economic factor for three reasons (a) important source for
Economic factor funds which can be easily obtained with lower cost, (b) withdrawals small
amounts of money from saving account do not lead to liquidity risk compare to large savings,
(c) small deposits and savings are more steady capital source than re-deducted it from the
Central Banks or donor funds (d) deposit-taking can create strong market-demand for
Economic factor institutions and improve their operations (Khursheed etal, 2012). Savings
products are also important to women entrepreneurs that help them to reduce the financial cost
of lending and secure a sustainable fund sources (Ledgerwood, 1999; Robinson, 2001). In
addition to that Brannen (2010) confirmed that a savings service has the capacity to improve
the clients’ livelihood and their families as well as empower them. The financial services are
important sources for job creation, new businesses formation, and livelihoods improvement
(Manzoor & Jalil, 2014). However, financial services alone are not enough to continuously
improving the livelihood of the clients and enhancing the sustainability of their micro and small
businesses (Ullah etal, 2012). Research studies reported that the economic entrepreneurial
factors including (access to capital, labor market, market issues, access to technology, taxes
and inflation) all are the significant predictors of business performance (Ullah et al., 2012;
Manzoor and Jalil, 2014; Khursheed etal, 2012).
54
2.19 Individual Factors and Business Performance
The most comprehensive summary of personal or individual factors influencing
performance was noted by Cooper and Gascon (1992), which examined such factors as
personality, risk taking, confidence and motivation etc and entrepreneur’s goals. This
summary, drawn from previous literature examining the performance (Stevenson and Jarillo,
1990; Vesper, 1980; Gartner, 1985; Cooper, 1989), concluded that successful ventures are
more often started by men who are achievement motivated, manage risk, and engage in
systematic planning. Although Cooper and Gascon (1992) cogently summarized the state of
research on the topic to date, their discussion of independent variables is not organized
according to particular theories or approaches. Studies of performance of women entrepreneurs
are few (Brush, 1992), with the majority of research not being comparative among groups of
women and men. However, individual level variables explaining performance in United States
studies were frequently the same as those noted in male-owned businesses previous
occupational experience, business skills, level of education, and personal factors such as
motivations and having a mentor.
The largest comparative study in the United States was conducted by Kalleberg and
Leicht (1991) who examined the determinants of survival and success among small businesses
headed by men and women, using longitudinal data. They found that women’s businesses were
no more likely to fail and were just as successful as men’s, which was contrary to conventional
wisdom regarding women’s inferiority in entrepreneurship. This research also found that the
determinants of survival and success operated in much the same way for men and women
“suggesting that the processes underlying small business performance are similar irrespective
of an entrepreneur’s gender” (Kalleberg and Leicht, 1991). These findings were supported in a
comparative study conducted by Johnson and Storey (1994) in the United Kingdom, which
found no significant differences in survival rates of male- and female-owned businesses,
55
although women-owned firms were typically smaller and more likely to employ women. Most
recently, Chaganti and Parasuraman (1994) examined strategic approaches of male and female
entrepreneurs as these related to performance, finding similarities across gender, with the
exception that women tended to emphasize quality more than men.
Although these recent studies add to our understanding of performance similarities and
differences, “performance” in entrepreneurial businesses was operationalized differently,
making it difficult to compare across studies. Most frequently used operationalization of
performance includes survival, growth in employees, and profitability (Srinivasan et al., 1994).
For instance, Kalleberg and Leicht (1991) and Johnson and Storey (1994) have examined
survival, whereas Chaganti and Parasuraman (1994) examined financial performance and
documented organizational factors as they related to performance. Cooper (1989) proposed
experience and education were “antecedents” to the decisions to start a company and ultimately
affected performance. Several studies showed that years of formal education of the
entrepreneur before establishing a new firm were related to eventual performance of the firm
(Box et al., 1993; Brush and Hisrich, 1991). Box et al., (1993) also found a relationship between
higher levels of education and increased performance among manufacturing firms in
Oklahoma.
Psychological motivations such as achievement, independence, and locus of control
have been widely investigated with regard to their influence on business start-up (Brockhaus
and Horwitz, 1986). Fewer studies examined their relationship to business performance.
Research has found that individual motivations and owner/founder goals are related to
performance in women-owned businesses, where opportunity motivation was related to
survival and independence was associated with “no growth” (Hisrich and Brush, 1987). Other
studies indicate few significant performance differences related to male versus female
achievement motivation or individual self-esteem. Women reported lower levels of self-
56
confidence than did males (Miskin and Rose, 1990). Research studies reported that the
individual entrepreneurial factors are the significant positive predictors of business
performance (Miskin and Rose, 1990; Box et al., 1993).
2.20 Political Factors and Business Performance
Evidences show that political affairs in the country also hinders business growth
specially in Karachi where political parties heavily engage in shutter down strikes,
transportation strikes due to hike in petrol and CNG prices, target killings. Day to day
transactions of small businesses is impacted in high frequencies due to this disruptive political
stability (poor law and order situations). Frequent power breakdowns affect small and medium
businesses adversely; it costs additional charges for installing generators and maintenance
costs. Along with additional costs, low levels of skills, training and education among workers
and management raise the cost of firm growth, this is due to lack of education and training
offered in Pakistan. High inflation also causes hike in the price of raw materials, labours salary,
production costs. (Bari et al., 2005)
There is a challenge imposed on small businesses of confronting security threats create
challenge to businesses and many business owners their managers employ various means to
help in preventing or deterring criminals. Out of the total population surveyed in Kenya, 36
%of respondents ranked poor security as one of the top three challenges their businesses face.
Out of these, 37.5% make use of security firms or guards to safeguard their businesses and
commuting. Nearly 22.2% of them close their daily transactions early to avoid theft and robbery
while 6.9 % opted to carry their inventory to home while some sleep in their business premises
as an apprehensive security measure. This implies higher cost of doing business as business
owners respond to the security challenges as well. Other dynamics for internal environment
evaluation to show the correlation between business performance and factors such as age,
57
gender, educational level, skills and training, length of time in the business. (Bowen et al.,
2009).
Women may not be aware of the legal issues that they need to address to start a business,
and they can find it difficult to navigate the complex array of laws and regulations. According
to Mc Cormic, there are three factors that make men’s mse’s perform better than women’s;
First, women entrepreneurs on average are less educated than their male counterparts and twice
as likely as men to be illiterate. Marriage institutions and division of labour at homes discourage
women’s investment. Secondly, women are segregated into lower paying jobs due to their low
educational levels. As such, they have lower savings with which to start a business. Thirdly,
women spend less time in their businesses than men because they are expected to carry out
their domestic responsibilities, including house work, food preparation and childcare (Mc
Cormic, 2001). Thus, gender patterns of business operations are supported by five institutions;
role of woman (wife) in the household, the division of labour within the household, the division
of asset ownership including inheritance, the sharing of household expenditures and allocation
of education opportunities. Mensah and Benedict (2010) argue that the entrepreneurship
training has a potential to enhance the capacity of micro and small enterprises specifically
women entrepreneurs for jobs creation and growth. Study further asserts that the
entrepreneurial trainings will be more effective for business performance. Research studies
reported that the political factors including (government support, legal rights and training
infrastructure) are the significant positive predictors of business performance (Mensah and
Benedict, 2010; Mc Cormic, 2001).
2.21 Socio-Cultural Theories of Entrepreneurial Emergence
Over the years, a number of theories have been used to explain the impact of socio-
cultural environment on entrepreneurial emergence. The theories tried to explain the social and
cultural characteristics which cause people to be or not to be entrepreneurs. The earliest theory
58
on the influence of socio-cultural environment on entrepreneurship was that of Max Weber, a
German sociologist. In his theory, Weber explained that society plays a big role in developing
entrepreneurs. This is because the individual draws his values from the social values, mores
and institutional framework within which he lives (Van de Ven, 1993). He argues that culture
has great impact on the attitude and behaviour of individuals and their disposition to life. And
indeed, whether or not an individual would develop and become entrepreneur would depend
on his disposition and value orientation. He cited religion as an element of culture which
directly influence the behaviour of individuals towards being entrepreneurs. Such religious
characteristics as hard work, thrift and an ascetic life of self denial are all prescription for
entrepreneurship. Essentially, the point of Weber‟s theory is that the socio-cultural systems in
which individuals live provide a set of values from which personal values and thinking pattern
of people are based, and these in turn influence the decision by individuals positively or
negatively towards entrepreneurship, i.e. whether or not to be entrepreneurs. Fundamentally,
social systems and culture affect the development of entrepreneurial spirit and motivation by
exhibiting values that either enhance or inhibit entrepreneurship behaviour and drive amongst
people.
Since the theory of Max Weber, the analysis of entrepreneurial emergence has attracted
a great deal of theorizing among scholars trying to identify and explain the foundation on which
entrepreneurs emerge. The general opinion is that emergence of entrepreneurs is a function of
a number of motivational factors or conditions. However, there is a divided thought among
scholars regarding these factors. Before now, the literature was dominated by the view that
individuals who emerge as entrepreneurs are frequently individuals of a poor background,
mostly with low level of education, but with a „burning‟ desire for upward social mobility and
recognition. Although this view seems outdated and incorrect but it makes a lot of meaning
with regards to influence of social conditions in the making of an entrepreneur.
59
2.22 Family orientation theory
The theory posits that factors such as family background and orientation are sources for
entrepreneurial characteristics and the emergence of entrepreneurs. The theory emphasized the
role of the family in developing the entrepreneurial character. It is believed that the home
atmosphere and values of an entrepreneurial family can provide a great deal of nurturing and
support for development of entrepreneurial personality or character (Kuratko 1989). This is so
because the family background of an individual is a strong influence on his values and character
and therefore serves as a strong source of influence whether he would be an entrepreneur or
not. “This reasoning promotes the belief that certain traits established and supported early in
life will lead eventually to entrepreneurial emergence and success (Kuratko and Hodgetts,
1998).
2.23 Educational incubation theory
The educational incubation theory posits that educational development aids
entrepreneurial emergence through creation of awareness and new orientation and knowledge.
It is contended that societies with high level of education tend to produce more entrepreneurs
than societies with less educated people. The advanced countries are cited examples of such
societies. And it is for this reason that educational development has attracted increase emphasis
in many societies (Kuratko and Lafollette, 1986), (Kuratko, 1989) and (Block and Stumpf,
1992).
2.24 Social Learning Theory
The second theoretical approach emphasizes the role of entrepreneurial socialization,
which is anchored in social learning theory (Bandura, 1977) as an explanation of
entrepreneurial behavior and career development. Social learning can occur through the
observation of behavior in others, often referred to as role models. The individual’s
socialization process, which occurs in the family setting, transmits social norms, language,
60
educational aspirations, and shapes career preferences through observational learning and
modeling (Bandura, 1977).
The utility of social learning theory to explain entrepreneurial career preferences was
explored in several studies. The effects of observational learning through perceived parental
entrepreneurial role model performance was explored by Scherer et al., (1989). These authors
found that the presence of a parent in an entrepreneurial role was associated with increased
education and training aspirations, task self-efficacy, and expectancy for an entrepreneurial
career. The study also showed that individuals with a parent performing an entrepreneurial role
were often high performers and significantly different from individuals without role models,
who were low performers. Similarly, a Canadian study found that 33% of the women
entrepreneurs in this sample reported their fathers were entrepreneurs (Belcourt et al., 1991).
61
2.25 Theoretical framework
Theoretical frame work summarized from the review.
A theoretical model is a representation of the way in which a particular framework
operates.Typically, a theoretical framework defines the kinds of variables (dependent
variables and independent variables) that one will want to look at
H1
hHHHHHHH
hhhhh
(
Hypotheses
Education
Workplace environment
Social status
Network factor
Access to market
Family issues
Lack of experience
Male dominat
Social factors
Performance of
Female
Entrepreneurs
(Net profit
margin
Market Share
Growth
Competitive
market,
Customer
satisfaction)
H1
Economic factors
Access to capital
Labor market
Marketing issues
Access to technology and
raw material
Excess of taxes
Inflation
Personality
Risk taking
confidence
Motivation
H2
H3
Lack of govt support
Legal and regulatory
environment
Training infrastructure
H4
Individual
factors
Political factors
62
Theoretical Frame work developed through extensive review of the related literature
following set of hypotheses differently for registered and un-registered female entrepreneurs
operating across the province of Khyper Pakhtunkhwa
Registered & Un-Registered Female Entrepreneurs
H1 Social factors has significant effect on women entrepreneurs’ performance
H2 Economic factors has significant effect on women entrepreneurs’ performance
H3 Individual factors has significant effect on women entrepreneurs’ performance
H4 Political factors has significant effect on women entrepreneurs’ performance
Comparisons between the Registered and Un-Registered Female Entrepreneurs
H1 There is a significant difference between the registered and un-registered women
entrepreneurs on the mean score of social factors
H2 There is a significant difference between the registered and un-registered women
entrepreneurs on the mean score of economic
H3 There is a significant difference between the registered and un-registered women
entrepreneurs on the mean score of individual factors
H4 There is a significant difference between the registered and un-registered women
entrepreneurs on the mean score of political factors
H5 There is a significant difference between the registered and un-registered women
entrepreneurs on the mean score of performance factors
63
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A glance over the plethora of service related research reveals that over the last
many decades the service research has evolved in to a discipline of its own kind (Berry
and Parasuraman, 1993). The research published since 1970s (Shostack, 1977) till today
includes around hundreds thousands of articles written, dissertations submitted,
conferences convened, courses offered, programs completed and business schools
established have been dealing with service and service quality related aspects. Today,
hundreds of management and marketing related text books are not considered complete
unless these don’t integrate service dimensions, service quality contours and service
research approaches in their contents. The literature reviewed in previous chapter
reinforces the views of Bard et.al (2011) that:
“there exists very less discussion on ontological and epistemological
issues or the paradigmatic assumptions that shape the research field
and the service research has so far mainly focused on practical issues
with managerial relevance (e.g. measuring and managing service
quality, generating service scripts, blueprinting the service process,
designing new services, creating a service culture, developing service
recovery strategies)” (p.562)
The chapter presents the details of the research methodology adopted during the conduct of this
research, which was focused on measuring the factors affecting the performance of women
entrepreneurship in Pakistan. Sekran (2003) termed such type of research as a “systematic and
organized effort to investigate a specific problem encountered in the work setting that needs a
solution” (p.5). The research process passes through a series of activities encompassing
ontology of the issue, inquiry in to the problem, collection of information through unbiased
64
investigation, object analyses and examination of the data. The chapter briefly describes the
epistemology and ontology of this research paradigm, unveil survey research design, and
rationale behind the observation and sample plan. The chapter defines the population, sample
frame, sample size & logic behind the sample and desired degree of precision and confidence
interval that was targeted to achieve thereof; the sources of data, data collection method and
instrument and construct of the instrument including the measures of reliability and validity of
this research.
3.1 Quantitative Research Methodology
Research methodology is defined by Leedy & Ormrod (2001) as “the general approach the
researcher takes in carrying out the research project” (p. 14). The quantitative research
approach responds to research questions requiring numerical data whereas, the qualitative
approach for research questions requiring textural data (Williams, 2007). According to Leedy
and Ormrod (2001) quantitative research is specific in its surveying and experimentation, as it
builds upon existing theories. The methodology of a quantitative research maintains the
assumption of an empiricist paradigm (Creswell, 2003). Quantitative research begins with a
problem statement and involves the formation of a hypothesis, a literature review, and a
quantitative data analysis. According to Creswell (2003) states, quantitative research “employ
strategies of inquiry such as experimental and surveys, and collect data on predetermined
instruments that yield statistical data” (p. 18). The findings from quantitative research can be
predictive, explanatory, and confirming (Williams, 2007).
Quantitative research involves the collection of data so that information can be quantified
and subjected to statistical treatment in order to support or refute “alternate knowledge claims”
(Creswell, 2003, p. 153). Quantitative research also involves data collection that is typically
numeric and the researcher tends to use mathematical models as the methodology of data
65
analysis. Additionally, the researcher uses the inquiry methods to ensure alignment with
statistical data collection methodology.
During the experimental research, the researcher investigates the treatment of an
intervention into the study group and then measures the outcomes of the treatment. There are
three types of exploratory approaches pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-
experimental (Leedy & Ormrod). The pre-experimental design involves an independent
variable that does not vary or a control group that is not randomly selected. Campbell and
Stanley (1963) endorsed the true experimental design, which provides a higher degree of
control in the experiment and produces a higher degree of validity. The true experimental
designs result in a systemic approach to quantitative data collection involving mathematical
models in the analyses whereas; quasi- experimental design involves nonrandom selection of
study participants. Therefore, control is limited and true experimentation is not possible. Since
the variable cannot be controlled, validity may be sacrificed.
3.2 Research Type / Nature
The aim of this research was to investigate the factors affecting the performance of women
entrepreneurs in Pakistan. According to Creswell (1994), quantitative research determines the
relationship between variables (i.e. independent variable and dependent variable) and it is
deductive in its nature as it is aimed to test some theory which has already been proven (Sekran,
2003). The types of question asked by the researcher ultimately determine the type of approach
necessary to complete an accurate assessment of the topic in hand. This research was
descriptive and co-relational in nature as it aimed to describe the factors affecting the
performance of women entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. The research
utilizes survey method of data collection as it constructed and administered questionnaire to
collect the data from women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. According to Borg & Gall
(1989), descriptive studies are aimed at seeking answer of the following questions about the
66
phenomenon such as; “What? Where? When?” And for such type of research mostly
observational and survey methods are frequently used to collect descriptive data primarily
concerned with finding out "what is," might be applied to investigate the questions. However,
the research approach may be termed as mixed approach as it investigates the behavioral related
variables which fall under qualitative domain.
The underlying spirit of the research paradigm emerged from positivism and the outcome
of this research could be termed as an appropriate mix of ontology, epistemology and
methodology. “Ontology seeks answer of the question such as “does the objective reality exists
and inquires in to the nature and type of reality that does exist and how does it look like? The
researcher's view of reality establishes assumptions that effect his or her epistemological
persuasion and influences the methodological approach chosen” Epistemology addresses how
we perceive the world and raises questions about both how we understand it and how we
communicate this knowledge to others” (Burrell and Morgan, 1985).
3.3 Population of the Study
The universe of the study was registered women entrepreneurs of Women Chamber of
Commerce & Industry Peshawar, Women Business Development Center Peshawar and non-
registered entrepreneurs working at diverse areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
3.3.1 Brief Introduction of Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry
The Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry was established in 2010 to look after and
safeguard the interests of the women entrepreneurs for the promotion of trade and Industry in
the province or potential women entrepreneurs, the chamber aims to provide a one window
facility. For established women entrepreneurs, the chamber provides a forum for debate and
discussion, opportunity to interact with their local and international counterparts as well as
facilities for research and development. The aim of chamber is to create an environment that is
conducive to the development of women entrepreneurs and to help women entrepreneurs in
67
establishing and consequently expanding their business interests nationally as well as
internationally.
3.3.2 Brief Introduction of Women Business Development Centre Peshawar
The major goal of Women Business Development Centre Peshawar (WBDC), Peshawar is
to provide a secure and hassle-free business environment to women entrepreneurs in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and to help women to develop their business skills that will enable them to
compete effectively in today's marketplace alongside Promoting the entrepreneurial culture
amongst women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. According to a local survey the number of females
graduating from Business Schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is approximately 950 per year and
the figure is increasing. Most of the females do not get job opportunity due to a number of
reasons. Nowadays there is an increasing trend of women entering Cottage industry in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and they are contributing to the earnings of the family. These women if provided
an opportunity of establishing their own businesses can contribute significantly towards the
economic prosperity of the country. Entrepreneurship opportunities are less among women due
to non-existing opportunities, limited mobility and access to local and international market.
Though women are involved in domestic entrepreneurship but due to limited scale and role of
middle man they are unable to fetch the reasonable price of their product. Recognizing that
women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are enterprising are interested in starting their own businesses
and have a tendency staying in business is longer, Women Business Development Center is
going to serve as a platform for developing business run by Women entrepreneurs. It will assist
their businesses in terms of management, marketability etc. The Women Business
Development Center provides office space, product showcasing, exhibition, sale, and training
i.e. capacity building of Women Entrepreneurs.
68
3.4 Research Population
The population of the study was consisted of registered women entrepreneurs of Women
Chamber of Commerce and Industry Peshawar and Women Business Development Center
(WBDC), Peshawar working under small and medium enterprise development (SMEDA),
Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. The population of the study was total 600 registered women
entrepreneurs at Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry Peshawar and WBDC,
Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan who were associated with the three main business professions i.e.
boutique, beauty-parlor and food. Moreover, 300 non-registered women entrepreneurs working
at diverse location of KPK province of Pakistan including, Mardan, Charsadda, Nowshera,
Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan who are also associated with the business profession of boutique,
beauty-parlor and food were the population of the study.
3.5 Sample Size Determination
Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates
to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study
in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In order to make the
results of survey research reliable and valuable the research must ensure that its respondents
are truly representative of that business which is under investigation. Therefore, for
determination process of reliable and representative sample is based on the correct definition
and estimate of population and sample size. The correct sample size is of paramount importance
of any survey research. Using too large sample size is wastage of time and resources which are
always scares and using too small size of sample creates doubt in the reliability of the research.
According to Israel (1992) there exists “three criteria usually will need to be specified to
determine the appropriate sample size the level of precision, the level of confidence or risk,
and the degree of variability in the attributes being measured (Miaoulis and Michener, 1976)”.
69
The research while ensuring reliability on one hand also endeavored to conserve the
wasteful use of resources as well. The two measures which were kept in view to ensure the
accurateness of the data were; to keep margin of error as low as operationally possible while
maintaining confidence level to its maximum degree. Hence the research while calculating its
sample kept margin of error / precision (confidence interval) 5% and confident level to + - 5%.
According to Israel (1992) the level of precision, sometimes called sampling error, is the range
in which the true value of the population is estimated to be. This range is often expressed in
percentage points (e.g., ±5 percent). The confidence or risk level is based on ideas encompassed
under the Central Limit Theorem. In a normal distribution, approximately 95% of the sample
values are within two standard deviations of the true population value (e.g., mean). The degree
of variability in the attributes being measured refers to the distribution of attributes in the
population. The more heterogeneous a population, the larger the sample size required to obtain
a given level of precision and the less variable (more homogeneous) a population, the smaller
the sample size.” In brief confidence level is measure of how positive you are that your sample
precisely reflects the population within its given margin of error.
The sample size determination process is normally done by any one method out of
the following
Taking complete population as a sample which is known as census research.
Owing to cost and other resource heavy consideration the census is done for
small population only i.e. about 200 (Israel, 1992).
Using the same sample size as those of studies similar to the research in hand.
According to (Yamane, 1967) when population is known and greater than two hundred than
sample size must be determined by utilizing the formula which is recommended by (Yamane,
1967) which is as follows.
n = N/1+N*(e)2
70
Where
n = Sample size
N = Population
e = Chances of Error
3.5.1 Sample Size for Registered Women Entrepreneurs at Chamber of Commerce
and Industry and WBDC, Peshawar KPK, Pakistan
Total strength of registered women entrepreneurs associated with the business profession of
boutique, beauty-parlor and food in chamber of commerce and industry Peshawar was 340 and
at Women Business Development Center (WBDC), Peshawar was 260. Total Population was
600 registered women entrepreneurs. Following is the calculation for sample size
determination.
n = 600/1+600*(.05)2
n = 240
The final sample for registered women entrepreneurs at Chamber of Commerce and Industry
and WBDC, Peshawar KPK, Pakistan were 240 women entrepreneurs.
3.5.2 Sample Size for Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs working at Diverse
Location of KPK, Pakistan
Total strength of un-registered women entrepreneur associated with the business profession of
boutique, beauty-parlor and food located at diverse location of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were 300.
Following is the calculation for sample size determination.
n = 300/1+300*(.05)2
n = 171
The final sample for un-registered women entrepreneurs working at diverse location of
KPK, Pakistan were 171 women entrepreneurs.
71
3.6 Sampling
Sampling is a procedure to select adequate amount of elements from the whole population.
For understanding the characteristics or properties of the sample, the researchers simplify these
characteristics to the entire population. For data gathering, both probability and non-probability
sampling technique i.e. simple random sampling and snowball sampling was used. Following
is the detail.
3.6.1 Sample Design for Registered Women Entrepreneurs at Women Chamber
of Commerce and Industry Peshawar and WBDC, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
In fisrt stage for the data collection from registered women entrepreneurs at WBDC,
Peshawar KPK, Pakistan probability sampling technique i.e. simple random sampling was
used. Simple random sample is a subset of a statistical population in which each member of the
subset has an equal probability of being chosen. A simple random sample is meant to be an
unbiased representation of a group. Total 240 questionnaires were distributed among registered
women entrepreneurs of Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry and WBDC, Peshawar
KPK, Pakistan (120 in each) and 240 usable questionnaires were returned giving a responses
rate of 100%. Respondents range in age from 18 to over 40, although the majorities were in
their 18 and 28.
3.6.2 Sample Design for Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs at diverse location
of KPK, Pakistan
In second stage for the data collection from un-registered women entrepreneurs of KPK,
Pakistan snowball sampling technique was used. In statistics research, snowball sampling is a
non-probability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from
among their acquaintances. At Mardan, Charsadda, Nowshera, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan total
300 women entrepreneurs (50 in each city) were selected via snowball sampling technique. All
72
women entrepreneurs in the study survey were associated with the profession of boutique,
beauty-parlor and food business.
3.7 Measurement Instrument
For the data collection researcher used questionnaire. The questionnaire has two
sections. Following is the detail.
3.7.1 First Section
The first section of the questionnaire consists of profile of women entrepreneur’s
ages, gender, business etc
3.7.2 Second Section
The second section of the questionnaire is about the different factors that women
entrepreneurs. Following is the detail.
3.7.2.1 Social Factors
The social factors of entrepreneurs were measured on 19 items based on Likert scale
five point i.e. (1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The social factors include questions
regarding entrepreneurs (education, workplace environment, social status, network factors, and
access to market, family issues and work experience).
3.7.2.2 Economic Factors
The economic factors of entrepreneurs were measured on 16 items based on Likert scale
five point i.e. (1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The economic factors include
questions regarding entrepreneurs (access to capital, labor market, marketing issues,
technology/raw material, taxes and inflation).
3.7.2.3 Individual Factors
The individual factors of entrepreneurs were measured on 7 items based on Likert scale
five point i.e. (1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The individual factors include
questions regarding entrepreneurs (Personality, risk taking, confidence and motivation).
73
3.7.2.4 Political Factors
The political factors of entrepreneurs were measured on 6 items based on Likert scale
five point i.e. (1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The political factors include
questions regarding entrepreneurs (lack of govt support, legal and regulatory performance,
training infrastructure).
3.7.2.5 Entrepreneur Performance
The financial and operating performance of entrepreneurs were measured on 15 items
based on Likert scale five point i.e. (1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree).
3.8 Data Collection Method
Data collection methods comprise an integral part of any research design.
Therefore, use of appropriate method greatly enhances the validity of the research. To
acquire more affluent information, a self-administrated close structured questionnaire
was developed (attached as Annexure “A”). Survey method was used for data
collection.
3.9 Data Analysis
After collected the requisite information form respondents, the received data
was analyzed by using econometrics tools (appropriate test statistics). Latest SPSS and
Liseral software’s were used for the data analysis. The analysis contains descriptive
statistic to convert the data in percentages, structure equation model and multiple linear
regression were used for the data analysis.
3.10 Reliability Analysis of Data
Cronbach’s Alpha ()
Cronbach’s Alpha () determine up to what extent the scale score measures the
true score. It indicates the reliability of the scale ranges from 0 to 1. Mathematically, it
is defined as (Cronbach, 1951).
74
( 1)
N c
v N c
Where, N shows the number of items c is the average inter-item covariance among the
items and v indicates the average variance.
The reliability tests included the Cronbach’s Alpha test of the following with regard to women
entrepreneurs responses on the questionnaire found satisfactory result because all the computed
values are greater than .70 which indicates good reliability (Sekaran, 2003).
Table 3.10.1
Reliability
Scale Information Number of items Results Remarks
Social Factors 19 .93 Reliable
Economic Factors 16 .92 Reliable
Individual Factors 7 .87 Reliable
Political Factors 6 .76 Reliable
Entrepreneurs Performance 15 .91 Reliable
3.11 Data Source
The data source was primary. Researcher collected the first hand or primary data from
registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of Pakistan with the help of questionnaire.
75
ANALYSIS OF REGISTERED WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AT WBDC,
PESHAWAR, KPK, PAKISTAN
76
CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter contains results obtained after analysis of the data it consists of the
frequency distribution table, reliability of variables, comparison of the respondent’s responses
by utilizing t-test and regression analysis was employed to investigate the cause of and effect
of independent variables on dependent variables. The following sections show all the results.
4.1 Demographic Variables of Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.1.1
Gender of Participants
Gender Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
Female 240 100.0 100.0
Total 240 100.0
The above captioned table represents the cumulative percentage and exact number of
respondents who actively take part in the study survey. Total strength of female respondents
was 240 out of 240 members that represent 100% of the total sample. There exist no male
respondents in the survey who took part in the survey.
77
Table 4.1.2
Age of Participants
Age Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
21-30 years 106 44.2 44.2
31-40 years 117 48.8 48.8
41 and above years 17 7.1 7.1
Total 240 100.0 100.0
The above table demonstrates the participant’s age and their frequency distribution.
Participants with the age of 21-30 years represent 106 out of 240 members that depict 44.2%
of the total sample 240. From 31-40 years of age’s group members represents 117 out of 240
members that portray 48.8% of the total sample 240. From 41 and above years of age group
members represents 17 out of 240 members that portray 7.1% of the total sample 240.
Table 4.1.3
Qualification of Participants
Qualification Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
Primary 126 52.5 52.5
Secondary 81 33.8 86.3
Matriculation 10 4.2 90.4
Intermediate 17 7.1 97.5
Graduate 6 2.5 100.0
Total 240 100.0 52.5
78
Above table represents the qualification of the participants. Participants with the
qualification of primary, secondary, matriculation, intermediate and graduate were found 126,
81, 10, 17 and 6 with the percentage of 52.5%, 33.8%, 4.2%, 7.1% and 2.5% respectively.
Table 4.1.4
Type of Business
Business Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
Boutique 147 61.3 61.3
Beauty Parlor 65 27.1 88.3
Hotel and Food 28 11.7 100.0
Total 240 100.0 52.5
Above table represents the type of business of women entrepreneurs. Participants who
owned the business of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel and food were found 147, 65 and 28
with the percentage of 61.3%, 27.1% and 11.7% respectively.
Table 4.1.5
Cities of Respondents
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Peshawar 106 44.2 44.2 44.2
Mardan 117 48.8 48.8 92.9
Nowshera 17 7.1 7.1 100.0
Total 240 100.0 100.0
79
The above table demonstrates the registered women entrepreneurs at WBDC working at
diverse location of KPK, Pakistan. The registered women entrepreneurs who took part in the
survey were working in Peshawar, Mardan and Nowshera cities of KPK, Pakistan. In Peshawar,
Mardan and Nowshera there exists 106, 117 and 17 women entrepreneurs respectively that
depicted 44.2%, 48.8% and 7.1% of the total sample 240.
Table 4.1.6
Business Finance
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cum Percent
Self-Finance 169 70.4 70.4 70.4
Bank Loan 62 25.8 25.8 96.3
Family Loan 9 3.8 3.8 100.0
Total 240 100.0 100.0
The above table demonstrates the business finance tools of the registered women
entrepreneurs of WBDC, KPK, and Pakistan. The women entrepreneurs who used self-finance,
bank loan and family loan were reported 169, 62 and 9 of the total sample 240 with the
percentage of 70.4%, 25.8% and 3.8% respectively.
4.2 Chi-Square Test
The chi-squared test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between
the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories. The chi
square test is used on nominal and ordinal data to measure the statistics of fit goodness. The
chi square was calculated amid respondent’s age, qualification, cities and businesses.
Following is the test statistics of Chi-Square.
80
O = Frequencies of Observed
E = Frequencies of Expected
∑ = Summation
Table 4.2.1
Chi Square amid Respondents Ages and Qualification
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 31.077a 8 .000
Likelihood Ratio 37.488 8 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 2.917 1 .008
N of Valid Cases 240
a. 7 cells (46.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
.43.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and
qualification, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an
association between respondents ages and their qualification of the respondents.
Table 4.2.2
Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Types
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 40.305a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 43.091 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 13.046 1 .000
81
N of Valid Cases 240
a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
1.98.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and type
of business, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association
between respondents ages and their business types.
Table 4.2.3
Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and City
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 480.000a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 431.380 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 239.000 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 240
a. 1 cells (11.1%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
1.20.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and
cities, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association
between respondents ages and cities of the respondents.
Table 4.2.4
Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Equity
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 206.834a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 160.201 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 84.589 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 240
82
a. 4 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
.64.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and
business equity types, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an
association between respondents ages and their business equity.
Table 4.2.5
Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Types
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 62.234a 8 .000
Likelihood Ratio 65.246 8 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 3.868 1 .049
N of Valid Cases 240
a. 7 cells (46.7%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .70.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents qualification
and type of business, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an
association between respondents qualification and their business types.
Table 4.2.6
Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and City
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 31.077a 8 .000
Likelihood Ratio 37.488 8 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 2.917 1 .088
N of Valid Cases 240
83
a. 7 cells (46.7%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .70.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents
qualification and city of the respondents, the significance value is less than P<.05 which
indicates that there is an association between respondents qualification and their city.
Table 4.2.7
Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Equity
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 25.450a 8 .001
Likelihood Ratio 29.270 8 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 5.939 1 .015
N of Valid Cases 240
a. 9 cells (60.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .23.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents
qualification and business equity, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that
there is an association between respondents qualification and business equity.
Table 4.2.8
Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Cities
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 40.305a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 43.091 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 13.046 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 240
84
a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is 1.98.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents business and
cities, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association
between respondents business and cities.
Table 4.2.9
Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Business Equity
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 6.099a 4 .192
Likelihood Ratio 7.333 4 .119
Linear-by-Linear Association 5.934 1 .015
N of Valid Cases 240
a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is 1.05.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents’ business type
and equity, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association
between respondents business type and business equity.
Table 4.2.10
Chi Square Amid Cities and Business Equity
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 206.834a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 160.201 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 84.589 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 240
85
a. 4 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .64.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents cities and
business equity, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an
association between respondents cities and business equity.
4.3 One Sample T test
A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test that can be used to determine if two sets of data
are significantly different from each other. A t-test is most commonly applied when the test
statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic
were known. When the scaling term is unknown and is replaced by an estimate based on
the data, the test statistics (under certain conditions) follow a Student's t distribution. A one-
sample test of whether the mean of a population has a value specified in a null hypothesis.
H0 There is no significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean.
H1 There is a significant difference between the sample means and the population mean.
x = Sample Mean
= Population Mean
S Ẍ = Standard Error of the Mean
86
Table 4.3
One Sample T-Test
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
T Df Sig. (2-tail) Mean Diff Lower Upper
Social Factors 25.757 239 .000 2.93750 2.7128 3.1622
Economic Factors 27.288 239 .000 3.08333 2.8607 3.3059
Individual Factors 25.621 239 .000 2.92083 2.6963 3.1454
Political Factors 24.016 239 .000 2.77500 2.5474 3.0026
Entrepreneurial Performance 25.927 239 .000 3.00000 2.7721 3.2279
The one sample t test was performed amid all variables. The t value of social factor was found
25.757 with mean difference value 2.937 and was found significant at .000 which is less than
P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant difference between the sample means and
the population mean of social entrepreneurial factors.The t value of economic factor was found
27.288 with mean difference value 3.08 and was found significant at .000 which is less than
P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant difference between the sample means and
the population mean of economic entrepreneurial factors.
The t value of individual factor was found 25.62 with mean difference value 2.92 and was
found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant
difference between the sample means and the population mean of individual entrepreneurial
factors.
The t value of political factor was found 24.01 with mean difference value 2.77 and was
found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant
difference between the sample means and the population mean of political entrepreneurial
factors.
87
The t value of entrepreneurial performance of registered entrepreneurs was found 25.92 with
mean difference value 3.00 and was found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this
further depicted that there is a significant difference between the sample means and the
population mean of entrepreneurial performance.
4.4 Validity and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
The content and face validity of measurement instrument i.e. (questionnaire) was checked
by veteran research scholars. The scholars in this regard validated the questionnaire and gave
the permission for data collection. For convergent/construct validity the particular model of the
research study was examine through structural equation Model (SEM) and confirmatory factor
analysis (CFA). The CFA is performed on the data because some of the questionnaire items
were constructed. For constructed measurements items the CFA is performed (Usluel etal,
2008). For examining model fitness study used seven fit indices namely (X²/df, GFI, AGFI,
NNFI, CFI, RMSR, RMSEA). Following is the measurement model
88
Figure 4.1 Measurement Model
Where Edu= education, WE = workplace environment, SS = social status, NF = network factor, AM = access to
market, FI = family issue, LE = lack of experience, AC = access to capital, LM = labor market, MI = marketing
issue, AT = access to technology, ET = excess taxation, Inf = Inflation, Per= Personality, RT = risk taking, Con
= confidence, Mot = motivation, GS = government support, LE = legal environment, TI = training infrastructure,
MSG = market share growth, NPM = net profit margin, CS = customer satisfaction, CM = competitive market,
X = independent variables, Y = dependent variable, ε = error
Social Factor
Economic Factor
Individual Factor
Political Factor
Business
Performance
Edu
WE
SS
NF
LE
FI
AM
ET
Inf
Per
RT
AT
MI
LM
AC
Mot
Con
GS
TI
CM LE
NPM MSG
CS
X1
X4
X3
X2
Y
ε1
ε2
ε3
ε4
89
Figure 4.2 Measurement Model Analysis for Entrepreneurial Factors and Performance
Social Factor
Economic Factor
Individual Factor
Political Factor
Entrepreneur
Performance
Edu
WE
SS
SF
LE
FI
AM
ET
Inf
Per
RT
AT
MI
LM
AC
Mot
Con GS TI
CM
LE
NPM MSG
CS
.6
.8
.3
.2
.4
.8
.5 .5
.6
.5 .3
.2
.6
.6
.3
.8
.3 .4
.4 .7
.6
.3
.4
.5
.8
.6 .2 .5
.4
.4 .6
.5
.4
.6
.7
.6
.3
.2
.6
.3
.2
.4
.5
.6
.4
.7
.3
.8
.4
.2 .6 .4
.4
.6
.2
90
Measurement model result (Chi-Square=15.23, df =5, P-value=.018, RMSEA=0.064)
4.5 Structural Analysis for Social, Economic, Individual and Political Factors
and Performance of Entrepreneurs
4.5.1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 1
Result of 2 factor model i.e. social factors and performance of entrepreneurs is as follows.
Chi-Square=2.46, df =1, P-value=.00, RMSEA=0.07
4.5.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 2
Result of 2 factor model i.e. economic factors and entrepreneurs’ performance is as follows
Chi-Square=2.1, df = 1, P-value=.006, RMSEA=0.06
4.5.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 3
Result of 2 factor model i.e. individual factor and entrepreneur performance is as follows
Chi-Square= 2.8, df =1, P-value=.000, RMSEA=0.07
Social Factors Entrepreneurs
Performance .41
.18
.21 .27
.13
Economic
Factors
Entrepreneurs
Performance
.12
.48
.31 .11
.16
Individual Factors Entrepreneurs
Performance
.31
.11
.24 .29
.29
91
4.5.4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 4
Result of 2 factor model i.e. political factor and entrepreneur performance is as follows
Chi-Square= 2.4, df =1, P-value=.000, RMSEA=0.06
4.5.5 CFA for Model 5
Result of 5 factor model i.e. social factors, economic factors, individual factors, political factors
and entrepreneurs performance is as follows
Chi-Square=15.23, df =6, P-value=.018, RMSEA=0.074
Table 4.13
Goodness of fit for overall Models
Models NFI AGFI RMSEA GFI RMR CFI X2/df
Standard Value (Usluel etal., 2008) >.9 >.8 <.08 >.9 <.1 >.9 <.3
Mesurement Model .98 .87 .07 1.0 .03 .97 2.2
Model 1 .98 .96 .07 1.0 .04 .99 2.4
Model 2 1.0 1.0 .06 1.0 .01 1.0 2.1
Model 3 1.0 1.0 .07 1.0 .01 .99 2.8
Political Factors Entrepreneur
Performance
.34
.21
.24 .44
.31
Social Factors
Economic
Factors
Individual
Factors
Political Factors
Entrepreneur
Performance
.21
.31
.22
.31
.27
.28
.12
.08
.35
92
Model 4 .96 .94 .07 .98 .01 .98 2.5
Model 5 (Full Factor Model) .92 .97 .07 .94 .01 .96 2.5
X2= chi-sqr, df = degree of freedom, GFI = goodness of fit index AGFI = RMR = root mean error of residuals
RMSEA = root means sqr error of approximation, CFI = comparative fit index, NFI = normed fit index
Seven fit aforementioned indices i.e. (X²/d.f, GFI, AGFI, NNFI, CFI, RMSR, RMSEA)
were used for checking the goodness of fit for all alternative models. The result of CFA’s
analysis exhibits the uniqueness of variables. The result of all the alternative models depicted
that all values have their own significant loadings and all alternative models are good fit
4.6 Correlation
4.6.1 Matrix Correlation
In statistics, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (sometimes referred to
as PCC or Pearson's r is a measure of the linear correlation(dependence) between two
variables X and Y, giving a value between +1 and −1 inclusive, where 1 is total positive
correlation, 0 is no correlation, and −1 is total negative correlation. It is widely used in the
sciences as a measure of the degree of linear dependence between variables (Manzoor et al.,
2012). Pearson's correlation coefficient when applied to a population is commonly represented
by the Greek letter ρ (rho) and may be referred to as the population correlation coefficient or
the population Pearson correlation coefficient. The formula for ρis as follows
Where
is the covariance
is the standard deviation of
The formula for ρ can be expressed in terms of mean and expectation. Since
Then the formula for ρ can also be written as
93
Where
and are defined as above
is the mean of
is the expectation.
The formula for ρ can be expressed in terms of uncentered moments. Since
Then the formula for ρ can also be written as
Following are the result of Pearson’s r for population.
Table 4.6.1
Matrix Correlation
Expect Service 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 . Social Factor 1
2 . Economic Factors .759** 1
3 . Individual Factors .355** .322** 1
4 . Political Factors .848** .692** .413** 1
5 . Entrepreneur Performance .864** .736** .399** .798** 1
**P<.01, (two-tailed)
94
The Pearson Correlation was performed to check out the relationship amid predictors and
response variables. The result of correlation amid entrepreneur’s social factors, economic
factors, individual factors, political factors and entrepreneur performance reveals that
There exists significant positive relationship between independent variables and dependent
variables at (r = .864, p<.01), (r = .736, p<.01), (r = .399, p<.01) and (r = .798, p<.01)
respectively.
4.7 Regression Analysis
In statistics, regression is a measurable procedure for assessing the connections among
variables. It incorporates numerous procedures for demonstrating and breaking down a few
variables, when the attention is on the relationship between response variable and one or more
independent variables (indicators').
4.7.1 Assumption for Multiple Regression Analysis
Multiple regression analysis makes several key assumptions
The y series data should be normally distributed
There exists no or little multicollinearity in the data
There exists no auto-correlation in the data
There exists homoscedasticity in the data (Al-Matari, Al-Swidi and BtFadzil, 2014)
Researcher used following analysis for checking the regression assumptions
4.8 Normality of Data
The normality of the data was calculated through Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS-test) and
Shapiro-Wilk test. Following are the hypotheses of KS and Shapiro-Wilk test.
H0 P > .05 (data is normally distributed)
H1 P < .05 (data is not normally distributed)
Following is the test statistics of KS and Shapiro Wilk test.
95
4.8.1 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Statistics
The empirical distribution function Fn for n id observations Xi is defined as
Where is the indicator function, equal to 1 if and equal to 0
otherwise.
The Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic for a given cumulative distribution function F(x) is
Where sup x is the supremum (the smallest quantity that is greater than or equal to each of a
given set or subset of quantities) of the set of distances.
4.8.2 Shapiro-Wilk Test Statistics
The Shapiro–Wilk test utilizes the null hypothesis principle to check whether
a sample x1, ..., xn came from a normally distributed population. The test statistic is
Where
(with parentheses enclosing the subscript index i) is the ith order statistic, i.e.,
the ith-smallest number in the sample;
is the sample mean;
the constants are given by (Shapiro and Wilk, 1965)
Where
96
and are the expected values of the order statistics of independent and
identically distributed random variables sampled from the standard normal
distribution, and is the covariance matrix of those order statistics.
Table 4.8.
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic Df Sig. Statistic Df Sig.
Entrepreneurial Performance .268 240 .224 .746 240 .367
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
For the normal data the significance value should be above than P>.05 (Fasano and
Franceschin, 1987). In above captioned table the computed value of entrepreneurial
performance is above .05 which further indicated that the data is normally distributed. So, null
hypothesis should be accepted that data is normally distributed.
4.9 Homoscedasticity and Heteroscedasticity of Data
In statistics, Levene's test is an inferential statistic used to assess the equality of variances
for a variable calculated for two or more groups. The equality of variance was checked by
Levene statistics. According to (Howard, 1960) if the P value of Levene statistics is greater
than .05 this depicts population variance is equal or homoscedasticity and if the value of P is
less than .05 this depicts population variance is unequal (heterogeneity). Following is the
hypothesis of homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity of data.
H0 P > .05 (homoscedasticity of data)
H1 P < .05 (heteroscedasticity of data)
97
4.9.1 Levene Test Statistics
The test statistic, W, is defined as follows
Where
is the result of the test,
is the number of different groups to which the sampled cases belong,
is the total number of cases in all groups,
is the number of cases in the th group,
is the value of the measured variable for the th case from the th group,
Table 4.9.1
Leven Statistics
Variables F Sig
Social Factors .030 .764
Economic Factors .759 .289
Individual Factors .731 .388
Political Factors 1.59 .274
In above captioned table the significance values of all computed variables are greater than
P>.05 respectively which further demonstrates there exists homoscedasticity in the data.
98
4.10 Durbin Watson test
In order to fulfill the third assumption of regression the autocorrelation was tested with the
Durbin-Watson test. The Durbin-Watson test values lie between 0 and 4, values around 2 and
less that two indicates no autocorrelation (Montgomery, Peck and Vining, 2001; Bhargava,
Alok, Franzini and Narendranathan, 1982; Watson, 1951). As a rule of thumb values of 1.0 <
d < 2.0 show that there is no auto-correlation in the data.
Following are the hypothesis of Durbin-Watson statistics
H0 µ > 2 (Auto-correlation in the data)
H1 µ ≤ 2 (No auto-correlation in the data)
Durbin-Watson test Statistics
Table 4.10
Durbin-Watson Statistics
Models Durbin-Watson
IV’s------ Entrepreneurial Performance 1.905
The above table shows the Durbin-Watson statistics of regression model. The computed
value is almost equal to 2. According to (Montgomery, Peck and Vining, 2001; Bhargava,
Alok, Franzini and Narendranathan, 1982; Watson, 1951) Durbin-Watson values around 2 and
less that two indicates no autocorrelation. So, alternate hypothesis should be accepted that there
exists no auto-correlation in the data.
99
4.11 Multicollinearity
Table 4.11
Collinearity Statistics
Model Collinearity Statistics
Tolerance VIF
(Constant)
Social Factors .225 4.45
Economic Factors .414 2.41
Individual Factors .827 1.20
Political Factors .263 3.79
DV Entrepreneurial Performance
The above table involve on multicollinearity figures. According to (O'Brien and Robert,
2007) tolerance less than 0.20 indicate the multicollinearity problem. In the above table the
value of tolerance of all the independent variables are above than .20 which evidence that the
level of tolerance is completely good. The reciprocal of tolerance is recognized as variance
inflation factor (VIF). According to O'Brien and Robert (2007) when the variance inflation
factor is 10 or higher than it implies the multicollinearity issue. In the given table the value of
VIF of each independent variable are less than 10 which haven’t show any multicollinearity
issues in the data.
4.12 Multiple Regression Model
Multiple regression analysis is used to establish the relationship among independent
variables and the dependent variable and to identify the direction of the relationship. It reflects
the level to which a set of variables is capable of predicting a specific outcome. It is also a
multivariate statistical method that can be utilized to investigate the relationship between
100
independent variables and a single dependent variable (Al-Matari, Al-Swidi and BtFadzil,
2014). The researcher used multiple regression model in order toi analyze effect ofi
independent variables i.e. entrepreneurial social factors, economic factors, individual factors
and political factors on response variable i.e. entrepreneurial performance.
Regression Analysis between Social Factors, Economic Factors, Individual
Factors, Political Factors and Entrepreneurial Performance
Following is the multiple regression model
EP= β0+ β1 (SF) + β
2 (EF) + β3 (IF) + β
4 (PF) + ε ……………… (1)
Where
EP = Entrepreneurial Performance (dependent variable)
SF = Social Factors (independent variable)
EF = Economic Factors (independent variable)
IF = Individual Factors (independent variable)
PF = Political Factors (independent variable)
ε = Error Term
101
Table 4.12
Coefficient
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) .097 .129 .751 .453
Social Factors .575 .066 .567 8.735 .000
Economic Factors .163 .049 .160 3.337 .001
Individual Factors .075 .034 .074 2.177 .030
Political Factors .177 .060 .177 2.945 .004
R = .882 R square=.778, F-value=205.48, With p value=0.000
DV Entrepreneurial Performance
Analysis was conducted to examine the cause and effect of social factors, economic factors,
individual factors, political factors on entrepreneurial performance. The F value was found
205.48 which show the overall regression model was fit. The R-square value depicted t 77.8%
variation in entrepreneurial performance is explained by social factors, economic factors,
individual factors and political factors. The regression coefficient of β1 i.e. social factor is found
positive and concluding the results, a unit change in social factors will bring increase in the
entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .575. The t value is 8.73 this further implies that
social factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.
The regression coefficient of β2
i.e. economic factor is found positive and concluding
the results, a unit change in economic factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial
performance by an amount of .163. The t value is 3.33 this further implies that economic factors
has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.
102
The regression coefficient of β3
i.e. individual factor is found positive and concluding
the results, a unit change in individual factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial
performance by an amount of .075. The t value is 2.17 this further implies that individual
factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.
The regression coefficient of β4 i.e. political factor is found positive and concluding the
results, a unit change in political factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance
by an amount of .177. The t value is 2.94 this further implies that political factors has significant
positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.
103
ANALYSIS OF UNREGISTERED WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AT
DIVERSE LOCATION OF KPK, PAKISTAN
104
Data Analysis (Section II)
This chapter contains the analysis of un-registered women entrepreneurs of KPK,
Pakistan. Data consists of the frequency distribution table, reliability of variables, comparison
of the respondent’s responses by utilizing t-test and regression analysis was employed to
investigate the cause of and effect of independent variables on dependent variables. The
following sections show all the results.
4.1 Demographic Variables of Women Entrepreneurs
Table 4.1.1
Gender
Gender Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
Female 171 100.0 100.0
Total 171 100.0
The above captioned table represents the cumulative percentage and exact number of
respondents who actively take part in the study survey. Total strength of female respondents
was 171 out of 171 members that represent 100% of the total sample. There exist no male
respondents in the survey who took part in the survey.
Table 4.1.2 Age
Age Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
21-30 years 72 42.1 42.1
31-40 years 87 50.9 50.9
41 and above years 12 7.0 7.0
Total 171 100.0 100.0
105
The above table demonstrates the participant’s age and their frequency distribution.
Participants with the ages of 21-30 years represent 72 out of 171 members that depict 42.1%
of the total sample 171. From 31-40 years of age’s group members represents 87 out of 171
members that portray 50.9% of the total sample 171. From 41 and above years of ages group
members represents 12 out of 171 members that portray 7% of the total sample 171.
Table 4.1.3
Qualification
Qualification Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
Primary 85 49.7 49.7
Secondary 59 34.5 34.5
Matriculation 10 5.8 5.8
Intermediate 17 9.9 9.9
Total 171 100.0 100.0
Above table represents the qualification of the participants. Participants with the
qualification of primary, secondary, matriculation and intermediate were found 85, 59, 10 and
17 with the percentage of 49.7%, 34.5%, 5.8% and 9.9% respectively.
106
Table 4.1.4 Type of Business
Business Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
Boutique 88 51.5 51.5
Beauty Parlor 57 33.3 33.3
Hotel and Food 26 15.2 15.2
Total 171 100.0 100.0
Above table represents the type of business of women entrepreneurs. Participants who
owned the business of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel and food were found 88, 57 and 26
with the percentage of 51.5%, 33.3% and 15.2% respectively.
Table 4.1.5
Cities of Respondents
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid
Mardan 61 35.7 35.7 35.7
Nowshera 11 6.4 6.4 42.1
Charsadda 21 12.3 12.3 54.4
Kohat 38 22.2 22.2 76.6
Bannu 22 12.9 12.9 89.5
DI Khan 18 10.5 10.5 100.0
Total 171 100.0 100.0
The above table demonstrates the unregistered women entrepreneurs working at diverse
location of KPK, Pakistan. The unregistered women entrepreneurs who took part in the survey
were working in Mardan, Nowshera, Charsadda, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan cities of KPK,
107
Pakistan. In Mardan, Nowshera, Charsadda, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan there exists 61, 11, 21,
38, 22 and 18 women entrepreneurs respectively that depicted 35.7%, 6.4%, 12.3%, 22.2%,
12.9% and 10.5% of the total sample 171.
Table 4.1.6
Business Finance
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulat Percent
Self-Finance 135 78.9 78.9 78.9
Bank Loan 32 18.7 18.7 97.7
Family Loan 4 2.3 2.3 100.0
Total 171 100.0 100.0
The above table demonstrates the business finance tools of the unregistered women
entrepreneurs KPK, Pakistan. The women entrepreneurs who used self-finance, bank loan and
family loan were reported 135, 32 and 4 of the total sample 171 with the percentage of 78.9%,
18.7% and 2.3% respectively.
4.2 Chi-Square Test
The chi-squared test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between
the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories. The chi
square test is used on nominal and ordinal data to measure the statistics of fit goodness. The
chi square was calculated amid respondent’s ages, qualification, cities and businesses.
Following is the test statistics of Chi-Square.
108
O = Frequencies of Observed
E = Frequencies of Expected
∑ = Summation
Table 4.2.1
Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Qualification
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 26.958a 6 .000
Likelihood Ratio 32.914 6 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 6.783 1 .009
N of Valid Cases 171
a. 4 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is .70.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and
qualification, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an
association between respondents ages and their qualification of the respondents.
Table 4.2.2
Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Types
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 29.482a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 31.138 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 7.788 1 .005
N of Valid Cases 171
a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 1.82.
109
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and type
of business, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association
between respondents ages and their business types.
Table 4.2.3
Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Cities
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 342.000a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 305.903 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 170.000 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 171
a. 1 cells (11.1%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is .84.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and cities
of e business, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an
association between respondents ages and cities of the respondents.
Table 4.2.4
Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Equity
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 90.894a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 71.397 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 33.933 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 171
a. 4 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is .28.
110
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and
business equity types, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an
association between respondents ages and their business equity.
Table 4.2.5
Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Types
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 52.119a 6 .000
Likelihood Ratio 58.499 6 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 2.423 1 .120
N of Valid Cases 171
a. 3 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is 1.52.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents qualification
and type of business, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an
association between respondents qualification and their business types.
Table 4.2.6
Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and City
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 26.958a 6 .000
Likelihood Ratio 32.914 6 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 6.783 1 .009
N of Valid Cases 171
a. 4 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .70.
111
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents qualification
and cities of the respondents, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there
is an association between respondents qualification and their city.
Table 4.2.7
Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Equity
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 10.702a 6 .098
Likelihood Ratio 14.263 6 .027
Linear-by-Linear Association 6.820 1 .009
N of Valid Cases 171
a. 6 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .23.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents qualification
and business equity, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an
association between respondents qualification and business equity.
Table 4.2.8
Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Cities
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 29.482a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 31.138 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 7.788 1 .005
N of Valid Cases 171
a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is 1.82.
112
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents business and
cities, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association
between respondents business and cities.
Table 4.2.9
Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Business Equity
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 8.409a 4 .078
Likelihood Ratio 9.337 4 .053
Linear-by-Linear Association 7.507 1 .006
N of Valid Cases 171
a. 4 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .61.
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents business type
and business equity, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an
association between respondents business type and business equity.
Table 4.2.10
Chi Square Amid Cities and Business Equity
Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 90.894a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 71.397 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 33.933 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 171
a. 4 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .28
113
The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents cities and
business equity, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an
association between respondents cities and business equity.
4.3 One Sample T test
A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test that can be used to determine if two sets of data are
significantly different from each other. A t-test is most commonly applied when the test statistic
would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were
known. When the scaling term is unknown and is replaced by an estimate based on the data,
the test statistics (under certain conditions) follow a Student's t distribution. A one-
sample test of whether the mean of a population has a value specified in a null hypothesis.
H0 There is no significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean.
H1 There is a significant difference between the sample means and the population mean.
x = Sample Mean
= Population Mean
S Ẍ = Standard Error of the Mean
114
Table 4.3
One Sample T-Test
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
T Df Sig. (2-tail) Mean Diff Lower Upper
Social Factors 21.577 170 .000 2.90058 2.6352 3.1659
Economic Factors 23.286 170 .000 3.11111 2.8474 3.3748
Individual Factors 21.635 170 .000 2.91813 2.6519 3.1844
Political Factors 19.615 170 .000 2.67251 2.4036 2.9415
Entrepreneurial Performance 21.765 170 .000 2.98830 2.7173 3.2593
The one sample t test was performed amid all variables. The t value of social factor
was found 21.57 with mean difference value 2.90 and was found significant at .000
which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant difference
between the sample mean and the population mean of social entrepreneurial factor.
The t value of economic factor was found 23.28 with mean difference value 3.11 and
was found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is
a significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean of economic
entrepreneurial factors.
The t value of individual factor was found 21.63 with mean difference value 2.91 and
was found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is
a significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean of individual
entrepreneurial factors.
The t value of political factor was found 19.61 with mean difference value 2.67 and
was found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is
115
a significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean of political
entrepreneurial factors.
The t value of entrepreneurial performance of registered entrepreneurs was found
21.76 with mean difference value 2.98 and was found significant at .000 which is less
than P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant difference between the sample
mean and the population mean of entrepreneurial performance.
4.4 Regression Analysis of Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs
Assumption for Multiple Regression Analysis
4.5 Normality of Data
The normality of the data was calculated through Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS-test) and
Shapiro-Wilk test. Following are the hypotheses of KS and Shapiro-Wilk test.
H0 P > .05 (data is normally distributed)
H1 P < .05 (data is not normally distributed)
Following is the test statistics of KS and Shapiro Wilk test.
4.5.1 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Statistics
The empirical distribution function Fn for n id observations Xi is defined as
Where is the indicator function, equal to 1 if and equal to 0 otherwise.
The Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic for a given cumulative distribution function F(x) is
Where sup x is the supremum (the smallest quantity that is greater than or equal to each of a
given set or subset of quantities) of the set of distances.
116
4.5.2 Shapiro-Wilk Test Statistics
The Shapiro–Wilk test utilizes the null hypothesis principle to check whether a sample x1,
..., xn came from a normally distributed population. The test statistic is
Where
(with parentheses enclosing the subscript index i) is the ith order statistic, i.e.,
the ith-smallest number in the sample;
is the sample mean;
the constants are given by (Shapiro and Wilk, 1965)
Where
and are the expected values of the order statistics of independent and
identically distributed random variables sampled from the standard normal distribution,
and is the covariance matrix of those order statistics.
117
Table 4.5.3
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic Df Sig. Statistic Df Sig.
Entrepreneurial Performance .168 171 .124 .346 171 .167
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
For the normal data the significance value should be above than P>.05 (Fasano and
Franceschin, 1987). In above captioned table the computed value of entrepreneurial
performance is above .05 which further indicated that the data is normally distributed. So, null
hypothesis should be accepted that data is normally distributed.
4.6 Homoscedasticity and Heteroscedasticity of Data
In statistics, Levene's test is an inferential statistic used to assess the equality of variances
for a variable calculated for two or more groups. The equality of variance was checked by
Levene statistics. According to (Howard, 1960) if the P value of Levene statistics is greater
than .05 this depicts population variance is equal or homoscedasticity and if the value of P is
less than .05 this depicts population variance is unequal (heterogeneity). Following is the
hypothesis of homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity of data.
H0 P > .05 (homoscedasticity of data)
H1 P < .05 (heteroscedasticity of data)
118
4.6.1 Levene Test Statistics
The test statistic, W, is defined as follows
Where
is the result of the test,
is the number of different groups to which the sampled cases belong,
is the total number of cases in all groups,
is the number of cases in the th group,
is the value of the measured variable for the th case from the th group,
H0 P > .05 (homoscedasticity of data)
H1 P < .05 (heteroscedasticity of data)
Table 4.6.1
Leven Statistics
Variables F Sig
Social Factors .039 .464
Economic Factors .659 .189
Individual Factors .531 .428
Political Factors 1.59 .174
119
In above captioned table the significance values of all computed variables are greater than
P>.05 respectively which further demonstrates there exists homoscedasticity in the data.
4.7 Durbin Watson test
In order to fulfill the third assumption of regression the autocorrelation was tested with the
Durbin-Watson test. The Durbin-Watson test values lie between 0 and 4, values around 2 and
less that two indicates noautocorrelation (Montgomery, Peck and Vining, 2001; Bhargava,
Alok, Franzini and Narendranathan, 1982; Watson, 1951). As a rule of thumb values of 1.0 <
d < 2.0 show that there is no auto-correlation in the data.
Following are the hypothesis of Durbin-Watson statistics
H0 µ > 2 (Auto-correlation in the data)
H1 µ ≤ 2 (No auto-correlation in the data)
Table 4.7.1
Durbin-Watson Statistics
Models Durbin-Watson
IV’s------ Entrepreneurial Performance 1.927
The above table shows the Durbin-Watson statistics of regression model. The computed
value is almost equal to 2. According to (Montgomery, Peck and Vining, 2001; Bhargava,
Alok, Franzini and Narendranathan, 1982; Watson, 1951) Durbin-Watson values around 2 and
120
less that two indicates noautocorrelation. So, alternate hypothesis should be accepted that there
exists no auto-correlation in the data.
4.8 Multicollinearity
Table 4.8.1
Collinearity Statistics
Model Collinearity Statistics
Tolerance VIF
(Constant)
Social Factors .315 3.17
Economic Factors .544 1.83
Individual Factors .796 1.25
Political Factors .350 2.85
DV Entrepreneurial Performance
The above table involve on multicollinearity figures. According to (O'Brien and Robert,
2007) tolerance less than 0.20 indicate the multicollinearity problem. In the above table the
value of tolerance of all the independent variables are above than .20 which evidence that the
level of tolerance is completely good. The reciprocal of tolerance is recognized as variance
inflation factor (VIF). According to O'Brien and Robert (2007) when the variance inflation
factor is 10 or higher than it implies the multicollinearity issue. In the given table the value of
VIF of each independent variable are less than 10 which haven’t show any multicollinearity
issues in the data.
121
4.9 Multiple Regression Model
Regression Analysis between Social Factors, Economic Factors, Individual
Factors, Political Factors and Entrepreneurial Performance
Following is the multiple regression model
EP= β0+ β1 (SF) + β
2 (EF) + β3 (IF) + β
4 (PF) + ε ……………… (1)
Where
EP = Entrepreneurial Performance (dependent variable)
SF = Social Factors (independent variable)
EF = Economic Factors (independent variable)
IF = Individual Factors (independent variable)
PF = Political Factors (independent variable)
ε = Error Term
122
Table 4.9.1
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) .159 .183 .868 .387
Social Factors .566 .078 .554 7.250 .000
Economic Factors .144 .060 .140 2.412 .017
Individual Factors .111 .049 .109 2.259 .025
Political Factors .156 .073 .155 2.131 .035
R = .833 R square=.694, F-value= 94.29, With p value=0.000
DV Entrepreneurial Performance
Analysis was conducted to examine the cause and effect of social factors, economic
factors, individual factors, political factors on entrepreneurial performance. The F value was
found 94.29 which show the overall regression model was fit. The R-square value depicted t
69.4% variation in entrepreneurial performance is explained by social factors, economic
factors, individual factors and political factors. The regression coefficient of β1 i.e. social factor
is found positive and concluding the results, a unit change in social factors will bring increase
in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .566. The t value is 7.25 this further implies
that social factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.
The regression coefficient of β2
i.e. economic factor is found positive and concluding
the results, a unit change in economic factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial
performance by an amount of .144. The t value is 2.41 this further implies that economic factors
has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.
123
The regression coefficient of β3
i.e. individual factor is found positive and concluding
the results, a unit change in individual factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial
performance by an amount of .111. The t value is 2.25 this further implies that individual
factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.
The regression coefficient of β4 i.e. political factor is found positive and concluding the results,
a unit change in political factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an
amount of .156. The t value is 2.13 this further implies that political factors has significant
positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.
4.10 Discriminant Analysis
Discriminant analysis is statistical analysis to predict a categorical dependent variable (called
a grounding variable) by one or more continuous or binary independent variables (called
predictor variables). Discriminant function analysis is useful in determining whether a set of
variables is effective in predicting category membership (Cohen, 2003). In simple terms,
discriminant function analysis is classification - the act of distributing things into groups,
classes or categories of the same type.
4.11 Group Statistics
Following table shows the group wise statistics of entrepreneurial factors and performance of
women entrepreneurs. The table shows the respondents answers on the basis of their mean and
standard deviation.
124
Table 4.11
Group Statistics
Entrepreneurial Performance Mean Std. Deviation Valid N (listwise)
Unweighted Weighted
SD
Soical Factors 1.3913 .97343 69 69.000
Economic Factors 2.0000 1.58114 69 69.000
Individual Factors 1.9855 1.64936 69 69.000
Political Factors 1.2609 .88537 69 69.000
N
Soical Factors 2.6471 .77391 34 34.000
Economic Factors 2.6471 1.04105 34 34.000
Individual Factors 3.3529 1.34575 34 34.000
Political Factors 2.6471 1.04105 34 34.000
SA
Soical Factors 4.5588 1.18928 68 68.000
Economic Factors 4.4706 1.19039 68 68.000
Individual Factors 3.6471 1.64602 68 68.000
Political Factors 4.1176 1.59785 68 68.000
Total
Soical Factors 2.9006 1.75786 171 171.000
Economic Factors 3.1111 1.74708 171 171.000
Individual Factors 2.9181 1.76378 171 171.000
Political Factors 2.6725 1.78171 171 171.000
4.12 Eigen Value
The Eigen values are related to the canonical correlations and describe how best discriminating
ability the functions possess. The Eigen value gives the proportion of variance explained. A
larger Eigenvalue explains a strong function. The canonical relation is a correlation between
the discriminant scores and the levels of these dependent variables. The higher the correlations
value, the better the function that discriminates the values. 1 is considered as perfect. Here,
125
statistics shows that the canonical correlation of 0.835 and .219 which show the strong function
and significant power of the variables.
Table 4.12
Eigen Value
Function Eigenvalue % of Variance Cumulative % Canonical Correlation
1 2.312a 97.9 97.9 .835
2 .050a 2.1 100.0 .219
a. First 2 canonical discriminant functions were used in the analysis.
4.13 Wilks Lambda
The Wilks Lambda is one of the multivariate statistics calculated by SPSS. Lower the value of
Wilks' Lambda, the better the statistical result. Wilks' Lambda test is to test which variable
contribute significance in discriminant function. The closer Wilks' lambda is to 0, the more the
variable contributes to the discriminant function. The table also provides a Chi-Square statistic
to test the significance of Wilk's Lambda. If the p-value if less than 0.05, we can conclude that
the corresponding function explain the group membership well. A Wilks Lambda of 1.00 is
when the observed group means are equal, while a small Wilks Lambda is small when the
within-groups variability is small compared to the total variability. This indicates that the group
means appear to differ. Following are the hypothesis of the Wilks Lambda test for
discriminating power in the variables. On the basis of following statistical significant value
researcher accept the alternative hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis and concluding the
result that all the variables show that there is a significant discriminating power in the variables.
H0 There is no significant discriminating power in the variables.
H1 There is a significant discriminating power in the variables.
126
Table 4.13
Wilks Lambda
Test of Function(s) Wilks' Lambda Chi-square df Sig.
1 through 2 .288 207.515 8 .000
2 .952 8.147 3 .043
4.14 Canonical Structure Matrix
The canonical structure matrix reveals the correlations between each variable in the model and
the discriminant functions. It allows comparing correlations and seeing how closely a variable
is related to each function. Generally, any variables with a correlation of 0.3 or more are
considered to be important. The canonical structure matrix should be used to assign meaningful
labels to the discriminant functions. The standardized discriminant function coefficients should
be used to assess the importance of each independent variable's unique contribution to the
discriminant function. Following table statistics shows that most of the variables are important.
4.14.1 Structure Matrix
Table 4.14.1
Function
1 2
Soical Factors .915* -.107
Political Factors .681* .286
Economic Factors .555* -.510
Individual Factors .303 .762*
Pooled within-groups correlations between
discriminating variables and standardized canonical
discriminant functions Variables ordered by absolute size
of correlation within function.
*. Largest absolute correlation between each variable and
any discriminant function
127
4.15 Independent Sample T-Test
The Independent Samples T Test compares the mean scores of two groups i.e. registered
and un-registered entrepreneurs on an entrepreneurial performance.
Ho The means of the two groups i.e. registered and un-registered entrepreneurs are not
significantly different on an entrepreneurial performance.
H1 The means of the two groups i.e. registered and un-registered entrepreneurs are significantly
different on an entrepreneurial performance.
Table 4.15
Independent Sample T-Test
Entrepreneurs N Mean Std. Deviatin Std. Error Mean T Sig
Entrepreneurial
Performance
Un-Registered Entrepreneurs 171 2.9883 1.79538 .13730 -.065 .948
Registered Entrepreneurs 240 3.0000 1.79259 .11571
The aforementioned table shows the result of the independent Samples T Test which
compares the mean scores of two groups i.e. registered and un-registered entrepreneurs on an
entrepreneurial performance. The statistical result reveals that the means of the two groups i.e.
registered and un-registered entrepreneurs are not significantly different on an entrepreneurial
performance. So, the alternate hypothesis is rejected and null hypothesis is accepted i.e. the
means of the two groups i.e. registered and un-registered entrepreneurs are not significantly
different on an entrepreneurial performance.
4.16 Mean Difference
4.16.1 Paired Sample T-test
In statistics, a paired difference test is a type of test that is used when comparing two sets
of measurements to assess whether their population means differ. The data was verified by
consuming the (paired samples t-test) for mean difference. This investigation describes
128
significance and instability of the variables, through molds that the circulation of the variable
is usual and that modification of variable is equal in mutually usual of people. The (test statistic)
is as follows.
𝑡 =d
S𝑑 √𝑛(Chaudhry and Kamal, 2004)Where
d is sample mean change.
n is numeral of sample variance and
Sd is the standard deviation of di
Formulations for d and Sd are as follows
d = ∑ d1/n
Sd = √∑ (d-d1)2/n-1
Table 4.16.1
Paired Samples Statistics for Registered and Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs of
KPK, Pakistan
Pair Mean N Std. Deviation T Sig
Social Factors Registered Women Entrepreneurs -
Social Factors Unregistered Women Entrepreneurs
2.90 171 1.757 .49 .623
2.88 171 1.751
Economic Factors Registered Women
Entrepreneurs - Economic Factors Unregistered
Women Entrepreneurs
3.11 171 1.747 .18 .853
3.11 171 1.707
Individual Factors Registered Women
Entrepreneurs – Individual Factors Unregistered
Women Entrepreneurs
2.91 171 1.763 .68 .494
2.94 171 1.720
Political Factors Registered Women Entrepreneurs -
Political Factors Unregistered Women
Entrepreneurs
2.67 171 1.781 1.0 .287
2.71 171 1.760
129
The outcomes of Paired samples t-test used to comparatively analyze the difference between
registered and un-registered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan about the social,
economic, individual, and political and performance factors of entrepreneurs. The mean score
of social factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found .290 and social factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs are found 2.88. It demonstrates that social factors of
registered women entrepreneurs are greater than social factors of unregistered women
entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the social factors of registered
women entrepreneurs as compared to social factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The
t value is found .49 and insignificant which shows that considerable variation has not been
discovered in social factors of registered women entrepreneurs and social factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it is concluded that there is insignificant difference
between the responses of social factors of registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of
KPK, Pakistan.
The mean score of economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found .311 and
economic factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found .311. It demonstrates that
economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs are equal to economic factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the
economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to economic factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value is found .18 and insignificant which shows that
considerable variation has not been discovered in economic factors of registered women
entrepreneurs and economic factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it is concluded
Registered Women Entrepreneurs Performance -
Unregistered Women Entrepreneurs Performance
2.98 171 1.795 .86 .387
3.02 171 1.796
130
that there is insignificant difference between the responses of economic factors of registered
and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan.
The mean score of individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found .291 and
individual factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found .294. It demonstrates that
individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs are lesser than the individual factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the
individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to individual factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value is found .68 and insignificant which shows that
considerable variation has not been discovered in individual factors of registered women
entrepreneurs and individual factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it is concluded
that there is insignificant difference between the responses of individual factors of registered
and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan.
The mean score of political factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found 2.67 and political
factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found 2.71. It demonstrates that political
factors of registered women entrepreneurs are lesser than political factors of unregistered
women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the political factors of
registered women entrepreneurs as compared to political factors of unregistered women
entrepreneurs. The t value is found 1.0 and insignificant which shows that considerable
variation has not been discovered in political factors of registered women entrepreneurs and
political factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it is concluded that there is
insignificant difference between the responses of political factors of registered and unregistered
women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan.
The mean score of entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs is found
2.98 and entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs is found 3.02. It
demonstrates that entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs are less than
131
the entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard
deviation) is slightly greater in the entrepreneurial performance of registered women
entrepreneurs as compared to entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women
entrepreneurs. The t value is found .86 and insignificant which shows that considerable
variation has not been discovered in entrepreneurial performance of registered women
entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it is
concluded that there is insignificant difference between the responses of entrepreneurial
performance of registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan
132
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION AND RESEARCH FINDINGS
5.1 Findings
This research was to investigate the factors affecting the performance of women
entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), province of Pakistan. Total 240 questionnaires
were distributed among registered women entrepreneurs of KPK at Chamber of Commerce and
Industry and Women Business Development Center, Pakistan and 240 usable questionnaires
were returned giving a responses rate of 100%. Respondents range in age from 18 to over 40,
although the majorities were in their 18 and 28. For the data collection from un-registered
women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan snowball sampling technique was used. At Mardan,
Charsadda, Nowshera, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan total 300 women entrepreneurs (50 in each
city) were selected via snowball sampling technique. For the data collection researcher used
questionnaire. The reliability tests with regard to women entrepreneur’s responses on the
questionnaire found satisfactory result because all the computed values are greater than .70
which indicates good reliability (Sekaran, 2003).
Total strength of female respondents was 240 out of 240 members that represent 100% of
the total sample. There exist no male respondents in the survey who took part in the survey.
Participants with the age of 21-30 years represent 106 out of 240 members that depict 44.2%
of the total sample 240. From 31-40 years of age’s group members represents 117 out of 240
members that portray 48.8% of the total sample 240. From 41 and above years of ages group
members represents 17 out of 240 members that portray 7.1% of the total sample 240.
Participants with the qualification of primary, secondary, matriculation, intermediate and
graduate were found 126, 81, 10, 17 and 6 with the percentage of 52.5%, 33.8%, 4.2%, 7.1%
and 2.5% respectively. Participants who owned the business of boutique, beauty parlor and
hotel and food were found 147, 65 and 28 with the percentage of 61.3%, 27.1% and 11.7%
133
respectively. The registered women entrepreneurs who took part in the survey were working
in Peshawar, Mardan and Nowshera cities of KPK, Pakistan. In Peshawar, Mardan and
Nowshera there exists 106, 117 and 17 women entrepreneurs respectively that depicted 44.2%,
48.8% and 7.1% of the total sample 240. The women entrepreneurs who used self-finance,
bank loan and family loan were reported 169, 62 and 9 of the total sample 240 with the
percentage of 70.4%, 25.8% and 3.8% respectively. The women entrepreneurs with the
qualification of primary, secondary, matriculation, intermediate and graduate with the age of
21-30 years were found 59, 35, 8, 0 and 4 respectively, with the ages of 31-40 years were found
63, 35, 2, 16 and 1 respectively and with the ages of 41-50 years were found 4, 11, 0, 1 and 1
respectively. The women entrepreneurs with ages of 21-30 years and the profession of
boutique, beauty parlor and hotel/food were found 87, 10 and 9 respectively. Women
entrepreneurs with ages of 31-40 years and the profession of boutique, beauty parlor and
hotel/food were found 49, 50 and 18 respectively and women entrepreneurs with ages of 41
and 50 years and the profession of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel/food were found 11, 5 and
1 respectively.
The Pearson Correlation was performed to check out the relationship amid predictors and
response variables. The result of correlation amid entrepreneur’s social factors, economic
factors, individual factors, political factors and entrepreneur performance reveals that there
exists significant positive relationship between independent variables and dependent variables.
On the other hand, total strength of un-registered female entrepreneur’s respondents was
171 out of 171 members that represent 100% of the total sample. There exist no male
respondents in the survey. Participants with the ages of 21-30 years represent 72 out of 171
members that depict 42.1% of the total sample 171. From 31-40 years of ages group members
represents 87 out of 171 members that portray 50.9% of the total sample 171. From 41 and
above years of ages group members represents 12 out of 171 members that portray 7% of the
134
total sample 171. Participants with the qualification of primary, secondary, matriculation and
intermediate were found 85, 59, 10 and 17 with the percentage of 49.7%, 34.5%, 5.8% and
9.9% respectively. Participants who owned the business of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel
and food were found 88, 57 and 26 with the percentage of 51.5%, 33.3% and 15.2%
respectively. The unregistered women entrepreneurs who took part in the survey were working
in Mardan, Nowshera, Charsadda, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan cities of KPK, Pakistan. In
Mardan, Nowshera, Charsadda, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan there exists 61, 11, 21, 38, 22 and
18 women entrepreneurs respectively that depicted 35.7%, 6.4%, 12.3%, 22.2%, 12.9% and
10.5% of the total sample 171. The women entrepreneurs who used self-finance, bank loan and
family loan were reported 135, 32 and 4 of the total sample 171 with the percentage of 78.9%,
18.7% and 2.3% respectively. The women entrepreneurs with the qualification of primary,
secondary, matriculation, and intermediate with the age of 21-30 years were found 43, 21, 8
and 0 respectively, with the ages of 31-40 years were found 39, 30, 2 and 16 respectively and
with the ages of 41-50 years were found 3, 8, 0 and 1 respectively. The women entrepreneurs
with ages of 21-30 years and the profession of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel/food were
found 53, 10 and 9 respectively. Women entrepreneurs with ages of 31-40 years and the
profession of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel/food were found 28, 43 and 16 respectively and
women entrepreneurs with ages of 41 and 50 years and the profession of boutique, beauty
parlor and hotel/food were found 7, 4 and 1 respectively. The chi square was calculated amid
respondent’s ages, qualification, cities and businesses and found there exist a significant
association amid entrepreneur’s ages, qualification and business equities.
5.2 Discussion
This research was to investigate the factors affecting the performance of women
entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), province of Pakistan. The research utilizes
survey method of data collection as it constructed and administered questionnaire to collect the
135
data from women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. The population of the study was consisted
of registered women entrepreneurs of Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry Peshawar
and Women Business Development Center (WBDC), Peshawar working under small and
medium enterprise development (SMEDA), Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. Total 600 registered
women entrepreneurs at Chamber of Commerce and Industry Peshawar and WBDC, Peshawar,
KPK, Pakistan were the population of the study. Moreover, 300 non registered women
entrepreneurs working at diverse location of KPK province of Pakistan including, Mardan,
Charsadda, Nowshera, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan were also the population of the study. Al-
most all of the women entrepreneurs in the study survey were associated with the three main
business professions i.e. boutique, beauty-parlor and food. For the data collection from
registered women entrepreneurs at Chamber of Commerce and Industry and WBDC, Peshawar
KPK, Pakistan probability sampling technique i.e. simple random sampling was used. The
sample size was determined by utilizing the formulae of Yamane (1967). The final sample for
registered women entrepreneurs at WBDC, Peshawar KPK, Pakistan were 240 women
entrepreneurs and non-registered women entrepreneurs were 171.
The content and face validity of measurement instrument i.e. (questionnaire) was checked
by veteran research scholars. The scholars in this regard validated the questionnaire and gave
the permission for data collection. For convergent/construct validity the particular model of the
research study was examine through structural equation Model (SEM) and confirmatory factor
analysis (CFA). The CFA is performed on the data because some of the questionnaire items
were constructed. For constructed measurements items the CFA is performed (Usluel etal.,
2008). For examining model fitness study used seven fit indices namely (X²/df, GFI, AGFI,
NNFI, CFI, RMSR, RMSEA). Seven fit aforementioned indices i.e. (X²/d.f, GFI, AGFI, NNFI,
CFI, RMSR, RMSEA) were used for checking the goodness of fit for all alternative models.
The result of CFA’s analysis exhibits the uniqueness of variables. The result of all the
136
alternative models depicted that all values have their own significant loadings and all
alternative models are good fit.
The multiple regression analysis was performed for measuring the impact of predictor’s
variables on response variable. Initially the researcher was tested the several key assumptions
of multiple regression analysis. Firstly, the normality of the data was calculated through
Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS-test) and Shapiro-Wilk test and result revealed that data is normally
distributed. Secondly, the equality of variance was checked by Levene statistics. Result
revealed that there exist homoscedasticity in the data.In order to fulfill the third assumption of
regression the autocorrelation was tested with the Durbin-Watson test and test result reveals
that there exists no auto-correlation in the data. Lastly, multicollinearity in the data was tested
and test result reveals that it hasn’t show any multicollinearity issues in the data.
Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the cause and effect of social
factors, economic factors, individual factors, political factors on entrepreneurial performance.
The F value of the model was found 205.48 which show the overall regression model was fit.
The R-square value depicted 77.8% variation in entrepreneurial performance is explained by
social factors, economic factors, individual factors and political factors. The regression
coefficient of β1
i.e. social factor was found positive and concluding the results, a unit change
in social factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .575.
The t value was 8.73 this further implies that social factors has significant positive effect on
entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of
(Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).In Pakistan the social entrepreneurial factors and its
facets including (education, workplace environment, social status, access to market, network
factor, family issues and lack of experience) are very much important for the women
entrepreneurs. The result of the study supported by thesocial learning theory and social learning
can occur through the observation of behavior in others, often referred to as role models. The
137
individual’s socialization process, which occurs in the family setting, transmits social norms,
language, educational aspirations, and shapes career preferences through observational
learning and modeling (Bandura, 1977). The effects of observational learning through
perceived parental entrepreneurial role model performance was explored by Scherer et al.,
(1989). The author found that the presence of social factors in an entrepreneurial role was
associated with increased education and training aspirations, task self-efficacy, and expectancy
for an entrepreneurial career.
The regression coefficient of β2 i.e. economic factor was found positive and concluding the
results, a unit change in economic factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance
by an amount of .163. The t value was found 3.33 this further implies that economic factors
has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is
consistent with the previous study of (Shahid, 2010; Singh and Belwal, 2008).The economic
entrepreneurial factors including (access to capital, labor market, market issues, access to
technology, excess taxation and inflation) are the vital facets for women entrepreneurs. The
resuly of the study supported the theory of socio-culture in which Max Weber he explain the
social and cultural characteristics which cause people to be or not to be entrepreneurs. In his
theory, Weber explained that society plays a big role in developing entrepreneurs. This is
because the individual draws his values from the social values, mores and institutional
framework within which he lives (Van de Ven, 1993). He argues that culture has great impact
on the attitude and 137ehavior of individuals and their disposition to life.
The regression coefficient of β3 i.e. individual factor was found positive and concluding the
results, a unit change in individual factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial
performance by an amount of .075. The t value was found 2.17 this further implies that
individual factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of
the study is consistent with the previous study of (Shahid, 2010; Pines, Lerner and Schwartz,
138
2010).The individual entrepreneurial factors including (personality, risk taking behavior,
confidence and motivation) are also the significant facets for women entrepreneurs in Pakistan.
The result of the study is supported by the theory of family orientation. The theory posits that
factors such as family background and orientation are sources for entrepreneurial
characteristics and the emergence of entrepreneurs. The theory emphasized the role of the
family in developing the entrepreneurial character personality, motivation, confidence etc. It is
believed that the home atmosphere and values of an entrepreneurial family can provide a great
deal of nurturing and support for development of entrepreneurial personality or character
(Kuratko 1989). This is so because the family background of an individual is a strong influence
on his values and character and therefore serves as a strong source of influence whether he
would be an entrepreneur or not. “This reasoning promotes the belief that certain traits
established and supported early in life will lead eventually to entrepreneurial emergence and
success (Kuratko and Hodgetts, 1998).
The regression coefficient of β4
i.e. political factor was found positive and concluding the
results, a unit change in political factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance
by an amount of .177. The t value was found 2.94 this further implies that political factors has
significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent
with the previous study of (Shahid, 2010; Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).
The political entrepreneurial factors including (government support, legal rights, training
infrastructure) are also the significant facets for women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. The result
of the study is supported by the theory of Educational incubation. The educational incubation
theory posits that educational development aids entrepreneurial emergence through creation of
awareness and new orientation and knowledge. It is contended that societies with high level of
education tend to produce more entrepreneurs than societies with less educated people. The
advanced countries are cited examples of such societies. And it is for this reason that
139
educational development has attracted increase emphasis in many societies (Kuratko and
Lafollette, 1986), (Kuratko, 1989) and (Block and Stumpf, 1992).
The multiple regression analysis of un-registered women entrepreneurs was conducted
to examine the cause and effect of social factors, economic factors, individual factors, political
factors on un-registered women entrepreneurs’ performance. The F value was found 94.29
which show the overall regression model was fit. The R-square value depicted 69.4% variation
in entrepreneurial performance was explained by social factors, economic factors, individual
factors and political factors. The regression coefficient of β1 i.e. social factor was found positive
and concluding the results, a unit change in social factors brings increase in the entrepreneurial
performance by an amount of .566. The t value is 7.25 this further implies that social factors
has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is
consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).
The regression coefficient of β2 i.e. economic factor was found positive and concluding
the results, a unit change in economic factors brings increase in the entrepreneurial performance
by an amount of .144. The t value is 2.41 this further implies that economic factors has
significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent
with the previous study of (Shahid, 2010).
The regression coefficient of β3 i.e. individual factor was found positive and concluding
the results, a unit change in individual factors brings increase in the entrepreneurial
performance by an amount of .111. The t value is 2.25 this further implies that individual
factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study
is consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013).
The regression coefficient of β4
i.e. political factor was found positive and concluding
the results, a unit change in political factors brings increase in the entrepreneurial performance
by an amount of .156. The t value was 2.13 this further implies that political factors has
140
significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent
with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).
The Paired sample t-test was used in this study to comparatively analyze the difference
between registered and un-registered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan about the social,
economic, individual, and political and performance factors of entrepreneurs. The mean score
of social factors of registered women entrepreneurs was found .290 and social factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs are found 2.88. It demonstrates that social factors of
registered women entrepreneurs are greater than social factors of unregistered women
entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the social factors of registered
women entrepreneurs as compared to social factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The
t value is found .49 and insignificant which shows that considerable variation has not been
discovered in social factors of registered women entrepreneurs and social factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it was concluded that there is insignificant difference
between the responses of social factors of registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of
KPK, Pakistan. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013;
Rehman and Roomi, 2012).
The mean score of economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found .311
and economic factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found .311. It demonstrates that
economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs are equal to economic factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the
economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to economic factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value is found .18 and insignificant which shows that
considerable variation has not been discovered in economic factors of registered women
entrepreneurs and economic factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it was concluded
that there is insignificant difference between the responses of economic factors of registered
141
and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. The result of the study is consistent
with the previous study of (Shahid, 2010).
The mean score of individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found .291
and individual factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found .294. It demonstrates
that individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs are lesser than the individual factors
of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the
individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to individual factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value is found .68 and insignificant which shows that
considerable variation has not been discovered in individual factors of registered women
entrepreneurs and individual factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it was
concluded that there is insignificant difference between the responses of individual factors of
registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. The result of the study is
consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013; Ullah et al., 2012).
The mean score of political factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found 2.67
and political factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found 2.71. It demonstrates that
political factors of registered women entrepreneurs are lesser than political factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the
political factors of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to political factors of
unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value was found 1.0 and insignificant which shows
that considerable variation has not been discovered in political factors of registered women
entrepreneurs and political factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it was concluded
that there is insignificant difference between the responses of political factors of registered and
unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. The result of the study is consistent with
the previous study of (Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).
142
The mean score of entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs is
found 2.98 and entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs is found
3.02. It demonstrates that entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs are
less than the entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD
(Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the entrepreneurial performance of registered women
entrepreneurs as compared to entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women
entrepreneurs. The t value was found .86 and insignificant which shows that considerable
variation has not been discovered in entrepreneurial performance of registered women
entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it
was concluded that there is insignificant difference between the responses of entrepreneurial
performance of registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. The result
of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).
Table 5.1 Summary of the Hypotheses
Regression Assumption
No. Hypothesis Accept/ Reject
1 H1 Data is not normally distributed Reject
2 H2 There is heteroskedasticity in data Reject
3 H3 No auto correlation in data Accept
Regression Analysis of Registered Women Entrepreneurs
No. Hypothesis Accept/ Reject
1 H1 Social factors has significant effect on women
entrepreneurs performance
Accept
2 H2 Economic factors has significant effect on women
entrepreneurs performance
-do-
143
3 H3 Individual factors has significant effect on women
entrepreneurs performance
-do-
4 H4 Political factors has significant effect on women
entrepreneurs performance
-do-
Regression Analysis of Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs
No. Hypothesis Accept/ Reject
1 H1 Social factors has significant effect on women
entrepreneurs performance
Accept
2 H2 Economic factors has significant effect on women
entrepreneurs performance
-do-
3 H3 Individual factors has significant effect on women
entrepreneurs performance
-do-
4 H4 Political factors has significant effect on women
entrepreneurs performance
-do-
Difference between Registered and Un-registered Women Entrepreneurs
No. Hypothesis Accept/ Reject
1 H1 There is a significant difference between the registered and
un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of social
factors
Reject
2 H2 There is a significant difference between the registered and
un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of
economic
-do-
3 H3 There is a significant difference between the registered and
un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of
individual factors
-do-
144
4 H4 There is a significant difference between the registered and
un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of
political factors
Reject
5 H5 There is a significant difference between the registered and
un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of
performance factors
-do-
5.3 Recommendations
Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan face a range of challenges, including social and economic
barriers, and networking and management constraints. Some of these challenges can be
addressed through targeted government policies, including allocation of sufficient budget funds
to support women entrepreneurs. In recent years, the Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and
Industry has been particularly active in promoting such policies to develop women’s
entrepreneurship.
One good start has been the creation of dedicated desks for women entrepreneurs at almost
all banks in Pakistan (state-owned and private), to ensure that women can get loans more easily,
and on better terms. However, at the same time, it is impossible to find reliable data on the
number of women entrepreneurs who visit these desks, and how frequently they do so. It is
important that the government make an effort to gather such data to improve the operation of
these desks.
As mentioned, another issue that should be covered in a national policy for women
entrepreneurship is the expansion of training opportunities and capacity building for women
seeking to enter business. A specialized unit within the Ministry of Industry to support women
might develop a standardized approach for selecting and training potential and current women
entrepreneurs, support organizations that offer such training, conduct research on the needs of
145
women entrepreneurs, train those who can in turn train women in running businesses, and
encourage the exchange of international experience on supporting women entrepreneurs,
among other steps.
Next, emerging sectors of the country’s economy, which are vital for Pakistan’s growth,
should have more projects oriented toward women. This could include women-focused
programs in the agriculture and industrial sectors, in rural development, transport,
communications, oil and gas, education, and science and technology. Training programs for
women should be established that focus on information technology (IT), as well as traditional
focus such as garment manufacturing and handicrafts. To this end, more polytechnic and IT
programs should be expanded to the village level.
Marketing and communications skills should be taught, and steps should be taken to ensure
better access for women entrepreneurs to market the goods they produce. In addition, in our
view, rather than targeting solely poor women, who have very little ability to launch a business
venture,successful programs should look at how to expand economic participation among
middle class women. This means expanding access to technology, financial resources, and
utilities, as well as easing transport and communications constraints.
Funds should also be allocated locally, through the Ministry of Local Government, Rural
Development & Co-operatives, and directly to local governments to encourage the
development of entrepreneurship among rural women. This might include the establishment of
resource centers for women at the district level to provide research and data is necessary to
identify problems faced by women entrepreneurs, to counseling and train women
entrepreneurs, and engage in advocacy and awareness-raising on the role that women can play
in the economy. Other steps that can be taken to encourage women’s entrepreneurship would
include supporting women whose husbands are working as laborers outside the country.
146
Government should implement such policies in which government should increase the
ability of women to participate in the labour force by ensuring the availability of affordable
child care and equal treatment in the work place. More generally, improving the position of
women in society and promoting entrepreneurship generally will have benefits in terms of
women’s entrepreneurship. Moreover, there must be a transparent mechanism in which
government members listen to the voice of women entrepreneurs. The creation of government
offices of women’s business ownership is one way to facilitate this. Such offices could have
programme responsibilities such as providing women’s business centres, organizing
information seminars and meetings and/or providing web-based information to women who
are already entrepreneurs and who have important insights into the changes needed to improve
women’s entrepreneurship.
Government incorporates a women’s entrepreneurial dimension in the formation of all
SME-related policies. This can be done by ensuring that the impact on women's
entrepreneurship is taken into account at the design stage and promote the development of
women entrepreneur networks. Co-operation and partnerships between national and
international networks can facilitate entrepreneurial endeavors by women in a global economy.
Government periodically evaluate the impact of any SME-related policies on the success of
women-owned businesses and the extent to which such businesses take advantage of them and
improve the factual and analytical underpinnings of our understanding of the role of women
entrepreneurs in the economy. This requires strengthening the statistical basis for carrying out
gender-related cross-country comparative analyses and longitudinal studies of the impact of
important developments and policies, especially over time. Government should promote
societal attitudes toward entrepreneurship, and in particular, women’s engagement in
entrepreneurship and assist women-run business start-ups by making opportunities and
147
resources available. In addition to that, government must support women’s business growth
with technical assistance and education.
5.4 Theoretical contributions and Practical Implications
The study makes two significant contributions towards entrepreneurship literature. Firstly,
previous researches on entrepreneurship in Pakistan did not focus vividly on women
entrepreneurs performance (Manzoor and Jalil, 2014; Ullah et al., 2012). So, this research study
enhances the literature on women entrepreneurs’ performance in Asian countries especially in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), province of Pakistan. Furthermore, the results of this study may
also have direct implications on the development of women entrepreneurial culture in Asian
countries. In addition, this study draws some important implications for the entrepreneurs.
Firstly, entrepreneurs become more aware of the importance of social, economic, individual
and political factors and its influence on women entrepreneurs performance. Secondly, women
entrepreneurs should have to give high level of encouragement for the development of
entrepreneurial culture in Pakistan.
5.5 Conclusion
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the four critical factors i.e. (social,
economic, individual and political) influencing the performance of women entrepreneurs in the
SMEs, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), province of Pakistan. There are three
objectives of this study. The first objective was to identify the factors affecting the successful
female entrepreneur’s business performance. The researcher found that there exists four main
and vital factors of women entrepreneurs which are social, economic, individual and political
factor. Result of the study revealed all four critical factors i.e. (social, economic, individual and
political) has significant effect on the performance of registered and un-registered women
entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), province of Pakistan. The second objective of
the research study was to determine the problem areas and challenges being confronted by the
148
female entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The researcher found diverse problems which
are associated with women entrepreners of KPK, Pakistan which include lack of experience,
family issues, lack of government support, demotivation and fear factors etc. Women
entrepreneurs in Pakistan face a range of challenges, including social and economic barriers,
and networking and management constraints. The third objective of the study was to suggest
measures to overcome the challenges being faced by the female entrepreneurs of KPK and
researcher give recommendation that the a) Eradication of Socio-Cultural Barriers, b)
Nurturing Entrepreneurial Culture and Environment, c) Provision of Education Opportunities,
d) Developing Women Friendly Support Infrastructure, e) Identifying Prevailing Opportunities
and f) Forming of Entrepreneur Associates.
As per the findings of this study the study concluded that in societies where women
perceive that they have the capabilities for entrepreneurship, they are more likely to believe
that entrepreneurial opportunities exist. Moreover, compared to men, women are equally likely
to see entrepreneurship as attractive, yet they lack positive attitudes about their own personal
capacities or inclinations for starting businesses, and they have less personal contact with
entrepreneurs. The overall, women are less likely to venture into entrepreneurship than men;
this trend is magnified in particular economies.The women entrepreneurs in less-developed
economies are more likely than men to be motivated by necessity, but the gap may be starting
to close.In developed economies, necessity-based entrepreneurship may partially fill in
employment gaps during economic downturns.A key challenge for women entrepreneurs in
early development-stage economies is sustaining their businesses beyond the startup and early
phases.Networks of women entrepreneurs and business owners are generally smaller and less
diverse than those of their male counterparts, and women tend to draw more on their personal
relationships, particularly family, than on other sources.Compared with their male peers,
women entrepreneurs in wealthier economies tend to be older, as equally educated and as likely
149
to create innovative products; nonetheless, their growth expectations are half those of men.
Lastly, the empirical evidence of the study reveals that the social, economic, individual and
political factors have significant effect on women entrepreneurs’ performance in Pakistan in
general.
5.6 Limitations of the study
There are certain limitations of this study. One imperfection originates from the quantitative
methodological worldview of factual generalizability, is that, the most quantitative studies start
with an obscure thought of an objective populace which is not very much characterized in a
large portion of the exploration concentrates on and even they will probably have an
unequivocal open populace (Kerlinger and Lee, 2000). Due to smaller sample size on cross
sectional basis this study is limited in terms of factual generalizability and the result might be
biased. Moreover, this study has also limitation pertaining to the issue of analytical
generalizability because the researcher didn’t used confirmatory strategies in terms of checking
all the assumptions of the implemented multiple regression tests. Another limitation of the
study is that the sample size was only collected from only one province of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan on cross-sectional basis.
5.7 Futures Areas for Researches
The areas for additional and furthers researches is an in-depths examination of women
entrepreneurs on all around Pakistan to take hold of some of the others factors contributing
towards the women entrepreneurs performance. In future, the present hypotheses should be
studied with some moderating and mediating variables in numerous samples from all provinces
of Pakistan on longitudinal basis.
150
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Summary
6.1 This chapter of the study aims to provide a set of practical and policy-worthy
recommendations to promote the healthy growth of female owned entrepreneurial activities
and enterprises. The study discovers that the women’s entrepreneurship in Pakistan in general
and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) in particular is an untapped source of economic growth,
which has remained negligible so far. The study finds that socio-cultural factors represent
important barriers to women’s entrepreneurial activities, while combining work and family life
is also a challenge for a majority of women entrepreneurs. According to the study, support for
starting an enterprise came essentially from informal sources, with a very small proportion of
women having sought help from Government schemes and programs. There is gradual
realization and rising concerns amongst the populace and the policy makers regarding issues
related to women's socio- economic empowerment. The inferences from the research results
reflect a paradigm shift from encouraging women entrepreneurships on merely human welfare
grounds to acknowledging women as core human resources of Pakistan.
The key findings derived from this research are summed up into following learning points
related to the socio-cultural factors and other environmental factors as enablers or barriers to
women entrepreneurship.
6.1.1. The women entrepreneurs in KPK (Pakistan) are traditionally being confronted with
male dominated social mind set where females are considered socio-economically male
dependent and weak gender in their life. Owing to the consequences of such mindset women
are positioned at subordinate slots and executants of the male’s made decisions in family and
outside. Despite having almost equal share of the population, very less share of the females in
151
Pakistan owns government job or self employed and substantial majority is busy in agriculture,
agro-based industries, handicrafts, handloom and or cottage-based industries.
6.1.2. Pakistan is multi- ethnic and multi culture country and KPK is culturally altogether
different than its other provinces. The KPK socio-culture environments hold ethno-centric
values, traditions and rituals defining specific roles of women in both home and work settings.
The prevalent socio-cultural mindset tends to suppress their outwardly aspirations and
identities in the community. The ongoing drive of globalization through media invasion has
contributed a lot in cultivating change in women aspirations for active participation in the
society and especially in socio-economic settings of KPK. Resultantly, with the positive
support of socio-political under currents, the Women’s entrepreneurship development has
emerged women begun to start small enterprises at home.
6.1.3. Factors contributing to gender inequality in Pakistan include
Lack of education and higher degree of levels of illiteracy amongst women of KPK results in
lack of knowledge about the prevailing opportunities, timely information about the availability
of credit schemes and access to finance, managing working capital, and financial assistance
and other related facilities and upcoming opportunities.
There are number of policies and micro credit schemes, for Women in Pakistan and KPK but
the irony of the fact is that these credit and women support schemes don’t reach out to the
needy women especially in rural areas.
Gender-insensitive support systems depicts discriminatory approach in the process of starting
and managing new businesses. Furthermore, the micro-finance and other lending policies force
women to take loans on the names of their husbands, fathers or brother who own some property
etc and consequently by default involve them into their business.
KPK socialization process and socio-cultural settings are gender biased and promote to the
domesticated role of women in society. Non participation in decision-making by women over
152
their early marriages and child bearing thereby limiting the chances of women starting a career
and becoming entrepreneurs.
Furthermore socio-cultural mindset prevalent over centuries in the areas with its special
features such as; gender discrimination, inaccessibility to information, training opportunities,
infrastructure are constant hurdles for women entrepreneurs. Whereas, Constitution of Pakistan
and manifestoes of all of the political party including the ruling government cherish the rhetoric
of gender equality for male and female, but in practice it’s in contrast and serves as a major
barrier to women’s entry into business.
6.1.4. Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Networking Entrepreneurial networking denotes to
the process of developing and employing a relationship in business with the aim of promoting
business. This relationship may be intentional or un-intentional. The Research finds that
Pakistan in general and in KPK in particular, women face the problem of lack of networking
due to socio-cultural context. The growth of their business is mostly independent of any
networking rather merely on their personal efforts.
6.2 Recommendations
This part of the chapter concludes with a wide range of recommendations to promote a
more enabling environment for women’s entrepreneurship in Pakistan in general and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa in particular.
Over the period Pakistan has offered lot of potential opportunities to the women for socio-
economic and political empowerment. The women’s increased participation in economic and
political spectrum is national priority however, women entrepreneurs are yet to be widely
supported and accepted. The efforts to develop women need to be substantiated and
strengthened at government and social platforms by creating a supporting environment.
Government level policy initiatives facilitating women to aces to finance, access to technology,
access to infrastructure and training would go long way to strengthen and promote culture of
153
women entrepreneurship. Policies for women’s entrepreneurship should follow a
comprehensive approach rather than be piecemeal including provision of infrastructure
facilities and training, provision of rebate in income tax and other related amenities
characterized by easy mobility and proximity to residential areas with regular bus service,
child-care facilities, etc. Special incentives for women entering business as entrepreneurs
should be offered.
Some of the key suggestions offered by this research are
The procedures and formalities should be simplified for registration of business, financial and
legal assistance, subsidies, concessions, relief etc, from different government and
nongovernmental departments. Efforts are to be made to supplement existing network to
improve access of women and to reduce barriers to their entry into business.
On regular intervals, open workshops, seminars, forums, with maximum women participation,
shall be widely organized by regulatory departments such as taxation and excise, license,
registrar, and industrial schemes, and women chamber of commerce to disseminate related
information among women entrepreneurs to create conducive environment. Such an awareness
program must introduce financial schemes available to women and to formulate a strategy to
avoid discrimination, especially in small centers.
6.2.1. Eradication of Socio-Cultural Barriers
The study recommends that the first step for the creation and promotion of women
entrepreneurships culture is removal of the socio-cultural obstacles prevailing in the target area.
The Socio-Cultural environment conducive for the women entrepreneurship can be improved
by creating socio-cultural values favorable to women empowerment through education, jobs,
decision-making power and by avoiding narrow / prejudice interpretation of the religion Islam.
Rather, correct propagation of Islamic injunctions advocating women’s rights and women
empowerment in all walks of life starting from boundary walls of the home to the society’s
154
values. There is a need at socio- cultural settings to balance out male dominancy by providing
equal opportunity to women in family decision-making process, ensure safe and secure work
environment, elimination of health and education inequalities, encouraging women’s
participation and, harmonizing role of women in the domestic setting by changing mind set and
cultural taboos. Efforts are needed to identify factors reflecting and reinforcing the historical
strangeness of women's concerns to their socio-economic empowerment process. Women shall
be empowered to have their say in their married decisions and their future occupation / property
ownership.
6.2.2. Nurturing Entrepreneurial Culture and Environment
To ensure a future supply of female entrepreneurs there is need of an entrepreneurial
culture that encourages females from their early babyhood. The environment endowed with
appropriate policies and well directed schemes of assistance must persuade and promote
women entrepreneurship. The planned creation and development first generation of women
entrepreneurs would change the status quo and set the stage for the entrepreneurial thinking in
succeeding generation of families and new children will be nurtured on entrepreneurial lines.
The current approach of developing women entrepreneurs mostly refer to uneducated rural and
urban women who are living in poverty. The time has come for an effort to inculcate a spirit of
enterprise, self-dependence, creativity, and high goals among women equally of rural and urban
areas of KPK. The change in the social fabric comes slowly with the constant and objective
interventions and the first step in this regard is an educational policy promising equal
opportunity without any gender discrimination.
6.2.3. Provision of Education Opportunities
There is no denying the fact that equality in education is mother of all other equalities
talked about the women. Women education is essential to gender equality and women's
empowerment. Key areas for the attention include life-long education and training, including
155
elimination of stereotyped teaching and education materials, diversification of the educational
and training opportunities available to women including developing their leadership skills. The
higher education institution and technical education department shall be directed to provide
training for their staff, update their curricula, and facilities in line with the times and to better
meet pressing and evolving demands. Furthermore, there is need to realize the prevailing flaws
in women entrepreneurship improvement struggles. Presently most of the focus from varying
direction is either on provision of technical training or provision of micro finance credit to the
women under poverty.
6.2.4. Developing Women Friendly Support Infrastructure
Banks and other micro-finance institutions shall focus on women friendly collateral free
loan schemes and create culture of priority lending for women. These financial institutions
should keep constant monitoring mechanism for women entrepreneurs’ loans and offer special
incentives and guidance for their development and success. Government shall introduce
special incentives and initiatives to give women entrepreneur in allocation of industrial plots,
sheds and basic infrastructure/amenities. Infrastructure advantages to women entrepreneurs
should be promoted by both public and private sector in form of “special women economic
zones”.
It is suggested that a special organization for women entrepreneurship development is created
that have a higher degree of dedication to this motion. Such an organization with special motto
with unique culture is needed to encourage, stimulate and develop sustainable infrastructure
for nurturing women entrepreneurship in Pakistan in general and KPK in particular. The
organization and the band of specially trained trainers mobile to switch from division to
division on scheduled training program would go a long way to nurture entrepreneurial culture
and skills amongst women. These organizations besides, supply of competent trainers,
inventory of project possibilities, and untapped potential of aspiring women entrepreneurs, may
156
also carry counseling and evaluation of entrepreneurs on one hand and prepare training material
in local languages on the other. The specialized organizations that provide women
entrepreneurship development programs, therefore, shall have to be set up with adequate
human and financial resources needed for the capacity-building support.
6.2.5. Identifying Prevailing Opportunities
The most important act for development of women entrepreneurship is timely
identification of available opportunities irrespective of their size and nature. There exist a large
variety of micro and small-scale project opportunities that the women entrepreneurs can take
up even by the females of limited educational background, vision, and capabilities. The
specialized support organization including government and private agencies, micro-finance
providers can help potential entrepreneurs for timely identification of such opportunities and
facilitate these entrepreneurs’ needs in terms of investment, technology, skills, resources, and
markets.
The major focus at all levels should be to step up the number of micro and small enterprises to
generate employment and experience opportunities for first generation women entrepreneurs
from rural or urban areas. This would special be beneficial for rural women who in their given
socio-economic constraints seek employment or self-employment. This trend needs further
encouragement through appropriate changes in the institutional financial assistance schemes,
which at present, are often not liberal enough to recognize a woman as a genuine self-dependent
business owner.
6.2.6. Forming of Entrepreneur Associates
There is no denying the fact that entrepreneurship is not free of risks and most of the
existing and potential entrepreneurs join it as a last resort. The existing competitive job market
and desire of freedom, independence, flexibility motivates the potential entrepreneurs to start
up their own business. However, there are lot numbers of visible and invisible bottlenecks
157
which are hard to negotiate by female entrepreneurs and necessitate the forming entrepreneurs
associations by concerned government.
6.3 Theoretical contributions and Practical Implications
The study makes two significant contributions towards entrepreneurship literature.
Firstly, previous researches on entrepreneurship in Pakistan did not focus vividly on women
entrepreneurs performance (Manzoor and Jalil, 2014; Ullah et al., 2012). So, this research study
enhances the literature on women entrepreneurs’ performance in Asian countries especially in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), province of Pakistan. Furthermore, the results of this study may
also have direct implications on the development of women entrepreneurial culture in Asian
countries. In addition, this study draws some important implications for the entrepreneurs.
Firstly, entrepreneurs become more aware of the importance of social, economic, individual
and political factors and its influence on women entrepreneurs performance. Secondly, women
entrepreneurs should have to give high level of encouragement for the development of
entrepreneurial culture in Pakistan.
6.4 Direction for Future Research
The research recommends following studies to be undertaken in future
• Similar study with area specific samples for Punjjab, Balochistan, Sinds, Gilgat Baltistan and
azad Jammu and Kashmir
• Comparative studies of women entrepreneurs between the Divisions and districts of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Province.
• Similar study with women engaged in Social entrepreneurships and Social innovation.
• There is a need to conduct a research study to analysis the role of govt in developing
entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs’ friendly environment in the province.
• It may also include to create legal environment friendly to female entrepreneurs in loan
acquisition etc.
158
REFERENCES
Abdullah, S., and Mikail, S. A. (2013). Entrepreneurship and Islam: An expository study on
characteristics of Muslim entrepreneur. In Proceeding of the 5th Islamic Economics
System Conference: Sustainable Development Through The Islamic Economics System,
Faculty Economics And Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Acs, Z. J., Bardasi, E., Estrin, S., and Svejnar, J. (2011). Introduction to special issue of Small
Business Economics on female entrepreneurship in developed and developing
economies. Small Business Economics, 37(4), 393-396.
Adeel A. M., Khan, N., Raza, S. A., and Fatima, S. (2012). Problems and prospects of women
entrepreneurs: a case study of Quetta-Pakistan. International Journal of Business and
Social Science, 3(23), 76-98.
Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship
theory and practice, 30(5), 595-621.
Ahl, H. J. (2002). The making of the female entrepreneur: A discourse analysis of research texts on
women’s entrepreneurship.
Ahmad, N., and Seymour, R. (2008). Defining entrepreneurial activity: Definitions supporting
frameworks for data collection.
Ahmad, Z. M., Manzoor, S. R., Hussain, M., and Farooq, M. A. (2011). Problems Faced by Women
Entrepreneurs in Kohat City of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan.
Akhalwaya, A., & Havenga, W. (2012). The barriers that hinder the success of women entrepreneurs
in Gauteng, South Africa. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(5),
11-28.
Al-Dajani, H., and Marlow, S. (2010). Impact of women’s home-based enterprise on family
dynamics: Evidence from Jordan. International Small Business Journal.
159
Allen, S. D., Link, A. N., and Rosenbaum, D. T. (2007). Entrepreneurship and human capital:
Evidence of patenting activity from the academic sector. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, 31(6), 937-951.
Al-Matari, E. M., Al-Swidi, A. K., and Fadzil, F. H. B. (2014). The measurements of firm
performance’s dimensions. Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(1), 24-49.
Alvarez, S. A., and Barney, J. B. (2004). Organizing rent generation and appropriation: toward a
theory of the entrepreneurial firm. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(5), 621-635.
Amin, A. (1999), “An institutional perspective on regional development”, International Journal of
Urban and Regional Research, 23 (2): 365‐78
Aslam, S., Latif, M., and Aslam, M. W. (2013). Problems Faced by Women entrepreneurs and Their
Impact on Working Efficiency of Women in Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific
Research, 18(8), 1204-1215.
Audretsch, D. B. (2004). Sustaining innovation and growth: Public policy support for
entrepreneurship. Industry and Innovation, 11(3), 167-191.
Audretsch, D. B., Grilo, I., and Thurik, A. R. (2007). Explaining entrepreneurship and the role of
policy: a framework. The handbook of research on entrepreneurship policy, 1-17.
Audretsch, D., and Keilbach, M. (2004). Entrepreneurship capital and economic
performance. Regional studies, 38(8), 949-959.
Austin, J., Stevenson, H., and Wei‐Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship:
same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(1), 1-22.
Batool, H., & Ullah, K. (2018). Pakistani Women Entrepreneurs and ICT Intervention. Journal of
Entrepreneurship Education, 21(1), 1-15.
Baycan Levent, T., Masurel, E., and Nijkamp, P. (2003). Diversity in entrepreneurship: ethnic and
female roles in urban economic life. International journal of social economics, 30(11),
1131-1161.
160
Bendixen, E., and Migliorini, E. (2006). Entrepreneurship and women: The making of a business
plan for the creation of a distribution business in Denmark.
Bennett, R., and Dann, S. (2000). The changing experience of Australian female
entrepreneurs. Gender, work and organization, 7(2), 75-83.
Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., and Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial correlation and the fixed effects
model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549.
Bollen, K. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables, Wiley, New York.
Bowen, D. D., and Hisrich, R. D. (1986). The female entrepreneur: A career development
perspective. Academy of management review, 11(2), 393-407.15-31.
Brush, C. G., and Brush, C. G. (2006). Growth-oriented women entrepreneurs and their businesses:
A global research perspective. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Brush, C. G., Carter, N. M., Gatewood, E. J., Greene, P. G., and Hart, M. M. (2006). The use of
bootstrapping by women entrepreneurs in positioning for growth. Venture Capital, 8(1),
66-89.
Brush, C. G., De Bruin, A., and Welter, F. (2009). A gender-aware framework for women's
entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8-24.
Bukhari, K., Awan, H. M., and Ahmed, F. (2013). An evaluation of corporate governance practices
of Islamic banks versus Islamic bank windows of conventional banks: A case of
Pakistan. Management Research Review, 36(4), 400-416.
Buttner, E. H. (1993). Female entrepreneurs: how far have they come?.Business Horizons, 36(2),
59-65.
Cantillon, R. (1730). In Outcalt, C. (2000). The notion of entrepreneurship: historical and emerging
issues. CELCEE Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership Clearinghouse on
Entrepreneurship Education DIGEST. September, No. 00-4, Kansas City, viewed 10
161
September 2006. Available online: http://www.celcee.edu/publications/digest/Dig00-
4.html
Cantillon, R. (1979), Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en Général, Takumi Tsuda (ed.),
Kinokuniya bookstore Co., Tokyo (First edition 1755).
Cantillon, Richard (1755), “Essai Sur la Nature du Commerce en Général,” London, translated by
Higgs, accessed at http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/cantillon.htm.
Carter, S., Anderson, S., and Shaw, E. (2000). Women's business ownership: a review of the
academic, popular and internet literature with a UK policy focus. ARPENT: Annual review
of progress in entrepreneurship, 1, 66.
Casson, M. (2010). A history of entrepreneurship–By Robert F. Hébert and Albert N. Link. The
Economic History Review, 63(4), 1205-1206.
Chaloner, W. H. (1953). Francis Egerton, Third Duke of Bridgewater (1736-1803): A
Bibliographical Note. Explorations in Economic History, 5(3), 181.
Chitsike, C. (2000). Culture as a barrier to rural women's entrepreneurship: Experience from
Zimbabwe. Gender and Development, 8(1), 71-77.
Chotkan, R. (2009). Female entrepreneurship: Surinamese women acting entrepreneurial. Casson,
M. (2010). A history of entrepreneurship–By Robert F. Hébert and Albert N. Link. The
Economic History Review, 63(4), 1205-1206.
Churchill, G. A. (1987). Marketing Research: Methodological Foundations. 4th ed. New York, N.
Y.: CBS College Publishing, The Dryden press.
Churchill, G. A. and Surprenant, C, (1982). An Investigation into the Determinants of Consumer
Satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Research, 19 (4): 491-504.
Cowling, M. (2000). Are entrepreneurs different across countries?. Applied Economics
Letters, 7(12), 785-789.
162
Cowling, M., and Bygrave, W. D. (2002). Entrepreneurship and unemployment: relationships
between unemployment and entrepreneurship in 37 nations participating in the Global
Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2002. In Babson College, Babson Kauffman
Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BKERC)(Vol. 2006).
Cowling, M., and Taylor, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial women and men: two different species?. Small
Business Economics, 16(3), 167-175.
Cronbach L. (1951) Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychomerika. 16:297-334.
Davidson, M. J., Fielden, S. L., and Omar, A. (2010). Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic female
business owners: Discrimination and social support. International Journal of
Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 16(1), 58-80.
Davis, P. J., and Abdiyeva, F. (2012). En route to a typology of the female entrepreneur? Similarities
and differences among self-employed women. Journal of Management Policy and
Practice, 13(4), 121.
De Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., and Welter, F. (2006). Introduction to the special issue: Towards
building cumulative knowledge on women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship
Theory and practice, 30(5), 585-593.
Deng, S., Wang, X., and Alon, I. (2011). Framework for female entrepreneurship in
China. International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets, 3(1), 3-20.
Drucker P. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship. New York: Harper and Row
Drucker, P. (1970). Entrepreneurship in business enterprise. Journal of business policy, 1(1), 3-
12.
Durbin, J., and Watson, G. S. (1951). Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression.
II. Biometrika, 38(1/2), 159-177.
Estrin, S., Meyer, K. E., and Bytchkova, M. (2006). Entrepreneurship in transition
economies. The Oxford handbook of entrepreneurship, 693-725.
163
Faizal, P. R. M., Ridhwan, A. A. M., and Kalsom, A. W. (2013). The entrepreneurs characteristic
from al-Quran and al-Hadis. International Journal of Trade, Economics and
Finance, 4(4), 191.
Fasano, G., and Franceschini, A. (1987). A multidimensional version of the Kolmogorov–
Smirnov test. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 225(1), 155-170.
Fielden, S. L., and Davidson, M. J. (Eds.). (2010). International research handbook on successful
women entrepreneurs. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Fiet, J. O. (1996). The informational basis of entrepreneurial discovery. Small Business
Economics, 8(6), 419-430
Fitzsimmons, J. R., Douglas, E. J., Antoncic, B., and Hisrich, R. D. (2005). Intrapreneurship in
Australian firms. Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of
Management, 11(01), 17-27.
Fox, W.F. and Porca, S. (2001), “Investing in rural infrastructure”, International Regional
Science Review, 24 (1): 103‐33.
Ghani, E., Kerr, W. R., and O'Connell, S. D. (2014). Political reservations and women's
entrepreneurship in India. Journal of Development Economics, 108, 138-153.
Ghouse, S., McElwee, G., Meaton, J., & Durrah, O. (2017). Barriers to rural women
entrepreneurs in Oman. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior &
Research, 23(6), 998-1016.
Greene, P. G., Hart, M. M., Gatewood, E. J., Brush, C. G., and Carter, N. M. (2003). Women
entrepreneurs: Moving front and center: An overview of research and theory. Coleman
White Paper Series, 3, 1-47.
HafizUllha, H., Ahmad, Z. M., Manzoor, S. R., Hussain, M., and Farooq, M. A. (2012). Problems
faced by women entrepreneurs in Kohat city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-
Pakistan. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 2(1), 1.
164
Halkias, D., Nwajiuba, C., Harkiolakis, N., and Caracatsanis, S. M. (2011). Challenges facing
women entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Management Research Review, 34(2), 221-235.
Haq, A., and Safavian, M. (2013). Are Pakistan's Women Entrepreneurs Being Served by the
Microfinance Sector?: Are They Being Served by the Microfinance Sector?. World
Bank Publications.
Hawley, C.B. and Fujii, E.T. (1994), “An empirical analysis of preferences for financial risk:
further evidence on Friedman‐Savage model”, Journal of Post‐Keynesian Economics,
Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 197‐204.
Hébert, R. F., and Link, A. N. (1988). A history of entrepreneurship. Routledge.
Henry, C., Hill, F., and Leitch, C. (2005). Entrepreneurship education and training: can
entrepreneurship be taught? Part I. Education+ Training, 47(2), 98-111.
Hisrich, R. D. (1992). The need for marketing in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business and
Industrial Marketing, 7(3), 53-57.
Hisrich, R., Langan-Fox, J., and Grant, S. (2007). Entrepreneurship research and practice: a call
to action for psychology. American Psychologist, 62(6), 575.
Hisrich, R., Peters, M., and Shepherd, S. D. (2005). Entrepreneurship, 6th. Boston: Mcgrohill.
Hughes, K. D., Jennings, J. E., Brush, C., Carter, S., and Welter, F. (2012). Extending women's
entrepreneurship research in new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, 36(3), 429-442.
Idrus, S., Pauzi, N. M., and Munir, Z. A. (2014). The Effectiveness of Training Model for Women
Entrepreneurship Program. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 82-89.
International Labor Organization (ILO) (2006). Stimulating Youth Entrepreneurship: Barriers
and incentives to enterprise start-ups by young people (No. 388157).
Irwin, D., and Scott, J. M. (2010). Barriers faced by SMEs in raising bank finance. International
journal of entrepreneurial behavior and research, 16(3), 245-259.
165
Itani, H., Sidani, Y. M., and Baalbaki, I. (2011). United Arab Emirates female entrepreneurs:
motivations and frustrations. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International
Journal, 30(5), 409-424.
Kao, R. W. (1993). Defining entrepreneurship: past, present and?. Creativity and Innovation
Management, 2(1), 69-70.
Kearney, C., Hisrich, R. D., and Roche, F. (2009). Public and private sector entrepreneurship:
similarities, differences or a combination? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise
Development, 16(1), 26-46.
Kearney, C., Hisrich, R., and Roche, F. (2008). A conceptual model of public sector corporate
entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(3), 295-
313.
Khan, A. A. (2014). Factors Affecting the Performance of Female Entrepreneurship: Evidence
from Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan (June 4, 2014).
Kinear, T. and Taylor, J. R. (1987). “Marketing Research: An Applied Approach". McGraw Hill,
Inc.
Kline, T. J. (1999). The team player inventory: Reliability and validity of a measure of
predisposition toward organizational team-working environments. Journal for
specialists in Group Work, 24(1), 102-112
Knight F. (1921). Risk, uncertainty and profit. New York: Augustus Kelley
Knight, F.H. (1971), Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, G.J. Stigler (ed.), University of Chicago
Press, Chicago (First edition 1921).
Kourilsky, M. L., and Walstad, W. B. (1998). Entrepreneurship and female youth: Knowledge,
attitudes, gender differences, and educational practices. Journal of Business
venturing, 13(1), 77-88.
166
Langowitz, N., and Minniti, M. (2007). The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Entrepreneurship
theory and practice, 31(3), 341-364.
Long, W. (1983). The meaning of entrepreneurship. American Journal of small business, 8(2),
47-59.
Maas, J., Seferiadis, A. A., Bunders, J. F., and Zweekhorst, M. B. (2014). Bridging the
disconnect: how network creation facilitates female Bangladeshi
entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,10(3),
457-470.
Manzoor, A. A., Lindner, L. H., Landon, C. D., Park, J. Y., Simnick, A. J., Dreher, M. R., ... and
Koning, G. A. (2012). Overcoming limitations in nanoparticle drug delivery: triggered,
intravascular release to improve drug penetration into tumors. Cancer research, 72(21),
5566-5575.
Martin, L. M., and Tiu Wright, L. (2005). No gender in cyberspace? Empowering
entrepreneurship and innovation in female-run ICT small firms. International Journal
of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 11(2), 162-178.
McGowan, P., Redeker, C. L., Cooper, S. Y., and Greenan, K. (2012). Female entrepreneurship
and the management of business and domestic roles: Motivations, expectations and
realities. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 24(1-2), 53-72.
Mill, J. (1848), Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Application to Social
Philosophy, John. W. Parker, London.
Minniti, M., and Naudé, W. (2010). What Do We Know About The Patterns and Determinants
of Female Entrepreneurship Across Countriesandquest. European Journal of
Development Research, 22(3), 277-293.
Mmari, G. A., and Kileo, M. P. A. (2015). Contribution of Credit on Performance of Women
Owned Small Enterprises: Evidence from Opportunity International in Moshi
167
Municipality, Tanzania. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial
Research, 2(4), 71-84.
Montgomery, D. C. D. C., Peck, E. A., and Vining, G. G. (2001). Introducción al análisis de
regresión lineal (No. 04; QA278. 2,. M6.).
Muoz, L. G., and Prez, P. F. (2007). Female entrepreneurship in Spain during the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries. Business history review, 81(03), 495-515
Narain, N., and Odida, T. M. Microfinance Development: A Falsified Solution to South
Asian Gendered Inequalities.
Nedelcheva, S. (2012). Female Entrepreneurship in Denmark. Multiple Case Study on Danish
and International Women Who Have Business in the Country, Aarhus University,
Business and Social Sciences.
Neneh, B. N. (2017). Family Support and Performance of Women-owned Enterprises: The
Mediating Effect of Family-to-Work Enrichment. The Journal of
Entrepreneurship, 26(2), 196-219.
Noguera, M., and Urbano, D. Female entrepreneurship in catalonia: an institutional approach.
Nunnally, J. (1967). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill
O’neill, R. C., and Viljoen, L. (2001). Support for female entrepreneurs in South Africa:
Improvement or decline?. Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Sciences/Tydskrif
vir Gesinsekologie en Verbruikerswetenskappe, 29(1).]
Ojong, V. B., and Moodley, V. (2005). Leadership and issues affecting the productivity of
women entrepreneurs in KwaZulu-Natal. Agenda, 19(65), 76-82.
Parasuraman, A. Zeithaml, V. A. , and Berry, L. L (1986). SERVQUAL: A Multiple-item Scale
for Measuring Customer Perceptions of Service Quality, Working paper No. 86-108,
Marketing Science Institute, August, 1986.
168
Parasuraman, A. Zeithaml, V. A. , and Berry, L. L (1994). Reassessment of Expectations as a
Comparison Standard in Measuring Service Quality: Implications for Future Research,
Journal of Marketing, 58(10): 111- 124.
Parasuraman, A. Zeithaml, V. A., and Berry, L. L (1988). SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale
for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality Journal of Retailing. 64(1):
12-40.
Parasuraman, A. Zeithaml, V. A., and Berry, L. L (1991). Understanding, Measuring, and
Improving Services Quality Findings from a Multi-Phase Research Program. In B. W.
Brown, E. G. Gummesson, B. Edwardssan and B Gustausson (Eds.), Service quality:
Multidisciplinary and multinational perspectives. (pp. 253-268). Lexington, MA:
Lexington Books.
Parasuraman, A. Zeithaml, V. A., and Berry, L. L. (1984). A Conceptual Model of Service
Quality and Its Implications for Future Research. Cambridge, MA; Marketing Science
Institute.
Parasuraman, A. Zeithaml0, V. A., and Berry, L. L (1990). An Empirical Examination of
Relationships in an Extended Service Quality Model. Cambridge, MA: Marketing
Science Institute.
Parasuraman, A., Valarie A. Zeithaml and Leonard L. Berry (1994). Alternative Scales for
Measuring Service Quality: A Comparative Assessment Based on Psychometric and
Diagnostic Criteria. Journal of Retailing, 70 (3): 207.
Parker, S. C. (2009). The economics of entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press.
Paterson, Robert A. and William R. Wilson (1992). Measuring Customer Satisfaction: Fact and
Artifact, Journal of the Academy of marketing Science, 20 (1):61-71.
Popescu, S. (2012). Women And Men In Entrepreneurship. Journal of Knowledge Management,
Economics and Information Technology, 2(4), 1-10.
169
Rani, S. H. A., & Hashim, N. (2017). Factors that Influence Women Entrepreneurial Success in
Malaysia: A Conceptual Framework. International Journal, 16.
Ranjit Kumar (2005). Research Methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners, 2nd edition,
SAGE publications.
Rehman, S., & Roomi, M.A. (2012). Gender and work life balance: A phenomenological study
of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise
Development, 19(2), 209–228.
Robinson, S., and Stubberud, H. A. (2010). An analysis of informal social networks by
industry. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 14, 1.
Robson, P. J., Wijbenga, F., and Parker, S. C. (2009). Entrepreneurship and policy challenges
and directions for future research. International Small Business Journal, 27(5), 531-
535.
Roomi, M. A. (2013). Entrepreneurial capital, social values and Islamic traditions: Exploring the
growth of women-owned enterprises in Pakistan. International Small Business
Journal, 31(2), 175-191.
Rosenthal, R., and Rosnow, R. L. (1984). Applying Hamlet's question to the ethical conduct of
research: A conceptual addendum. American Psychologist, 39(5), 561.
Sabarwal, S., Terrell, K., and Bardasi, E. (2009). How do female entrepreneurs perform?
Evidence from three developing regions. World Bank.
Say, J.B. (1803). A Treatise on Political Economy or the Production, Distribution and
Consumption of Wealth, A.M. Kelley Publishers, New York, NY.
Schaper, M. (2002). Introduction: the essence of ecopreneurship. Greener Management
International, 2002(38), 26-30.
Schmitz, Hubert (1992), “Growth Constraints on Small-scale Manufacturing in Developing
Countries: A Critical Review,” World Development, 10 (6). 429-450
170
Schoof, U. (2006). Stimulating Youth Entrepreneurship: Barriers and incentives to enterprise
start-ups by young people (No. 388157). International Labour Organization.
Schultz, T. (1961), “Investment in human capital”, The American Economic Review, 51(1):1‐1
Schumpeter, J. (1934), The Theory of Economic Development, Harvard University Press,
Cambridge Mass. (1st ed. 1911).
Schumpeter, J. (1939), Business Cycles, McGraw-Hill, New York/London.
Shabbir, A., and Di Gregorio, S. (1996). An examination of the relationship between women's
personal goals and structural factors influencing their decision to start a business: The
case of Pakistan. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(6), 507-529.
Shane, S., and Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of
research. Academy of management review, 25(1), 217-226.
Sing, R., and Belawar, M. (2008). Entrepreneurial social values and Islamic traditions. International
Small Business Journal, 32(1), 15-31.
Siddique, I., and Bukhari, M. (2016, January). What Makes the SMEs to Grow! A Study of
Entrepreneurs' Behavioral, Cognitive and Expertise Impact. In United States
Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship. Conference Proceedings (p.
GW1). United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship.
Sinha, P. (2003). Women Entrepreneurship in the North East India: Motivation, Social Support
and Constraints. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 425-443.
Smith, A. (1776), An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Princeton
University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Stormer, F., Kline, T., and Goldenberg, S. (1999). Measuring entrepreneurship with the General
Enterprising Tendency (GET) Test: criterion‐related validity and reliability. Human
Systems Management, 18(1), 47-52.
171
Thurik, R., and Wennekers, S. (2004). Entrepreneurship, small business and economic
growth. Journal of small business and enterprise development, 11(1), 140-149.
Ullah, M. M., Mahmud, T., and Yousuf, F. (2013). Women entrepreneurship: Islamic
perspective. EJBM-Special Issue: Islamic Management and Business, 5(11).
Uma Sekaran (2003). Research method for business: A skill building approach, 4th edition, John
Wiley and Sons
Usluel, Y. K., Askar, P., and Bas, T. (2008). A Structural Equation Model for ICT Usage in Higher
Education. Educational Technology and Society, 11(2), 262-273.
Valencia, S. M., and Lamolla, L. (2005, December). The female-entrepreneurship field: 1990-
2004. In International Conference of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management .
Van Praag, C. M., and Versloot, P. H. (2007). What is the value of entrepreneurship? A review of
recent research. Small business economics, 29(4), 351-382.
Verheul, I., Stel, A. V., and Thurik, R. (2006). Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at
the country level. Entrepreneurship and regional development, 18(2), 151-183.
Verheul, I., Wennekers, S., Audretsch, D., and Thurik, R. (2001). An eclectic theory of
entrepreneurship: policies, institutions and culture (No. TI 01-030/3).
Verheul, I., Wennekers, S., Audretsch, D., and Thurik, R. (2002). An eclectic theory of
entrepreneurship: policies, institutions and culture. In Entrepreneurship: Determinants
and policy in a European-US comparison(pp. 11-81). Springer US.
Wagner, J. (2007). What a difference a Y makes-female and male nascent entrepreneurs in
Germany. Small Business Economics, 28(1), 1-21.
Warnecke, T. (2013). Entrepreneurship and gender: an institutional perspective. Journal of
Economic Issues, 47(2), 455-464.
172
Westhead, P., Howorth, C., and Cowling, M. (2002). Ownership and management issues in first
generation and multi-generation family firms. Entrepreneurship and Regional
Development, 14(3), 247-269.
Wube, M. C. (2010). Factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneuers in micro and
small enterprises.
Xavier, S. R., Ahmad, S. Z., Nor, L. M., and Yusof, M. (2012). Women entrepreneurs: Making a
change from employment to small and medium business ownership. Procedia
Economics and Finance, 4, 321-33
Ylinenpää, H., and Chechurina, M. (2000, September). Perceptions of female entrepreneurship in
Russia. In Paper to be presented at EFMD 30th Small Bu-30th Small Business Seminar
Zaman, G., Vasile, V., and Cristea, A. (2012). Oustanding Aspects of Sustainable Development
and Competitiveness Challenges for Entrepreneurship in Romania. Procedia
Economics and Finance, 3, 12-17.
173
Annexure
Research Questionnaire
Section A: General Information
Name------------Age:__________ Gender Male [ ] Female [ ]
Education: _____________ Type of Employment
Self Employed
Employee
Business equity
self
Bank loans
Family loans
others
City: ___________________
Section B: Please rate each statement in terms of the degree of agreement with each
statement; encircle the appropriate response on the following scale.
SCALE: [1 = Strongly Disagree] [2 = Disagree] [3= Neutral] [4= Agree] [5= Strongly
Agree]
174
Q.No Question 1 2 3 4 5
Social Factors:
1 Females in KPK society are encouraged to attain higher
education.
2 There are minimal social/cultural barriers to female
education in KPK.
3 Education helps female entrepreneurs to gain success.
4 High Level of discrimination faced by women at work
place.
5 Women entrepreneurship is considered as respected
profession in our society.
6 There is equal opportunity for male and female
entrepreneurs.
7 There is no social restriction for females in choosing
carrier.
8 Workplaces are affected by socio cultural norms and
values.
9 There exists harassment at workplace.
10 State law actively protects women against harassment.
11 Women Entrepreneurship helps in elevating female
status in the society
12 Entrepreneurship can provide an opportunity for self-
employment.
175
13 Women entrepreneurship contributes towards the growth
of a society
14 There arebusiness networking facilities available to
female entrepreneurs in KPK.
15 Lack of networking facilities for women affects
acquiring new business
16 Female entrepreneurs face difficulty in traveling to
market their products/service
17 Family is very supportive to female entrepreneurs in
KPK.
18 Female entrepreneurs face difficulty to balance family
and business life.
19 Female entrepreneurs gain more success with
experience.
Economic Factors:
1 I’m satisfied with the financial access given by micro
finance and other credit institutions
2 Micro financial institutions provide priority access to
capital for women entrepreneurs
3 Banks and SME’S help women to start their business
4 Women entrepreneurs have adequate financial resources
and working capital for their business
176
5 Women entrepreneurs lack knowledge about raw
material. ®
6 Women entrepreneurs have proper bargaining skills for
buying and selling.
7 The local media positively support female businesses.
8 Women entrepreneurs are skilled to market their
product
9 Marketing of products create more problems for women
entrepreneurs in KPK.
10 Women entrepreneur have proper training facilities to
acquire technical knowledge
11 Women entrepreneurs are utilizing latest technologies to
grow their business.
12 Tax imposed on business are affordable.
13 There are minimal training facilities for females in KPK
to raise awareness about tax.
14 Inflation in the country affects the business performance.
15 Currency value affects the business sales in foreign
market.
16 Frequent changes in labour policy effect the business
operation.
Individual Factors:
1 The personality trait of entrepreneurship has direct effect
in achieving business success.
177
2 There is a fear of failure in potential female
entrepreneurs to start new business
3 Female entrepreneurs lack decision making skills.
4 There is a low level risk taking attitude among women
entrepreneurs
5 Female entrepreneurs are good at risk management
strategies
6 Women entrepreneurs suffer lack of proper guidance by
other female business leaders.
7 successful female entrepreneurs in the society are
motivating factor for starting a business
Political factors:
1 There exist government institutionsto help to encourage
women entrepreneurship.
2 The local government in KPK are supporting people to
start small businesses with in their communities
3 The overall legal environment of KPK is favorable for
starting new businesses
4 There exist regulatory laws which encourage women
empowerment.
5 The government provides trainings and seminars to help
female entrepreneurs in their business
6 The facilities in KPK for providing training/workshop
are of adequate standard.
178
Performance of female entrepreneurs:
1 Average percentage of net profit margin per annum
achieved during the last three year is increased
2 Our business is quick in tracking changes in market.
3 Our businesses are quick to response to customer
complaints.
4 Market share growth has been consistently increasing
over the year.
5 Business is sustaining continuous profit increases.
6 Customer complaints are negligible
7 Business outlets have been increased in the market.
8 Our business product mix is on increase with time.
9 Employees are increasing in our business.
10 We train our employees.
11 Our businesses are more productive today.
12 Most of our employees continue employment with our
business.
13 Women entrepreneurs are more vigilant in the
competitive market
14 Women entrepreneurs are more creative to competition
15 I will recommend other women to start their business in
KPK?
179
Q) List any four obstacles/problems you faced in your running business. (Give in priority of
importance)
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………..
Q) Any three suggestions to Govt to improve the performance of female entrepreneurship in
Pakistan
……………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
180
Appendix-P
LIST OF MEMBERS OF WOMEN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND
INDUSTRY PESHAWAR, KPK
Members List
Executive Committee:
S.N
o
Name Company Name Type of
business
Business
address
1 Mrs. Fitrath Ilyas
Bilour
President
Bilour Industries Edible Oil and
Ghee
19 Chinar road
Uni- town Pesh
2 Mrs
.Nasira Lughman
i
Senior Vice.
President
Moon Way Saloon,
Traning Centre and
Royal Chemicals
Industry/
Parlour
Moon way
beauty parlor
women welfare
complex phase 5
near khyber park
hayatabad
Peshawar
3 Mrs. Iqbal Bano
Vice. President
Rangoli enterprises
(boutique )
Boutique H# 124, K4,
Phase3, Street 3,
Hayatabad
Peshawar
4 Mrs. Faiza Babar Fazia Adil Boutique H# 2 Strt # 8
Rahatabad Pesh
181
5 Mrs. Shumaila
Tabassum
Women Education
Development
NGO H/67, street no
1,sector f/7
phase 6.
Hayatabad
6 Mrs. Nadra
Saboohi
Karachi Boutique Boutique DAD Warsak
Army 3D flat
Defence Colony
Khyber road
Peshawar cantt
7 Mrs. Nuzhat Rauf Celest Café & Restaurant Restaurant Bhattani Plaza
University Town
Peshawar
8 Mrs Tasneem
Zahir Shah
Sindbad Hotel Hotel IB street H#56
defence colony
khayber road
pesh.
9 Mrs. Sadia
Aurangzeb
Sadia Catering & baking Catering and
cooking
253, J/1, Strt4,
Phase 2
hayatabad
Peshawar
10 Mrs. Shabnum
Raiz
Libra Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutica
l Industry
77, Industrial
Estate, Jamrud
Road, Peshawar
182
11 Ms. Afsheen
Sardar
Pritenia Benda
(friendship bands and
Bags)
Bands and
bags
H#505, Street
14, Sector E 4,
Phase 7
Hayatabad
Peshawar
12 Mrs. Laziza
Arbab
Laziza Boutique Boutique WBDC opp to
Islamia college
13 Mrs. Huma Fayaz Huma designer & Event
Organizer
Designer H # 14, Syed
lodges hassan
ghari shami road
Peshawar.
14 Ms. Asmat Ara
Khattak
Khattak
Collection (Boutique
)
Botique Khattak House
near Gov girls
schools jhangi
Abbotabad
15 Mrs. Shehla Naz Rameen boutique Boutique krishen pura
h.no E/1828
near blind
school
16 Mrs. Zarmina Ali Baz CNG Station CNG Station Kohat Road
Near Kohat Bus
Stand ,
Peshawar
17 Ms. Aisha Shafiq Dear Industrial Boutique Gulberg # 1,
Shafiq Lag,
183
Nothiya Jadid
Peshawar Cantt
18 Mrs. Jamila
Gallani
Dear Industrial Boutique Dera industrial
home op to
jouhar
khatoon hospita
l shaibzada
Abdul quyum
university road
Peshawar
19 Mrs. Zil-e-Huma Saazil Boutique Handicrafts House#124,
Street# 5, Sector
J-5, PHASE 2
Hayatabad
Peshawar
20 Mrs. Banazir
Sheikh
Zasha Collection Jewelry AL-hammad
house wokala
colony near
Amin Colony,
kohat road
Peshawar
184
Women Entreprenures:
S.No Name Company names Business type Business address
21 Abida Jillani Fashion Gallery Al-Minhaj Tower
Near Peshawar
Model School
Boys 2 Warsak
Road.
22 Adeeba Nasir Blinks Arts and Craft Handi Crafts H# 104, STRT # 3
Block B gulbahar
# 2 peshawar
23 Afsheen Malik Karmi Oil Traders Oil Business Karmi Oil Traders,
City railway mall
godam road near
shell regional
office psh
24 Aisha Aisha Center House Vocational
Center
Daak Ismail Kheil,
Hospital Korana
25 Aisha Hassan Aisha Collection Boutique House#1, Street#
1, Faqir
Siraye Chowk
Near Khattak
General Store
26 Aisha Shafiq Aysh Collection Botique Gulberg # 1,
Shafiq Lag,
185
Nothiya Jadid
Peshawar Cantt
27 Aliha Wasim De Aliha Couture Boutique KPK Women
Entrepreneurship
Centre J.K Plaza
Abdara Road
Peshawar
28 Aliya Sangeen
Wali
Sawan wedding hall Wedding hall Sports complex
phase 2 hayatabad
29 Allah Rakhi Jugnu Enterprises Village Zaki Mina,
PO Akbar Pura,
Tehsil and District
Nowshehra
30 Alvina Mohudin Al-Hafiz Crysto Plast
PVT
Pharmacutical Defence officers
col: H# 108, strt
11, cantt Peshawar
31 Ambareen Farhan Reesdhad Designer wear Boutique village jhagra p/o
tarnab farm distt
Peshawar/ 32C
circular road uni
town pesh
32 Ambareen Wahab Guzel Fashion Boutique 46-Dold Jamrud
Road University
Town Peshawar
186
33 Ambreen Sohail Combine Company Hair Oil and
Shampoo
Androon
Hashtanagri
Mohallah
Hussania House#
1587 Peshawar
34 Ambreen zahid Paka Poshi Phrma:- Pharmacutical 43D old jamrud
road university
town pesh
35 Amina Faiz Aroma Catering Catering Shah Ji Bargin
near bandhan
shadi hall
tambwan mor
university road
Peshawar
36 Amtul Rafia NRA Collection Gulbahar No.5
Peshawar
37 Aniqa Ali Qaz Aniqa Ali Qazi Saloon Aniqa
garments
Kazi mohamad ali
safari 2 House
#127 behria Town
Rawalpindi
38 Anita Fayaz Marveellous beauty
parlour
Beauty
Parlour
Sheikh mohammd
hussain building
out side kohati
gate Peshawar
187
39 Arzu Banoori Asiya Designer Designer Mughal Building
Mohallah
Fakirabad# 2
Peshawar
40 Asiya Siraj Pak Auto Store Spare Parts 29 Nasir Bagh
Road Balahisar
Peshawar City
41 Asma Zulfiqar Pak Auto Store Spare Parts 29 Nasir Bagh
Road Balahisar
Peshawar City
42 Asmat Ara
Khattak
Khattak Collection Botique H#727 Kakool
road PMA
Abottabad
opposite PLI
Office.
43 Azra Perveen Shabnum beauty &
homeopathic clinic
Clinic Block E, H#23,
phase 2 Ali view
garden Lahore
cantt
44 Benazir sheikh Zasha, s Coollection Jewelry AL-hammad
house wokala
colony near Amin
Colony, kohat
road Peshawar
188
45 Beya Bangash Bangash Tailors Fabric
Industry
Office room 21,
civil aviation
building saps
cargo international
airport pesh:-
46 Braikhna Liaqa Swabi Floor and General
Mills Pvt Ltd
Floor Mill Mastan Building,
Sawabi bazar,
Tehsil and district
swabi
47 Bushra Aima The Silk route Garments 23b-II, Phase 5,
Hayatabd
Peshawar
48 Dilshad Tipu Dilshad Tipu Dairy Form House# C 2397
Tipu Manzil
Yakatoot Road
Qissa Khwani
Peshawar
49 Dr. Shahida
Shahee
Motivation and
awareness program for
community
NGO
50 Eshrat Riaz Dua Collection Boutique Durrani Street,
Gulberg Town
Peshawar Saddar
189
51 Faiza Babar Faiza Adil
Manufacturing
Boutique H# 2 Strt # 8
Rahatabad Pesh
52 Faiza Javed Zainab Lounge Boutique KPK Women
Entrepreneurship
Centre J.K Plaza
Abdara Road
Peshawar
53 Fakhra Arif Hussain Concrete comp Mineral Water HUSSAIN ABAD
STRET 3A
HOUSE 98
PESHAWAR
54 Farazia Shaheen Shaheen pulkari
dastakare center
Center Tehsil road ,near
chowki police
majib Hari pur
55 Fareeda Arshad Hayas Beauty Saloon Saloon Al-Habib St: near
prime appartments
gulberg # 1, Pesh:
56 Farkhanda Jabeen Shahgul Khawaten
Center
Boutique Sheikabad road
near Hussain shah
tailor pesh: city
57 Farzana Nadeem Babu Jee Gold Laker Gold Laker
Lab
Headoffice # 5,
Hussain Tower,
Gulberg#2 Psh
Cantt
190
58 Farzana zakir ladies corner Ladies
undergarment
s
Ladies corner
siddiqi market
meena bazar pesh
city
59 Fayiza Gul Rukh Fayiza Beauty Saloon Saloon H # 182, St # 5,
Sec: J 2 phase 2,
Hayatabad
Peshawar
60 Fehmida Aktar Al- Noor Creation Pulkari Centre House# 350/2,
Village Malikyar
Haripur
Rawalpindi
61 Fitrat Ilyas Bilour Bilours Industries Edible Oil 19 Chinar road
Uni- town Pesh.
62 Fouzia Inayat Fozia Stage Craft Boutique House # 126 E7
phase 7 hayatabad
Peshawa
63 Ghazala Khan King Abdul Aziz hospital
Taif Saudi Arabia
Hospital C/O Dr. Sher Ali
Khan King Abdul
Aziz hospital Taif
KSA
64 Hashmat Sultana Jilbab Boutique H#98, Strt# 4,
Sector L3 Phase 3
Hayatabad
Peshawar
191
65 Hossai Sharif Roshni Institute for
Special Children
Institute H# 8, Muhibullah
Sadiq Abad,
Arbab Road
University Town
Peshawar
66 Huma Fayaz Huma Designer Designer H # 14, Syed
lodges hassan
ghari shami road
Peshawar.
67 Huma Zareen Beauty palace/ khan
boutique
Beauty
Saloon/
boutique
Zalan plaza Ring
Road Pattang
chowk near the
Muhammad CNG
Peshawar
68 Humaira Bilour Sher Baz Enterprises Chamber House
G.t Road
Peshawar
69 Imtiyaz Begum Imtiyaz Designer Designer Ghafurabad Kotla
Mohsin Khan Dak
Khana
70 Jamila Bibi Jamila Handi crafts Handi Crafts Mujahaid Strt
mohallah hafiz
jamal D.I.Khan
71 Jamila Gillani Dera Industrial home Industry Dera industrial
home op to jouhar
192
khatoon hospital
shaibzada Abdul
quyum university
road Peshawar
72 Kalsoom Vivacious Wardrobe Boutique H#G7, Street 7/1,
Canal Town
Peshawar
73 Kiran Jabeen A.K Collection Botique FF454, Deans
Trade Center
Peshawar
74 Laziza Arbab Laziza Boutique Boutique WBDC opp to
Islamia college
75 Lubna Farooq Goodar Enterprises Mineral Water H# 18, St:- 1,
Sec:- E-1 H/Abad
Pesh.
76 Maria Dastagir Al-Hafiz Crystoplast
PVT
Pharmacutical Defence officers
col:- H# 108,
Peshawar cantt
77 Mehreena Perveen Meher Designs Botique H# 425, Malik
Pura Yakatoot,
Peshawar City
78 Munawar Sultana Rocks & Minerals Export Gem
stone
H # 405, New
defence Shami Rd
St# 17, Pesh
193
79 Nadia Faisal Nadia Designer Designer House# 9-A,
Mohallah Defence
Colony Khyber
Road Peshawar
80 Nadia Farah Libra Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutica
l
Street Abuzar
Ghaffari
Pakhaghulam
Dalazak Road
Peshawar
81 Nadia Shah Sam's Saloon & studio Saloon &
Studio
Sams saloon and
studio Opposite
GPO cantt
Peshawar
82 Nadira Saboohi Karachi Boutique Boutique DAD Warsak
Army 3D flat
Defence Colony
Khyber road
Peshawar cantt
83 Naeem Akhtar Maryam boutique centre
and handi craft
Boutique and
handi crafts
House#959- N/A
upper
Ramazani Haripur
KPK
84 Naheed Akhtar Lyba's Collection Boutique H # 691, St # 21,
Sec: E-6 Phase 7
H/abad
194
85 Nargis Bibi Pakistan Hoslamand
Khawatan Network
Handi Craft District Peshawar
Village Masma
near G.T Road
Nasirpur Peshawar
86 Naseem Akhtar Modern Farming & Inter: Vocational
Cent
Haidri Coch
Wadpaga dalazak
road Pesh
87 Naseem Babar Sadaf Beauty Parlor Saloon H # 211-212,
Shaheed Bazzar
bari lal kurti Pesh
Cantt
88 Naseem Riaz Naseem Handy Crafts Handy Crafts Jan Muhammad
cloth Merchant
Ramdaz Bazar
Pesh city
89 Naseera Shaheen Rehan Boutique Boutique Hakeemabad Dari
Katie Khel Post
office Nowshehra
90 Nasera Begum Setas Traders Designer Mohallah noorman
khel house #17
Parhoti mardan
91 Nasira Lughmani Royal chemical Ind.
Moonway Beauty Parlor
Industry/
Parlour
moon way beauty
parlor women
welfare complex
phase 5 near
195
Khyber park
hayatabad
Peshawar
92 Nasra Akhtar Libra Beauty Saloon Saloon Main Gulberg # 1,
House # 1 younas
road Near Railway
Phatak cantt
Peshawar
93 Naveed Shabin NIDO Designe Botique Askari 3 House 18
Defence Colony,
Khyber Road
Peshawar
94 Nayyar Khattak Stage Craft Event
management
company
H# 103, Strt 2,
Sector H 2 Phase 2
Hayatabad
Peshawar
95 Nazish Karim Mujhgan creation Boutique Saddiq flat no 1,
behind Rahat
bakers Abadara
Road Peshawar
96 Neelam Ali Minayels Exclusive Manufacturin
g
C-4, Parachute
Lines Mehfooz
road Defence Pesh
196
97 Neelofar Sami
Hayyat
Honey Acadmy Vocational
Center
H# 3-Sector D5,
main lalazar road
pahse 1 Pesh:
H/abad
98 Nighat Javaid Farmer Industries Farmers 4-Asmall
industrial Estate
hayatabad
Peshawar
99 Nighat Nawab Ahmad & Edu:
Foundation
Boutique 136-PMA road
Abbotabad
100 Nighat Yasmeen Nighat Designer Designer House#2,
Muneebullah Lane
Jamrud Road
Peshawar
197
S. No Name NIC NTN
1 Adeeba nasir 17301-3397998-2 4432970-9
2 Afsheen malik 17301-1208788-4 3410386-4
3 Afsheen sardar 17301-7888291-0 4177037-4
4 Altamas irum 17301-2580641-6 1142726-4
5 Allah rakhi 17201-5138606-0 2891993-9
6 Alveena mohudin 17301-4116999-2 3245779-7
7 Ambreen wahab 17301-6686422-6 4433235-1
8 Ambreen farhan 17301-1261002-0 3147526-4
9 Ambreen sohail 17301-5861689-3 4285668-0
10 Ameena faiz 17301-9677459-6 1399739-4
11 Aniqa ali qazi 13101-0646500-2 3235315-4
12 Anita fayaz 34201-0514840-0 2609029-5
13 Asma zulfiqar 17301-7777794-4 4035471-7
14 Asmat ara khattak 13101-0949252-0 3173585-1
15 Ayesha 17201-3280078-6 4432419-7
16 Ayesha shafique 17301-7200613-2 3147523-0
17 Amna jamshed 17301-6312274-4 4432458-8
18 Azra perveen 17301-7385386-4 4429573-1
19 Benazir sheikh 17301-9577768-4 4430626-1
20 Beya bangash 14301-3137939-4 3535215-9
21 Bushra adil 17301-1272803-2 4430685-7
22 Bushra aimal 17301-6460213-6 2583622-6
23 Dr.mussarat khalid 17301-1204033-4 1082644-7
24 Eshrat riaz 17301-6293366-2 4432428-6
25 Faiza gul rukh 17301-7587288-4 3147524-8
26 Fakhra arif 17301-9325560-2 3119564-4
27 Farazia shaheen 03302-0420190-8 3609969-4
28 Farida arshad 16101-4669252-4 3415558-9
29 Farkhanda jabeen 17301-1222002-0 3147519-1
30 Farzana adeel 17301-1430687-2 0713004-0
31 Farzana nadeem 17301-1290898-0 3264533-3
32 Farzana yousaf 17301-3449271-6 2477451-7
33 Farzana zakir 17301-1188137-4 1617630-8
34 Fehmida aktar 13302-0476031-6 3976428-1
35 Fouzia inayat 17301-1412413-2 2128380-0
36 Hashmat sultana 17301-1414545-6 4429450-6
37 Hayat begum 17301-1186576-8 1329641-8
38 Humaira bilour 17301-1415756-8 2195179-9
39 Iqbal bano 333101-6925636-2 4160482-2
40 Jamila bibi 12101-0919469-6 2807286-3
41 Jamila gillani 17301-9434428-2 2255510-2
42 Kiran jabeen 17301-9368009-0 4431258-0
43 Laziza arbab 17301-6531344-8 3415561-9
44 Lubna Farooq 17301-9882071-0 2212285-7
45 Mubarak begum 17301-1187192-0 3671794-7
46 Nadia niaz 17301-5462374-8 2965714-8
47 Naeema mushtaq 17301-3801686-4 4315268-6
198
48 Naghmana sadiq 17301-0230432-4 4332921-7
49 Naheed akhtar 17301-2572221-6 2172859-3
50 Naheed kausar 13101-6030254-2 4037191-3
51 Nair hayat khattak 17301-9817627-2 2735282-0
52 Naseem akhtar 17301-8358393-2 3147531-7
53 Naseem akhtar 13302-0343400-8 4243331-2
54 Naseem babar 17301-0399805-6 3165297-2
55 Naseem riaz 17301-4791959-6 4309812-6
56 Naseera begum 16101-6267065-6 2918772-9
57 Naseera shaheen 17201-2141124-6 3064165-9
58 Nasira akhtar 17301-1301839-8 3147520-5
59 Nasira lughmani 17301-14437300-4 2349692-4
60 Nazish karim 17301-0947081-6 4363424-9
61 Neelam ali 37405-6713315-4 3769764-1
62 Nighat nawab 13101-4014983-0 2892407-0
63 Noor ul huda 17301-2241836-8 4431745-0
64 Nuzhat rauf 17301-4296080-2 3091007-2
65 Ome amara siddiqi 17301-5722726-2 2184360-7
66 Parveen masood kazi 17301-4727460-6 2989113-2
67 Pervaiza hussain 17301-1284914-0 224858-6
68 Zermina Ali 35201-7308797-0 7231601-2
69 Rashida Bukhari 17301-3931190-0 3091023-4
70 Rehana hamid 14201-9457375-2 1422792-4
71 Rizwana hashmat 17301-1216743-6 1724927-9
72 Rohina mehmmod 37406-3582816-2 1458918-4
73 Roohi fawad 17301-1364022-0 1422631-6
74 Rubina Arshad 17301-5497031-2 4203982-7
75 Rubina shaheen 17301-4810533-2 0995419-8
76 Rukhsana Iqbal 17301-1395535-6 2990797-7
77 Rukhsana nadir 17301-1354059-0 3532540-2
78 Rukhsana rajput 17301-6252318-8 2853301-1
79 Rukhsana sohail 17301-1133076-2 1082647-5
80 Rabia naseer 17301-6830865-8 4431871-5
81 Saba gul 17301-0525048-0 0009631-8
82 Sabahat masror shah 61101-7178826-8 4430662-8
83 Sabiha jamil 35202-2607956-2 1753487-1
84 Sadia aurangzeb 17301-0153630-6 4174017-3
85 Sadia saleh 17301-8125460-8 3263229-7
86 Saeeda ahmad 17301-7317288-0 4432256-9
87 Saeeda ilyaas 17301-6912422-4 3058440-0
88 Safia bibi 17301-1091576-8 2170005-2
89 Safia khatoon 17301-2579008-4 3403858-2
90 Safoora Shahid 17301-1356133-8 2085480-3
91 Saima andleeb 17301-6681039-0 4022682-4
92 Saima umar 17301-6208829-8 4021237-8
93 Saira jabeen qureshi 17301-8868573-6 3029252-2
94 Sajida bano 17301-0896844-4 863377-7
95 Salma anwar shaikh 17301-1360161-4 2078275-6
199
96 Salma baser 17301-1246345-8 0332883-0
97 Salma bibi 17301-2268968-0 3017351-5
98 Salma qasim toru 17301-5949424-4 2802281-5
99 Sarwat israr 17301-1439821-2 3532517-8
100 Shabana sohail 17301-9226318-8 2503838-9
101 shabnam munir 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5
102 Shabnam riaz 17301-9448296-4 0009766-7
103 Shad begum 15302-6955317-0 3754661-9
104 Shafaq khan 172013-444659-6 3286950-9
105 Shagufta bashir 17301-5571005-0 3111317-6
106 Shagufta shuja 17301-1221931-6 4150959-5
107 Shaheen khan 15602-0352446-8 3533126-7
108 Shahida akhtar 17301-6009859-8 4121097-2
109 Shahida parveen 17301-3274186-2 2388340-5
110 Shahida shaheen 17301-8948693-4 2084387-9
111 Shahida tabasum 12101-0914960-0 3403859-7
112 Shahla naz 17301-4968500-0 3748118-5
113 Shaista bibi 13302-8603961-6 3197857-6
114 Shama asad 17301-2165326-2 3050952-1
115 Shamim akhtar 17301-1189560-8 3531869-4
116 Sadia haleema 17301-19655064 3628721-7
117 Shabana ehtisham 17301-53549744 3753342-8
118 Shamim shoukat 17301-5468296-4 318888-9
119 Shamsa noreen 17301-9279989-8 4433205-0
120 Shazia 17301-2141879-8 3651576-5
121 Shazia fazal hussain 16202-4879823-6 2602837-9
122 Sheeba 17301-7438430-0 4432896-6
123 Shehla perveen butt 17301-6346160-0 4312575-1
124 Shireen manan 17301-4576667-2 2631814-8
125 Shehnaz mazhar 37405-6825635-4 3410370-8
126 Shumila ijaz 11101-1405820-8 4432415-4
127 Shumila noreen 17301-7049374-4 4210989-2
128 Sommia azeem 17301-0546639-8 3410358-9
129 Sonia khan 17301-1383284-8 3272501-9
130 Sumaira hayat 17301-8099682-0 2866010-2
131 Sumbul mazhar 17301-7805622-6 4429461-1
132 Syeda begum 17301-1806749-0 7172632-1
133 Syeda parwana 17301-5974751-4 3810668-0
134 Syeda qurat-ul -ain
kazmi 17301-1114792-8 3944730-8
135 Syeda robina naz 14301-1937362-2 4297430-5
136 Sadia sher bahadar 17301-7172356-4 4432964-4
137 Syeda sehrish hassan 17301-1600123-6 3559118-8
138 Sylvia shahid arbab 17301-5958853-8 0910119-8
139 Tasneem zahir shah 17301-5444599-2 1066722-9
140 Tehmina khan 17301-2897471-0 4433208-4
141 Ummama ashfaq 17301-4296080-2 2981350-6
142 Wajiha lughmani 17301-9800788-8 4347724-7
200
143 Wajiha malik 17301-1902793-0 2781348-7
144 Yasmeen azam 14301-1802793-0 1724989-9
145 Yasmeen renfro 3520208-8-164620 4433225-4
146 Zaara imtiaz 16101-3544312-2 4170644-7
147 Zill e huma 54400-0400661-4 4433330-7
148 Zahida maqsood 17301-8043003-2 3976030-8
149 Zahida parveen 17301-6551517-2 3064151-9
150 Zain mukhtar 17301-0813419-2 3554313-2
151 Zareen sohail 17301-0794767-4 3064152-7
152 Zahida khalil 15401-4406142-4 4429518-9
153 Zarmina ali zulifqar 17301-6271570-2 2679255-9
154 SABA GUL 17301-0525048-0 0009631-8
155 Aliya Sangeen Wali 17101-2003521-6 4254310-0
156 Ambreen Zahid 17301-1255849-4 0862763-7
157 Azra Jamshaid 17301-0276575-3 2220006-1
158 Braikhna Liaqat 17301-7042658-0 2247113-8
159 Dr.Rukhsana Sohail 17301-1133078-2 2144936-8
160 Farhat Savul 17301-1289435-4 1413557-4
161 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-0771857-4 0009798-5
162 Huma Mohsin 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
163 Maria Dastagir 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
164 Mrs.Javeria Zaib 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
165 Naseem Akhtar 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
166 Nasira Lughmani 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
167 Roohi fawad 16301-4137300-4 5606
168 Shabnum Riaz 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
169 Shamama Tul Amber 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
170 Shazia imran 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
171 Shela Asad 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
172 Sofia Noor 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
173 Zubaida Mumtaz 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
174 Sajida Zulfiqar 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
175 Abeer 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
176 Aadab 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
177 Afaf 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
178 Afrah 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
179 Ahd 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
180 Aisha 16301-4137300-4 5606
181 Alia 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
182 Aamaal 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
183 Amani 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
184 Ameena 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
185 Anaan 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
186 Aneesa 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
187 Areebah 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
188 Aroob 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
189 Asiya 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
190 Asalah 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
201
191 Asma 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
192 Ayeh 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
193 Azeeza 16301-4137300-4 5606
194 Badriya 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
195 Bahiyaa 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
196 Banan 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
197 Baasima 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
198 Basheera 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
199 Batool 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
200 Buthayna 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
201 Faiza 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
202 Fadwa 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
203 Fareeda 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
204 Firyal 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
205 Faatin 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
206 Fawziya 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
207 Ghaada 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
208 Ghaydaa 16301-4137300-4 5606
209 Haadiya 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
210 Hameeda 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
211 Hanan 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
212 Haleema 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
213 Haniya 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
214 Hayaam 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
215 Haifa 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
216 Hind 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
217 Huma 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
218 Husn 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
219 Ikraam 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
220 Iman 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
221 Inaam 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
222 Inaya 16301-4137300-4 5606
223 Izdihaar 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
224 Jameela 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
225 Jumaana 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
226 Kameela 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
227 Kawkab 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
228 Khadeeja 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
229 Khawlah 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
230 Khulood 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
231 Kulthoom 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
232 Lamya 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
233 Leena 16301-4137300-4 5606
234 Lama 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
235 Maha 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
236 Majida 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
237 Makaarim 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
238 Manaar 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
202
239 Maryam 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
240 Mawiya 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
241 Maimoona 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
242 Maysoon 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
243 Mufeeda 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
244 Muna 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
245 Musheera 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
246 Nabeela 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
247 Nadia 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
248 Nadeeda 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
249 Nafeesa 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
250 Naeema 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
251 Najeeba 16301-4137300-4 5606
252 Najat 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
253 Najla 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
254 Nashida 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
255 Nasiha 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
256 Nawal 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
257 Nazaaha 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
258 Nasiha 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
259 Nawal 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
260 Nazaaha 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
261 Nazeeya 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
262 Nibaal 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
263 Nesayem 16301-4137300-4 5606
264 Nimaat 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
265 Nuha 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
266 Noor 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
267 Nusayba 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
268 Rabab 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
269 Radhiyaa 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
270 Raghd 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
271 Raja 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
272 Rafa 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
273 Raniya 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
274 Rasheeda 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
275 Raawiya 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
276 Reem 16301-4137300-4 5606
277 Rukan 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
278 Ruwayda 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
279 Safa 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
280 Sahar 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
281 Sakeena 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
282 Saleema 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
283 Salma 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
284 Samaah 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
285 Sameeha 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
286 Saamiya 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
203
287 Sawda 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
288 Shatha 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
289 Shareefa 16301-4137300-4 5606
290 Suha 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
291 Suhayma 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
292 Sumaiyaa 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
293 Taroob 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
294 Tharaa 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
295 Tamadhur 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
296 Wafeeqa 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
297 Wajeeha 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
298 Widad 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
299 Wisaal 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
300 Yasirah 16301-4137300-4 5606
301 Yakootah 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
302 Yumn 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
303 Zaafira 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
304 Zahraa 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
305 Zakiyaa 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
306 Zaina 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
307 Nasiha 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
308 Nawal 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
309 Nazaaha 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
310 Uzma 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
311 Nazzish 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
312 Kosar 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
313 Bushra 16301-4137300-4 5606
314 Aatika 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
315 Faryal 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
316 Huzaima 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
317 Fabiha 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
318 Suniya 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
319 Zahra Saeed 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
320 Aambreen 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
321 Nadia Shakil 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
322 Asifa Naheed 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
323 Salma 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
324 Sajida 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
325 Jameela Begam 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
326 Faiza Roman 16301-4137300-4 5606
327 Tasnim Qahar 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
328 Mariya 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
329 Aanila Batool 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
330 Naima Rashid 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
331 Tehreem Hammad 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
332 Zarnash Awan 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
333 Sahiba 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
334 Rukhsana 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
204
335 Nusrat Tehseen 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
336 Riffat Shoaib 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
337 Zubia Sajjad 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
338 Shaffaq Sajjad 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
339 Suniya Shoaib 16301-4137300-4 5606
340 Izza Ghazal 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
341 Fizza Imran 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
342 Naznin 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
343 Shabana 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
344 Mehwish 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
345 Sehrish 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
346 Aarsala 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
347 Fareeha Salman 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
348 Shomaila Ehsan 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
349 Mehreen Khalid 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
350 Nadia Mughal 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
351 Sulatana Jabeen 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
352 Mahveen 16301-4137300-4 5606
353 Mysha 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
354 Noreen 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
355 Samreen 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
356 Saheefa 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
357 Iraj Ayesha 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
205
APPENDIX-Q
List of Registered Women at Women Business Development Center Peshawar
S. No Name CNIC NTN
1 Abida Jillani 17301-1284914-0 224858-6
2 Adeeba Nasir 35201-7308797-0 7231601-2
3 Afsheen Malik 17301-3931190-0 3091023-4
4 Aisha 14201-9457375-2 1422792-4
5 Aisha Hassan 17301-1216743-6 1724927-9
6 Aisha Shafiq 37406-3582816-2 1458918-4
7 Aliha Wasim 17301-1364022-0 1422631-6
8 Aliya Sangeen Wali 17301-5497031-2 4203982-7
9 Allah Rakhi 17301-4810533-2 0995419-8
10 Alvina Mohudin 17301-1395535-6 2990797-7
11 Ambareen Farhan 17301-1354059-0 3532540-2
12 Ambareen Wahab 17301-6252318-8 2853301-1
13 Ambreen Sohail 17301-1133076-2 1082647-5
14 Ambreen zahid 17301-6830865-8 4431871-5
15 Amina Faiz 17301-0525048-0 0009631-8
16 Amtul Rafia 61101-7178826-8 4430662-8
17 Aniqa Ali Qaz 17301-1244914-8 214858-6
18 Anita Fayaz 35202-2607956-2 1753487-1
19 Arzu Banoori 17301-0153630-6 4174017-3
20 Asiya Siraj 17301-8125460-8 3263229-7
21 Asma Zulfiqar 17301-7317288-0 4432256-9
22 Asmat Ara Khattak 17301-6912422-4 3058440-0
23 Azra Perveen 17301-1091576-8 2170005-2
24 Benazir sheikh 17301-2579008-4 3403858-2
25 Beya Bangash 17301-1284914-0 224858-6
26 Braikhna Liaqa 17101-1484914-0 224858-6
27 Bushra Aima 35201-7308797-0 7231601-2
28 Dilshad Tipu 17301-3931190-0 3091023-4
29 Dr. Shahida Shahee 14201-9457375-2 1422792-4
30 Eshrat Riaz 17301-1216743-6 1724927-9
31 Faiza Babar 37406-3582816-2 1458918-4
32 Faiza Javed 17301-1364022-0 1422631-6
33 Fakhra Arif 17301-1356133-8 2085480-3
34 Farazia Shaheen 17301-6681039-0 4022682-4
35 Fareeda Arshad 17301-6208829-8 4021237-8
36 Farkhanda Jabeen 17301-8868573-6 3029252-2
37 Farzana Nadeem 17301-0896844-4 863377-7
38 Farzana zakir 17301-1360161-4 2078275-6
39 Fayiza Gul Rukh 17301-1246345-8 0332883-0
40 Fehmida Aktar 17301-2268968-0 3017351-5
41 Fitrat Ilyas Bilour 17301-5949424-4 2802281-5
42 Fouzia Inayat 17301-1439821-2 3532517-8
43 Ghazala Khan 17301-9226318-8 2503838-9
206
44 Hashmat Sultana 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5
45 Hossai Sharif 17301-9448296-4 0009766-7
46 Huma Fayaz 17301-1356133-8 2085480-3
47 Huma Zareen 17301-6681039-0 4022682-4
48 Humaira Bilour 17301-6208829-8 4021237-8
49 Imtiyaz Begum 17301-8868573-6 3029252-2
50 Jamila Bibi 17301-0896844-4 863377-7
51 Jamila Gillani 17301-1360161-4 2078275-6
52 Kalsoom 17301-1246345-8 0332883-0
53 Kiran Jabeen 17301-2268968-0 3017351-5
54 Laziza Arbab 17301-5949424-4 2802281-5
55 Lubna Farooq 17301-1439821-2 3532517-8
56 Maria Dastagir 17301-9226318-8 2503838-9
57 Mehreena Perveen 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5
58 Munawar Sultana 17301-9448296-4 0009766-7
59 Nadia Faisal 17301-1356133-8 2085480-3
60 Nadia Farah 17301-6681039-0 4022682-4
61 Nadia Shah 17301-6208829-8 4021237-8
62 Nadira Saboohi 17301-8868573-6 3029252-2
63 Naeem Akhtar 17301-0896844-4 863377-7
64 Naheed Akhtar 17301-1360161-4 2078275-6
65 Nargis Bibi 17301-1246345-8 0332883-0
66 Naseem Akhtar 17301-2268968-0 3017351-5
67 Naseem Babar 17301-5949424-4 2802281-5
68 Naseem Riaz 17301-1439821-2 3532517-8
69 Naseera Shaheen 17301-9226318-8 2503838-9
70 Nasera Begum 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5
71 Nasira Lughmani 17301-9448296-4 0009766-7
72 Nasra Akhtar 17301-1356133-8 2085480-3
73 Naveed Shabin 17301-6681039-0 4022682-4
74 Nayyar Khattak 17301-6208829-8 4021237-8
75 Nazish Karim 17301-8868573-6 3029252-2
76 Neelam Ali 17301-0896844-4 863377-7
77 Neelofar Sami Hayyat 17301-1360161-4 2078275-6
78 Nighat Javaid 17301-1246345-8 0332883-0
79 Nighat Nawab 17301-2268968-0 3017351-5
80 Nighat Yasmeen 17301-5949424-4 2802281-5
81 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-1439821-2 3532517-8
82 Nasira Lughmani 17301-9226318-8 2503838-9
83 Iqbal Bano 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5
84 Faiza Babar 17301-9448296-4 0009766-7
85 Mrs. Shumaila Tabassum 17301-9148276-4 000966-7
86 Nadra Saboohi 15302-6955317-0 3754661-9
87 Nuzhat Rauf 172013-444659-6 3286950-9
88 Tasneem Zahir Shah 17301-5571005-0 3111317-6
89 Sadia Aurangzeb 17301-1221931-6 4150959-5
90 Shabnum Raiz 15602-0352446-8 3533126-7
91 Afsheen Sardar 17301-6009859-8 4121097-2
207
92 Laziza Arbab 17301-3274186-2 2388340-5
93 Huma Fayaz 17301-9248296-4 0008766-7
94 Asmat Ara Khattak 17301-8948693-4 2084387-9
95 Shehla Naz 12101-0914960-0 3403859-7
96 Zarmina Ali 17301-4968500-0 3748118-5
97 Aisha Shafiq 17301-1189560-8 3531869-4
98 Jamila Gallani 17301-19655064 3628721-7
99 Zil-e-Huma 17301-19355064 3128721-7
100 Banazir Sheikh 17301-53549744 3753342-8
101 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5
102 Nasira Lughmani 17301-5468296-4 318888-9
103 Iqbal Bano 17301-9279989-8 4433205-0
104 Faiza Babar 17301-2141879-8 3651576-5
105 Shumaila Tabassum 16202-4879823-6 2602837-9
106 Tehmina khan 17301-2897471-0 4433208-4
107 Ummama ashfaq 17301-4296080-2 2981350-6
108 Wajiha lughmani 17301-9800788-8 4347724-7
109 Wajiha malik 17301-1902793-0 2781348-7
110 Yasmeen azam 14301-1802793-0 1724989-9
111 Yasmeen renfro 3520208-8-164620 4433225-4
112 Zaara imtiaz 16101-3544312-2 4170644-7
113 Zill e huma 54400-0400661-4 4433330-7
114 Zahida maqsood 17301-8043003-2 3976030-8
115 Zahida parveen 17301-6551517-2 3064151-9
116 Zain mukhtar 17301-0813419-2 3554313-2
117 Zareen sohail 17301-0794767-4 3064152-7
118 Zahida khalil 15401-4406142-4 4429518-9
119 Zarmina ali zulifqar 17301-6271570-2 2679255-9
120 SABA GUL 17301-0525048-0 0009631-8
121 Aliya Sangeen Wali 17101-2003521-6 4254310-0
122 Ambreen Zahid 17301-1255849-4 0862763-7
123 Azra Jamshaid 17301-0276575-3 2220006-1
124 Braikhna Liaqat 17301-7042658-0 2247113-8
125 Dr.Rukhsana Sohail 17301-1133078-2 2144936-8
126 Farhat Savul 17301-1289435-4 1413557-4
127 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-0771857-4 0009798-5
128 Huma Mohsin 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
129 Maria Dastagir 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
130 Mrs.Javeria Zaib 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
131 Naseem Akhtar 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
132 Nasira Lughmani 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
133 Roohi fawad 16301-4137300-4 5606
134 Shabnum Riaz 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
135 Shamama Tul Amber 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
136 Shazia imran 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
137 Shela Asad 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
138 Sofia Noor 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
139 Zubaida Mumtaz 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
208
140 Sajida Zulfiqar 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
141 Lubna Farooq 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
142 Shahida Mini 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
143 Mubarak begum 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
144 Ghazala Javed 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
145 Nadia niaz 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
146 Tahira Wasti 16301-4137300-4 5606
147 Naeema mushtaq 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
148 Kosar Hassan 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
149 Naghmana sadiq 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
150 Durre Shahwar 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
151 Naheed Akhtar 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
152 Tanzila 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
153 Naheed kausar 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
154 Nair hayat khattak 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
155 Naseem Akhtar 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
156 Souraiya 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
157 Naseem Akhtar 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
158 Aamina Haider 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
159 Naseem babar 16301-4137300-4 5606
160 Babra Ishtiaq 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
161 Naseem riaz 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
162 Sadia Liaqat 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
163 Naseera begum 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
164 Sadia Najam 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
165 Naseera shaheen 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
166 Sehrish Salman 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
167 Nasira Akhtar 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
168 Nasira lughmani 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
169 Samreen Khan 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
170 Nazish karim 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
171 Aiza Khan 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
172 Neelam ali 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
173 Horiya Muddassir 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
174 Nighat nawab 16301-4137300-4 5606
175 Noor ul huda 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
176 Nuzhat rauf 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
177 Ome amara siddiqi 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
178 Parveen masood kazi 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
179 Raima Hamayat 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
180 Zoha Gohar 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
181 Alishba Sheikh 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
182 Shaista bibi 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
183 Shomaila Ikram 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
184 Shama asad 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
185 Shamim Akhtar 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
186 Sadia haleema 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
187 Fatima Abid 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
209
188 Shabana ehtisham 16301-4137300-4 5606
189 Bushra Rani 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
190 Shamim shoukat 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
191 Shamsa noreen 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
192 Shazia 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
193 Shazia fazal hussain 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
194 Sheeba 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
195 Shehla perveen butt 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
196 Rani 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
197 Shireen manan 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
198 Shanza Malik 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
199 Shehnaz mazhar 16301-4137300-4 5606
200 Sumbal Tariq 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
201 Shumila ijaz 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
202 Shumila noreen 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
203 Sommia azeem 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
204 Sonia khan 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
205 Sumaira hayat 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
206 Sumbul mazhar 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
207 Syeda begum 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
208 Anza Shakil 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
209 Syeda parwana 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
210 Nimra Zahid 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
211 Tasneem zahir shah 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
212 Tehmina khan 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
213 Ummama ashfaq 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
214 Wajiha lughmani 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
215 Wajiha malik 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
216 Yasmeen azam 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
217 Yasmeen renfro 16301-4137300-4 5606
218 Shehnaz Khan 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
219 Zaara imtiaz 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
220 Zill e huma 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
221 Zahida maqsood 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
222 Zahida parveen 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
223 Dr.Rukhsana Sohail 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
224 Farhat Savul 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
225 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
226 Huma Mohsin 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
227 Maria Dastagir 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
228 Mrs.Javeria Zaib 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
229 Naseem Akhtar 16301-4137300-4 5606
230 Nasira Lughmani 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
231 Roohi fawad 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
232 Shabnum Riaz 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
233 Shamama Tul Amber 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
234 Shazia imran 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
235 Shela Asad 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
210
236 Sofia Noor 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
237 Dr.Rukhsana Sohail 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
238 Farhat Savul 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
239 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
240 Huma Mohsin 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
241 Maria Dastagir 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
242 Mrs.Javeria Zaib 16301-4137300-4 5606
243 Naseem Akhtar 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
244 Nasira Lughmani 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
245 Roohi fawad 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
246 Shabnum Riaz 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
247 Shamama Tul Amber 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
248 Shazia imran 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4
249 Shela Asad 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6
250 Sofia Noor 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
251 Dr.Rukhsana Sohail 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
252 Farhat Savul 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
253 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
254 Huma Mohsin 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
255 Maria Dastagir 16301-4137300-4 5606
256 Naseem Akhtar 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6
257 Aamina Haider 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9
258 Naseem babar 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7
259 Babra Ishtiaq 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4
260 Naseem riaz 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6
261 Sadia Liaqat 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1
262 Naseera begum 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0
263 Sadia Najam 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7
264 Naseera shaheen 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0
265 Sehrish Salman 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9
266 Bushra Gohar 16301-4137300-4 5606
211
List of Un-Registered Women Entrepreneur, KPK
S. No Name Business Name
1 Asifa Shaiq Asifa Botique, KDA, Kohat
2 Fahima Shahid Roshni Botique, KDA, Kohat
3 Kalsoom Khan Kalsoom Botique, KDA, Kohat
4 Bushra Shenaz Al-saba Botique, KDA, Kohat
5 Quratulain Khan Aine Botique, KDA, Kohat
6 Saima Jamal Saima Beuaty Parlor, KDA, Kohat
7 Zubia Sajjad Zubia Beauty Parlor, KDA, Kohat
8 Talwasa Shah Talwasa Beauty Parlor, KDA, Kohat
9 Sumiya Khan Roop Beauty Parlor, KDA, Kohat
10 Khizra Inayat Khizra Botique, KDA, Kohat
11 Ayesha Sultan Alsafa Botique, College Town Kohat
12 Munisfa Ibad Ibad Beauty Parlor, Jail Road Kohat
13 Tahira Kashif Kashif Botique, Merozai, Kohat
14 Aatka Rashid Insaf Botique, Mian Khel, Kohat
15 Salma Mazhar Salma Beauty Parlor, Jungle Khel, Kohat
16 Sajida Liaqat Liaqat Botique, Hangu Road Kohat
17 Sehrish Salman Sehrish Botique, Shino Khel Kohat
18 Sadia Arsalan Arsalan Botique, Bazar e Mustafa Kohat
19 Irum Rehan Irum Beauty Parlor, Shehzada Muhallah Kohat
20 Shaheena Shah Shah Beauty Parlor, Mian Khel Kohat
21 Azra Khan Anza Khan Beauty Parlor, Jhandi Station Kohat
22 Misha Shah Shah Botique, Bazar e Zargaran Kohat
23 Naheed Khurshid Khurshid Beauty Parlor, KDA, Kohat
24 Nadia Shakeel Nadia Beauty Parlor, Hayatabad Peshawar
25 Ambreen Saeed Saeed Botique, Hayatabad Peshawar
26 Zahra Shayan Shayan Beauty Parlor, Hayatabad Peshawar
27 Fabiha Fatima Fatima Beuty Saloon, Hayatabad Peshawar
28 Huzaina Shakeel Al-huda Botique, Hayatabad Peshawar
29 Salma Hamayat Salma Botique, Muhallah Marvi Ha, Peshawar
30 Alishba Khan Alishba Beauty Saloon, Yaka Toot, Peshawar
31 Kanwal Mudassir Al-aqsa Botique, Gul Bahar No. 4 Peshawar
32 Samina Hamayat Khizra Botique, Gorgathri, Peshawar
33 Tanzila Safar Safar Beauty Saloon, Jattan, Peshawar
34 Dureshehwar Khan Khan Beauty Saloon, Gaddi Khana, Peshawar
35 Raima Hamid Raima Shah Botique, Saddar, Peshawar
36 Noreen Shah Noreen Botique, Ganjj Peshawar
37 Abida Sultan Abida Beauty Parlor, Muhallah Mulla Baru
38 Rehana Shah Rehana Botique, Tehsil, Peshawar
39 Shabana Khan Shabana Botique, Nishterabad, Peshawar
40 Reham Akhtar Akhtar Botique, Gulberg, Peshawar
41 Mukhtara Khan Al-rubab Botique, Charsadda Road
42 Robina Akhtar Robina Botique, University Town Peshawar
43 Haifa Saeed Haifa Botique, Defence Peshawar
44 Lubna Samad Al-Karam Botique, Shami Road, Peshawar
45 Parveen Junaid Junaid Beauty Parlor, Jhangira, Peshawar
212
46 Ishrat Fatima Fatima Parlor, Ramdas Peshawar
47 Gul Naz Gul Naz Parlor, Dubgari, Peshawar
48 Lubna Farooq Farooq Botique, Firdos Peshawar
49 Mubarak Begum Mubaarak Botique, Mall Road Saddar, Peshawar
50 Nadia Naz Naz Botique, GT Road, Peshawar
51 Nadia Niaz Niaz Beauty Parlor, Faqeer Abad, Peshawar
52 Naeema Mushtaq Mushtaq Parlor, Dillazak Road, Peshawar
53 Naghmana Sadiq Sadiq Botique, Gul Bahar No. 4 Cinema Road
54 Naheed Akhtar Akhtar Beauty Parlor, Ijaz Abad, Peshawar
55 Naheed Kausar Kausar, Botique, Phando Chowk, Peshawar
56 Nair Hayata Khattak Khattak, Botique, Din Bahar Colony, Peshawar
57 Naseem Akhtar Akhtar Beauty Parlor, Afghan Colony, Peshawar
58 Naseem Babar Babar Parlor, Board Bazar, Peshawar
59 Naseem Riaz Riaz Parlor, Chargano Chowk
60 Naseera Begum Naseera Botique, Askari Six, Peshawar
61 Naseera Shaheen Shaheen Botique, Nothia Saddar, Peshawar
62 Abida Fatima Fatima Hussan Beauty Parlor, Peshawar
63 Adeela Kausar Adeela Shah, Peshawar Saddar
64 Afreen Shah Afreen Khan, Hayatabad, Peshawar
65 Ayesha Khan Ayesha Beauty Saloon, Nothia Saddar Peshawar
66 Alina Khan Alina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
67 Amina Haider Amina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
68 Ambreen Khan Ambreen Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
69 Andaleeb Sultan Sultan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
70 Afra Arzoo Arzoo Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
71 Asma Shah Shah Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
72 Atiqa Mughal Mughal Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
73 Atiya Javed Javed Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
74 Azra Shahab Shahab Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
75 Banafsha Hisan Hisan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
76 Rida Batol Roshni Bortique, DI Khan
77 Benish Shah Shah Botique, DI Khan
78 Fakhira Mehmood Botique DI Khan
79 Fareeha Salman Salman Botique, DI Khan
80 Farida Farida Botique, DI Khan
81 Farzana Farzana Botique, DI Khan
82 Hajira Shah Hajira Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
83 Sanam Shah Sanam Shah, Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
84 Ifat Rahim Rahim Beauty Parlor, Nowshera
85 Irum Sana Sana Beauty Parlor, Nowshera Cantt
86 Javeria Samad Samad Botique, Nowshera
87 Ume Kalsoom Azad Botique, Nowshera
88 Khurshid Shahid Shahid Botique, Nowshera
89 Laila Mushtaq Mushtaq Beauty Parlor, Nowshera
90 Madeeha Shahid Madeeha Beauty Parlor, Nowshera
91 Maimoona Shakeel Shakeel Botique, Nowshera
92 Kausar Kausar, Botique, Phando Chowk, Peshawar
93 Nair Khattak Khattak, Botique, Din Bahar Colony, Peshawar
213
94 Naseem Akhtar Akhtar Beauty Parlor, Afghan Colony, Peshawar
95 Naseem Babar Babar Parlor, Board Bazar, Peshawar
96 Naseem Riaz Riaz Parlor, Chargano Chowk
97 Naseera Begum Naseera Botique, Askari Six, Peshawar
98 Naseera Shaheen Shaheen Botique, Nothia Saddar, Peshawar
99 Abida Fatima Fatima Hussan Beauty Parlor, Peshawar
100 Adeela Kausar Adeela Shah, Peshawar Saddar
101 Afreen Shah Afreen Khan, Hayatabad, Peshawar
102 Ayesha Khan Ayesha Beauty Saloon, Nothia Saddar Peshawar
103 Alina Khan Alina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
104 Amina Haider Amina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
105 Ambreen Khan Ambreen Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
106 Andaleeb Sultan Sultan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
107 Afra Arzoo Arzoo Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
108 Asma Shah Shah Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
109 Atiqa Mughal Mughal Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
110 Atiya Javed Javed Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
111 Azra Shahab Shahab Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
112 Banafsha Hisan Hisan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
113 Rida Batol Roshni Bortique, DI Khan
114 Benish Shah Shah Botique, DI Khan
115 Fakhira Mehmood Botique DI Khan
116 Fareeha Salman Salman Botique, DI Khan
117 Farida Farida Botique, DI Khan
118 Farzana Farzana Botique, DI Khan
119 Hajira Shah Hajira Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
120 Sanam Shah Sanam Shah, Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
121 Ifat Rahim Rahim Beauty Parlor, Nowshera
122 Sana Imtiaz Sana Beauty Parlor, Nowshera Cantt
123 Samida Samad Botique, Nowshera
124 Kalsoom Azad Azad Botique, Nowshera
125 Khurshida Shahid Botique, Nowshera
126 Laila Mushtaq Beauty Parlor, Nowshera
127 Zubaida Madeeha Beauty Parlor, Nowshera
128 Shakeela Shakeel Botique, Nowshera
129 Azra Perveen Saeed Botique, Hayatabad Peshawar
130 Benazir sheikh Shayan Beauty Parlor, Hayatabad Peshawar
131 Beya Bangash Fatima Beuty Saloon, Hayatabad Peshawar
132 Braikhna Liaqa Al-huda Botique, Hayatabad Peshawar
133 Bushra Aima Salma Botique, Muhallah Marvi Ha, Peshawar
134 Dilshad Tipu Alishba Beauty Saloon, Yaka Toot, Peshawar
135 Dr. Shahida Shahee Al-aqsa Botique, Gul Bahar No. 4 Peshawar
136 Eshrat Riaz Khizra Botique, Gorgathri, Peshawar
137 Faiza Babar Safar Beauty Saloon, Jattan, Peshawar
138 Faiza Javed Khan Beauty Saloon, Gaddi Khana, Peshawar
139 Fakhra Arif Raima Shah Botique, Saddar, Peshawar
140 Farazia Shaheen Noreen Botique, Ganjj Peshawar
141 Fareeda Arshad Abida Beauty Parlor, Muhallah Mulla Baru
214
142 Farkhanda Jabeen Rehana Botique, Tehsil, Peshawar
143 Farzana Nadeem Shabana Botique, Nishterabad, Peshawar
144 Farzana zakir Akhtar Botique, Gulberg, Peshawar
145 Fayiza Gul Rukh Al-rubab Botique, Charsadda Road
146 Fehmida Aktar Niaz Beauty Parlor, Faqeer Abad, Peshawar
147 Fitrat Ilyas Bilour Mushtaq Parlor, Dillazak Road, Peshawar
148 Fouzia Inayat Sadiq Botique, Gul Bahar No. 4 Cinema Road
149 Ghazala Khan Akhtar Beauty Parlor, Ijaz Abad, Peshawar
150 Hashmat Sultana Kausar, Botique, Phando Chowk, Peshawar
151 Hossai Sharif Khattak, Botique, Din Bahar Colony, Peshawar
152 Huma Fayaz Akhtar Beauty Parlor, Afghan Colony, Peshawar
153 Huma Zareen Babar Parlor, Board Bazar, Peshawar
154 Humaira Bilour Riaz Parlor, Chargano Chowk
155 Imtiyaz Begum Naseera Botique, Askari Six, Peshawar
156 Jamila Bibi Shaheen Botique, Nothia Saddar, Peshawar
157 Jamila Gillani Fatima Hussan Beauty Parlor, Peshawar
158 Kalsoom Adeela Shah, Peshawar Saddar
159 Kiran Jabeen Afreen Khan, Hayatabad, Peshawar
160 Laziza Arbab Ayesha Beauty Saloon, Nothia Saddar Peshawar
161 Lubna Farooq Alina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
162 Maria Dastagir Amina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
163 Mehreena Perveen Ambreen Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
164 Munawar Sultana Sultan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
165 Nadia Faisal Arzoo Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
166 Nadia Farah Shah Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
167 Nadia Shah Mughal Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
168 Nadira Saboohi Javed Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
169 Naeem Akhtar Shahab Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
170 Naheed Akhtar Hisan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan
171 Nargis Bibi Roshni Bortique, DI Khan