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The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore

FACULTY PROFILE (Please provide information since you joined NIE)

01. Name of the Faculty [in Block Letters]

SHAMSUNDAR.S

02. Date of Birth DD MM YYYY 03. Sex Male Female

02 05 1968 04. Designation ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR 05. Department MECHANICAL ENGINEERRING 06. Date of Joining NIE 06.11.1989

07. Phone No. Office Residence Mobile e-mail ID 4004914 2463195 9972695511 [email protected]

08. Educational Qualifications a) At the time of joining NIE

Sl. No.

Degree Subjects/Specialization Class/Grade Obtained

Year of Passing

University

1 BE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FIRST 1989 KARNATAK UNIVERSITY, DHARWAD

b) Additional Qualifications acquired during your service in NIE

Sl.

No. Degree Subjects/Specialization Class/Grade

Obtained Year of Passing

University

1 MSc RENEWABLE ENERGY DISTINCTION 2000 UNIVERSITY OF

OLDENBURG, GERMANY 2 PhD Pursuing PES University, Bengaluru

09. Positions held after joining NIE (Academic/Administrative/Others) Sl.

No. Name of the Position No. of Years From To Institution/University

1 Lecturer 06 06-11-1989 06-11-1995 National Institute Of Engineering (NIE), Mysuru

2 Senior lecturer 05 06-11-1995 06-11-2000 NIE, Mysuru 3 Selection grade lecturer 06 06-11-2000 06-11-2006 NIE, Mysuru 4 Assistant Professor 04 06-11-2006 06-11-2010 NIE, Mysuru

5 Associate Professor 06 06-11-2010 (Aug 2016) NIE, Mysuru

10. Number of Candidates Awarded M.Sc., (By Research) & Ph.D. Degrees under your Guidance

Sl. No.

Name of the Candidate Title of the Thesis Degree Awarded

Date of Award

University

NIL NIL

Photo

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11. Number of Candidates Presently Working for M.Sc., (By Research) &Ph.D. Degree under your Guidance

Sl. No.

Name of the Candidate Degree for which

Registered

Title of the Thesis Commencement Year

Probable Date of

Submission NIL NIL

12. Research Publications [Enclose Abstract and Full Paper]

a) National Journals

Sl. No.

Title of the Paper Name of the Journal Volume No.

Issue No.

Page Nos.

Year

1

Green economy via Decentralised Energy generation and Waste Management by a 60kg/day Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant at Postal Training Centre, Mysore, India

MGIRED Journal Vol 2(1):

01-08 ISSN 2393-9605

(1) 09 to 15 June 2015

b) International Journals

Sl. No.

Title of the Paper Name of the Journal Volume

No. Issue No.

Page Nos.

Year

1

Role of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technologies in Building an Eco-friendly and Sustainable Antipoaching Unit in a forest

Dharana (International Journal

of Business)

Vol.9 (Jan -June 2015) ISSN 0974-

0082

1 51 to 55 June 2015

2

Preparation and Characterization of Nanocrystalline CuS Thin Films for Dye-Sensitized Solar cells”

ISRN Nanomaterials Vol. 2013 1

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/82

9430

July-2013

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c) National Conferences

Sl No. Title of the paper Title of conference Held at Published in Date

1

Biodiesel plant : A viable Cottage Industry for Rural Areas presented at National Conference on Future of Rural Chemical Industries in India

National Conference on Future of Rural

Chemical Industries in India (FRCII-2014)

Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialisation

(MGIRI), Wardha, Maharashtra

Proceedings of (FRCII-

2014)

16th to 17th Jan

2014

2

Sustainable Energy and waste management: A good practice at Administrative Training Institute [ATI], Mysore

National Conference on Thrust Areas in

Engineering [NCTAE-2012]

Global Academy of Technology,

Bangalore

Proceedings of NCTAE

2012

20th to 21st Jan

2012

3

Good practices on biogas from Organic/Kitchen Waste as a Sustainable biofuel: projects implemented by NIE-CREST

Biofuel Mela-2012

Karnataka Chitrakala Parishat,

Bangalore

Biofuels Insights-2012

10th to 12th

August 2012

4 Conversion of crude glycerol to soap with different ratios of lye

Biofuel Mela-2013

Karnataka Chitrakala Parishat,

Bangalore

Biofuels Insights-2012

10th to 12th

August 2012

Sl No. Title of the paper Title of conference Held at Published in Date

1

Green economy via Decentralised Energy generation and Waste Management by a 60kg/day Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant at Postal Training Centre, Mysore, India

International Conference on Micro

Energy Systems (MES)-2015

BMS College of Engineering,

Bangalore

Proceedings of MES-2015, Page 82 to 84

23rd to 25th April 2015

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2

Kitchen Waste biogas plant-an innovative Technology for Waste Management; A case Study of 60kg per day biogas plant at Postal Training Centre, Mysore, India

International Conference on

Biological Waste as Resource with a Focus

on Food Waste (BWAR-2014)

Honkgong Institute of Education (HKIEd),

Hongkong

Proceedings of BWAR-2014

1st to 3rd Dec 2014

3

“Evaluating the Effluent Quality of Bio-digesters in Mysore City”

4th International Conference on Solid Waste Management (ICON SWM-2014)

Acharya NGR Agriculture University,

rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad,

Andhra Pradesh, India

Proceedings of ICON

SWM-2014, Page No.757 to 761. ISBN

81-86-862-50-1

28th to 30th

January 2014

4 Bio-waste to Energy; Projects implemented by NIE-CREST

3rd International Conference on Solid Waste Management (ICON SWM-2012)

Infosys, Mysore Proceedings

of ICON SWM-2012

29th July to 1st

August 2012

5

Paper on Organic Waste to Energy at Administrative Training Institute [ATI], Mysore presented at ICON SWM-2011

2nd International Conference on Solid Waste Management (ICON SWM-2011)

Jadavpur University,

Kolkata

Proceedings of ICON

SWM-2011

9th to 11th Nov

2011

6

Paper on Organic Waste to Biogas- A Case of K.R.Hospital , Mysore presented at ICON SWM-2011

2nd International Conference on Solid Waste Management (ICON SWM-2011)

Jadavpur University,

Kolkata

Proceedings of ICON

SWM-2012

9th to 11th Nov

2011

13. a) Books Published

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Sl. No.

Title of the Chapter/Book Name of the Publisher Year of

Publication NIL NIL

b) Magazine

Sl. No.

Title of the Chapter/Book Name of the Publisher Year of

Publication 1 Akshay urja Volume 6, Issue 4

Page 7:-Biodiesel in Mysore City Corporation Vehicles Page 41: A green Habitat in Bandipur Page 42: Household kitchen waste biogas plants

MNRE, Government of India January-February

2013

14. Details of Research Activities [Funds received for Research projects]

a) Funded Research Projects completed

Sl. No.

Title of the Research Project Funding Agency Amount Duration Year (From – To)

1 Design and Fabrication of Solar hybrid photovoltaic and water

heating systems

DST, Govt. of India, under IEDC Project 1,00,000 1 year 2010-11

2 Design and Fabrication of Stirling Engine systems


3 Design and Fabrication of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System


4 Design and Fabrication of kit to supply to LPG Biogas Blend for

Domestic and Industrial Applications


5 Fabrication of test rig to determine oxidation stability of biofuels

KSCST, IISc under Student Project Programme-36th

Series

15,000 1year 2012-13

b) On-going Funded Research Projects

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Sl. No.

Title of the Research Project

Funding Agency Amount Duration Commencement Year

1 Microgrids for Sustainable Global

Development

University of Wisconsin, Madison

US$80000 2years 2015

2 Biosensor Project- For detection of pesticides in

water

Sentinel Group, Macmasters

University, Canada 6Lakhs 2 year 2012

3 Nanotechnology for Solar Cells

VGST, Govt. of Karnataka

60lakhs 3 years 2011

4 Biofuel Information and Demonstration Centre

KSBDB, Govt. of Karnataka 30 lakhs Ongoing 2011

15. Conference/Seminars/Workshops Attended

a) National Conferences/Seminars/Workshops

Sl. No.

Details of Conferences/Seminars/Workshops Dates (From – To)

Sponsoring Agency

1 FANSA [Fresh Water Action Network South Asia] Meeting held at New Delhi

14th Feb to 15th Feb 2011

FANSA

2 National workshop on “Climate Change” held at Hyderabad

18th Jan to 20th Jan 2011

NIE

3 Training Program on “Solar Drying and Processing” held at Renewable Energy Centre ,

27th Sep to 1st Oct 2010

NIE

4 Training Course on “Innovative Construction Technologies” held at Visthar, Bangalore

25th to 27th March, 2010

NIE

5 “Adopting water Harvesting to Climate Change in Dry lands of India” held at

12th to 13th Feb 2010

NIE

6 National Conference on “Solar India 2007” held at Bangalore

19th to 20th July, 2007

NIE

7 Training Course on “Effective Energy Generation and Conversion System” held at Bangalore under the support of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry(METI), Japan, held at IISc, Bangalore

20th to 22nd Nov, 2006

NIE

8 Training Program on “FEM and It’s Application to Non-linear Problems” held at

11th – 22nd July, 2005

NIE

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9 Training Program on “Biomass Power – Current Scenario and Future Projection” held

15th – 26th March, 2004

NIE

10

Round table meet and International conference on “Biomass gasification technologies”. Held

11th - 13th December 2003.

NIE

11 Training Program on “Advances in Geotechnical Practices for Waste

14th – 26th July, 2003

NIE

12 26th National Renewable Energy Convention of Solar Energy Society of India and

17th to 19th Jan 2003 NIE

13

National Renewable Energy Convention held at Hyderabad, India

27th to 29th Dec, 2001

NIE

14 Training Program on “Recent Trends in Polymer Composites [RTPC]” held at Mysore

17th to 29th Sep, 2001

NIE

15 Short term course on “Induction Training Program for Engineering Teachers” held at

14th Feb to 6th March, 2001

NIE

16

Short term training program on “Strategic Planning for Institutional Development”

11th to 22nd Dec, 2000

NIE

17 Workshop on “Biomass Energy: Theory and Practice”, held at IISc, Bangalore.

20th to 24th Nov, 2000

NIE

a) International Conferences/Seminars/Workshops

Sl. No.

Details of Conferences/Seminars/Workshops Dates (From – To)

Sponsoring Agency

1 Intensifying utilization of Renewable Energy Technologies for propelling development in

Asian Countries

28th March to 15th April 2014

DAAD, GERMANY

2 SEAN-DEE ( South East Asian Network for Disaster & Environmental Engineering “ at Katmandu, Nepal

1st April to 6th April 2013

DAAD, GERMANY

3 RE-VISION -2030 at Uni. Of Oldenburg, Germany.

25th September- 3rd October 2012.

DAAD, GERMANY

4 SEAN-DEE (South East Asian Network for Disaster & Environmental Engineering “ at Chittagong University of Engg.& Technology ,

l d h

27th March to 2nd April 2013

DAAD , GERMANY

5 “Renewable Energy in South and South-East Asia” at United International University,

5th January to 11th January 2012

DAAD , GERMANY

6 International Conference on “Managing Global Governance” held at Bonn, Germany

13th April to 16th April 2010

InWent (Capacity Building

7 International workshop on “Climate Change” organized by FANSA (Fresh Water Action

9th to 10th March 2010

FANSA (Fresh Water Action

8 DAAD Alumni Summer School on “Mobility & Renewable Energies” held at Kassel

13th to 23rd September 2009

DAAD, Germany

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9 Course on “Renewable Energy and Efficiency for Engineers” Under Project TREE

19th to 23rd Jan 2009

RENAC, Germany

10 DAAD Alumni Summer School on “Energy Supply with a High Share of Renewable Energy Systems” held at Kassel University,

31st Aug to 10th Sep 2008

DAAD, Germany

11 Training Course on “Effective Energy Generation and Conversion System” held at

20th to 22nd Nov, 2006

NIE

12 Frieberg Solar tage held at TU Frieberg, Germany.

8th Sep to 9th Sep 2006

RENAC, Germany

13 21st European Photovoltaic Conference at Dresden, Germany.

3rd Sep to 7th Sep 2006

DAAD, Germany

14 International Photovoltaic Summer School held at University of Kassel, Germany

28th Aug to 2nd Sep 2006

RENAC, Germany

15

HAMFEST – VU 4 AN – INDIA (International Convention of Amateur Radio Operators), held at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands

18th – 20th April, 2006

NIE

16

“International Congress On Renewable Energy For Sustainable Development” – (ICOORE –2004) held at Bangalore

21st to 23rd January 2004

NIE

17 Round table meet and International conference on “Biomass gasification

11th - 13th December 2003.

NIE

18 26th National Renewable Energy Convention of Solar Energy Society of India and

17th to 19th Jan 2003

NIE

19 RET Screen® International Trainer certification Workshop on “Renewable

22nd to 23rd October 2002

NIE

20

Workshop on “Biomass Energy: Theory and Practice”, held at IISc, Bangalore.

20th to 24th Nov, 2000

NIE

21 “World Engineers Convention” held at World Exposition, Expo 2000, Hannover, Germany

19th - 21st June 2000

DAAD, Germany

16. Conference/Seminars/Workshops Papers Presented [Enclose Abstract & Full Paper]

a) Publications/Postures/Papers presented in National Conferences/Seminars/Workshops

Sl. No.

Details of Conferences/Seminars/ Workshops

Presented Papers (Title of the Paper Presented)

Dates (From – To)

Sponsoring Agency

1 National Conference on Thrust Areas in Engineering [NCTAE-2012] held from 20th -21st Jan 2012, organized by Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore


20th -21st Jan 2012 NIE-CREST

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2 International Biofuel Day-2012 Conversion of crude glycerol to soap with different ratios of lye

Aug 8 to Aug 10, 2012 KSBDB

3 International Biofuel Day-2012 Good practices on biogas from Organic/Kitchen Waste as a Sustainable

biofuel, implemented by NIE-CREST

Aug 8 to Aug 10, 2012 KSBDB

b) Publications/Postures/Papers presented in International Conferences/Seminars/Workshops

Sl. No.

Details of Conferences/ Seminars/Workshops

Presented Papers (Title of the Paper Presented)

Dates (From – To)

Sponsoring Agency

1 ICSWHK-2013: An international conference on Solid Waste Management at Hong kong

A Scientific study and Impact Assessment of Decentralised Biogas plants implemented

by NIE-CREST

May 5 to May 8, 2013

ISWMAW

2 ICON SWM-2012: 3rd International conference on Solid Waste Management held Organised by Mysore City Corporation and International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW) held at Infosys, Mysore

Bio-waste to Energy; Projects implemented by NIE-CREST

July 30-Aug

1, 2013

ISWMAW

3 ICON SWM-2011: 2nd International conference on Solid Waste Management held from 9th to 11th Nov 2011 Organised by centre for quality management system, Jadavpur University and International Society of Waste Management, Air and Water (ISWMAW)

Organic Waste to Energy at Administrative Training Institute [ATI], Mysore

Nov 9 to Nov 11,

2011

ISWMAW

4 Icon SWM-2011: An International conference on SWM held at Jadavpur University, Kolkata

Organic Waste to Biogas- A Case Of

K.R.Hospital Mysore

Nov 9 to Nov 11,

2011

ISWMAW

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5 International Conference:” Towards a Grand Design in Global Governance: A critical review of the Global Sustainable New Deal” , jointly organised by InWent ( Capacity Building International, Germany) and DIE ( German Development Institute, Bonn) Germany held at Bonn, Germany.

Paper/impetus note on Environment

14th April 2010

DAAD, Germany

5 International Conference - Asia Bio fuels held at Beijing, China.

“Implication of Biomass Fuel Efficient Technologies in Rural

Areas

10th to 12th October

2006

DAAD, Germany

6 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition at Dresden, Germany

“Reflections on challenges or research and capacity building in the field of Photovoltaics from a regional perspective

4th to 8th September

2006

DAAD, Germany

7 International Solar PV summer school held at University of Oldenburg, Germany.

“Performance Optimization Of Solar PV system to meet Schools

Power Requirements

28th August to 2nd

September 2006

DAAD, Germany

8 International Convention of Amateur Radio held from at Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India

Amateur Radio Communications as a Scientific

Hobby and for Disaster Management – Role of Educational Institution

18th to 20th April 2006

DAAD, Germany

9 International conference on “ Energy and Environmental Technology for sustainable development Malaviya National Institute Of Technology, Jaipur, India.

“Biomass Gasification Technology for Power

generation at Educational Institution – A case study”

October 8-10, 2003

NIE

17. Conference/Seminars/Workshops Organized

a) National Conferences/Seminars/Workshops

Sl. No.

Details of Conferences/Seminars/ Workshops

No. of Participants Dates (From – To)

Sponsoring Agency

1 Training programme on Biofuels 12 2015-16

KSBDB, Bangalore

2 Training programme on Biofuels 18 2014-15

KSBDB, Bangalore

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3 Training Programme on Biofuels to farmers of T Narsipur Taluk

15 May 11, 2013 KSBDB, Bangalore

4 Training Programme on Biofuels to farmers of KR Nagar Taluk

30 April 08, 2013 KSBDB, Bangalore

5 Training Programme on Biofuels to Soften Infosys, Mysore

20 Dec 20, 2012 KSBDB, Bangalore

6 Workshop on Biodiesel to Vehicles of Mysore City Corporation

50 Sep 17, 2012 KSBDB, Bangalore

7 International Biofuel day 50 Aug 08, 2012 KSBDB, Bangalore

8 Training Programme on Biofuels to Jnanajyothi Sangha

15 July 12 to July 13, 2012

KSBDB, Bangalore

9 One day seminar on Biofuels at KaliHundi Village

50 July 16, 2012 KSBDB, Bangalore

10 One day seminar on Biofuels at Saragur

50 July 20, 2012

KSBDB, Bangalore

11 One day seminar on Biofuels at Bachahalli

50 July 25, 2012

KSBDB, Bangalore

12 Training Programme on Biofuels 15 Aug 08, 2012

KSBDB, Bangalore

13 One day seminar on Biofuels at Beechanahalli 50

Aug 01, 2012 KSBDB, Bangalore

14 Workshop on blending Biodiesel for backup generators used in buildings

50 Feb 19, 2012 KSBDB, Bangalore

15 One day seminar on Biofuels at Agathur, H D Kote

50 Mar 5, 2012 KSBDB, Bangalore

16 One day seminar on Biofuels at Masahalli, H D Kote


17 One day seminar on Biofuels at Dadadahalli, H D Kote


18 One day seminar on Biofuels at Aswalu, Hunsur Taluk


19 One day seminar on Biofuels at Singamaranahalli, Hunsur Taluk


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20 One Day Workshop on Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant & Renewable Energy Technologies to Mysore City Corporators ( Nagara Sabha Sadasyaru) at Mysore City Corporation , Mysore

100 7th Nov 2012 MCC, Mysore

21 Workshop on Renewable energy jointly with AIR and IFFCO

200 27th June2011 AIR and IFFCO

22 One Day workshop on “Green Technologies” on 5th March 2011 jointly organized with KREDL, Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd. Govt.Of Karnataka at NIE, Mysore.

50

5th March 2011

KREDL, Bangalore

23 One Day Workshop on Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant & Renewable Energy Technologies to Mysore City Corporators ( Nagara Sabha Sadasyaru) at Mysore City Corporation , Mysore

100 7th December

2010

Mysore city Corporation,

Mysore

24 Awareness Programme on “Solar Energy and Renewable Energy Technologies“ to Engineering Collage Students at NIE, Mysore.

300 29th Nov. 2010

Kotak

25 One Day Workshop On Rainwater Harvesting to Engineers at SIRD, ATI, Mysore –

50 9th June 2010

SIRD, ATI, Mysore

26 One Day Workshop on “Renewable Energy & Potable Water to Remote Locations “at National Institute Of Engineering, Mysore.

100 5th October 2010 NIE-CREST and FANSA

27 Workshop on “Energy Generation From Bio-waste”

50 18th November 2008 .

NIE(TEQIP-I)

28 Workshop on “Sustainable Technologies for Rural Areas” at a Remote un electrified Village , Gharvale, Coorg, India.

50 19th to 21st June 2008

NIE(TEQIP-I)

29 Work shop on “Solar Photovoltaic Hybrid System”

50 10th June 2008. NIE-CREST

30 Work shop on “Renewable Energy Technologies”

50 1st April to 6th April 2008

NIE(TEQIP-I)

31 Workshop on “Biomass Based Technology Dissemination“

50 1st October to 6th October 2007

NIE(TEQIP-I)

32

Workshop on “Renewable Energy Technologies at NIE, Mysore.

50 20th August 2007 Zila Panchayat,

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33 Workshop on “Bio-Diesel Technologies” at NIE, Mysore.

50 3rd & 4th May 2007

NIE(TEQIP-I)

34 Workshop on “Biomass Based Fuel Efficient Devices – Fabrication & Construction”

50 23rd May to 27th 2006

NIE(TEQIP-I) and CST, IISc

35 Work shop on “ Biomass Technologies For Meeting Energy Needs”

50 14th and 15th November 2005

NIE(TEQIP-I)

36 Work shop on “ Biomass Technology for Power Generation and Briquetting”

50 19th October 2004

Tobacco Board, Govt. of

India 37 Workshop on “Biomass Gasification

Technology For Power Generation” 50 6th March 2004 NIE

b) International Conferences/Seminars/Workshops

Sl. No.

Details of Conferences/ Seminars/Workshops

No of Participants Dates (From – To)

Sponsoring Agency

1 International Symposium on Microgrids 120 15th to 16th May 2015

TEQIP, NIE

2 Indo German symposium on Biofuel Technologies

80 10th to 11th October 2013

TEQIP,NIE, Hutti Gold

Mineas

3 Workshop on Disaster and Environmental Engineering

50 26th -27th Feb 2013

TEQIP, NIE

Indo-Canadian Symposium on Nano-Science and Technology

50 20-21st Feb 2013

TEQIP, NIE

4 Organised and coordinated GIZ, DAAD Germany sponsored summer school Sustainable Urban Living - at NIE-CREST, Mysore. Summer School focused on common learning and strengthening dialogue between researchers, Development practitioners and policy makers concerning sustainable urban development. The GIZ—DAAD Summer School 2011 aimed at introducing twenty-nine participants from all over India, Germany, Iran and Egypt to the concept of sustainable habitats, Its approach and implementation in India.

20 6th to 13th September

2011

DAAD and GIZ, Germany

5 Workshop on Water Issues 50 17th February 2010

NIE

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6 Organized and co-ordinated visit by “German Advisory Council On Global Change “ (WBGU ), to The National Institute Of Engineering( NIE)., Mysore on 14Th February 2008. A Nine Member Council Appointed by German Government comprising representatives of all ministers and of Federal chancellery visited NIE, Mysore as part of their global tour. The visit was undertaken to understand the work done by NIE, Mysore and other organizations in the region in h f ld f bl d

20

14th Feb 2008 DAAD Germany

18. Refresher Courses/Orientation Programs/Training Programs Attended

Sl. No.

Details of Refresher Courses/Orientation Programs/Training Programs

Attended as Resource Person/Participant

Duration (From – To)

Sponsoring Agency

NIL

19. Refresher Courses/Orientation Programs/Training Programs Organized

Sl. No.

Details of Refresher Courses/Orientation Programs/Training Programs

No of Participants Duration (From – To)

Sponsoring Agency

NIL

20. Assignments/Deputations to Outside Institutions/Universities

Sl. No.

Nature of Assignment Institution/University where Assignment taken

Duration (From – To)

Sponsoring Agency

Nil NIL

21. Honours/Awards/Distinction Received

Sl. No.

Details of Honours/Awards/Distinction Received

Conferring Agency Date of Award

1 “Best Engineer Award” Lions club of Mysore 01-10-2014

2 Dakshina Kesari- Best Engineer Award -2011

Lions club of Mysore, South 25-09-2011

3 Scholarship for Master degree studies at Germany

DAAD-Germany ( German Academic Exchange Programme)

02-08-1999

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22. Membership in Professional Bodies/University Bodies/Organizations

Sl. No.

Type of Membership Professional Bodies/Organizations/ University Bodies/Others

Period of Membership

1 Life Member- M-144-187-0 The Institution Of Engineers( India) Life Member

2 Life Member Solar Energy Society Of India Life member

3 Life member- LM 34616 The Indian Society for technical education

Life Member

23. Patents Registered

Sl. No.

Name of the Invention Date of Application

Application Number

Date of Patent Awarded

Patent Number

1 Design and Fabrication of kit to supply to LPG Biogas Blend for

Domestic and Industrial Applications

14th October 2015

Applied

2 Test rig to determine oxidation and thermal stability of biofuels

14th October 2015

Applied

3 Development of bicycle for electricity generation via

momentum conservation principle

14th October 2015

Applied

Note: Please provide both soft & hard copies.

Date: Name & Signature of the Faculty

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ENCLOSURE Papers presented by s Shamsundar at National Conferences


ABSTRACT Mysore city accounts for 400 tonnes of solid waste per day, majority of which is biodegradable. Presently, the waste is collected and transported to Excel plant at Nanjangud Road .Of the total waste generated, 65% of the waste is treated at Excel plant and the rest is disposed off in landfills. Cow dung based Bio-gas plants, well known as gobar gas plants are more common, but confined to rural areas owing to the availability of cow dung. Biogas can also be generated effectively from cooked waste available from kitchen. Thus, the technology of kitchen waste based biogas plants offers a feasible solution to the twin problems of energy crisis and waste management in urban areas. The technology provides an ample scope for sustainability as well. Biogas generation through available biodegradable waste at cities/ULB’s can be done. This contributes fairly towards solving the problems associated with shortage of energy and solid waste management. The organic/kitchen waste biogas plants can be adapted from the modest of household level (from 2 to 6 Kg per day) to the peak at city level (of the order of tonnes per day) The work presented in the paper is pertaining to a decentralized, kitchen waste biogas plant implemented in the premises of Administrative Training Institute [ATI], Mysore. The plant is designed for a capacity of 100Kg per day. The biogas generated from the plant is being utilized at ATI-Canteen for cooking purpose. The nutrient rich slurry obtained as a byproduct is being used as a manure for gardening. The overall mechanism has helped in approaching energy management and waste management with sustainability Key Words: Organic/Kitchen Waste, Biogas, Anaerobic Digestion

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The transformation of organic waste to biogas (energy) is based on the principle of anaerobic digestion of the waste. Biogas will be comprised of Methane (40-75%), and other Carbon dioxide (25-55%) and others (up to 5%) [Hydrogen Sulphide, Ammonia Water, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen] Calorific Value of Biogas will be around 30MJ/Kg.

Administrative Training Institute [ATI], at Mysore which provides training to officials from functionaries of ULB’s has commissioned a organic/kitchen waste biogas plant with a mission of demonstrating effective solid waste management at community level. The biogas generated from the plant is utilized for cooking at ATI-Canteen and the nutrient rich slurry is used for gardening. The technology can be scaled to higher levels for accomplishing effective solid waste management and energy management at cities.

2.0 COMPONENTS AND THE PROCESS

Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant is a system which transforms the waste from kitchen (biodegradable) to biogas. In the process the manure is formed as a byproduct. It involves the

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principle of anaerobic digestion through which the complex organic matter is broken down in to simple molecules

The components are categorised in to civil works and mechanical equipments Civil works: Primary Digester, Main Digester, Slurry tank, Intermediate chambers Mechanical equipments: Gas Holder, Air Compressor and Slurry Pump The Process: Biomethanation Conventional biomethanation involves anaerobic digestion of waste to generate biogas. This process is well accepted in gobargas plants. In case of organic/kitchen waste biogas plants the system can be improvised by replacing a mono step digestion by separating acidogenic phase and methanogenic phase of digestion. The process involves an initial aerobic digestion and subsequent anaerobic digestion. Following steps are involved in the process Feed preparation: Mixing the segregated organic waste with water and crushing the mixture Aerobic digestion: The crushed mixture is digested aerobically by supply of compressed air from air compressor. The process involves hydrolysis of organic solids, acidification of hydrolyzed products Anaerobic digestion: Anaerobic bacteria act on the aerobically digested waste and generate biogas Biogas utilization: The biogas generated is approximately 6m3 per 100Kg of waste. It can be utilised for heating or/and electricity generation. Currently at ATI the Biogas is used for cooking at ATI-Canteen. Organic manure utilisation: After digestion, nutrient rich slurry obtained in the form of liquid is used as manure.

Table1 Specifications of the Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant at ATI, Mysore.

Input to the plant

100 Kg of kitchen waste per day

Built up Area 50 m2

System Elements

Main Digester, Pre-Digester, Gas Holder, Slurry Tank, Gas flow pipe line, Moisture trap systems, Slurry pump, crusher, Air Compressor, Bio-Gas Burner

Type of feed [ Kitchen waste like rice starch, wash water of rice ,used tea powder, coffee powder, waste atta, left out rice, sambar, over ripened fruits, vegetable waste, waste edible oil and other cooked waste from kitchen]

Application Bio gas for cooking at ATI Canteen Slurry as manure for gardening

Commissioned by

NIE-CREST (NIE-Centre For Renewable Energy & Sustainable Technologies), The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore-570008, Karnataka, India Technology : BARC, Mumbai

Daily biogas and manure

Generation of biogas per day (Max.) 6 m3(1) LPG Equivalent of biogas per day 2.4 Kg (2)

Savings through LPG per day Rs.176.83(3)

Savings through manure per day Rs.30 Total returns per day through biogas and manure Rs.206.83(4)

Monthly biogas Generation of biogas per month 180 m3

17 | P a g e

and manure LPG Equivalent of biogas per month 72Kg (3.79 Cylinders) (5) Savings through LPG per month Rs.5304.96 Savings through manure per month Rs.900 Total returns per month through biogas and manure

Rs.6204.96

Annual biogas and manure

Generation of biogas per year 2190 m3 LPG Equivalent of biogas per year 876 Kg (46.11Cylinders) Savings through LPG per year Rs.64,543.68 Generation of Manure per year 3650 Kg Minimum cost of manure per Kg Rs.3/- Savings through manure per year Rs.10950.00 Total returns per year through biogas and manure Rs.75493.68

*NOTE

(1). Gas generation rate of 6 m3 per day is Under ideal conditions (2). 1 m3 of biogas is equivalent to 0.4Kg (400g) of LPG (3). Cost of LPG per Kg is Rs.73.68/- as on Nov 2011 and price escalation of LPG will change the returns (4). 10 Kg of Manure per day Obtained after drying 200Kg of wet slurry is considered (5). Capacity of a Commercial cylinder is 19Kg

DATA ANALYSIS

Table 2 Data on waste fed, biogas generation and biogas utilisation

Date Waste fed (Kg)

Gas generated

(m3)

Gas utilised

(m3)

Net vol. of biogas

available (m3)

9-Aug-11 Seeding -200 Kg

Cow dung - - -

10-Aug-11 10 - - -

11-Aug-11 10 - - -

12-Aug-11 20 1.32 0.00 1.32

13-Aug-11 0 0.66 0.00 1.98

14-Aug-11 0 1.21 0.00 3.19

15-Aug-11 0 0.99 0.00 4.18

16-Aug-11 50 0.00 3.19 0.99

17-Aug-11 30 0.33 0.00 1.32

18-Aug-11 50 0.00 0.00 1.32

19-Aug-11 50 0.00 0.00 1.32

20-Aug-11 50 0.00 0.00 1.32

22-Aug-11 85 0.00 0.00 1.32

23-Aug-11 70 0.99 0.99 1.32

24-Aug-11 70 1.10 1.10 1.32

27-Aug-11 0 1.10 1.10 1.32

28-Aug-11 0 0.44 0.44 1.32

31-Aug-11 0 1.10 0.00 2.42

1-Sep-11 0 0.55 0.00 2.97

2-Sep-11 0 0.00 0.00 2.97

3-Sep-11 20 2.31 1.87 3.41

4-Sep-11 20 0.55 0.00 3.96

5-Sep-11 15 1.21 1.54 3.63

6-Sep-11 35 1 32 0 22 2 42

Table 2 Contd

Date Waste fed (Kg)

Gas generated

(m3)

Gas utilised

(m3)

Net vol. of biogas available

(m3) 21-Sep-11 40 0.22 1.27 2.69

22-Sep-11 40 1.32 1.32 2.69

23-Sep-11 8 0.88 1.32 2.25

24-Sep-11 45 0.77 0.00 3.02

26-Sep-11 6 0.99 1.43 2.58

27-Sep-11 0 0.33 0.00 2.91

28-Sep-11 10 0.55 1.21 2.25

29-Sep-11 40 1.54 2.20 1.59

30-Sep-11 25 0.55 0.00 1.87

1-Oct-11 40 0.44 0.99 1.32

2-Oct-11 0 0.77 0.00 2.09

3-Oct-11 20 0.66 0.00 2.75

4-Oct-11 0 0.99 0.66 3.08

6-Oct-11 0 0.77 0.00 3.85

7-Oct-11 14 0.00 0.99 2.86

8-Oct-11 0 0.77 0.00 3.63

10-Oct-11 20 0.33 0.88 3.08

11-Oct-11 0 0.66 0.77 2.97

12-Oct-11 40 0.77 0.77 2.97

13-Oct-11 0 0.66 1.21 2.42

14-Oct-11 25 0.99 0.66 2.75

15-Oct-11 40 1.21 2.09 1.87

16-Oct-11 0 1.10 1.10 1.87

17-Oct-11 0 1.43 0.66 2.64

18-Oct-11 30 1.10 0.00 3.74

Data Analysis: An analysis of data from Aug 9 to Nov 4, 2011 is as follows

18 | P a g e

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10-A

ug-1

112

-Aug

-11

14-A

ug-1

116

-Aug

-11

18-A

ug-1

120

-Aug

-11

22-A

ug-1

124

-Aug

-11

26-A

ug-1

128

-Aug

-11

30-A

ug-1

101

-Sep

-11

03-S

ep-1

105

-Sep

-11

07-S

ep-1

109

-Sep

-11

11-S

ep-1

113

-Sep

-11

15-S

ep-1

117

-Sep

-11

19-S

ep-1

121

-Sep

-11

23-S

ep-1

125

-Sep

-11

27-S

ep-1

129

-Sep

-11

01-O

ct-1

103

-Oct

-11

05-O

ct-1

107

-Oct

-11

09-O

ct-1

111

-Oct

-11

13-O

ct-1

115

-Oct

-11

17-O

ct-1

119

-Oct

-11

21-O

ct-1

123

-Oct

-11

25-O

ct-1

127

-Oct

-11

29-O

ct-1

131

-Oct

-11

02-N

ov-1

104

-Nov

-11

Was

te fe

d in

Kg/

day

Days/Dates

Details of waste fed

Quantity of Waste Fed (Kg)

19 | P a g e

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

1.25

1.5

1.75

2

2.25

2.5

2.75

3

3.25

3.5

3.75

4

4.25

4.510

-Aug

-11

12-A

ug-1

114

-Aug

-11

16-A

ug-1

118

-Aug

-11

20-A

ug-1

122

-Aug

-11

24-A

ug-1

126

-Aug

-11

28-A

ug-1

130

-Aug

-11

01-S

ep-1

103

-Sep

-11

05-S

ep-1

107

-Sep

-11

09-S

ep-1

111

-Sep

-11

13-S

ep-1

115

-Sep

-11

17-S

ep-1

119

-Sep

-11

21-S

ep-1

123

-Sep

-11

25-S

ep-1

127

-Sep

-11

29-S

ep-1

101

-Oct

-11

03-O

ct-1

105

-Oct

-11

07-O

ct-1

109

-Oct

-11

11-O

ct-1

113

-Oct

-11

15-O

ct-1

117

-Oct

-11

19-O

ct-1

121

-Oct

-11

23-O

ct-1

125

-Oct

-11

27-O

ct-1

129

-Oct

-11

31-O

ct-1

102

-Nov

-11

04-N

ov-1

1

Biog

as g

ener

ated

, util

ised

, net

vol

ume

avai

labl

e in

m3

/day

DAYS/DATES

Details of Biogas generated, utilised and net volume availableBiogas generated

Biogas utilized

Net Vol of biogas available

Biog

as g

ener

ated

, util

ised

, net

vol

ume

avai

labl

e in

m3 /

day

20 | P a g e

3.0 RESULTS

From data analysis the results can be stated as follows a) Feed: The waste is not fed to the full capacity of the plant b) Gas generation: Gas generation is directly proportional to waste fed, but it is reflected after

some days c) Gas utilization: Gas utilized is less then gas generated in most of days d) Manure: The liquid slurry obtained as a by product is transferred in to the pit and composted

with leafy foliage. The compost is being used for plants The biogas generated from the plant is utilized at ATI Canteen for cooking; this has helped in saving LPG. The slurry (in liquid form) is utilized for gardening purpose. The waste management onsite has reduced the carbon foot print of the campus and ATI, Mysore has become a green campus

4.0 DISCUSSION The results obtained can be discussed as follows Fluctuation in feed: More waste will be available in those days when training programmes are conducted at the institute and the waste generated will be lesser in other days. In order to feed the plant consistently, arrangements have been made to collect the waste from canteen of State Institute for Rural Development (SIRD) which lies in the ATI Campus. This has increased the quantity of waste that has been well managed with in the campus Gas generation: Gas generation is directly proportional to waste fed since more waste will be digested which in turn generates more gas Gas utilization: Though Gas generated is not completely utilized often, in some days gas utilized is observed to be greater than gas generated. This has been possible due to the net volume of biogas available which includes the gas stored in gas holder during the days in which gas is not utilized. The canteen will be shifted to the new building. Arrangements should be made for pumping (blowing) the biogas from the plant to the new canteen. This will accomplish effective biogas utilization.

5.0 CONCLUSIONS Waste management is achieved daily which will improve the credibility of ATI (ISO 14001:2004,

EMS Compatible) Energy (biogas) should be utilised regularly in order to increase the share of renewable energy

utility. The biogas plant at ATI, Mysore acts as a model of an effective solid waste management system

for the trainees who get trained at the Institute. The technology can be scaled up to city level for larger quantities of the waste (of the order of

1000Kg per day) and biogas from such huge plants can be used to generate electricity and thus offers a great solution for solid waste management and energy management.

The monetary returns from the plant when maintained with ideal conditions prove the economy of the system, but the returns in terms of environmental conservation are intangible

21

Conversion of crude glycerol to soap with different ratios of lye

Abstract

Glycerol is a major by-product from the bio-diesel industry. The term glycerol is often used interchangeably with glycerin, its name in International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry [IUPAC] is Propan-1,2,3-triol. As the production of bio-diesel is increasing, the crude glycerol generated from the transesterification of oils (long chain fatty acids) has also increased. Despite the wide range of applications in various industries, it is expensive to refine and purify for small and medium scale biodiesel producers. Thus, utilisation of crude glycerol directly can render biodiesel production more economical; further, direct disposal of crude glycerol is not permitted considering environmental impacts. The work presented in this paper is pertaining to production of bar soap from glycerol with two different concentrations of lye (NaOH). This is a chemical transformation for value addition of crude glycerol. The experiment was conducted at Mysore District Biofuel Information and Demonstration Centre, NIE-Centre for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technologies [NIE-CREST], The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore. The soaps produced have the pH with in the desirable limits (7-9) and soaps have shown good results in removing the stains on household utensils and glass wares

Key words: Glycerol, glycerin, transesterification, lye

Introduction

Mysore District Biofuel Information and Demonstration Centre, NIE-CREST, NIE, Mysore: Karnataka is involved in the field of biofuels owing to the efforts of [KSBDB] Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board which has established Biofuel information and Demonstration centre in each district of Karnataka. At Mysore, the centre has been established at the premises of The National Institute of Engineering. The plant is equipped with machinery and laboratory equipments to produce biodiesel of 50L /batch. The production of biodiesel involves crushing of seeds which yields seed cake as a byproduct and the oil (fatty acid) is transesterified with methanol using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst to obtain biodiesel. The process of transesterification yields crude glycerol (glycerin) as a byproduct. For every 50L of oil transesterified through reaction with 15Lof methanol, 13L of glycerol is being obtained (20%)

Biodiesel is a popular alternative fuel. It is carbon neutral, has emissions equivalent to or below diesel, is biodegradable, non-toxic, and thus can be a potential substitute to its petroleum equivalent. However the main drawback is for every 1L of bio-diesel produced around 0.15 to 0.30L of glycerol is obtained as by-product. For a current global biodiesel production of 565 million Litres/ year, the glycerol amount is anticipated to be around 50 million kilogram. High purity glycerol is a very important industrial feedstock with its applications in food, drug, cosmetic and tobacco industries. Although glycerol has industrial uses, current biodiesel production has exceeded market demands, leaving large amounts of worthless glycerin in the manufacturers’ hands, leading to increased disposal costs. Moreover, crude glycerol derived

22

from biodiesel production possesses very low value and impurities. Further refining of the crude glycerol depends on the economy of the scale of production. Large scale produce refine their crude glycerol and move it to markets in other industries. Purifying is costly and generally out of range of economic feasibility for the small to medium sized plants. The present work involves preparation of soap from crude glycerol with two different ratios of lye (NaOH) and solvent (water). The soap can be used as a degreaser to remove stains on utensils.

Composition of Crude Glycerol Crude glycerol will be comprised of lye which is NaOH, excess methanol, soap and water in addition to glycerin present. However the composition depends on the feedstock used. The typical composition is tabulated below

Sl No.

Particulars Percentage

1 Glycerol, 50-60 2 Methyl esters 15-18 3 Alkalies (in the form of alkali soaps and

hydroxides) 12-16

4 Methanol 8-12 5 Water and sodium from catalyst 2-3

Materials and methods

Apparatus: Magnetic heater cum stirrer, 1000ml beaker, 500ml Erenmeyer (Conical) flask, Handy pH meter 365

Brief Experimental Procedure In our experimentation, Sodium Hydroxide solution was used as lye with two different concentrations Concentration 1: 125ml of distilled water is heated to 38ºC and 19.25g of NaOH flakes is dissolved Conccentration 2: 100ml of distilled water is heated to 38ºC and 15.00g of NaOH flakes is dissolved Preparation of Soap: 500ml of Crude Glycerol is boiled to 70ºC and is maintained at this temperature to remove excess methanol. The glycerol is allowed to cool and the lye-water solution is added to the glycerol and heated at 40 ºC until a thin layer of traces occur in the glycerol mixture (*At this stage any scent or fragrance can be added and incorporated with the soap). Finally the soap mixture is poured into the mold which is a box lined with a plastic sheet and allowed to set for 24 hours. Using a knife the soap is cut in bars and allowed to cure over 14 days. Then a pH test is conducted on the soap to determine its usability. The pH of soap is usually between 7 to 9. The pH meter is first calibrated with plain tap water placed in a small glass. A small piece of soap is dissolved in the water and the pH probe is placed to determine the pH of the soap water solution. The same procedure is followed for two different concentrations of lye-water mentioned above.

23

Results

The results obtained are tabulated as follows

Table 1

Composition pH Qualitative description Effectivity as cleaning agent

Concentration 1

125ml water +19.25g NaOH+500 ml

Glycerol

7.98

The soap has a more green outer which is

unevenly cracked. Also, the soap is very soft that it

alters shapes when pressed.

Based on cleaning stained glass wares and other stainless steel vessels, it is effective in removing stains. It also gives considerable lather which is required when cleaning oily and

greasy vessels.

Concentration 2 100ml water +15g

NaOH+500 ml Glycerol

7.85

The soap has a smooth brown outer and is hard

enough that does not alter in shape when pressed.

Based on cleaning stained glass wares and other stainless steel vessels, it is

effective in removing stains. However, it is not effective when working with greasy vessels as it

produces very little lather which is insufficient.

Error Analysis

In considering some possible sources of error in this design, the complete removal of excess methanol is not ensured. Therefore to avoid this error, a burning test can be done by trying to set fire on the surface of the glycerol once the excess methanol has been removed by boiling it off. If the surface catches fire, this indicates the presence of methanol. Thus, the glycerol can be burned for some more time to remove the remaining methanol. Also, the soaps are produced on different days and this could affect the consistency of soap as the quality of glycerol changes as days progress from the day it is first produced.

Photo 3: Crystal clear glass wares! after washing with the soap

prepared

Photo 1: Soap poured in to the plastic mould for solidification

Photo 2: Bar soaps obtained after curing for 14 days

24

Cost Analysis: for production of 500ml of soap which will be in liquid form, can be moulded to solid of any shape and size as desired. The cost analysis is tabulated below

Sl No.

Particulars Quantity Rate Amount (Rs.) Remarks

1 Crude Glycerol 0.5L Rs.40/L 20.00 Approximate rate assumed for estimation purpose

2 Sodium hydroxide flakes 15g Rs.0.27/g 4.05 Quantity may vary with

different concentrations 3

Distilled water 0.1L Rs.20/L 2.00 Distilled can be obtained free

of cost if distillation unit is available

4 Cost of energy for heating 0.02 kWh Rs.5/ kWh 0.10

5 Man power One person for one hour

Rs.25 per hour

25.00 Approximate rate assumed

for estimation purpose

Total (Rs) 51.15

Discussion

From the result, it is evident that making soap from glycerol is a viable value-added product which can be produced. By adding scent and color they can be made commercially attractive product. Also, by changing the concentration of the lye solution added to the glycerol, the lathering ability of the soap can be altered as desired. This can be further investigated to find the best composition of the lye solution. Next, since the two batches of soap made from two different compositions are made in two different days the quality of the glycerol changes. This seems to affect the texture of the soap as seen in the different textures the soap. The older glycerol seems to give better texture rather than the fresh one. To further verify this relationship experiment can be conducted by make soap of same composition on different days from the day the glycerol is produced.

Ultilisation of glycerol to prepare soap paves the way for making biodiesel production economical and sustainable

Conclusion (s)

The soap produced from glycerol can be promoted as an eco friendly soap since the raw material for production of soap will be obtained from production of biodiesel which is an eco friendly fuel

Glycerol to soap is simple chemical transformation and the soap production from glycerol can itself be a small scale industry under the shadow of biodiesel production

25

References

1. Pauchauri, Naresh, Brian He "Value-added utilization of crude glycerol from biodiesel

production." American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, july 2006, n.d.

Web. 10 Jun 2012. [http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~bhe/pdfs/asabe066223.pdf]

2. Brady, Sean. "Zero Waste Biodiesel."Undergraduate Research Journal.University of

California, Riverside, n.d. Web. 10 Jun 2012.

[http://ugrj.ucr.edu/journal/volume2/SeanBrady.pdf]

3. House, Shauna. "BIO-DIESEL SOAP MADE FROM BIO-GLYCERIN." N.p., 20 Aug 2009.

Web. 1 Jul. 2012. [http://greenhouseeffectsoap.blogspot.in]

4. Yang, Fangxia."Value-added uses for crude glycerol--a byproduct of biodiesel

production." NCBI. U.S. National Library for Medicine, 12 March 2012. Web. 1 Jul 2012.

[http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~bhe/pdfs/asabe066223.pdf]

26

http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/%7Ebhe/pdfs/asabe066223.pdf

Good practices on biogas from Organic/Kitchen Waste as a Sustainable biofuel, implemented by NIE-CREST

Abstract

Biogas is a gaseous form of biofuel and an output of biomethanation of Organic waste by anaerobic bacteria. The process of biomethanation involves breaking complex organic matter in to simpler molecules thereby releasing biogas. The digested stuff obtained in the form of slurry is organic manure to plants.

India accounts for 0.12 Million tonnes of solid waste per day and more than 50% of the waste is biodegradable. In addition to this, the climatic conditions in India are suitable for biomethanation by mesophyllic bacteria. Thus, there is a huge scope for application of the technology to treat the biodegradable solid waste.

Mysore city, which claims to be second cleanest in the country accounts for 400 tonnes of solid waste per day, majority of which is biodegradable. Presently, the waste is collected and transported to Excel plant at Nanjangud Road .Of the total waste generated, 65% of the waste is treated at Excel plant and the rest is disposed off in landfills.

Biogas generation through available biodegradable waste at cities/ULB’s can be done. This contributes fairly towards solving the problems associated with shortage of energy and solid waste management. The organic/kitchen waste biogas plants can be adapted from the modest of household level (from 2 to 6 Kg per day) to the peak at city level (of the order of tonnes per day)

The case studies presented in the paper are the projects in India pertaining to decentralized, kitchen waste biogas plants implemented in the premises of Administrative Training Institute [ATI]-Mysore, Krishna Rajendra [KR] Hospital-Mysore, biogas plant under construction at Mysore Zoo, biogas under construction at Karnataka State Women’s University, Bijapur, small biogas plants at Belamugi, Gulbarga and implemented by Parivarthana with technical guidance from NIE-CREST, small biogas plants at Mandya implemented by Vikasana with technical guidance from NIE-CREST

These systems of capacity 2 to 6 Kg per day will be implemented by NIE-CREST at all the district biofuel information and Demonstration centres of Karnataka. The plants will be sponsored by Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board. Attempts have been made to use seed cake and glycerol obtained as byproducts from biodiesel generation, in biogas plants and further studies on biogas viz. thermophillic reaction, scrubbing of biogas have also been taken up by NIE-CREST

Key Words: Organic/Kitchen Waste, Biogas, biomethanation

27

Introduction

The transformation of organic waste to biogas (energy) is based on the principle of anaerobic digestion of the waste.

Waste Biogas (Product) + Manure (Byproduct)

Biogas will be mainly comprised of methane which burns in presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapour.

CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Typical composition of biogas is detailed in table 1.

Table 1: Typical composition of biogas

Sl No.

Constituent Percentage

1 Methane 40 to 75 2 Carbon di-oxide 25 to 55 3 Traces [Hydrogen Sulphide, Ammonia

Water, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen] 0 to 5

Calorific Value of Biogas will be around 30MJ/Kg. Organic waste/Kitchen waste biogas plant is one of the major biofuel technologies promoted and disseminated by NIE-Centre for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technologies [NIE-CREST]. NIE-CREST is also promoting biodiesel from non edible seeds through Mysore District biofuel information and demonstration centre sponsored by Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board, Bangalore

Components and the Process

Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant is a system which transforms the waste from kitchen (biodegradable) to biogas. In the process the manure is formed as a byproduct. It involves the principle of anaerobic digestion through which the complex organic matter is broken down in to simple molecules.

The components depend on the process adopted. Typically, the components are categorised in to civil works and mechanical equipments Civil works: Primary Digester, Main Digester, Slurry tank, Intermediate chambers Mechanical equipments: Gas Holder, Air Compressor and Slurry Pump The Process: Biomethanation

Organic/ Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant

28

The biogas plant works on anaerobic digestion of waste to generate biogas. The anaerobic digestion can be split in three phases viz. Enzymatic Hydrolysis, Acid Formation and Gas Production. Following steps are involved in the process

Feed preparation: Mixing the segregated organic waste with water and crushing the mixture

Enzymatic Hydrolysis: The crushed mixture is made to under go enzymatic hydrolysis by supplying a small quantity of compressed air from air compressor. The process involves hydrolysis of organic solids.

Acid formation: Anaerobic bacteria act on the enzymatically hydrolysed solids to generate biogas.

Biogas utilization: The biogas generated will be approximately 6m3 per 100Kg of waste. It can be utilised for heating or/and electricity generation. Currently at ATI the Biogas is used for cooking at ATI-Canteen.

Organic manure utilisation: After digestion, nutrient rich slurry obtained in the form of liquid is used as manure. In the design of biogas plant at KR Hospital, the enzymatic hydrolysis and Acid formation phases are not separated i.e primary digester & air compressor are not incorporated in the system.

In case of the other three projects (at ATI, JSS-Suttur, Mysore Zoo), the enzymatic hydrolysis and Acid formation phases are separated i.e primary digester & air compressor are incorporated in the system.

Details of Case Studies i. ATI, Mysore :-Administrative Training Institute [ATI], at Mysore provides training

to officials from functionaries of ULB’s has commissioned a organic/kitchen waste biogas plant of capacity 100Kg per day with a mission of demonstrating effective solid waste management at community level. The biogas generated from the plant is utilized for cooking at ATI-Canteen and the nutrient rich slurry is used for gardening. The technology can be scaled to higher levels for accomplishing effective solid waste management and energy management at cities. The photographs have been shown in page 4. The specifications have been tabulated in table 2

Photographs of the Organic/Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant at ATI, Mysore

29

ii. KR Hospital, Mysore: Krishna Rajendra Hospital is a unit of Mysore Medical College and Research Institute (MMCRI). Mysore Medical College and Research Institute (MMC & RI) formerly Mysore Medical College was established in 1826 in 21 acres land housing about 16 buildings with a capacity of 1330 in patient beds. The services provided are medical General surgery, ENT, Opthamology, esology, Plastic Surgery and Psychiatry.

Organic/kitchen waste biogas plant of capacity 35Kg per day is commissioned by NIE-CREST at Nurses Hostel, KR Hospital, and Mysore. The biogas generated is about 3m3 and it is being utilized at KR Hospital Nurses hostel the biogas is used for cooking at students’ nurses’ hostel mess for about 2 hours a day. The slurry obtained after digestion is rich in nutrients which is being used as manure for M.M.C. & R.I. Gardens. Benefits

The biogas generated from the plant is utilized for cooking at the mess which has saved the LPG in the nurses’ hostel.

Nutrient -rich, digested Slurry in the liquid form is applied to gardens which has saved the expenses on manure as well as water is also conserved

iii. Mysore Zoo: Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Mysore , the largest in Asia is getting the Organic Waste (Animal dung+ Kitchen Waste) based biogas plant of capacity 1.5 tonnes (1500Kg) per day implemented by NIE-CREST. The scheme has been designed by NIE-CREST to generate biogas and use slurry for vermi-composting. The biogas plant is under construction,

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10-A

ug-1

1

16-A

ug-1

1

22-A

ug-1

1

28-A

ug-1

1

03-S

ep-1

1

09-S

ep-1

1

15-S

ep-1

1

21-S

ep-1

1

27-S

ep-1

1

03-O

ct-1

1

09-O

ct-1

1

15-O

ct-1

1

21-O

ct-1

1

27-O

ct-1

1

02-N

ov-1

1

Plot of waste fed

Quantity of Waste Fed …

00.25

0.50.75

11.25

1.51.75

22.25

2.52.75

33.25

3.53.75

44.25

4.5 Plot of Biogas generated, utilised and net volume available

Biogas generated

Biogas utilized

Was

te fe

d in

Kg/

day

Days/dates

Biog

as i

n m

3 /day

Days/dates

30

the main digester has been constructed till date and the project will be complete soon. The specifications of the proposed plant are in table

Table 2 Specification of the Organic/kitchen waste biogas plants


Application Bio gas for cooking Slurry as manure for gardening

Commissioned by

NIE-CREST (NIE-Centre For Renewable Energy & Sustainable Technologies), The National Institute Of Engineering, Mysore-570008, Karnataka, India.

Daily returns

Place ATI-Mysore/ KSWU-Bijapur

KR Hospital Mysore Zoo Mandya/Gulbarga

Input to the plant

100kg/day 35kg/day 1500kg/day 1-3kg per day

Generation of biogas per day

6 m3(1) 3m3 50 to 75 m3 0.65 m3

LPG Equivalent of biogas per day

2.4 kg (2) 1.2 Kg 20 to 30Kg 0.26 Kg

Savings through LPG per day

234.43(3) Rs.88.42 Rs.1473.60-2210.40

Rs.25.40

Monthly returns

Generation of biogas per month

180 m3 90 m3 1500 to 2250 m3

19.50 m3

LPG Equivalent of biogas per month

72kg (3.79 Cylinders) (4)

36Kg (1.89 Cylinders)

600 to 900Kg (31.58 to 47.37

Cylinders)

7.80Kg

Savings through LPG per month

Rs.7032.96 Rs.2652.48 Rs.44208.00-66312.00

Rs.761.90

Annual returns

Generation of biogas per year

2190 m3 1095 m3 18250 to 27375 m3

237.25 m3

LPG Equivalent of biogas per year

876 kg (46.11Cylinders)

438 Kg (23.06Cylinders)

7300 to 10950 Kg

(384.21 to 576.32

94.90 Kg (5Cylinders)

31

Cylinders) Savings through LPG per year

Rs.85567.68 Rs.32,271.84 Rs.5,37,864.00-8,06,796.00

Rs.9269.83

Generation of Manure per year

3650 Kg(5) 1825 Kg 73,000 to 1,09,500Kg

146 Kg

Minimum cost of manure per Kg

Rs.3/- Rs.3/- Rs.4/- Rs.3/-

Savings through manure per year

Rs.10950.00 Rs.5475.00 To be quantified

Rs.438.00

Total returns per year through biogas and manure

Rs.96517.68 Rs.37,746.84 To be quantified

Rs.9707.83

*NOTE

(1). Gas generation rate specified is Under ideal conditions (2). 1 m3 of biogas is equivalent to 0.4kg (400g) of LPG (3). Cost of 19kg LPG cylinder is Rs.1856/- which rates LPG at Rs.97.68/Kg, as on April 2012 and price

escalation of LPG will change the returns (4). Capacity of a Commercial cylinder is 19Kg (5). Quantity of Manure is approximate

iv. Karnataka State Women’s University, Bijapur: Karnataka State Women’s University, Bijapur, is a government university at Bijapur. The infrastructural construction is going on in Thoravi campus. Organic waste biogas plant of capacity 100Kg per day capacity plant is under construction at the Hostel. The plant is supported financially by Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board and the technology is provided by NIE-CREST. The system is similar to the one at ATI , Mysore v. Household biogas plants at Mandya and Gulbarga: The household biogas plants of capacity 1-3kg per day have been installed at Mandya (20No.s) through Vikasana and at Gulbarga (20No.s) through Parivarthana. The plants were sponsored by NABARD and technical guidance was provided by NIE-CREST. These plants have been well accepted by the users owing to the simplicity in operation and maintenance of the system

32

Results

• The biogas generated from the plant is utilized at ATI Canteen for cooking; this has helped in saving LPG. The slurry (in liquid form) is utilized for gardening purpose. The waste management onsite has reduced the carbon foot print of the campus and ATI, Mysore has become a green campus

• Biogas generation from organic waste is a step towards achieving sustainability and the plant at KR Hospital is illustrious for other institutes in achieving self reliability. Thus, replication of this system is possible and feasible at other places as well

• The biogas plants at JSS Educational institutions will be an illustration for effective solid waste management for the region in and around Suttur

• The biogas plant under construction at Mysore Zoo is the first ever of its kind in Indian Zoos and will serve as a model for energy conservation and solid waste management on site

Discussion • In all the cases referred in this paper, biogas from organic waste has been a promising

technology to overcome the problems associated with waste management and shortage of energy

• The biogas plants will decrease the carbon foot print of the campus and help in achieving the sustainability

• The seed cake and crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel production will be fed to biogas plant and the optimum concentration of will be explored. This will be a value addition to the seed cake and crude glycerol

Conclusions

One of the Household biogas plant of capacity 1-3kg per day at Gopalpura, Mandya

33

• The technology of Organic Waste biogas plant can be implemented at any place • The implementational diversity ranging from smaller scales for house holds to larger scales at

ULB’s accomplishes decentralisation in energy management and waste management • In contrast to the convention solid waste management methods where in lot of energy is

associated with various stages like collection, segregation, transportation and disposal; the biogas systems generate waste from energy and yield slurry as a manure there by making it possible to achieve zero discharge and adapting these systems in any campus will make the campus compatible for ISO 14001;2004

• Biogas plants are closed systems in which the waste from kitchen is fed to the biogas plant to obtain biogas which is a fuel for cooking and help in achieving the LPG savings. The slurry obtained can be used to grow plants (may be fruits/vegetables) the grown food stuff can be utilized in kitchen and the waste generated can be fed to plant again. Thus Organic/Kitchen waste biogas plants are an asset to achieve SUSTAINABILITY

34

Papers presented by S Shamsundar At International Conferences Bio-waste to Energy; Projects implemented by NIE-CREST

Abstract

Waste management is a matter of global concern with the rapid increase in generation of waste throughout the world. Waste to Energy is an important strategy to address waste management and energy management at one stretch. The present paper provides a preview of two things viz., Organic Waste Management through organic waste biogas plants and utilisation of crude glycerol obtained during biodiesel production to produce soap. The paper is based on the projects in organic waste biogas plants implemented by NIE-CREST and the experimentation carried out on conversion of glycerol to soap at Mysore District Biofuel Information and Demonstration Centre.

India accounts for 0.12 Million tonnes of solid waste per day and more than 50% of the waste is biodegradable. In addition to this, the climatic conditions in India are suitable for biomethanation by mesophyllic bacteria which perform optimum biomethanation at 37⁰C-50⁰C. Thus, there is a huge scope for application of the technology to treat the biodegradable solid waste.

Mysore city, which claims to be second cleanest in the country accounts for 400 tonnes of solid waste per day, majority of which is biodegradable. Presently, the waste is collected and transported to Excel plant at Nanjangud Road .Of the total waste generated, 65% of the waste is treated at Excel plant and the rest is disposed off in landfills.

Biogas generation through available biodegradable waste at cities/ULB’s can be done. This contributes fairly towards solving the problems associated with shortage of energy and solid waste management. The organic/kitchen waste biogas plants can be adapted at household level (for a waste of 2 to 6 Kg per day), at community level and even at city level (for a waste of several tonnes per day)

The projects implemented by NIE-CREST include Organic waste biogas plants of capacity 2-6 kg per for households, 100Kg per day at community level, cow dung based biogas plant of capacity 1000kg per day. Some biogas plants are under implementation i.e 1.5 tonne per day at Mysore Zoo, 100kg per day at Karnataka State Women’s University, Bijapur.

Attempts have been made to use by products of biodiesel generation like seed cake and crude glycerol for biodiesel generation, in biogas plants and further studies on biogas viz. thermophillic reaction, scrubbing of biogas have also been taken up by NIE-CREST

Key Words: Organic/Kitchen Waste, Biogas, biomethanation

Introduction

NIE-Centre for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technologies [NIE-CREST] is a centre at The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore, involved in promoting and disseminating organic waste biogas plants, biodiesel from non edible seeds and many other renewable energy and sustainable technologies. The facilities of the centre include Mysore District Biofuel information and demonstration centre sponsored by Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board,

35

Bangalore.

Process description for transformation of organic waste to biogas

Biogas is an output of biomethanation of Organic waste by anaerobic bacteria. The process of biomethanation involves breaking complex organic matter in to simpler molecules thereby releasing biogas. The digested material obtained in the form of slurry is anorganic manure to plants.

Waste Biogas (Product) + Manure (Byproduct)

Biogas will be mainly comprised of methane which burns in presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapour.

CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Typical composition of biogas is detailed in table 1.

Table 2: Typical composition of biogas

Sl No.

Constituent Percentage

1 Methane 40 to 75 2 Carbon di-oxide 25 to 55 3 Traces [Hydrogen Sulphide, Ammonia Water, Nitrogen, Oxygen and

Hydrogen] 0 to 5

Calorific Value of Biogas will be around 30MJ/Kg. Biomethanation involves the following steps

The anaerobic digestion can be split in to three phases viz. Enzymatic Hydrolysis, Acid Formation and Gas Production. Following steps are involved in the process

Feed preparation: Mixing the segregated organic waste with water and crushing the mixture Enzymatic Hydrolysis: The crushed mixture is made to undergo enzymatic hydrolysis by supplying a small quantity of compressed air from air compressor. The process involves hydrolysis of organic solids. Acid formation: Anaerobic bacteria act on the enzymatically hydrolysed solids to generate biogas. Biogas utilization: The biogas generated will be approximately 6m3 per 100Kg of waste. It can be utilised for heating or/and electricity generation. Organic manure utilisation: After digestion, nutrient rich slurry obtained in the form of liquid is used as manure. Components: The components depend on the process adopted. Typically, the components are categorised in to civil works like Primary Digester, Main Digester, Slurry tank, Intermediate chambers and mechanical equipments like Gas Holder, Air Compressor and Slurry Pump

Process description for conversion of Crude glycerol to soap

Biodiesel production from seed involves two primary steps crushing of seeds to obtain oil and transesterification of oil to produce biodiesel. Seed cake is a byproduct of the first step and

Organic/ Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant

Expeller Transesterification Unit 36

crude glycerol is the byproduct in the second step (illustrated in fig.1). Seed cake can be used as manure and glycerol can used with appropriate lye for soap preparation.

Seed Oil Biodiesel

Fig.1 Schematic of biodiesel production

Composition of Crude Glycerol: Crude glycerol will be comprised of lye which is NaOH, excess methanol, soap and water in addition to glycerin present. However the composition depends on the feedstock used. The typical composition is shown in table 2

Table 3 Composition of crude Glycerol

Sl No.

Particulars Percentage

1 Glycerol, 50-60 2 Methyl esters 15-18 3 Alkalis (in the form of alkali soaps and hydroxides) 12-16 4 Methanol 8-12 5 Water and sodium from catalyst 2-3

Procedure for preparation of soap:

In our experimentation, Sodium Hydroxide solution was used as lye with two different concentrations Concentration 1: 125ml of distilled water is heated to 38ºC and 19.25g of NaOH flakes is dissolved Conccentration 2: 100ml of distilled water is heated to 38ºC and 15.00g of NaOH flakes is dissolved Preparation of Soap: 500ml of Crude Glycerol is boiled to 70ºC and is maintained at this temperature to remove excess methanol. The glycerol is allowed to cool and the lye-water solution is added to the glycerol and heated at 40 ºC until a thin layer of traces occur in the glycerol mixture (*At this stage any scent or fragrance can be added and incorporated with the soap). Finally the soap mixture is poured into the mould which is a box lined with a plastic sheet and allowed to set for 24 hours. Using a knife the soap is cut in bars and allowed to cure over 14 days.

A pH test was conducted on the soap to determine its usability. The pH of soap will be usually between 7 to 9. The pH meter is first calibrated with plain tap water placed in a small glass. A small piece of soap is dissolved in the water and the pH probe is placed to determine the pH of the soap water solution. The same procedure is followed for two different concentrations of lye-water mentioned above

Details of the projects on Organic waste Biogas plants implemented by NIE-CREST

Seed Cake Crude Glycerol

37

House hold organic waste biogas plants [Capacity 2 to 6kg per day]

These biogas plants are plastic drum based; they have been installed at various residences in Mysore city, schools of Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur, Davanagere and Chitradurga. At Gulbarga and Mandya 40 plants have been installed through coordination with local

NGOs. They have also been installed at many other institutes/ organisations.

Recently, a plant was installed at Pollution Control Board office, Mysore. The biogas from these plants supplements with the other energy sources for cooking and facilitates separation of organic waste at the household level

Organic/kitchen waste biogas plant at KR Hospital, Mysore [Capacity 35kg per day]

Krishna Rajendra Hospital is a unit of Mysore Medical College and Research Institute (MMCRI). Mysore Medical College and Research Institute (MMC & RI) formerly Mysore Medical College was established in 1826 in 21 acres land housing about 16 buildings with a capacity of 1330 in patient beds.

Organic/kitchen waste biogas plant of capacity 35Kg per day is commissioned by NIE-CREST at Nurses Hostel, KR Hospital, and Mysore. The biogas generated is about 3m3 and it is being utilized at KR Hospital Nurses hostel the biogas is used for cooking at students’ nurses’ hostel mess for about 2 hours a day. The slurry obtained after digestion is rich in nutrients which is being used as manure for M.M.C. & R.I. Gardens

Benefits

The biogas generated from the plant is utilized for cooking at the mess which has saved the LPG in the nurses’ hostel.

Nutrient -rich, digested Slurry in the liquid form is applied to gardens which has saved the expenses on manure as well as water is also conserved

Kitchen waste Biogas Plant at Mrs.Suma Shamsundar's Residence at

JP Nagar Mysore

Kitchen waste Biogas Plant at Pollution Control Board Office, Mysore

Organic / Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant at of capacity 35kg per day at KR

Hospital, Mysore

38

Organic/kitchen waste biogas plant at ATI, Mysore [Capacity: 100kg per day]

Administrative Training Institute [ATI], at Mysore provides training to officials from functionaries of ULB’s has commissioned a organic/kitchen waste biogas plant of capacity 100Kg per day with a mission of demonstrating effective solid waste management at community level. The biogas generated from the plant is utilized for cooking at ATI-Canteen and the nutrient rich slurry is used for gardening. The technology can be scaled to higher levels for accomplishing effective solid waste management and energy management at cities.

Gobargas plant at Oxygen Acres, Mysore [Capacity: 1000kg per day]

Cow dung based biogas plant of capacity 1000kg per day has been implemented at Oxygen Acres, a farm house near Chikalli, Mysore. About 30m3 of biogas is being utilised for cooking and it is been planned to use the biogas for electricity generation as well.

Biogas Plants under implementation

Animal dung+ Kitchen Waste biogas plant at Mysore Zoo [Capacity 1500kg per day]:

Sri Chamarajendra Zoological Gardens, Mysore , the largest in Asia is getting the Organic Waste (Animal dung+ Kitchen Waste) based biogas plant of capacity 1.5 tonnes (1500Kg) per day implemented by NIE-CREST. The scheme has been designed by NIE-CREST to generate biogas and use slurry for vermi-composting. The biogas plant is under construction, the main digester has been constructed till date and the project will be complete soon.

Organic/kitchen waste biogas plant at Karnataka State Women’s University, Bijapur

[Capacity: 100kg per day] : Karnataka State Women’s University, Bijapur, is a government university at Bijapur. The infrastructural construction is going on in Thoravi campus. Organic waste biogas plant of capacity 100Kg per day capacity plant is under construction at the Hostel. The plant is supported financially by Karnataka State Biofuel Development Board and the technology is provided by NIE-CREST. The system is similar to the one at ATI, Mysore

Organic / Kitchen Waste of 100kg per day capacity at ATI, Mysore

Gobargas plant of 1000kg per day at Oxygen Acres, Mysore

Organic waste biogas plant of 1500kg per day under construction at Mysore Zoo

Organic waste biogas plant of capacity 100kg per day under construction at Karnataka State

Women’s University, Bijapur

39

Table 3 Specification of the Organic/kitchen waste biogas plants


Application Bio gas for cooking Slurry as manure for gardening

Commissioned by

NIE-CREST (NIE-Centre For Renewable Energy & Sustainable Technologies), The National Institute Of Engineering, Mysore-570008, Karnataka, India.

Daily returns

Place ATI-Mysore/ KSWU-Bijapur

KR Hospital Mysore Zoo Mandya/Gulbarga

Input to the plant

100kg/day 35kg/day 1500kg/day 1-3kg per day

Generation of biogas per day

6 m3(1) 3m3 50 to 75 m3 0.65 m3

LPG Equivalent of biogas per day

2.4 kg (2) 1.2 Kg 20 to 30Kg 0.26 Kg

Savings through LPG per day

234.43(3) Rs.88.42 Rs.1473.60-2210.40

Rs.25.40

Monthly returns

Generation of biogas per month

180 m3 90 m3 1500 to 2250 m3

19.50 m3

LPG Equivalent of biogas per month

72kg (3.79 Cylinders) (4)

36Kg (1.89 Cylinders)

600 to 900Kg (31.58 to 47.37

Cylinders)

7.80Kg

Savings through LPG per month

Rs.7032.96 Rs.2652.48 Rs.44208.00-66312.00

Rs.761.90

Annual returns

Generation of biogas per year

2190 m3 1095 m3 18250 to 27375 m3

237.25 m3

LPG Equivalent of biogas

876 kg (46.11Cylinders)

438 Kg (23.06Cylinders)

7300 to 10950 Kg

(384.21 to

94.90 Kg (5Cylinders)

40

per year 576.32 Cylinders)

Savings through LPG per year

Rs.85567.68 Rs.32,271.84 Rs.5,37,864.00-8,06,796.00

Rs.9269.83

Generation of Manure per year

3650 Kg(5) 1825 Kg 73,000 to 1,09,500Kg

146 Kg

Minimum cost of manure per Kg

Rs.3/- Rs.3/- Rs.4/- Rs.3/-

Savings through manure per year

Rs.10950.00 Rs.5475.00 To be quantified

Rs.438.00

Total returns per year through biogas and manure

Rs.96517.68 Rs.37,746.84 To be quantified

Rs.9707.83

*NOTE

(6). Gas generation rate specified is Under ideal conditions (7). 1 m3 of biogas is equivalent to 0.4kg (400g) of LPG (8). Cost of 19kg LPG cylinder is Rs.1856/- which rates LPG at Rs.97.68/Kg, as on April 2012 and price

escalation of LPG will change the returns (9). Capacity of a Commercial cylinder is 19Kg (10). Quantity of Manure is approximate

Kitchen Waste Biogas Plants Installed by NIE-CREST

Table 4 Kitchen Waste Biogas Plants installed at House hold level in cities

Sl No. Details Place Capacity

(Kg /day) No.s Year

1 Mrs. Suma Shamsundar’s Residence Mysore 2 to 6 1 2007 2 Mr. P Guruprasad’s Residence Mysore 2 to 6 1 2010 3 Mr. Gaikwad’s Residence Mysore 2 to 6 1 2008 4 Dr. Ajay’s Residence Mysore 4 to 12 1 2009 5 Mr. S M Aslam’s Residence Raichur 2 to 6 1 2010

41

6 Dr. GM Kumar’s Residence Mysore 2 to 6 1 2012 7 Dr. Ganesh’s Residence Mysore 2 to 6 1 2012

Table 5 Kitchen Waste Biogas Plants installed at Institute/Community level

Sl No.

Details Place Capacity (Kg /day )

No.s Year

1 Agriculture Office – Port Blair Andaman

&Nicobar 2 to 6 1 2007

2 Anna University of Technology, Thirukuvalai Campus

Trichy 2 to 6 1 2010

3 Labland Biotech Pvt Ltd Mysore 2 to 6 2 2009

4 Pollution Control Board Office Mysore 2 to 6 1 2012

5 Bapuji Anandashram Mysore 2 to 6 1 2009

6 The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore

Mysore 2 to 6 2 2007

7 The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore

Mysore 5 to 10 1 2007

8 Ambedkar Hostel Raichur 10-15 1 2012

9 ALN Rao Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa 25 1 2009

10 K R Hospital Mysore 25 1 2009

11 Administrative Training Institute Mysore 100 1 2010

12 JSS Educational Institutions Suttur 100 2 2011

13 Raleigh India Mysore 2-6 1 2012

Table 6 Kitchen Waste Biogas Plants installed at Government Schools*

Sl No.

Details Place Capacity (Kg /day)

No.s Year

1 *Government HP School Bidar 2 to 6 1 2010

42

2 *Government HP School Chitradurga 2 to 6 1 2010

3 *Government HP School Davanagere 2 to 6 1 2010

4 *Government HP School Gulbarga 2 to 6 1 2010

5 *Government HP School Raichur 2 to 6 1 2010

6 Anganavadi Centre Dharwad 2 to 6 1 2010

7 GP Gumbagola Village Dharwad 2 to 6 1 2010

*The Plants were installed through sponsorship from Abdul Nazir Sab State Institute for Rural Development [ANSSIRD], Administrative Training Institute [ATI], Mysore

Table 7 Kitchen Waste Biogas Plants installed at houses in Villages**

Sl No.

Details Place Capacity (Kg /day)

No.s Year

1 Belamagi GP Gulbarga 2 to 6 20 2010 2 Nagamangala and Krishnarajpet

Taluk Mandya 2 to 6 19 2010

3 Mandya Vikasana office Mandya 4 to 12 01 2010 4 Begoor, Gundlupet Mysore 2 to 6 01 2012 ** The Plants were installed through sponsorship from NABARD

Results

Organic waste to biogas: The biogas plants have been effective in waste management and energy management at various levels (household level, community level) The biogas generated from the plant is utilized at ATI Canteen for cooking; this has helped in saving LPG. The slurry (in liquid form) is utilized for gardening purpose. The waste management onsite has reduced the carbon foot print of the campus and ATI, Mysore has become a green campus

Biogas generation from organic waste is a step towards achieving sustainability and the plant at KR Hospital is illustrious for other institutes in achieving self reliability. Thus, replication of this system is possible and feasible at other places as well

The biogas plant under construction at Mysore Zoo is the first ever of its kind in Indian Zoos and will serve as a model for energy conservation and solid waste management on site

Glycerol to soap:

Composition pH Qualitative description Effectivity as cleaning agent

Concentration 1 125ml water +19.25g

NaOH+500 ml Glycerol

7.98

The soap has a more green outer which is unevenly cracked. Also, the soap is

very soft that it alters shapes when pressed.

Based on cleaning stained glass wares and other stainless steel vessels, it is effective

in removing stains. It also gives considerable lather which is required

when cleaning oily and greasy vessels. Concentration 2 7.85 The soap has a smooth Based on cleaning stained glass wares and

43

100ml water +15g NaOH+500 ml

Glycerol

brown outer and is hard enough that does not alter in

shape when pressed.

other stainless steel vessels, it is effective in removing stains. However, it is not

effective when working with greasy vessels as it produces very little lather

which is insufficient. Discussion

Organic waste to biogas: In all the cases referred in this paper, biogas from organic waste has been a promising technology to overcome the problems associated with waste management and shortage of energy

The biogas plants will decrease the carbon foot print of the campus and help in achieving the sustainability The seed cake and crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel production will be fed to biogas plant and the optimum concentration of will be explored. This will be a value addition to the seed cake and crude glycerol

Glycerol to soap From the result, it is evident that making soap from glycerol is a viable value-added product which can be produced. By adding scent and color they can be made commercially attractive product. Also, by changing the concentration of the lye solution added to the glycerol, the lathering ability of the soap can be altered as desired. This can be further investigated to find the best composition of the lye solution. Next, since the two batches of soap made from two different compositions are made in two different days the quality of the glycerol changes. This seems to affect the texture of the soap as seen in the different textures the soap. The older glycerol seems to give better texture rather than the fresh one. To further verify this relationship experiment can be conducted by make soap of same composition on different days from the day the glycerol is produced.

Ultilisation of glycerol to prepare soap paves the way for making biodiesel production economical and sustainable

Conclusions

Organic waste to biogas

• The technology of Organic Waste biogas plant can be implemented at any place • The implementational diversity ranging from smaller scales for house holds to larger scales

at ULB’s accomplishes decentralisation in energy management and waste management • In contrast to the convention solid waste management methods where in lot of energy is

associated with various stages like collection, segregation, transportation and disposal; the biogas systems generate waste from energy and yield slurry as a manure there by making it possible to achieve zero discharge and adapting these systems in any campus will make the campus compatible for ISO 14001;2004

• More plants of these kind will reduce the quantity of waste to be land filled and also accomplish savings in LPG

44

• Biogas plants are closed systems in which the waste from kitchen is fed to the biogas plant to obtain biogas which is a fuel for cooking and help in achieving the LPG savings. The slurry obtained can be used to grow plants (may be fruits/vegetables) the grown food stuff can be utilized in kitchen and the waste generated can be fed to plant again. Thus Organic/Kitchen waste biogas plants are an asset to achieve SUSTAINABILITY

Glycerol to soap

• The soap produced from glycerol can be promoted as an eco friendly soap since the raw material for production of soap will be obtained from production of biodiesel which is an eco friendly fuel

• Glycerol to soap is simple chemical transformation and the soap production from glycerol can itself be a small scale industry under the shadow of biodiesel production

References

1. Understanding clean energy and fuels from biomass by Dr.H S Mukunda 2. Biogas Technology by B T Nijaguna 3. R S Khoiyangbam, Navindu gupta and Sushil Kumar (2011), Biogas technology:

towards SustainableDevelopment, Delhi: TERI 4. Shamsundar Subbarao, Jagannatha V, Amitha Prasad and Dhananjaya (2011)

“Organic Waste to Energy at Administrative Training Institute [ATI], Mysore”, 2nd ICON SWM, Kolkata

5. Shamsundar Subbarao and Dhananjaya (2012) “Sustainable Energy and waste management: A good practice at Administrative Training Institute [ATI], NCTAE, Bangalore

6. Pauchauri, Naresh, Brian He "Value-added utilization of crude glycerol from biodiesel production." American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, july 2006, n.d. Web. 10 Jun 2012. [http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~bhe/pdfs/asabe066223.pdf]

7. House, Shauna. "BIO-DIESEL SOAP MADE FROM BIO-GLYCERIN." N.p., 20 Aug 2009. Web. 1 Jul. 2012. [http://greenhouseeffectsoap.blogspot.in]

8. Yang, Fangxia."Value-added uses for crude glycerol--a byproduct of biodiesel production." NCBI. U.S. National Library for Medicine, 12 March 2012. Web. 1 Jul 2012. [http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~bhe/pdfs/asabe066223.pdf]

45

http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/%7Ebhe/pdfs/asabe066223.pdf

Organic Waste to Energy at Administrative Training Institute [ATI], Mysore

ABSTRACT Biogas can be generated in decentralized plants at urban areas by anaerobic digestion of organic/kitchen waste available at households, canteens, hotels, and so on. The Biogas plants fed with Kitchen waste yield more biogas as compared to cow dung.

Mysore city accounts for 400 tonnes of solid waste per day, majority of which is biodegradable. Presently, the waste is collected and transported to Excel plant at Nanjangud Road .Of the total waste generated, 65% of the waste is treated at Excel plant and the rest is disposed off in landfills.

Biogas generation through available biodegradable waste at cities/ULB’s can be done. This contributes fairly towards solving the problems associated with shortage of energy and solid waste management. The organic/kitchen waste biogas plants can be adapted from the modest of household level (from 2 to 3Kg per day) to the peak at city level (of the order of tonnes per day)

The present work presented in the paper is pertaining to a decentralized , kitchen waste biogas plant implemented in the premises of Administrative Training Institute [ATI], Mysore. The plant is designed for a capacity of 50Kg to 120Kg per day (100Kg per day on an average). The biogas generated from the plant is utilized at ATI-Canteen for cooking purpose.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The transformation of organic waste to biogas (energy) is based on the principle of biological anaerobic decomposition of the waste. Biogas will be comprised of Methane (40-75%), Carbon dioxide (25-55%), Hydrogen sulfide (50-5000 ppm), Ammonia (0-1%) Water (0-10%), Nitrogen (0-5%), Oxygen (0-2%), Hydrogen (0-1%)

Administrative Training Institute [ATI], at Mysore which provides training to officials from functionaries of ULB’s. has commissioned a organic/kitchen waste biogas plant with a mission of demonstrating effective solid waste management at community level. The biogas generated from the plant is utilized for cooking at ATI-Canteen and the nutrient rich slurry is used for gardening. The technology can be scaled to higher levels for accomplishing effective solid waste management and energy management at cities.

2.0 COMPONENTS AND THE PROCESS

The components are categorised in to civil works and mechanical equipments Civil works: Primary Digester, Main Digester, Slurry tank, Intermediate chambers Mechanical equipments: Gas Holder, Air Compressor and Slurry Pump The Process: Biomethanation Conventional biomethanation involves anaerobic digestion of waste to generate biogas. This process is well accepted in gobargas plants. In case of organic/kitchen waste biogas plants the

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system can be improvised by replacing a mono step digestion by dual process biomethanation of biodegradable vegetable waste. Dual process biomethanation involves an initial partial aerobic digestion and subsequent anaerobic digestion. Following steps are involved in the process Feed preparation: Mixing the segregated organic waste with water and crushing the mixture Aerobic digestion: The crushed mixture is digested aerobically by supply of compressed air from air compressor. Anaerobic digestion: Anaerobic bacteria act on the aerobically digested waste and generate biogas. The process involves three stages viz. hydrolysis of organic solids, acidification of hydrolyzed products and biomethanation of acidified slurry Biogas utilization: The biogas generated is approximately 6m3 per 100Kg of waste. It can be utilised for heating or/and electricity generation. Currently at ATI the Biogas is used for cooking at ATI-Canteen. Organic manure utilisation: After digestion, nutrient rich slurry obtained in the form of liquid is used as manure.

3.0 DISCUSSION.

Table1 Specifications of the Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant at ATI, Mysore.

Built Up Area 50 m2

System Elements Main Digester, Pre-Digester, Gas Holder, Slurry Pit, Gas flow pipe line, Moisture trap systems, Slurry pump, crusher, Air Compressor, Bio-Gas Burner

Quantity of Waste to be Fed 100Kg of Kitchen Waste per day

Type of Feed Kitchen waste like rice starch, wash water of rice, used tea powder, coffee powder, waste atta, left out cooked rice, sambar, over ripened fruits, vegetable waste (peelings), waste edible oil and other cooked waste from kitchen

Biogas Generated per day 6 m3/day = 2.4 kg LPG Equivalent

Number of hours per day for which biogas is utilised

3 to 4 hours per day

Manure Generated per day 200 kg Slurry per day = 10 kg Manure (Dry Basis Equivalent )

Returns through Bio Gas Per Year

Rs.64,500 /- per year

Returns through Manure Per Year

Rs.10,950 /- per year

Application Bio gas for cooking at ATI Canteen Slurry as manure for gardening

Commissioned by : NIE-CREST( Centre For Renewable Energy & Sustainable Technologies), The National Institute Of Engineering, Mysore , India.

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Technology : BARC. Note : The biogas generated from the plant is utilized at ATI Canteen for cooking, this has helped in saving LPG. The slurry (in liquid form) is utilized for gardening purpose. The waste management onsite has reduced the carbon foot print of the campus and ATI, Mysore has become a green campus.

4.0 CONCLUSIONS

Biogas from the plant has been used at ATI Canteen for cooking Waste management is achieved daily which is a part of ISO 140001:2004, Environmental Management Systems The biogas plant at ATI, Mysore acts as a model of an effective solid waste management system for the trainees who get trained at the Institute. The technology can be scaled up to city level for larger quantities of the waste (of the order of 1000Kg per day) and biogas from such huge plants can be used to generate electricity and thus offers a great solution for solid waste management and energy management.

Organic/Kitchen Waste Biogas Plant at Administrative Training Institute [ATI], Mysore. Commissioned by NIE-CREST, Mysore.

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ICON SWM 2011 2nd International conference on solid waste management and exhibition,

Jadavapura University, Kolkata, 9-11 Nov 2011 ORGANIC WASTE TO BIOGAS- A CASE STUDY OF K.R.HOSPITAL MYSORE

ABSTRACT :

Bio-gas plants fed with cow dung yields less biogas compared to organic kitchen waste. Hence, biogas can be generated by decentralized plants by using organic / kitchen waste available at various sources of urban areas.At the corporation limits in Mysore city more than 450 tonnes of solid waste is generated per day. Out of which 65-70% is collected and disposed at the central plant of the city. This particular project at Nurses Hostel, K.R.Hospital is a tiny project which is a model towards self generation of energy by using organic kitchen waste. Acute shortage of energy and poor solid waste management are the two major problems faced by the urban areas where the available biodegradable solid waste can be utilized for the generation of biogas by using biogas plants at cities / urban areas adaptable from household scale to a large scale. The presentation of this paper is pertaining to kitchen waste biogas plant. In January 2009 NIE CREST gave a proposal for a centralized biogas plant to K.R.Hospital. To start with hospital authorities accepted the proposal in small scale limiting it only to the students nurses hostel located at K.R.Hospital premises. This small unit is with the technical collaboration of NIE, CREST and supported by MCC and maintenance sponsored by philanthropist M/s N.R.Vasu Cycle Brand Agarbathis. Biogas generated is utilized at Nurses Hostel kitchen for about 2 hours daily.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Biogas energy production is the objective of biological anaerobic decomposition of waste organic materials. Composition of biogas comprises of Methane, CO2, H2S, NH3, H2O, N2, O2 & H2 proportionately.

Krishnarajendra Hospital which is a unit of Mysore Medical College and Research Institute (MMCRI). Students in nursing is a component of providing training to the young upcoming nurses. MMCRI Commissioned a organic / kitchen waste. Biogas plant with a mission of demonstration. Effective organic solid waste management at community level is the objective of the project working nurses at various hospitals of India and abroad may motivate this principle. This shall be helpful in eco-friendly management of the solid organic waste management and also utilisation of bio-gas energy.

2.0 History Mysore Medical College and Research Institute (MMC & RI) formerly Mysore Medical

College was established in 1826 in 21 acres land housing about 16 buildings with a capacity of 1330 in patient beds. The services provided are medical General surgery, ENT, Opthamology,

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esology. Plastic Surgery and Psychiatry. The total energy expenditure per month of the whole campus is about thousands of units and the monthly bill is about Rs............ lakhs / month.

In the new building few of the in-patients wards are located. Recently most popular Jayadeva cardiology and research institute of Bangalore is operational. It is the unit of organization for the benefit of Mysore and surrounding District Citizens treating very specially cardiac diseases. This is very useful for economically weaker patients who cannot afford corporate hospitals. Here the treatment is provided. At an affordable cost. Secondly the Kidwai Institute of Oncology is also running a small out-patient unit the campus for follow-up for those patients who are treated at their Bangalore unit.

Mysore Medical College and Research Institute has four components at its administration perview i.e. Mysore Medical College, Krishnarajendra Hospital, Cheluvamba Hospital (OBGC) and also PKTB and CD (Princess Krishnarajammani Chest Disease Hospital) Tuberculosis Hospital.

In all the hospitals attached to Mysore Medical College and Research Institute 24 hours services are available with well equipped casuality, radiology, microbiology, pathology, with all equipped blood bank, biochemistry labs and well maintained and storage of Pharmacy unit. 3.0 Biogas plant Components and the Process : Component of the system of civil works and mechanical equipment. Civil works : Primary Digester, Main Digester, slurry tank, intermediate chambers. Mechanical equipments : Gas holder, Air compressor and slurry pump. The process :

BIOMETHANATION : Process of biomethanation is dual that is Aerobic and Anaerobic digestion Organic /

kitchen waste biogas plants can be adapted to this dual process of biomethanation. Feed preparation : Mixing the segregated organic waste with water and crushing the mixture. Aerobic Digestion : Crushed mixture is digested aerobically by supply of compressed air from air compressor. Anaerobic Digestion :

Aerobic bacteria act on the aerobically digested waste and generate biogas. process involves three stages. a) Hydrolysis of organic solids, b) acidification of hydrolyzed products and c) biomethanation of acidified slurry. Biogas Utilization :

Generated biogas is approximately 6m3 per 100 kg of waste. It can be utilized for heating / electricity generation. Currently at K.R.Hospital Nurses hostel the biogas is used for looking at students nurses hostel mess for about 2 hours a day. Organic manure utilization :

After the digestion, nutrient rich slurry obtained in the form of liquid is used as manure M.M.C. & R.I. Gardens. 4.0 Discussion:

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Table : Specification of the kitchen waste biogas at Nurses Hostel, Krishnarajendra Hospital, Mysore. 1) Built up area : 1) Built up area

System Elements Main Digested, predigester, Gas holder, slurry pit, Gas Flow Pipeline, Moisture trap system, slurry pump, crusher, Air compressor, Biogas burner.

2) Quantity of Waste to be fed

10 Kgs. organic food waste per day

3) Type of feed Kitchen waste like starch wash water of rice, used teac powder, coffee powder, waste atta, left out cooked rice, sambar, overripened fruits, vegetable waste and other cooked waste from the Kitchen.

4) Bio-gas generated per day

5m3 / day = 2.0 Kg. of LpH / day

5) No. of hours per day for which biogas is utilised

2 Hours per day

6) Manure generated per day

10% of the waste

7) Returns through biogas per month

3.5 – 4.5 m3 (1.4 to 1.8 Kg LPG Equivalent)

8. Returns of the Investment

30 months (cost of 5m3 unit Rs. 86,000)

9. Application Biogas for cooking at Nurses Hostel at K.R.Hospital at K.R.Hospital and Slurry as manure for gardening.

10. Commissioned by NIE-CREST (Centre for renewable energy and sustainable technologies). The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore – India Technology : BARC.

5.0 INFERENCE : Municipal school waste management is attempted since 2008 at K.R.Hospital, Mysore. It

was possible to develop a micro Biogas plant. M/s Guru and Sons (P) Ltd. took the lead to meet the AMC (Annual Maintenance Cost) for two years.

6.0 ACKNOWLDGEMENT 1. Dr. Geetha K. Avadhani, Dean and Director, M.M.C. & R.I., Mysore.

2. Dr. Chandrashekar, Resident Medical Officer, K.R.Hospital, Mysore.

3. Sri Mallapur, Nursing Superintendent Grade-I, K.R.Hospital, Mysore.

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4. Smt. Vasantha, Warden, Nurses Hostel, K.R.Hospital, Mysore.

5. Sri Despandey S.S., Chief Pharmacist, K.R.Hospital, Mysore.

6. Prof. V. Jagannatha, Environmental Engineer ISRO, Bangalore and Administrative Training Institute, Mysore.

7. HUDCO Chair (2008-2010), SID, NIE-CREST – Technical Data, N.I.E., Mysore.

8. M/s N.R. Cycle Brand Agarbathis (P). Ltd., Philanthropist and Sponsor, 2008-10.

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