Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение общеобразовательная города Москвы школа с углубленным

изучением английского языка №1246

Frozen in Stone

(Comparative analysis of the Moscow Kremlin and The Tower of London)

Авторы:

Денисенко Даниил Антонович

Спиридонова Елизавета

5 Б

Руководитель:Резанова Ирина Витальевна,

учитель английского языка

Москва, 2017

Contents.

Introduction……………………………………………………………….….

……3

Chapter I. The Moscow Kremlin.

General information and history. ………………………………………...

…..…4

Chapter II. Towers of the Moscow Kremlin.

……………………………………6

Chapter III. The Legends of the Kremlin. ……………………………….

……..15

Chapter IV. The Tower of London.

General information and history.

……………………………………………….17

Chapter V. Legends of the Tower of London.

………………………………....25

Chapter VI. The Tower and the Kremlin in modern times.

…………………....27

Chapter VII. Comparative analysis of two fortresses…………………………..30

Conclusion. ………………………………………………………………………

32

Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………...332

Introduction.

Last year our class visited The Moscow Kremlin with an excursion. We

were impressed by the huge size, history and beauty of the whole structure. When

we were studying England and its places of interest this year we read a text about

the Tower of London. As we have already learned from history every city starts

with a fortress or a building which main purpose was defense of the place. It

seemed interesting for us what the Kremlin and the Tower have in common and

how they differ. So we decided to find out more about their origin, historical

development, structure and what they were and are used for. We also were sure

that all the information mentioned above can’t be separated and must be compared.

So we decided to compare the information. So the title of the research work is

Frosen in Stone.

The purposes of our work are

to find information about the fortresses;

to analyze and systematize the information found;

to compare the fortresses and to show what they have in common and

how they differ;

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to show our classmates the results of our work and deepen their

knowledge on the subject.

As a final product of our work we decided to make a model of both fortresses so

that everybody could see the buildings. Besides it seemed interesting for us to find

out how much other people know about the fortresses.

Hypothesis: we suppose that any city starts with a fortress which purpose is to

defend its citizens at first but later its purpose changes.

Chapter I. The Moscow Kremlin.

General information and history.The Moscow Kremlin is one of the

most famous landmarks of Russia and the symbol of former Soviet authority. It is a

long red brick wall with 20 towers, which were built at the end of the 15th century

on the order of Ivan the Great. The most renowned and important tower is the

Spasskaya Tower, which leads to Red Square. The tower was put up in 1491 by an

Italian architect Pietro Solario. It has a belfry, a ruby star and the chimes, which

are broadcast by radio as a time signal to the whole nation. Other famous towers

are the Nikolskaya, Troitskaya, Kutafya and Borovitskaya. The name Kremlin

means “fortress”. This historic fortified complex is situated at the heart of Moscow

and overlooks the Moskva River and Red Square. It is the best known kremlin of

Russia. Apart from the walls and towers it includes five strikingly beautiful palaces

and four cathedrals. All of them are open to public. The heart of the Kremlin is the

Cathedral Square with the main church of Moscow – the Cathedral of Dormition,

where all the tsars were once crowned. The church has a massive limestone facade

and five golden domes. Other notable structures include two domestic churches

and the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great. The largest bell in the world is also situated

4

here. It’s called the Tsar Bell. The oldest structure within the Kremlin walls is the

Palace of Facets, which holds the imperial thrones. The other old building is the

house of the royal family – the Terem Palace. Both these palaces are linked by the

Grand Kremlin Palace. There are also several interesting museums inside the

Kremlin walls. For example, the Arsenal, which was originally built for Peter the

Great, and the Armoury building, which houses Russian state regalia and Diamond

fund. At the moment, the complex of Kremlin serves as the official residence of

the President of the Russian Federation.

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Chapter II. Towers of the Moscow Kremlin.

The Saviour's (Spasskaya) Tower

The Saviour's (Spasskaya) Tower is the most

beautiful tower of the Kremlin, was built by Pietro Antonio

Solari in 1491. The gate of the Spasskaya Tower is the official

entrance to the Kremlin. Until the 17th century the tower was

known as the Frolovskaya, due to its location not far from the

St. Frol church. In 1658 an Icon of the Saviour was mounted

above the gate facing Red Square, and the tower's name was changed to Spasskaya

.

According to old legends, the tower had miraculous powers and

protected the Kremlin from enemies. People passing through the gates always

crossed themselves and took off their hats to show their respect.

The tower is crowned by an illuminated ruby-red star, which replaced

the double-headed Russian eagle in 1937, raising the tower's height to 71 metres.

The tower is also famous for its chimes. The present-day Kremlin

chimes were made in 1851-1852 by the Butenop brothers. The ringing mechanism

is equipped with 10 quarter-hour bells and one bell to chime the hour. The clock

was originally wound by hand, but since 1937 it has wound itself automatically

twice daily. Today, just as 100 years ago, you can hear its ceremonial chimes, the

sound of which rings out far beyond the surroundings of the Kremlin and Red

Square below.

The Tsar's (Tsarskaya) Tower

The Tsar's (Tsarskaya) Tower is the smallest and youngest of all

the Kremlin's towers, named in honour of Tsar Ivan Grozny (the

Terrible), was built in 1680 the wall between the Spasskaya and

Nabatnaya towers. It replaced a small wooden turret which had

previously stood there and from which, the young Tsar hurled 6

dogs to their death, and loved to watch executions and festivals taking place on

Red Square. The Tsarskaya Tower, with its eight-sided tent roof topped with a

gilded weathervane, chimneys girdled by white-stone bands, and high corner

pyramids with gilded flaglets, is reminiscent of a turret from a Russian fairy-tale,

and is one of the Kremlin's most attractive buildings.

The Alarm (Nabatnaya) Tower

The Alarm (Nabatnaya) Tower was constructed in

1495, and originally served as a watch-tower overlooking the

Serpukhov and Kaluga roads . A watch was kept day and night,

and if enemies were noticed, a great bell rang to sound the alarm

so that villagers could hide inside the fortress.

During the Plague Riot of 1771, rebelling

Muscovites used the bell to gather the people to the Kremlin. After the revolt had

been crushed, Empress Catherine the Great commanded that the 'rabble-rousing

bell' be punished by having its chime ripped out. The tongueless bell hung mute in

the tower for over 30 years until, in 1803, it was finally taken down. Since 1851, it

has been kept in the collections of the Armoury.

The Konstantin-Yeleninskaya (Timofeyevskaya) Tower

The Konstantion-Yeleninskaya

(Timofeyevskaya) Tower

was built in 1490 on the former site of one of

the towers of Dmitry Donskoy's white-stone

Kremlin. The Duke led his army out through

7

the tower in 1380, on his way to his historic victory against the Mongol Tatars at

the Battle of Kulikovo.

In the 17th century the tower got its present name -which came from

the churches of Ss. Constantine and Helen, which stood there. In 1680 a tent roof

was constructed upon a quadrangular base. At the same time, the gates were

bricked up. In 1707, by order of Peter I, the loop-holes were widened and cannons

built. At the turn of the 19th Century the bridge and bastion were taken down.

Traces of these features are still visible today.

The Beklemishevskaya (Moskvoretskaya) Tower

The Beklemishevskaya

(Moskvoretskaya) Tower took its name from the

boyar Beklemishev, whose manor lay nearby. The

tower served a very important defensive function.

At the beginning of the 18th century, during the

Northern War between Russia and Sweden,

bastions were constructed around the tower, and

the loopholes of the tower were widened to

accommodate more powerful cannonry.

During the storming of the Kremlin by

the Bolsheviks in 1917, the top of the tower was destroyed, but was later restored.

The tower is 46.2 metres tall.

Peter's (Petrovskaya) Tower

Peter's (Petrovskaya) Tower

played an important role in the defence of

the citadel. It got its title from the Church

of Metropolitan Peter, which stood nearby.

During the Polish invasion of 1612 the 8

tower was destroyed by cannon fire, but was restored. In 1812, the Petrovskaya

Tower was blown up on Napoleon's orders, although it was rebuilt again just 6

years later by the architect Beauvais. After the Kremlin became obsolete as a

fortress, the tower was used as a service building by the Kremlin's gardeners.

The Nameless (Bezimyannie) Towers

The First Nameless Tower was built in the 1480s

and used for the storage of gunpowder until its destruction by

fire in 1547. It lay in ruins for many years, and was rebuilt only

in the 17th century. In 1812, during Napoleon's occupation of

Moscow, the First Nameless Tower was blown up, along with

many other Kremlin buildings. It was reconstructed for the

third time from 1816-1835, under the control of the architect Beauvais.

The Second Nameless Tower was built at the end of the 15th century,

was originally a gate tower, but the gate is now bricked up. In

1680, a four-sided tent roof with a watch-tower was added. In

1771, during the construction of the Kremlin Palace, the tower

was taken down, along with its neighbour. It was later rebuilt,

after the completion of construction work on the palace

building.

The Secret (Tainitskaya) Tower

The Secret (Tainitskaya) Tower is

the oldest of all the Kremlin's towers, its name is

derived from the Russian word 'taina', meaning

'secret', owing to the well and secret tunnel

which were dug beneath the tower during its

construction in 1485. In the event of siege, the 9

tunnel provided a secret exit from the citadel to the Moskva River. During the 16th

century this tower was used to observe the land beyond the river, and it also had a

bell which functioned as an alarm if a fire broke out. In the late 17th century, it got

a tent roof. The Tainitskaya Tower has been reconstructed several times in its

lifetime, and like many others in the Kremlin, it was badly damaged by explosions

during the retreat of Napoleon's troops from Moscow in 1812, necessitating further

repairs. In the 1930s its gateway was blocked up and the well and passageway

filled in.

The Annunciation (Blagoveshchenskaya) Tower

The Annunciation

(Blagoveshchenskaya) Tower is one of

the seven towers which line the

Moskva River. Inside the tower is a

very deep dungeon, used as a prison

during the reign of Ivan the Terrible.

The name of the tower comes from a

miracle-working Icon of the Annunciation which was kept here at one time, and to

which the needy came to pray. Later, in 1731, an Annunciation Church was built

against the tower, although it was pulled down during the Soviet period.

In the 17th century, gates were built nearby in order that palace

washer-women could go to the Portomoiny pontoon on the Moskva River to wash

'porty' (underclothes). The gates were bricked up in 1813 after the French invasion.

The Water Pump (Vodovzvodnaya) Tower

The Water Pump

(Vodovzvodnaya) Tower was built in 1488

by the architect Antonio Gilardi to protect

the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The

tower got its name in 1633, when

Englishman Christopher Galloway put an 10

underground machine in the tower, with the help of which the Kremlin drew up all

its water from the Moskva River.

The top of the tower is crowned by a ruby-red star, erected in 1937 in

commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the October Revolution.

The Borovitskaya Tower

The Borovitskaya Tower was built in 1490 by Pietro

Antonio Solari, on the site of the Kremlin's medieval western

gate. The Borovitskaya gate used to serve as the Kremlin's

service entrance, as the tower gave access to the royal grain sheds

and stables. The name of the tower harks back to the distant time

when the hill on which the fortress stands was covered with dense coniferous forest

- bor in Russian.

The Armoury (Oruzheynaya) Tower

The Armoury (Oruzheynaya) Tower is more

than 32 meters high. It was formerly known as the Stable

Tower, as when the tower was built from 1493-1495, it stood

beside the Tsar's horse yards. It was first called the Armoury

Tower in 1851, when the Armoury Palace was built inside

the Kremlin. The tower stands between the Borovitskaya and

Komendantskaya Towers, on the same side as the Alexandrovsky Gardens.

The Commandant's (Komendantskaya) Tower

The Commandant's (Komendantskaya) Tower was

built as a gateless tower. However, almost two hundred years

later, it got its present and evidently better-proportioned

appearance after reconstruction from 1676 to 1686. Previously it

bore the name 'Kolymazhskaya', after the Kolymazhny coach 11

yard inside the Kremlin. However, the tower has been known as the Commandant's

Tower ever since the 19th century, when the Moscow Commandant took up

residence in the Kremlin's Poteshny Palace, near the tower.

The Trinity (Troitskaya) Tower

The Trinity (Troitskaya) Tower was built in

1495. The tower was originally called Bogoyavlenskaya,

then Znamenskaya, and later Kuretnaya. It became the

Troitskaya (Trinity) Tower by the order of Tsar Alexei

Mikhailovich in 1658, after the mission beside which it

stood. In 1516 a stone bridge was built across the

Neglinnaya River between the Troitsky and Kutafya towers.

A clock was mounted on the tower in 1585, but following the great fire of 1812,

the chimes were damaged, and were only restored in the late 20th century.

The Kutafya Tower

The Kutafya Tower was built in 1516

by Aliosio de Carcano, in order to defend the

bridges to the Kremlin. It is the only bridgehead

watchtower to survive to the present day. In times

of enemy attack, the gates were tightly closed. In

the 16th and 17th centuries the water level of the

Neglinnaya River was high enough that water

surrounded the tower on all sides, thanks to a system of dikes. The tower got its

name from its heavy, ponderous form: the word "kutafya" in Russian once meant

"ugly, clumsy woman". In 1668 a causeway leading through the tower to the

Troitskaya Bridge was built. The building was

thoroughly restored in the 1970s.

The Middle Arsenal

(SrednayaArsenalnaya) Tower12

The Middle Arsenal (SrednayaArsenalnaya) was built between 1493-

1495, on the site of a medieval corner building from the days of Duke Dmitry

Donskoy, this tower is 39 meters tall. In 1680 the tower underwent reconstruction,

and was crowned by a roof with an open lookout. At the beginning of the 18th

century, during the construction of the present Arsenal building, the tower acquired

its current name. In 1821, the architect Beauvais constructed a grotto at the foot of

the tower's outer wall, now one of the main attractions of the Alexandrovsky

Gardens.

The Corner Arsenal (UglovayaArsenalanya) Tower

The Corner Arsenal (UglovayaArsenalanya)

Tower was built in 1492 by Pietro Antonio Solari.In medieval

times there was also a secret passage, which led from the

tower to the Neglinnaya River. During the 15th-16th centuries

the tower was strengthened by the addition of a semi-circular

wall. The tower was originally named Sobakinaya, after the

nearby residence of the boyar Sobakin, but after the construction of the Kremlin's

Arsenal building in the 18th century, it adopted its present name. During the

Napoleonic War of 1812, the French invaders blew up large sections of the

Kremlin before their retreat from Moscow, and large cracks appeared in the base of

the Corner Arsenal Tower as a result of the explosions. The tower was eventually

restored, but only between 1946 and 1957.

The St. Nicholas (Nikolskaya) Tower

The St. Nicholas (Nikolskaya) Tower was

built in 1492. A gateway once ran through the sturdy

base of the tower, defended by a bastion and

drawbridge.

In 1612, during the struggle with Polish

interventionists, a Russian volunteer army led by

Duke Dmitry Pozharsky and KuzmaMinin burst 13

through the gates of the tower to liberate the Kremlin from the enemy. In 1812 a

section of the tower, including the roof, was destroyed by French troops. From

1816-1819, the tower was reconstructed, and the damaged roof replaced with a

new Gothic one made of iron, with openwork details. Four white-stone corner

turrets were added to the tower's base.During the October Revolution the St.

Nicholas Tower was badly damaged by artillery fire, but was repaired within a

year.

The Senate (Senatskaya) Tower

The Senate (Senatskaya)

Tower was built between the Spasskaya

(then Frolovskaya) and Nikolskaya

towers in 1491, by Pietro Antonio

Solari. Inside the tower are three levels

of chambers. The tower's principal

function was defensive, and for a long

time it remained nameless. It became known as the Senate Tower only in 1790,

after the construction of the Kremlin's Senate building. The dome of the Senate is

visible from Red Square. A memorial plaque by sculptor S. Konenkov was

mounted on the tower in 1918 above the site of a mass grave of Bolsheviks who

were killed during the October Revolution. Now in the museum, the dedication

reads "To Those Who fell in the Struggle for Peace and the Brotherhood of

Nations".

Chapter III. The Legends of the Kremlin.

14

The Kremlin has a lot of legends, usually connected with supernatural things.

People say, within the wall you can meet ghosts of those who ruled the country –

Lenin, Ivan the Terrible, Vasily II Tyomniy (Blind) and Ivan Kalita, the founder of

the city.

People, who work in the museum say, that the spirits often come to see what’s

going on around and remind others about themselves. Thus, the ghost of Ivan the

Terrible always comes out of the parallel world in a cloud of blood-red glowing

sparkles. Lavrentiy Beria, a Soviet politician and a cruel chief of the Soviet

security and secret police apparatus under Stalin, often appears stealing along the

corridors of Kremlin too, with the hat pulled low over his eyes. But the most usual

guest of the Kremlin is Stalin – when his spirit is about to emerge, the temperature

in the room falls sharply. Maybe, the last visitor likes to come to this place simply

because his ashes are just near, in the well-known Kremlin Wall Necropolis

1) The Kremlin is the largest fortress on the whole

territory of Russia, and the biggest active fortress in Europe!

Of course the history knows grander fortresses but Kremlin is

the only well preserved and still in use.

2) During WWII the Kremlin did not suffer too dramatical damage despite

huge bombardment of the city in 1941-42. It’s because the Kremlin was disguised

as standard living houses. Golden domes of the churches were painted grey,

crosses on top of the domes were removed, green roofs of the towers were

repainted brown as well. The walls were decorated with fake windows and doors,

and the characteristic notches of the walls were covered with plywood to imitate

roofs. Wooden constructions were erected on the Red Square to create a look of an

ordinary residential area.

Through their tireless labor, the defenders and guardians of the Kremlin over the

generations have preserved and handed down the legacy of the past. Today, the

symbol of this care in preserving the Kremlin’s treasures is the Kremlin falcons.

15

These strong and noble birds help protect the gold domes of the Kremlin’s

cathedrals from flocks of crows that would otherwise cause serious damage to

these architectural monuments.

3) The Kremlin has four falcons. The falcon’s handlers say the birds are

wonderfully trained and are also very patriotic. But that is no surprise,

after all, for how can one help but fall in love with the Kremlin when

seeing it from a bird’s eye view every morning.

Chapter IV. The Tower of London.16

General information and history.

The Tower of London is one of the capital’s most iconic buildings, attracting more

than two million visitors a year. But its role as a tourist attraction dates only from

the Victorian era. Before that, it served as a fortress, a royal residence, a home for

the Royal Mint and the Crown Jewels, a storehouse for military paraphernalia and

weapons and, of course, a notorious prison.

From the outset, the Tower was designed to invoke fear and awe. Over 27m

tall and built from luminous Caen stone, William the Conqueror’s White Tower

must have looked alien and forbidding to the newly-defeated English – who were

forced to build it in the 1070s. William’s successors – most notably Henry III and

his son Edward I - extended and strengthened the fortress throughout the Medieval

period. By 1350 the Tower had taken on the impressive form we know today,

complete with daunting defences, royal accommodation, a major branch of the

Royal Mint and even an exotic menagerie with lions.

17

In 1483, 12-year-old Prince Edward and his younger brother Richard - The

Princes in the Tower - were imprisoned by their uncle, the Duke of Gloucester

(later Richard III). They were never seen again. In the 1930s, two skeletons found

buried beneath a staircase in the 1600s were attributed to the - probably murdered -

princes.

But it was during the Tudor period that the Tower entered the bloodiest

period of its history. Its cells and torture chambers were rarely empty of political

and religious prisoners in the aftermath of Henry VIII’s revolutionary break from

the authority of the Pope in Rome.

Those imprisoned at his Majesty’s pleasure included politician Sir Thomas

More (1534), Henry’s second wife Anne Boleyn (1546), and Protestant reformer

Anne Askew (1546). More was beheaded after refusing to accept Henry as head of

the new Church of England. Boleyn fell out of favour after failing to produce a

male heir and was beheaded within the Tower’s walls.

At almost every stage since in London’s history, the Tower has had a

starring role. In 1605, it played bleak host to Guy Fawkes after the disastrous plot

to blow up Parliament. It was an important pawn in the Civil War. After the

Restoration, it became a permanent home to the new Crown Jewels. Even during

the two World Wars, the Tower played its part. It survived a direct hit during the

Blitz, while the filled-in moat was used for growing fruit and vegetables. Several

spies were also held and executed there: in 1941, German Josef Jakobs became the

last person to be executed within the Tower’s walls.

Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, known as the Tower of London, is

a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London.

It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern

edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower

Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of

England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by

18

William the Conqueror in 1078, and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted

upon London by the new ruling elite.

The castle was used as a prison from 1100 (Ranulf Flambard) until 1952

(Kray twins), although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its

history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of

several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat.

There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard the

Lionheart, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general

layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site.

From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II, a procession would

be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch. In

the absence of the monarch, the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle.

This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period. In the late 15th

century the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower. Under the Tudors, the

Tower became used less as a royal residence, and despite attempts to refortify and

repair the castle its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery.

During Edward II's reign (1307–1327) there was relatively little activity at

the Tower of London. However, it was during this period that the Privy Wardrobe

was founded. The institution was based at the Tower and responsible for

organising the state's arms. In 1321 Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere

became the first woman imprisoned in the Tower of London after she refused

Queen Isabella admittance to Leeds Castle and ordered her archers to fire upon

Isabella, killing six of the royal escort.

Generally reserved for high-ranking inmates, the Tower was the most

important royal prison in the country. However it was not necessarily very secure,

and throughout its history people bribed the guards to help them escape. In 1322

Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, was aided in his escape from the Tower by the

Sub-Lieutenant of the Tower who let Mortimer's men inside. They hacked a hole in

his cell wall and Mortimer escaped to a waiting boat. He fled to France where he 19

encountered Edward's Queen. They began an affair and plotted to overthrow the

King. One of Mortimer's first acts on entering England was to capture the Tower

and release the prisoners held there. For three years he ruled while Edward III was

too young to do so himself; in 1330, Edward and his supporters captured Mortimer

and threw him in the Tower.

Under Edward III's rule (1312–1377) England experienced renewed success

in warfare after his father's reign had put the realm on the backfoot against the

Scots and French. Amongst Edward's successes were the battles of Crécy and

Poitiers where King John II of France was taken prisoner, and the capture of the

King David II of Scotland at Neville's Cross. During this period, the Tower of

London held many noble prisoners of war.

Edward II had allowed the Tower of London to fall into a state of disrepair,

and by the reign of Edward III the castle was an uncomfortable place. The nobility

held captive within its walls were unable to engage in activities such as hunting

which were permissible at other royal castles used as prisons, for instance

Windsor. Edward III ordered that the castle should be renovated.

One of the powerful French magnates held in the Tower during the Hundred

Years' War was Charles, Duke of Orléans the nephew of the King of France. The

above late 15th-century image is the earliest surviving non-schematic picture of the

Tower of London. It shows the White Tower and the water-gate.

When Richard II was crowned in 1377, he led a procession from the Tower

to Westminster Abbey. This tradition began in at least the early 14th century and

lasted until 1660.During the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 the Tower of London was

besieged with the King inside. When Richard rode out to meet with Wat Tyler, the

rebel leader, a crowd broke into the castle without meeting resistance and looted

the Jewel House. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon Sudbury, took refuge in St

John's Chapel, hoping the mob would respect the sanctuary. However, he was

taken away and beheaded on Tower Hill. Six years later there was again civil

unrest, and Richard spent Christmas in the security of the Tower rather than 20

Windsor as was more usual. When Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile in 1399,

Richard was imprisoned in the White Tower. He abdicated and was replaced on the

throne by Bolingbroke, who became King Henry IV.In the 15th century, there was

little building work at the Tower of London, yet the castle still remained important

as a place of refuge. When supporters of the late Richard II attempted a coup,

Henry IV found safety in the Tower of London. During this period, the castle also

held many distinguished prisoners. The heir to the Scottish throne, later King

James I of Scotland, was kidnapped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in

the Tower. The reign of Henry V (1413–1422) renewed England's fortune in the

Hundred Years' War against France. As a result of Henry's victories, such as the

Battle of Agincourt, many high-status prisoners were held in the Tower of London

until they were ransomed.

The peak period of the castle's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th

centuries, when many figures who had fallen into disgrace, such as Elizabeth I

before she became queen, were held within its walls. This use has led to the phrase

"sent to the Tower". Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death,

popularised by 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century writers, only

seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th

century. Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the

north of the castle, with 112 occurring there over a 400-year period. In the latter

half of the 19th century, institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle

to other locations, leaving many buildings empty. Anthony Salvin and John Taylor

took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval

appearance, clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures.

In the 16th century, the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim,

forbidding prison. This had not always been the case. As a royal castle, it was used

by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons, however these were usually

high-status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there

were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such people. Contrary to the popular image of 21

the Tower, prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities

such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower.As holding

prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower – as would have been the

case for any castle – there was no purpose-built accommodation for prisoners until

1687 when a brick shed, a "Prison for Soldiers", was built to the north-west of the

White Tower. The Tower's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely

from 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century romanticists.

In the First and Second World Wars, the Tower was again used as a prison,

and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage. After the Second World

War, damage caused during the Blitz was repaired and the castle reopened to the

public. Today the Tower of London is one of the country's most popular tourist

attractions. Under the ceremonial charge of the Constable of the Tower, it is cared

for by the charity Historic Royal Palaces and is protected as a World Heritage Site.

Much of the latter half of the 15th century was occupied by the Wars of the

Roses between the claimants to the throne, the houses of Lancaster and York. The

castle was once again besieged in 1460, this time by a Yorkist force. The Tower

was damaged by artillery fire but only surrendered when Henry VI was captured at

the Battle of Northampton. With the help of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick

(nicknamed "the Kingmaker") Henry recaptured the throne for a short time in

1470. However, Edward IV soon regained control and Henry VI was imprisoned in

the Tower of London, where he was probably murdered. During the wars, the

Tower was fortified to withstand gunfire, and provided with loopholes for cannons

and handguns: an enclosure was created for this purpose to the south of Tower

Hill, although it no longer survives.

Although much of the Tower's reputation is exaggerated, the 16th and 17th

centuries marked the castle's zenith as a prison, with many religious and political

undesirables locked away.The Privy Council had to sanction the use of torture, so

it was not often used; between 1540 and 1640, the peak of imprisonment at the

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Tower, there were 48 recorded cases of the use of torture. The three most common

forms used were the infamous rack, the Scavenger's daughter, and manacles.

Among those held and executed at the Tower was Anne Boleyn. Although

the Yeoman Warders were once the Royal Bodyguard, by the 16th and 17th

centuries their main duty had become to look after the prisoners.

The Tower was often a safer place than other prisons in London such as the

Fleet, where disease was rife. High-status prisoners could live in conditions

comparable to those they might expect outside; one such example was that while

Walter Raleigh was held in the Tower his rooms were altered to accommodate his

family, including his son who was born there in 1605.

Executions were usually carried out on Tower Hill rather than in the Tower

of London itself, and 112 people were executed on the hill over 400 years.

When the Hanoverian dynasty ascended the throne, their situation was

uncertain and with a possible Scottish rebellion in mind, the Tower of London was

repaired. Gun platforms added under the Stuarts had decayed. The number of guns

at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45, and one contemporary commentator

noted that the castle "would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army

prepared for a siege". For the most part, the 18th-century work on the defences was

spasmodic and piecemeal, although a new gateway in the southern curtain wall

permitting access from the wharf to the outer ward was added in 1774. The moat

surrounding the castle had become silted over the centuries since it was created

despite attempts at clearing it. It was still an integral part of the castle's defences,

so in 1830 the Constable of the Tower, the Duke of Wellington, ordered a large-

scale clearance of several feet of silt. However this did not prevent an outbreak of

disease in the garrison in 1841 caused by poor water supply, resulting in several

deaths. To prevent the festering ditch posing further health problems, it was

ordered that the moat should be drained and filled with earth. The work began in

1843 and was mostly complete two years later. The construction of the Waterloo

Barracks in the inner ward began in 1845, when the Duke of Wellington laid the 23

foundation stone. The building could accommodate 1,000 men; at the same time,

separate quarters for the officers were built to the north-east of the White Tower.

The building is now the headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.The

popularity of the Chartist movement between 1828 and 1858 led to a desire to

refortify the Tower of London in the event of civil unrest. It was the last major

programme of fortification at the castle. Most of the surviving installations for the

use of artillery and firearms date from this period.

During the First World War, eleven men were tried in private and shot by

firing squad at the Tower for espionage. During the Second World War, the Tower

was once again used to hold prisoners of war. One such person was Rudolf Hess,

Adolf Hitler's deputy, albeit just for four days in 1941. He was the last state

prisoner to be held at the castle. The last person to be executed at the Tower was

German spy Josef Jakobs who was shot on 15 August 1941. The executions for

espionage during the wars took place in a prefabricated miniature rifle range which

stood in the outer ward and was demolished in 1969. The Second World War also

saw the last use of the Tower as a fortification. In the event of a German invasion,

the Tower, together with the Royal Mint and nearby warehouses, was to have

formed one of three "keeps" or complexes of defended buildings which formed the

last-ditch defences of the capital.

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Chapter V. Legends of the Tower of London.

One of the earliest legends that connects the Tower with a raven is the

tale of the mutually destructive battle against the Irish king Matholwch who had

mistreated the British princess Branwen. Branwen's brother Bendigeidfran

(King of the Britons) ordered his followers to cut off his head and bury it

beneath the White Hill (where the Tower now stands) facing out towards

France as a talisman to protect Britain from foreign invasion.

A view (c. 1900) of Tower Green, where historically a temporary

scaffold was sometimes erected for executions, although these were usually

carried out on Tower Hill outside the castle. Before the 20th century, there were

seven executions on Tower Green.

According to folklore, wild ravens are thought to have inhabited the

Tower for many centuries, supposedly the first ones attracted there by the smell

of the corpses of the executed enemies of the Crown.

The Ceremony of the Keys at The Tower of London is a 700 year old

tradition that takes place every night. Essentially it's locking all the doors to the

Tower of London and the public are allowed to escort the warden, as long as

they apply in advance.

The Ceremony of the Keys involves the formal locking of the gates at the

Tower of London. The Tower must be locked, because it houses the Crown

Jewels. The Ceremony of the Keys has happened every night for around 700

years.

The Chief Yeoman Warder is escorted around the Tower locking all the

doors until he is 'challenged' by the sentry whom he must answer before

completing the task. The same wording is used every night.

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Visitors are admitted to the Tower under escort at 21.30 (9.30pm)

precisely. Between 40-50 visitors are admitted to watch the Ceremony of the

Keys each night. (Latecomers are not admitted as there is a strict schedule.)

Every night, at exactly 21.52 (eight minutes to 10pm), the Chief Yeoman

Warder of the Tower comes out of the Byward Tower, dressed in red, carrying

a candle lantern in one hand and the Queen's Keys in the other hand.

He walks to Traitor's Gate to meet two/four members of the duty

regiment Foot Guards who escort him throughout the ceremony. One soldier

takes the lantern and they walk in step to the outer gate. All guards and sentries

on duty salute the Queen's Keys as they pass.

The Warder locks the outer gate and they walk back to lock the oak gates

of the Middle and Byward Towers.

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Chapter VI. The Tower and the Kremlin in modern times

Today the Tower of London - one of the main attractions of the UK. He has

not changed since the days of the past. Symbol of sinister past the Tower is a place

where previously there was a scaffold of Tower Hill. Now there with a small

plaque in memory of the "tragic fate and sometimes martyrdom of those who in the

name of religion, homeland and ideals risked his life and suffered death."

Currently, the main building of the Tower - museum and armory , which holds the

treasures of the British Crown ; officially still considered to be one of the royal

residences . In the Tower there are also a number of private apartments, which are

home to mainly support staff and distinguished guests

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In 1991, the Kremlin became the residence of the President of Russia. In the

1990s, the Kremlin carried out major restoration work, which resulted in the

restored Red Porch Faceted Chamber, Alexander restored and St. Andrew's Hall of

the Grand Kremlin Palace, carried out the restoration of the building of the Senate.

In 1996-2000 was carried out restoration of the Kremlin walls and towers. In July

2014, President Vladimir Putin proposed to demolish the administrative 14th

Corps Ivan square of the Moscow Kremlin and restore the stand in his place and

Miracles Ascension Monastery.

A unique museum complex of the Moscow Kremlin includes the Armory

Chamber, the Assumption, Archangel and Annunciation Cathedrals, the Church of

Deposition of the Robe, the Patriarch's Palace and the Twelve Apostles, the

ensemble of Ivan the Great Bell, a collection of artillery shells and bells.

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Exhibition in the Assumption Belfry presents the phenomenon of Russia as the

most extensive state, the status of which it holds at the end of the XVII century,

and as a country, whose territory expanded with the greatest intensity. For the first

time the Moscow Kremlin Museums are turning to this topic , revealing it to show

unique works of art XIV - early XX century. Magnificent monuments of the

Kremlin meeting reflect the history of the formation of the territory of the Russian

state from the Moscow principality to the Russian Empire. In this regard, some of

the works presented at the exhibition, in a completely new light, others - shown for

the first time.The central exhibit is embroidered map of the Russian Empire created

by pupils of the Moscow Institute of the Order of St. Catherine in 1872 and their

presentation to the Emperor Alexander II.

The basis of the exhibition consists of items created by the command of Russian

rulers in connection with major events in the geopolitical history of Russia.

Expanding the borders has always been an expression of glory and power, and

power is particularly reflected in the domestic arts, causing birth exceptional in its

significance and symbolic fullness of works - from the royal crown to

commemorative medals.

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Chapter VII. Comparative analysis of two fortresses

Location Situated at the heart of

Moscow, overlooking the

Moskva River to the

south, on Borovitsky Hill.

Situated by the river Thames east of the City

of London

Surrounding The Moskva River, the

Saint Basil`s Cathedral,

the Red Square, the

Alexander Garden, the

GUM.

The Thames, the Tower Bridge, The City

Founder Prince Yuri Dolgoruky at

the 11 century

William the Conqueror, 1066-1087

Reformer Ivan Kalita, Dmitri

Donskoi, Prince Ivan III,

Boris Godunov, the

Romanov dynasty.

Charles I, Edward I, Richard II, Henry III, The

Tudors dynasty

Museums located on the

territory

The Armory Museum, the

Dormition Cathedral, the

Archangel Cathedral, the

Annunciation Cathedral,

the Patriarch`s Palace, the

Church of the Deposition

of the Robe, the Diamond

Fund.

Museum and armory,

which houses the Crown

Jewels.

The Kremlin and Tower

at present

The Moscow Kremlin

State Historical and

Cultural Museum and

Heritage Site;

The main building of the Tower - museum and armory , which holds the treasures of the British Crown ; officially still considered to be one of

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the primary working

President's residence is

the Senate building in the

Moscow Kremlin

complex;

The Kremlin is included

in the list of UNESCO

World Heritage.

the royal residences . In the Tower there are also a number of private apartments, which are home to mainly support staff and distinguished guests

Traditions Holding parades on the

Red Square; the festive

celebrations at the

Manege Square; the

reception of foreign

delegations president;

ceremonial parade on foot

and on horse guards;

falcons are in the service

in the Kremlin- chase

crows and pigeons to

preserve the purity of the

towers and domes.

The Ceremony of the Keys at The Tower of

London is a 700 year old tradition that takes place

every night.

Yeoman Warders and ravens

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Conclusion

In conclusion, we’d like to say that that any city started with a fortress which

purpose was to defend its citizens at first but later its purpose changed with the city

development and growth. We can see it on the example of the Moscow Kremlin

and the Tower of London. Both of them have differences and similarities.

Similarities:

✤ both were built to protect the citizens from the enemy;

✤ both were royal residences;

✤ both have some legends and traditions connected with them;

✤ both still function nowadays.

Differences:

✤ the Kremlin is still the residence of the president while the Tower is not;

✤ the Tower was mostly used as a prison and a place of execution while the Kremlin served as a fortress or a residence;

✤ the Kremlin is a larger construction than the Tower.

We also came to the conclusion that the reason why such complexes appear depends largely on the political and economic situations.

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Bibliography

1. Internet Resources

2. Guide Books. Moscow Kremlin

3. The Tower of London: Official Illustrated History, Edward Impey

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