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FAO_Code_Arabic_2015:Layout110/02/1513:39PaginaI

FAO_Code_Arabic_2015:Layout110/02/1513:39PaginaII

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J≤óË - eójô YÉΩ eæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á )OHW(iivnahC teragraM

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GŸÉOI 2GŸü°£∏ëÉä hGdà©ÉQj∞3

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GŸÉOI 4GNàÑÉQ eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä01

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GŸÉOI 6GŸà£∏ÑÉä Gdàæ¶«ª«á hGdØæ«á51

GŸÉOI 7JƒGaô eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä hGS°àîóGe¡É81

GŸÉOI 8GdàƒRj™ hGdàéÉQI91

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eóhfá Gdù°∏ƒ∑ Gdóhd«áGÿÉU°á HÉEOGQI eÑ«óGä G’BaÉävi

he˘˘óhf˘˘á Gdù°˘∏˘ƒ∑ Gd˘óhd˘«˘á GÿÉU°˘á H˘ÉEOGQI e˘Ñ˘«˘óGä

G’BaÉä g» GEWÉQ WƒY» GYàªóJ¬ Gdóh∫ G’CY†°ÉA ‘

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ù°Ñ≤á Yø Y∏º Y∏≈ eƒGO c«ª«ÉF«á

heÑ«óGä GBaÉä e©«æá N£ôI eàóGhdá ‘ GdàéÉQI

Gd˘óhd˘«˘á, hGJ˘Ø˘Éb˘«˘á GS°˘à˘ƒc¡ƒ⁄ GŸà©∏≤á HÉŸ∏ƒKÉä

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Gdµ«ª«ÉF«á Gdà» –àÉê GE¤ GEOGQI hGY«á. hGCfÉ GCoT°é™

cπ gƒD’A Gdòjø j≤ƒeƒ¿ HÉdà©Éeπ e™ GEOGQI G’BaÉä

hGŸÑ«óGä ’S°àîóGΩ gò√ GdƒK«≤á cªôL™ GEQT°ÉO…

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Yæó hV°™ S°«ÉS°à¡º hGdæü°ƒU¢ Gdàû°ôj©«á

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hJ©ª«≥ G’EbôGQ HÉd©ªπ ‘ gòG GÛÉ∫.

GBeπ eø NÓ∫ GdàæØ«ò GdØ©É∫ d¡ò√ GŸóhfá Gdóhd«á

G÷ójóI GÿÉU°á HÉEOGQI eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä, GC¿ fù°à£«™

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hGdÑ«Äá Hû°µπ cÑÒ, e™ –ù°Ú G’EfàÉL«á GŸù°àóGeá

hJƒaÒ S°Ñπ Gd©«û¢ d∏ªõGQYÚ ‘ cπ eµÉ¿.

avliS ad onaizarG ésoJGŸójô Gd©ÉΩ Ÿæ¶ªá G’CZòjá hGdõQGYá

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Y∏ªÉk Ãóhfá Gdù°∏ƒ∑ Gdóhd«á GÿÉU°á HÉEOGQI eÑ«óGä

G’BaÉä. hJƒaô GŸóhfá bƒGYó S°∏ƒ∑ WƒY«á ÷ª«™

Gd˘µ˘«˘Éf˘Éä GŸû°˘ÉQc˘á GCh GŸôJ˘Ñ˘£˘á H˘ÉEOGQI GŸÑ˘«˘óGä

Y∏≈ GeàóGO OhQI M«ÉJ¡É HóAGk eø GEfàÉL¡É hMà≈

Gdàî∏ü¢ eæ¡É.

hjàªãπ Gd¡ó± G’CS°ÉS°» Ÿóhfá Gdù°∏ƒ∑ ‘ J©¶«º

Méº G’S°àØÉOI eø GŸÑ«óGä ‘ eµÉaëá G’BaÉä

Hû°µπ a©É∫ S°ƒGA ‘ Gdü°ëá Gd©Éeá GCh ‘ GdõQGYá,

e˘˘™ M˘ª˘Éj˘á U°˘ë˘á G’Efù°˘É¿ hG◊«˘ƒG¿ hGd˘Ñ˘«˘Ä˘á e˘ø

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hJƒV°í bƒGYó Gdù°∏ƒ∑ Hû°ÉC¿ GEOGQI eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä,

hJ˘µ˘ª˘π Gdü°˘µ˘ƒ∑ GŸo

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GŸƒGO Gdµ«ª«ÉF«á.

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G◊É‹ d∏ªóhfá Gdò… hGa≥ Y∏«¬ eƒD“ô GŸæ¶ªá ‘

OhQJ¬ GdãÉeæá hGdãÓKÚ Gdà» Yo

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” J£ƒjô√ eø NÓ∫ Gdà©Éh¿ GŸû°Î∑ HÚ eæ¶ªá

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H˘˘ÉŸƒV°˘ƒY˘Éä PGä Gdü°˘∏˘á H˘Édü°˘ë˘á Gd˘©˘Ée˘á, a˘ÉE¿

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hGC¿ Jƒ‹ GgàªÉeÉk NÉU°Ék GE¤ GÛªƒYÉä GŸo

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)SDIA/VIH(, hGC¿ Jû°˘˘˘óO Y˘˘˘∏˘˘≈ J˘˘≤˘˘∏˘˘«˘˘π GS°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óGΩ

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Hû°˘˘óI Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ J˘˘£˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘≥ G’EOGQI GŸà˘˘µ˘˘Ée˘˘∏˘˘á d˘æ˘Éb˘Óä

G’CeôGV¢ ŸµÉaëá G’CeôGV¢ GÙªƒdá HƒGS°£á gò√

GdæÉbÓä.

hJo©ó eóhfá bƒGYó Gdù°∏ƒ∑ ÃãÉHá G’EWÉQ GdàƒL«¡»

d˘˘à˘˘©˘˘õj˘˘õ b˘˘óQGä Gd˘˘óh∫ G’CY†°˘ÉA Gd˘æ˘Ée˘«˘á d˘à˘æ˘¶˘«˘º

hJ≤««º haôV¢ QbÉHá a©Édá Y∏≈ GŸÑ«óGä, ÃÉ ‘

J≤óË - eójô YÉΩ eæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á )OHW(

nahC teragraM

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Pd∂, J˘˘∏∂ GŸù°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óe˘˘á ‘ ›É∫ Gdü°˘˘ë˘á Gd˘©˘Ée˘á,

hGdà» jàº JóGhd¡É hGS°àîóGe¡É ‘ GCQGV°«¡É.

h–å e˘˘æ˘˘¶˘˘ª˘á Gdü°˘ë˘á Gd˘©˘ÉŸ«˘á )OHW( Gd˘Ñ˘∏˘óG¿

hGCU°ëÉÜ GŸü°∏ëá G’BNôjø Y∏≈ Gdà©Éh¿ hJÑÉO∫

GŸ©∏ƒeÉä hGÿÈGä d∏à¨∏Ö Y∏≈ Gd≤«ƒO GŸØôhV°á

Y∏≈ GŸƒGQO, hHæÉA Gd≤óQGä GdÓReá. hS°ƒ± J©ªπ

eæ¶ªá G’CZòjá hGdõQGYá heæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á

c˘˘ª˘˘æ˘˘¶˘˘ª˘àÚ T°˘ôj˘µ˘àÚ Y˘∏˘≈ Rj˘ÉOI J˘©˘õj˘õ G÷¡˘ƒO

GdôGe«á GE¤ Gd©ªπ Hû°µπ hK«≥ e™ T°ôcÉA GBNôjø eø

G’C· GŸàëóI, hGd≤£É´ GÿÉU¢ hGÛàª™ GŸóÊ

dôa™ eù°àƒi GdƒY» h HæÉA Gd≤óQGä ’CLπ JæØ«ò

a©É∫ Ÿóhfá Gdù°∏ƒ∑ ‘ GdÑ∏óG¿ GdæÉe«á.

nahC teragraMGŸójô Gd©ÉΩ Ÿæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á )OHW(

eóhfá Gdù°∏ƒ∑ Gdóhd«áGÿÉU°á HÉEOGQI eÑ«óGä G’BaÉäviii

FAO_Code_Arabic_2015:Layout110/02/1513:39Paginaviii

1

1-1J˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘ã˘˘π GCg˘˘óG± GŸóhf˘˘á ‘ hV°˘˘™ b˘ƒGY˘ó

S°˘˘∏˘˘ƒ∑ W˘˘ƒY˘˘«˘˘á ÷ª˘˘«˘˘™ Gd˘¡˘«˘Ä˘Éä Gd˘©˘Ée˘á

hGÿÉU°˘˘á Gd˘˘©˘˘Ée˘˘∏˘˘á GCh PGä Gdü°˘∏˘á H˘ÉEOGQI

eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä, Nü°ƒU°Ék GEPG ⁄ jµø gæÉ∑

Jû°˘ôj˘™ e˘æ˘ÉS°Ö GCh hW˘æ˘» d˘à˘æ˘¶˘«º eÑ«óGä

G’BaÉä.

1-2Jû°ªπ Gdµ«ÉfÉä Gdà» Jo©æ≈ H¡É gò√ GŸóhfá

G◊µƒeÉä, hGŸæ¶ªÉä Gdóhd«á, hU°æÉYá

e˘˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘óGä G’Ba˘˘˘˘Éä, hU°˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘ÉY˘˘˘˘á e˘˘˘©˘˘˘óGä

G’S°˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘î˘˘˘˘óGΩ, hŒÉQ e˘˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘óGä G’Ba˘˘˘˘Éä,

hGd˘˘˘©˘˘˘Ée˘˘∏Ú ‘ ›É∫ e˘˘µ˘˘Éa˘˘ë˘˘á G’Ba˘˘Éä,

hGdü°æÉYÉä Gd¨òGF«á, hGdü°æÉYÉä G’CNôi

Gd˘˘à˘˘» Jù°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óΩ GŸÑ˘˘«˘˘óGä GCh J˘˘¡˘˘à˘˘º H˘˘¡˘˘É,

heù°˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘î˘˘˘˘óe˘˘˘» GŸÑ˘˘˘«˘˘˘óGä, h›ª˘˘˘ƒY˘˘˘Éä

GŸü°˘˘Éd˘˘í Gd˘˘©˘˘Ée˘á c˘ÉÛª˘ƒY˘Éä GŸ©˘æ˘«˘á

HÉdÑ«Äá h›ªƒYÉä GŸù°à¡∏µÚ hGdæ≤ÉHÉä

Gd©ªÉd«á.

1-3ho

V°p©â gò√ GŸóhfá dàù°àîóΩ, ‘ f£É¥

Gd˘˘˘àû°˘˘˘ôj˘˘˘©˘˘˘Éä Gd˘˘≤˘˘£˘˘ôj˘˘á, c˘˘ÉCS°˘˘ÉS¢ Áµ˘˘ø

ÃƒL˘˘Ñ˘˘¬ d˘˘∏˘˘µ˘˘«˘˘Éf˘Éä GŸ©˘æ˘«˘á ‘ GŸóhf˘á

–ój˘˘ó e˘˘É GEPG c˘˘Éfâ GEL˘˘ôGAGJ˘˘¡˘˘É GŸ≤ÎM˘á

h/GCh GEL˘˘˘ôGAGä G’BN˘˘˘ôj˘˘˘ø “ã˘˘π ‡ÉQS°˘˘Éä

e≤Ñƒdá.

1-4h–óO GŸóhfá GŸù°ƒDhd«á GŸû°Îcá d∏©ójó

e˘˘ø b˘˘£˘˘ÉY˘˘Éä GÛà˘ª˘™ d˘∏˘©˘ª˘π e˘©˘Ék Y˘∏˘≈

–≤«≥ GŸæÉa™ Gdà» Joù°àªó eø GS°àîóGΩ

GŸÑ«óGä Y∏≈ Gdæëƒ Gd†°ôhQ… hGŸ≤Ñƒ∫,

Oh¿ GC¿ JÎJÖ Y˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘≈ Pd∂ GBK˘˘˘˘ÉQ hGV°˘˘˘˘ë˘˘˘á

V°˘˘˘ÉQI Hü°˘˘˘ë˘˘˘á Gdù°˘˘µ˘˘É¿ GCh G◊«˘˘ƒG¿ h/GCh

GdÑ«Äá. hd¡òG Gd¨ôV¢, aÉE¿ Lª«™ G’ET°ÉQGä

GE¤ G◊µƒeá GCh G◊µƒeÉä ‘ gò√ GŸóhfá

GE‰É Jù°˘˘ôi H˘˘æ˘Øù¢ Gd˘≤˘óQ Y˘∏˘≈ Gd˘à˘é˘ª˘©˘Éä

G’Eb˘˘∏˘˘«˘ª˘«˘á d˘∏˘ë˘µ˘ƒe˘Éä ‘ GŸù°˘ÉF˘π Gd˘à˘»

JóNπ ‘ f£É¥ GNàü°ÉU°¡É.

1-5J˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘» GŸóhf˘˘˘á G◊ÉL˘˘˘á GE¤ H˘˘˘ò∫ L˘˘˘¡˘˘ƒO

eû°Îc˘˘á HÚ M˘˘µ˘˘ƒe˘˘Éä c˘˘πm e˘˘ø Gd˘˘Ñ˘˘∏˘˘óG¿

GŸü°˘˘˘óQI hGŸù°˘˘˘à˘˘˘ƒQOI ŸÑ˘˘«˘˘óGä G’Ba˘˘Éä,

d˘àû°˘é˘«˘™ GŸª˘ÉQS°˘Éä Gd˘à˘» e˘ø T°˘ÉCf˘¡˘É GC¿

J≤∏π GE¤ GCOf≈ OQLá ‡µæá eø GıÉWô

Gdü°˘˘ë˘«˘á hGd˘Ñ˘«˘Ä˘«˘á GŸo

ë˘à˘ª˘∏˘á PGä Gdü°˘∏˘á

HÉŸÑ«óGä e™ V°ªÉ¿ GS°àîóGe¡É Y∏≈ fëƒ

a©q

É∫.

1-6Joù°n

∏uº GŸóhfá HÉC¿ GdàóQjÖ Pi Gdü°∏á Y∏≈

L˘ª˘«˘™ GŸù°˘à˘ƒj˘Éä GŸæ˘ÉS°˘Ñ˘á jo˘©ànÈ e£∏ÑÉk

GCS°˘˘ÉS°˘˘«˘˘Ék d˘à˘æ˘Ø˘«˘ò hGMÎGΩ GCM˘µ˘Ée˘¡˘É. hd˘òG

j˘æ˘Ñ˘¨˘» d˘∏˘µ˘«˘Éf˘Éä GŸ©˘æ˘«˘á ‘ GŸóhfá GC¿

J©£» GChdƒjá eà≤óeá ’Cfû°£á GdàóQjÖ P…

Gdü°∏á h’Cfû°£á HæÉA Gd≤óQGä PGä Gdü°∏á

Hµπ eÉOI eø eƒGO GŸóhfá.

GŸÉOI 1

GCgóG± GŸóhfá

GŸÉOI 1GCgóG± GŸóhfá

FAO_Code_Arabic_2015:Layout110/02/1513:39Pagina1

eóhfá Gdù°∏ƒ∑ Gdóhd«áGÿÉU°á HÉEOGQI eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä2

1-7hJ˘˘à†°˘˘ª˘ø b˘ƒGY˘ó Gdù°˘∏˘ƒ∑ Gd˘ƒGQOI ‘ g˘ò√

GŸóhfá:

1-7-1Gdàû°é«™ Y∏≈ GEJÑÉ´ GŸªÉQS°Éä GdàéÉQjá

GŸù°ƒDhdá hGŸ≤Ñƒdá YªƒeÉk;

1-7-2eù°ÉYóI GdÑ∏óG¿ Gdà» ⁄ J†°™ Mà≈ G’B¿

V°˘˘ƒGH˘§ J˘æ˘¶˘«˘ª˘«˘á Hû°˘ÉC¿ L˘ƒOI he˘ÓF˘ª˘á

eæàéÉä eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä GdÓReá d∏Ñ∏ó ‘

GdÎhjè dÓS°àîóGΩ GdôT°«ó hGdµ∞A Ÿãπ

gò√ GŸæàéÉä, he©É÷á GıÉWô GÙàª∏á

GŸôJÑ£á HÉS°àîóGe¡É;

1-7-3Jôhjè GŸªÉQS°Éä Gdà» J≤∏π eø GıÉWô

Y˘˘∏˘≈ Ge˘à˘óGO OhQI M˘«˘ÉI GŸÑ˘«˘óGä, H˘¡˘ó±

G◊ó e˘˘˘˘ø G’BK˘˘˘˘ÉQ Gd†°˘˘˘˘ÉQI Y˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘≈ G’Efù°˘˘˘É¿

hGd˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘«˘˘˘Ä˘˘˘á hPd∂ GE¤ GCOf˘˘˘≈ OQL˘˘á ‡µ˘˘æ˘˘á,

hG◊«˘˘˘∏˘˘˘ƒd˘˘˘á Oh¿ hb˘˘˘ƒ´ M˘˘ƒGOç Gd˘˘àù°˘˘ª˘˘º

Gd˘˘©n

˘˘ôn

V°p˘˘» Hù°˘˘ÑÖ S°˘˘ƒA J˘˘óGh∫ GŸÑ˘«˘óGä GCh

Jîõjæ¡É GCh f≤∏¡É GCh GS°àîóGe¡É GCh Gdàî∏ü¢

eæ¡É, hcòd∂ eø hLƒO eàÑ≤«Éä ŸÑ«óGä

G’BaÉä ‘ G’CZòjá hG’CYÓ±;

1-7-4V°ªÉ¿ GS°àîóGΩ GŸÑ«óGä HØ©Éd«á hcØÉAI,

hY˘˘∏˘˘≈ f˘˘ë˘ƒ jù°˘¡˘º ‘ Gd˘à˘ëù°Ú GŸù°˘à˘óGΩ

d˘˘˘∏˘˘˘õQGY˘˘á hGdü°˘˘ë˘˘á Gd˘˘©˘˘Ée˘˘á hG◊«˘˘ƒGf˘˘«˘˘á

hGdÑ«Äá;

1-7-5GYàªÉO f¡è ''OhQI G◊«ÉI'' ’EOGQI GŸÑ«óGä

Ÿ©˘˘˘É÷á L˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘™ G÷ƒGfÖ Gd˘˘ôF˘˘«ù°˘˘«˘˘á PGä

Gdü°˘˘∏˘˘á H˘˘à˘˘£˘˘ƒj˘˘ô L˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘™ GCf˘˘ƒG´ GŸÑ˘«˘óGä

hJù°˘˘˘é˘˘˘«˘˘˘∏˘˘˘¡˘˘˘É hGEf˘˘à˘˘ÉL˘˘¡˘˘É hG’ŒÉQ H˘˘¡˘˘É,

hJ˘˘©˘Ñ˘Ä˘à˘¡˘É hJ˘ƒS°˘«˘ª˘¡˘É )hV°˘™ Gd˘Ñ˘£˘Éb˘Éä

Gd˘˘à˘˘©˘˘ôj˘˘Ø˘˘«˘˘á Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ Gd˘˘©˘˘Ñ˘˘ƒGä( hJ˘ƒRj˘©˘¡˘É,

hJ˘î˘õj˘æ˘¡˘É hf˘≤˘∏˘¡˘É hJ˘óGhd¡É hGS°àîóGe¡É

hGd˘˘˘à˘˘˘î˘˘˘∏ü¢ e˘˘˘æ˘˘˘¡˘˘˘É he˘˘ôGb˘˘Ñ˘˘à˘˘¡˘˘É hQU°˘˘ó

e˘˘˘à˘˘Ñ˘˘≤˘˘«˘˘ÉJ˘˘¡˘˘É, a†°˘˘Ó Y˘˘ø GEOGQI fl∏˘˘Ø˘˘Éä

GŸÑ«óGä h YÑƒGJ¡É;

1-7-6GdÎhjè dà£Ñ«≥ G’EOGQI GŸàµÉe∏á dÓBaÉä

hG’EOGQI GŸàµÉe∏á dæÉbÓä G’CeôGV¢ M«å

GCf¡É GCoYóä d¡òG Gd¨ôV¢;

1-7-7Jû°˘é˘«˘™ GŸû°˘ÉQc˘á ‘ J˘Ñ˘ÉO∫ GŸ©˘∏˘ƒe˘Éä,

hG’J˘Ø˘Éb˘«˘Éä Gd˘óhd˘«˘á GÙóOI ‘ GŸ∏˘ë˘≥

)1(, hNÉU°á GJØÉb«á QhJôOGΩ Hû°ÉC¿ J£Ñ«≥

GELôGA GŸƒGa≤á GŸù°Ñ≤á Yø Y∏º Y∏≈ eƒGO

c˘«˘ª˘«˘ÉF˘«˘á he˘Ñ˘«˘óGä GBa˘Éä e˘©˘«˘æ˘á N˘£˘ôI

eàóGhdá ‘ GdàéÉQI Gdóhd«á*

*G’CQbÉΩ GdƒGQOI a≈ Gdæü¢ HÚ GCbƒGS¢ Jû°Ò GE¤ GŸôGL™ GŸòcƒQI

a≈ f¡Éjá gò√ GdƒK«≤á.


3

d¨ôV¢ gò√ GŸóhfá:

GŸÉOI GdØ©Édá:J©æ» G÷õA eø GŸo

æàè Gdò… jƒaô

GdØ©π G’EHÉO… ŸÑ«ó G’BaÉä.

G’EYÓ¿:j©æ» GdÎhjè dÑ«™ GŸÑ«ó hGS°à©ªÉd¬ HƒGS°£á

hS°˘ÉF˘π G’EY˘ÓΩ GŸ£˘Ñ˘ƒY˘á hG’d˘µÎhf˘«˘á hGd˘Óa˘à˘Éä

hT°ÉT°Éä Gd©ôV¢ hGd¡óGjÉ hGdÑ«É¿ Gd©ª∏» GCh G◊ójå

Gdû°Ø¡».

e©óGä Gdà£Ñ«≥ GCh G’S°àîóGΩ:J©æ» GC… eù°ÉYóI aæ«á,

GCh e©óGä GCh GCOhGä GCh GB’ä Jù°àîóΩ ‘ J£Ñ«≥ eÑ«óGä

G’BaÉä.

J˘µ˘æ˘ƒd˘ƒL˘«˘É Gd˘à˘£Ñ«≥ GCh G’S°àîóGΩ:hJ˘©˘æ» Yª∏«á

GdàƒU°«π GŸÉO… GdØ©∏» d∏ªÑ«ó, hJƒRj©¬ Y∏≈ GdµÉFø

GŸù°à¡ó±,

GCh GE¤ GŸµ˘˘˘É¿ Gd˘˘˘ò… j˘˘˘Óeù¢ a˘˘˘«˘˘˘¬ GŸÑ˘˘˘«˘˘˘ó Gd˘˘˘µ˘˘ÉF˘˘ø

GŸù°à¡ó±.

eÑ«ó G’BaÉä GÙ¶ƒQ:j©æ» GŸÑ«ó Gdò… Mo

¶ôä Lª«™

GChL¬ GS°àîóGe¬ HÉELôGA Jæ¶«ª» f¡ÉF», hPd∂ ◊ªÉjá

U°ëá G’Efù°É¿ GCh GdÑ«Äá. hjû°ªπ Pd∂ GC… eÑ«ó Qo

a†°â

GŸƒGa≤á Y∏«¬ ’S°àîóGe¬ GCh∫ eôI, GCh S°ëÑà¬ G÷¡á

GŸo

ü°æ©á GEeÉ eø Gdù°ƒ¥ GÙ∏«á GCh eø GELôGA GŸõjó

e˘˘ø Gd˘˘óQGS°˘˘á Y˘˘∏˘˘«˘¬ GCK˘æ˘ÉA Y˘ª˘∏˘«˘á GŸƒGa˘≤˘á GÙ∏˘«˘á,

hM˘˘«˘˘ã˘˘ª˘˘É J˘ƒGa˘ô Od˘«˘π U°˘ôj˘í Y˘∏˘≈ GJ˘î˘ÉP e˘ã˘π g˘òG

G’ELôGA d¨ôV¢ MªÉjá U°ëá G’Efù°É¿ GCh GdÑ«Äá.

GŸÉOI GŸû°Îcá ‘ Œ¡«õ eù°àë†°ô GŸÑ«ó:J©æ»

eo

µƒp¿ ZÒ a©É∫ ‘ eæàè eÑ«ó G’BaÉä GŸo

é¡q

õ.

Gd©ÑƒI:hJ©æ» GC… T°»A jo

ù°àîóΩ ‘ MØß eæàè eÑ«ó

GBaÉä.

Gdàî∏ü¢:hJ©æ≈ GCjá Yª∏«á ’EYÉOI Jóhjô, GCh dàë««ó

)GEH˘˘˘£˘˘˘É∫ GŸØ˘˘˘©˘˘˘ƒ∫(, GCh d˘˘à˘˘óeÒ GCh d˘˘©˘˘õ∫ eo˘˘î˘˘∏˘˘Ø˘˘Éä

GŸÑ«óGä,

hGd©ÑƒGä GŸù°àîóeá hGŸƒGO GŸ∏ƒKá.

GdàƒRj™:hj©æ» Yª∏«á JƒQjó GCh Wôì eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä

‘ G’CS°˘˘ƒG¥ GÙ∏˘˘«˘˘á GCh Gd˘˘óhd˘«˘á e˘ø N˘Ó∫ Gd˘≤˘æ˘ƒGä

GdàéÉQjá.

GdÑ«Äá:hJ©æ≈ Gd©æÉU°ô Gd£Ñ«©«á GÙ«£á, ÃÉ ‘

Pd∂ GŸÉA hGd¡ƒGA hGdÎHá hYÓbÉJ¡É GdÑ«æ«á, hcòd∂

Lª«™ Gd©ÓbÉä H«æ¡É hHÚ GC… cÉFæÉä M«á.

GdàµÉaƒD:jo˘˘≤ü°˘˘ó H˘˘¬ –ój˘˘ó Gd˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘ÉK˘π e˘ø M˘«å Y˘óΩ

Gd˘˘˘æ˘˘˘≤˘˘˘ÉhI hG÷ÉfÖ Gdù°o

˘˘˘ªq

˘˘˘», a†°˘˘Ó Y˘˘ø Gÿü°˘˘ÉFü¢

Gd£Ñ«©«á hGdµ«ª«ÉF«á d∏ªÉOI Gdà≤æ«á Gdà» jØÎV¢ GC¿

J˘˘µ˘˘ƒ¿ e˘˘à˘˘ª˘ÉK˘∏˘á Y˘æ˘ó GEf˘à˘ÉL˘¡˘É e˘ø L˘¡˘Éä Jü°˘æ˘«˘™

eo

îà∏Øá, hPd∂ dà≤««º eÉ GEPG cÉfâ Joªãπ eù°àƒjÉä

eàªÉK∏á eø GıÉWô.

GEOGQI G’EQT°ÉO:hJ©æ» Gdµ«ÉfÉä GŸù°ƒDhdá ‘ H∏óm eÉ

Yø f≤π GŸ©∏ƒeÉä, hGŸû°ƒQI GdàµæƒdƒL«á hGdàóQjÖ

GŸÉOI 2

GŸü°£∏ëÉä hGdà©ÉQj∞

GŸÉOI 2GŸü°£∏ëÉä hGdà©ÉQj∞



GŸà©∏≥ Hàëù°Ú GŸªÉQS°Éä GdõQGY«á, ÃÉ ‘ Pd∂

GEfàÉê Gdù°∏™ GdõQGY«á hJóGhd¡É, hJîõjæ¡É, hJù°ƒj≤¡É.

GdÎc«Ö GCh Gdàé¡«õ )Ÿù°àë†°ô GŸÑ«ó(:j©æ» eõê

flà∏∞ GŸµƒfÉä H¡ó± L©π GŸæàè eØ«ó ha©É∫

‘ –≤˘˘˘«˘˘˘≥ Gd˘˘˘¨˘˘˘ôV¢ GŸôL˘˘˘ƒ e˘˘˘æ˘˘˘¬, h‘ W˘˘ôj˘˘≤˘˘á

G’S°àîóGΩ GŸæû°ƒOI.

GŸªÉQS°Éä GdõQGY«á G÷«óI:‘ GS°àîóGΩ eÑ«óGä

G’BaÉä hJû°ªπ G’S°àîóGeÉä GŸƒU°≈ H¡É QS°ª«Ék GCh

GŸôNü¢ H˘˘˘¡˘˘˘É b˘˘˘£˘˘˘ôj˘˘˘Ék ŸÑ˘˘˘«˘˘˘óGä G’Ba˘˘Éä ‘ X˘˘π

Gd˘˘¶˘˘ôh± Gd˘˘Ø˘˘©˘˘∏˘˘«˘˘á Gd˘˘ÓRe˘˘á d˘˘∏˘˘ª˘µ˘Éa˘ë˘á Gd˘Ø˘©˘Éd˘á

hGŸƒKƒbá dÓBaÉä. hJû°ªπ ›ªƒYá eø eù°àƒjÉä

GS°àîóGΩ GŸÑ«óGä Mà≈ GCY∏≈ eù°àƒi eo

ôNü¢ H¬

dÓS°àîóGΩ, hJ£Ñ≥ H£ôj≤á ’ JÎ∑ GE’ GCbπ cª«á

eàÑ≤«Éä ‡µæá eø GdæÉM«á Gd©ª∏«á.

Gÿ£ô:hj©æ» GÿÉU°«á GŸàÉCU°∏á ‘ eÉOI GCh YÉeπ

GCh hV°™ eÉ, hJæ£ƒ… Y∏≈ GEeµÉf«á GEMóGç fàÉFè

ZÒ e˘˘˘ôZ˘˘˘ƒH˘˘˘á )e˘˘˘ã˘˘π Gÿü°˘˘ÉFü¢ Gd˘˘à˘˘» b˘˘ó Jù°˘˘ÑÖ

J˘˘ÉCKÒGä e˘˘©˘˘Écù°˘˘á GCh GCV°˘˘ôGQGk J˘˘∏˘˘ë˘≥ H˘Édü°˘ë˘á, GCh

GdÑ«Äá GCh GŸªà∏µÉä(.

e˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘óGä GBa˘Éä T°˘ój˘óI Gÿ£˘ƒQI:hJ˘©˘æ˘» eÑ«óGä

G’BaÉä Gdà» jù°∏º HÉCf¡É “ãπ eù°àƒjÉä Y∏«É Hü°Øá

NÉU°á eø GıÉWô G◊ÉOI GCh GŸõeæá Y∏≈ Gdü°ëá

GCh GdÑ«Äá WÑ≤Ék dæ¶º Gdàü°æ«∞ GŸ≤Ñƒdá Ohd«Ék eãπ

eæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á GCh Gdæ¶ÉΩ GŸo

æù°q

≥ YÉŸ«Ék

d˘˘àü°˘˘æ˘˘«˘˘∞ GŸƒGO Gd˘˘µ˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘ÉF˘˘«˘˘á hhS°˘˘ª˘˘¡˘˘É )hV°˘™

GdÑ£ÉbÉä Gdà©ôjØ«á Y∏«¡É( GCh bƒGFª¡É ‘ GJØÉbÉä

GCh GJØÉb«Éä Ohd«á e∏õeá PGä U°∏á. hHÉ’EV°Éaá GE¤

Pd∂, aÉEf¬ jéƒR GYàÑÉQ GŸÑ«óGä Gdà» j¶¡ô GCf¡É

Jù°˘˘ÑÖ GCV°˘˘ôGQGk T°˘˘ój˘˘óI GCh ZÒ Y˘˘µ˘˘ƒS°˘˘á )f˘˘¡˘˘ÉF˘˘«˘˘á(

d∏ü°ëá GCh d∏Ñ«Äá ‘ Xôh± GS°àîóGe¡É ‘ H∏óm eÉ

c˘˘ª˘˘ÉOI T°˘˘ój˘˘óI Gÿ£˘˘ƒQI, he˘˘©˘˘Ée˘˘∏˘˘à˘˘¡˘˘É Y˘˘∏˘≈ g˘òG

G’CS°ÉS¢.

G’EOGQI GŸà˘µ˘Ée˘∏˘á d˘ÓBaÉä:J˘©˘æ˘» Gd˘óQGS°˘á Gdób«≤á

÷ª«™ G’CS°Éd«Ö GdØæ«á GŸàÉMá ŸµÉaëá G’BaÉä, Kº

GdàµÉeπ HÚ GdàóGHÒ GŸÓFªá Gdà» eø T°ÉCf¡É GEYÉbá

‰ƒ GCYóGO Yû°ÉFô G’BaÉä hGEQLÉA GS°àîóGΩ GŸÑ«óGä

hZÒ Pd∂ eø GdàóNÓä Mà≈ GŸù°àƒjÉä GŸÈQI

Gb˘˘àü°˘˘ÉOj˘Ék e˘™ N˘Ø†¢ GCh J˘≤˘∏˘«˘π eù°˘à˘ƒi G’CN˘£`ÉQ

Gd˘˘à˘» J˘à˘©˘ôV¢ d˘¡˘É U°˘ë˘á G’Efù°˘É¿ hG◊«˘ƒG¿ h/GCh

GdÑ«Äá GE¤ GCOf≈ Mó. hJôcõ G’EOGQI GŸàµÉe∏á dÓBaÉä

Y∏≈ ‰ƒ GÙÉU°«π Gdù°∏«ªá e™ GCbπ GENÓ∫ ‡µø

HÉdæ¶º G’jµƒdƒL«á - GdõQGY«á hHòd∂ Jû°é™ GBd«Éä

GŸµÉaëá Gd£Ñ«©«á dÓBaÉä.

G’EOGQI GŸàµÉe∏á dæÉbÓä G’CeôGV¢:hJ©æ» Gd©ª∏«á

GŸæ£≤«á ’JîÉP Gd≤ôGQGä eø GCLπ G’S°àîóGΩ G’Ceãπ

d∏ªƒGQO ‘ ›É∫ eµÉaëá fÉbÓä G’CeôGV¢. hg»

J˘¡˘ó± GE¤ –ù°Ú Gd˘µ˘Ø˘ÉAI, hGd˘Ø˘©˘Éd˘«˘á Gd˘à˘µ˘Éd˘«˘Ø˘«á,

hGdù°˘˘Óe˘˘á hG’S°˘˘à˘˘óGe˘˘á G’Ej˘˘µ˘˘ƒd˘˘ƒL˘«˘àÚ d˘à˘óN˘Óä

e˘˘µ˘˘Éa˘˘ë˘˘á f˘˘Éb˘˘Óä G’Ce˘˘ôGV¢ H˘˘Éd˘˘æù°˘˘Ñ˘˘á Ÿµ˘˘Éa˘˘ë˘˘á

G’CeôGV¢ Gdà» –ª∏¡É fÉbÓä G’CeôGV¢.

eæ¶ªá Ohd«á: hJ©æ» eæ¶ªá Mµƒe«á Ohd«á YÉeá,

ÃÉ ‘ Pd∂ G’C· GŸàëóI, hGdƒcÉ’ä GŸàîü°ü°á

dÓC· GŸàëóI

hHôG›¡É, heü°ÉQ± Gdàæª«á, hGŸôGcõ G’CY†°ÉA ‘

G÷ª˘˘ÉY˘˘á G’S°˘˘àû°˘˘ÉQj˘˘á d˘∏˘Ñ˘ë˘ƒç Gd˘õQGY˘«˘á Gd˘óhd˘«˘á,

hGd¡«ÄÉä Gd©∏ª«á Gdóhd«á eø bÑ«π G’–ÉO Gdóh‹

d˘˘∏˘˘µ˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘ÉA Gd˘˘Ñ˘ë˘à˘á hGd˘à˘£˘Ñ˘«˘≤˘«˘á, hGÛ∏ù¢ Gd˘óh‹

Gdà©ÉhÊ GÙóhO dàë∏«π eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä, h Lª©«á

Y∏º Gdù°ª«Éä GdÑ«Ä«á hGdµ«ª«ÉA.

H˘«˘ÉfÉä Gd©ÑƒI:J˘˘©˘æ˘» e˘É g˘ƒ e˘µ˘à˘ƒÜ he˘£˘Ñ˘ƒ´ GCh

eôS°ƒΩ Y∏≈ GŸÑ«óGä GCh e∏ü°≥ Y∏«¡É GCh Y∏≈ YÑƒGJ¡É

GdóGN∏«á

GCh GÿÉQL«á GCh Y∏≈ ZÓ± YÑƒGä GdÑ«™ HÉdàéõFá.

OhQI G◊«ÉI: J©æ» Lª«™ GŸôGMπ Gdà» bó Áô H¡É

eÑ«ó GBaÉä eæò GEfàÉL¬ hMà≈ GfëÓd¬ ‘ GdÑ«Äá H©ó

G’S°àîóGΩ,

GCh JóeÒ√ cªæàè ZÒ eù°àîóΩ. hJû°ªπ OhQI G◊«ÉI

L˘˘¡˘˘á Gd˘˘àü°˘˘æ˘˘«˘˘™, hŒ¡˘˘«˘˘õ GŸù°˘˘à˘˘ë†°˘˘ô, hGd˘˘à˘©˘Ñ˘Ä˘á

hGdà¨∏«∞


5

hGdàƒRj™, hGdàîõjø hGdæ≤π, hG’S°àîóGΩ hGdàî∏ü¢

Gdæ¡ÉF» eø eo

æàè eÑ«ó GBaÉä h/GCh YÑƒJ¬.

L¡á Gdàü°æ«™: J©æ» GC… eƒDS°ù°á GCh c«É¿ GBNô ‘

Gd≤£É´ Gd©ÉΩ GCh GÿÉU¢, )ÃÉ ‘ Pd∂ GCi aôO( jû°à¨π

H©ªπ

GCh HƒX«Øá )S°ƒGA eÑÉT°ôI GCh eø NÓ∫ hc«π GCh c«É¿

jî†°™ d¬ GCh ÃƒLÖ Y≤ó eÈΩ e©¬( e™ L¡á Jü°æ«™

GŸÉOI GdØ©Édá ŸÑ«ó GBaÉä GCh Œ¡«õ eù°àë†°ô GCh eæàè

GŸÑ«ó.

Gdàù°ƒj≥: hj©æ» Gd©ª∏«á Gdû°Ée∏á dÎhjè GŸæàéÉä,

ÃÉ ‘ Pd∂ G’EY˘˘Ó¿ hGd˘˘©˘˘Ób˘˘Éä Gd˘˘©˘˘Ée˘˘á d˘˘∏˘˘ªo

˘˘æ˘˘àn˘è

hGÿóeÉä G’EYÓe«á

hGdàƒRj™ hGdÑ«™ ‘ G’CS°ƒG¥ GÙ∏«á GCh Gdóhd«á.

G◊ó G’Cbü°˘˘≈ d˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘à˘˘Ñ˘≤˘«˘Éä: j˘©˘æ˘≈ GdÎc˘«˘õ G’Cbü°˘≈

GŸù°ªƒì H¬ bÉfƒfÉ eø eàÑ≤«Éä GŸÑ«ó, GCh Gdò… Áµø

b˘˘Ñ˘˘ƒd˘˘¬ ‘ G’CZ˘˘òj˘˘á GCh Gdù°˘˘∏˘˘™ Gd˘˘õQGY˘˘«˘á GCh G’CY˘Ó±

G◊«ƒGf«á, GCh jµƒ¿ YÉd≤Ék H¡ò√ GŸƒGO.

Gdà©ÑÄá:hJ©æ≈ Gd©ÑƒI e™ Gd¨Ó± GdƒGb» GŸù°àîóΩ

d˘à˘ƒU°˘«˘π e˘æ˘à˘é˘Éä e˘Ñ˘«˘óGä G’BaÉä GE¤ eù°àîóe«¡É

YÈ bæƒGä GdàƒRj™ GCh GdÑ«™ HÉ÷ª∏á GCh GdàéõFá.

e©óGä GdƒbÉjá Gdû°îü°«á:hJ©æ» GCjá eÓHù¢ GCh eƒGO

GCh e©óGä Jƒaô G◊ªÉjá eø Gdà©ôV¢ d∏ªÑ«óGä NÓ∫

JóGhd¡É

GCh GS°àîóGe¡É. hJû°ªπ ‘ S°«É¥ gò√ GŸóhfá, cÓk eø

GŸ©˘˘˘óGä Gd˘˘˘ƒGb˘˘˘«˘˘˘á GŸü°˘˘ª˘˘ª˘˘á Nü°˘˘«ü°˘˘Ék, hGŸÓHù¢

Gıü°ü°á d∏à©Éeπ e™ GŸÑ«óGä hGS°àîóGe¡É.

G’Baá: hJ©æ» GC… fƒ´, GCh S°Ódá GCh ‰§ M«ƒ… eø

Gd˘˘˘æ˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘Éä, GCh G◊«˘˘˘ƒG¿ GCh Gd˘˘˘©˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘π GŸo

ª˘˘˘ôV¢ Gd†°˘˘ÉQ

H˘˘Éd˘˘æ˘˘Ñ˘˘ÉJ˘˘Éä hH˘˘ÉŸæ˘˘à˘˘é˘˘Éä Gd˘˘æ˘˘Ñ˘˘ÉJ˘«˘á, hH˘ÉŸƒGO GCh

H˘˘Éd˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘Ä˘˘Éä, hg˘˘» Jû°˘˘ª˘˘π f˘˘Éb˘˘Óä Gd˘˘£˘˘Ø˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘«˘Éä GCh

GŸo

ª˘ôpV°˘Éä d˘ÓEfù°˘É¿ GCh d˘∏˘ë˘«˘ƒG¿, hG◊«˘ƒGf˘Éä Gd˘à»

Joù°ÑÖ GERYÉLÉk U°ë«Ék d∏éª¡ƒQ.

YÉeπ eµÉaëá G’BaÉä:hj©æ» GC… T°îü¢ GCh T°ôcá

Jù°àîóΩ eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä Hü°ƒQI e¡æ«á.

GŸÑ«ó:j©æ» GC… eÉOI, GCh N∏«§ eø GŸƒGO, GCh eø

GŸµƒfÉä Gdµ«ª«ÉF«á GCh GdÑ«ƒdƒL«á jµƒ¿ Gd¨ôV¢

eæ¡É WôO G’Baá

GCh JóeÒgÉ GCh eµÉaëà¡É, GCh Jæ¶«º ‰ƒ GdæÑÉä.

GEOGQI e˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘óGä G’Ba˘Éä:hJ˘©˘æ˘» Gd˘ôb˘ÉH˘á hGdù°«£ôI

Gd˘˘à˘˘æ˘˘¶˘˘«˘ª˘«˘á hGd˘à˘≤˘æ˘«˘á ÷ª˘«˘™ L˘ƒGfÖ OhQI M˘«˘ÉI

eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä, ÃÉ ‘ Pd∂ GEfàÉê )Jü°æ«™ hŒ¡«õ

GŸù°˘à˘ë†°˘ô(, hGdÎN˘«ü¢, hGS°˘àÒGO hJ˘ƒRj˘™ hH˘«˘™

hJƒQjó, hf≤π, hJîõjø,

hJóGh∫, hGS°àîóGΩ eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä hGdàî∏ü¢ eæ¡É

he˘˘ø Y˘˘Ñ˘˘ƒGJ˘˘¡˘˘É hPd∂ d†°˘˘ª˘˘É¿ Gdù°˘˘Óe˘˘á hGd˘Ø˘©˘Éd˘«˘á

hGdà≤∏«π GE¤ GCOÊ Mó eø GdàÉCKÒGä Gdü°ë«á hGdÑ«Ä«á

Gd†°ÉQI, hG◊ó eø Gdà©ôV¢ GdÑû°ô… hG◊«ƒGÊ.

Gdù°ªƒΩ:J©æ» GŸƒGO Gdà» jƒDO… Geàü°ÉU°¡É Hµª«á

Hù°«£á fù°Ñ«Ék eø LÉfÖ G’Efù°É¿ GCh G◊«ƒG¿ GCh GdæÑÉä

GE¤ GV°£ôGÜ GCh N∏π ‘ Gdàµƒjø GCh ‘ GCOGA GdƒXÉF∞,

‡É jƒDOi GE¤ GEMóGç GŸôV¢ GCh G’EU°ÉHá GCh GŸƒä.

Gdàù°ªº: hj©æ≈ Móhç V°ôQ GCh GNàÓ∫ fÉT°Å Yø

S°º, hJû°ªπ Gdàù°ªu

º.

GŸæàè )eæànè eÑ«ó G’BaÉä(:hj©æ» eæànè eù°àë†°ô

GŸÑ«ó GŸo

é¡q

õ )GŸÉOI GCh GŸƒGO GdØ©Édá d∏ªÑ«ó heƒGO

GCN˘˘ôi ZÒ a˘©˘Éd˘á eû°Îc˘á ‘ Gd˘à˘é˘¡˘«˘õ(, H˘Édû°˘µ˘π

Gdò… j©ÑÉC hjÑÉ´ H¬.

GEOGQI GŸæàè:hJ©æ» G’EOGQI GŸù°ƒDhdá hG’CNÓb«á

’C… eæàè eø eæàéÉä eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä eæò Gcàû°Éa¬

hMà≈ GS°àîóGe¬ Gdæ¡ÉF» Hπ heÉ H©ó Pd∂.

›ªƒYá GŸü°Édí Gd©Éeá:J©æ» )hdµø ’ J≤àü°ô

Y∏≈( QGH£á Y∏ª«á, h›ªƒYá eõGQYÚ, heæ¶ªá

d˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘ƒGW˘˘æÚ, f˘≤˘ÉH˘á Y˘ª˘Éd˘«˘á he˘æ˘¶˘ª˘á H˘«˘Ä˘«˘á ZÒ

G◊µƒe«á heæ¶ªá NÉU°á HÉŸù°à¡∏∂ hGdü°ëá.

GŸÉOI 2

GŸü°£∏ëÉä hGdà©ÉQj∞



GS°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óGe˘Éä GŸÑ˘«˘óGä ‘ Gdü°˘ë˘á Gd˘©˘Ée˘á: J©æ»

GŸÑ˘˘«˘˘óGä Gd˘˘à˘˘» Jo˘˘ù°˘˘à˘î˘óΩ ‘ e˘µ˘Éa˘ë˘á G’Ba˘Éä PGä

G’Cg˘˘ª˘˘«˘á H˘Éd˘æù°˘Ñ˘á GE¤ Gdü°˘ë˘á Gd˘©˘Ée˘á. hg˘» Jû°˘ª˘π

e˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘óGä Ÿµ˘˘Éa˘˘ë˘˘á f˘˘Éb˘˘Óä G’Ce˘˘ôGV¢, he˘æ˘à˘é˘Éä

eÑ«óGä GBaÉä dÓS°àîóGeÉä GŸæõd«á,

hGŸÑ«óGä GŸ¡æ«á ŸµÉaëá G’BaÉä )Gdà» jù°à©ª∏¡É

Gd˘˘©˘˘Ée˘˘∏˘˘ƒ¿ ‘ ›É∫ e˘˘µ˘˘Éa˘˘ë˘˘á G’Ba˘Éä ‘ GŸæ˘ÉR∫

hG’CeÉcø Gd©Éeá(.

Gdàù°é«π: j©æ» Gd©ª∏«á Gdà» JƒGa≥ ÃƒLÑ¡É G◊µƒeá

GdƒWæ«á GCh G÷¡á G’Eb∏«ª«á GŸù°ƒDhdá Y∏≈ H«™ eÑ«ó

hGS°àîóGe¬ H©ó GELôGA J≤««º d∏Ñ«ÉfÉä Gd©∏ª«á, H¡ó±

GEHôGR aÉY∏«á GŸæàè dÓCZôGV¢ GŸ≤ü°ƒOI eæ¬ hGEf¬ ’

jû°µπ flÉWô Hü°ƒQI ZÒ e≤Ñƒdá Y∏≈ U°ëá G’Efù°É¿

GCh G◊«ƒG¿ GCh GdÑ«Äá ‘ Xπ Xôh± GS°àîóGe¡É ‘

GdÑ∏ó GCh G’Eb∏«º.

GEYÉOI Gdà©ÑÄá: hJ©æ» f≤π GŸÑ«ó eø GC… YÑƒI ŒÉQjá

eo

ôNü¢ H¡É GE¤ GCi hYÉA GBNô, jµƒ¿ GCU°¨ô MéªÉk

YÉOI, dÑ«©¬ H©ó Pd∂.

GŸàÑ≤«Éä: hJ©æ≈ GCjá eƒGO fióOI ‘ G’CZòjá GCh

YÉd≤á H¡É, GCh Gdù°∏™ GdõQGY«á hGCjá GCfƒG´ GCNôi eø

Gdù°∏™ GCh G’CYÓ± G◊«ƒGf«á HÉ’EV°Éaá GE¤ GdƒS°ÉF§

GdÑ«Ä«á, ÃÉ ‘ Pd∂ GdÎHá, hGd¡ƒGA hGŸÉA, hGdà»

Jæàè Yø GS°àîóGΩ eÑ«ó eÉ. hjû°ªπ gòG GŸü°£∏í GC…

eû°˘à˘≤˘Éä e˘ø e˘Ñ˘«˘ó d˘ÓBa˘Éä e˘ã˘π e˘æ˘àéÉä Gdàëƒjπ,

hfƒGœ Yª∏«á G’Cj†¢ )GŸù°à≤∏ÑÉä(,

he˘˘æ˘à˘é˘Éä G’f˘ë˘Ó∫, hf˘ƒGœ Gd˘à˘Ø˘ÉY˘Óä hGdû°˘ƒGFÖ

Gdà» J©àÈ PGä GCgª«á eø fÉM«á Gdù°o

ªq

«á GCh Gdù°o

ªq

«á

Gd˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘Ä˘«˘á. GCe˘É eü°˘£˘∏˘í ''e˘à˘Ñ˘≤˘«˘Éä e˘Ñ˘«˘óGä G’Ba˘Éä''

a«û°ªπ GŸàÑ≤«Éä eø eü°ÉOQ ZÒ e©ôhaá GCh ’ Áµø

ŒæÑ¡É )eãπ Gdà∏ƒç GdÑ«Ä»(

hcòd∂ Yø GS°àîóGeÉä e©ôhaá GCh eôNü¢ H¡É d∏ªÉOI

Gdµ«ª«ÉF«á.

G÷¡á GŸù°ƒDhdá: J©æ» GdƒcÉdá GCh GdƒcÉ’ä G◊µƒe«á

GŸù°˘˘ƒDhd˘˘á Y˘˘ø J˘˘æ˘˘¶˘«˘º e˘Ñ˘«˘óGä G’Ba˘Éä hY˘ø J˘æ˘Ø˘«˘ò

Gdàû°ôj©Éä GÿÉU°á HÉŸÑ«óGä Hü°ƒQI GCcÌ Yªƒe«á.

GıÉWô:gƒ GMàªÉd«á hT°óI hbƒ´ JÉCKÒGä V°ÉQI

H˘Édü°˘ë˘á GCh Gd˘Ñ˘«˘Ä˘á f˘à˘«˘é˘á d˘ƒLƒO N£ô hGMàªÉ’ä

heói Gdà©ôV¢ ŸÑ«ó GBaÉä.

GŸÑ«óGä GŸ≤«óI Hû°óI:hJ©æ» GC… eÑ«ó Mo

¶ôä a©∏«Ék

L˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘™ GChL˘˘¬ GS°˘à˘î˘óGe˘ÉJ˘¬ H˘≤˘ôGQ J˘æ˘¶˘«˘ª˘» f˘¡˘ÉF˘»

◊ªÉjá U°ëá G’Efù°É¿ GCh GdÑ«Äá, hdµø j¶π gæÉ∑

JôN«ü¢ HÉS°àîóGeÉä e©«æá fióOI d¬. hjû°ªπ Pd∂

GC… e˘Ñ˘«˘ó Qo

a†°â GŸƒGa˘≤˘á Y˘∏˘≈ L˘ª˘«˘™ GS°˘à˘î˘óGe˘ÉJ¬

a©∏«Ék GCh ” S°ëÑ¬ eø bpÑn

π G÷¡á GŸü°æ©á S°ƒGA eø

Gdù°ƒ¥ GCh S°o

ëÖ eø eƒGU°∏á Gdæ¶ô ‘ Yª∏«á GŸƒGa≤á

GÙ∏«á, hM«å jƒLó Od«π U°ôjí Y∏≈ GC¿ gòG G’ELôGA

bó GJoîò d¨ôV¢ MªÉjá U°ëá G’Efù°É¿ GCh GdÑ«Äá.

GŸƒGU°ØÉä: J©æ» GŸ©É⁄ h GŸ©ÉjÒ Gdà» Joëóq

O Gdû°µπ

GŸÉO…, hGÿƒGU¢ Gd˘£˘Ñ˘«˘©˘«˘á hGd˘µ˘«˘ª˘«ÉF«á d∏ªÑ«óGä

Gdà≤æ«á

hGÛ¡˘˘˘˘˘õI ‘ U°˘˘˘˘ƒQI eù°˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘ë†°˘˘˘˘ôGä e˘˘˘˘ôJ˘˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘˘£˘˘˘˘á

HÉdàƒU°«ØÉä GŸÓFªá dÓCN£ÉQ hGıÉWô.

GŸæÉbü°á:J©æ» W∏Ö QS°ª» d∏ëü°ƒ∫ Y∏≈ YôhV¢

dû°ôGA GŸÑ«óGä.

Gdù°o˘ª˘«á: hJ˘©˘æ˘≈ N˘ÉU°˘«˘á aù°˘«˘ƒd˘ƒL«á GCh H«ƒdƒL«á

–óO bóQI GŸÉOI Gdµ«ª«ÉF«á Y∏≈ GEMóGç V°ôQ GCh

GEU°ÉHá d∏µÉFø G◊» H¨Ò Gd£ô¥ GŸ«µÉf«µ«á.

GdàÉLô: hj©æ≈ cπ eø j©ªπ ‘ GdàéÉQI, S°ƒGA ‘

Gdàü°ójô GCh G’S°àÒGO GCh GdàƒRj™ GÙ∏».

GÛª˘˘ƒY˘˘Éä GŸ©˘˘ôV°˘˘á )S°˘˘ôj˘©˘á Gd˘à˘ÉCK˘ô(:hJ©æ»

G’CT°˘˘î˘˘ÉU¢ Gd˘˘òj˘˘ø jû°˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘ƒ¿ G◊ƒGe˘π hGŸôV°˘©˘Éä,

hG’CL˘˘æ˘˘á Gd˘˘òj˘˘ø ⁄ j˘ƒd˘óhG H˘©˘ó, hGd˘ôV°˘™ hG’CW˘Ø˘É∫,

hcÑÉQ Gdù°ø, hG’CT°îÉU¢ GŸü°ÉHÚ HØÒhS¢ f≤ü¢

GŸæÉYá GdÑû°ôjá/G’EjóR hGd©ªÉ∫

hG’Cg˘É‹ GÙ∏˘«Ú Gd˘òj˘ø j˘à˘©˘ôV°˘ƒ¿ H˘óQL˘á Y˘Éd˘«á

ŸÑ«óGä G’BaÉä dØÎGä Wƒj∏á.


3-1J˘à˘ë˘ª˘π G◊µ˘ƒe˘Éä GŸù°˘ƒDhd˘«˘á Gd©Éeá Yø

J˘˘˘æ˘˘˘¶˘˘˘«˘˘˘º J˘˘˘ƒGa˘˘˘ô GŸÑ˘˘˘«˘˘˘óGä hJ˘˘˘ƒRj˘˘˘©˘˘˘¡˘˘˘É

hGS°àîóGe¡É ‘ H∏óGf¡É, hjéÖ Y∏«¡É GC¿

J†°ªø Jîü°«ü¢ GŸƒGQO GdµÉa«á ’E‚ÉR

gò√ GŸ¡ªá)2(

.

3-2j˘˘éÖ Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ U°˘˘æ˘˘ÉY˘˘á GŸÑ˘˘«˘˘óGä GC¿ J˘˘à˘≤˘«˘ó

H˘˘ÉCM˘˘µ˘˘ÉΩ g˘˘ò√ GŸóhf˘á c˘ª˘©˘«˘ÉQ ‘ U°˘æ˘™

GŸÑ«óGä, hJƒRj©¡É, hH«©¡É

hG’EY˘˘˘Ó¿ Y˘˘˘æ˘˘¡˘˘É. hg˘˘òG GCe˘˘ô e˘˘¡˘˘º Hü°˘˘Ø˘˘á

NÉU°á dói J∏∂ GdÑ∏óG¿ Gdà» ⁄ J†°™ H©ó

GCh ⁄ J˘˘à˘˘ª˘µ˘ø e˘ø Gd˘àû°˘¨˘«˘π Gd˘Ø˘©˘É∫ ÿ£˘§

Jæ¶«ª«á hNóeÉä GS°àû°ÉQjá cÉa«á.

3-3j˘˘˘à˘˘˘ƒLÖ Y˘˘˘∏˘˘˘≈ G◊µ˘˘˘ƒe˘˘˘Éä, hGdü°˘˘˘æ˘˘˘ÉY˘˘á

hGd¡«ÄÉä G’CNôi GŸ©æ«á ‘ gò√ GŸóhq

fá

GC¿ J†°˘˘ª˘˘ø GEJ˘˘Ñ˘˘É´ e˘˘à˘˘£˘˘∏q˘Ñ˘˘Éä G’J˘Ø˘Éb˘Éä

Gdóhd«á PGä Gdü°∏á.

3-4Y∏≈ MµƒeÉä GdÑ∏óG¿ GŸü°óQI d∏ªÑ«óGä

GC¿ JµØπ, H≤óQ G’EeµÉ¿, GEJÑÉ´ GŸªÉQS°Éä

Gd˘˘à˘˘é˘˘ÉQj˘˘á G÷«˘˘óI ‘ Jü°˘˘ój˘˘ô GŸÑ˘˘«˘˘óGä,

’S°«ªÉ e™ GdÑ∏óG¿ Gdà» ⁄ J†°™ H©ó N£§

Jæ¶«ª«á eÓFªá.

3-5Y˘∏˘≈ U°˘æ˘ÉY˘á GŸÑ˘«˘óGä hGŸà˘ÉL˘ôj˘ø a«¡É

eôGYÉI GŸªÉQS°Éä GdàÉd«á ‘ ›É∫ GEOGQI

GŸÑ«óGä. hgòG e¡º Hû°µπ NÉU¢ ‘ J∏∂

7

GdÑ∏óG¿ Gdà» ⁄ J†°™ H©ó GCh ZÒ bÉOQI Y∏≈

Gdàû°¨«π GdØ©É∫ ÿ£§ Jæ¶«ª«á hNóeÉä

GS°àû°ÉQjá eæÉS°Ñá:

3-5-1GC’ j˘˘˘˘˘ƒQOhG S°˘˘˘˘˘ƒi GŸÑ˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘óGä PGä G÷ƒOI

GŸÓFªá ‘ YÑƒGä eo

ƒS°n

ªá )Y∏«¡É H£ÉbÉä

J˘˘˘©˘˘˘ôj˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘«˘˘˘á( ha˘˘≤˘˘É d˘˘µ˘˘π S°˘˘ƒ¥ fióO e˘˘ø

G’CS°ƒG¥)3(

;

3-5-2GC¿ j∏àõeƒG Hû°µπ JÉΩ, heø NÓ∫ Gdà©Éh¿

Gd˘˘ƒK˘˘«˘˘≥ e˘˘™ eû°Î… GŸÑ˘«˘óGä, H˘É’CM˘µ˘ÉΩ

Gd˘˘ƒGQOI ‘ Gd˘˘à˘˘ƒL˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘Éä Gd˘˘à˘» hV°˘©˘à˘¡˘É

eæ¶ªá G’CZòjá h GdõQGYá heæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá

Gd©ÉŸ«á Hû°ÉC¿ GELôGAGä GŸû°ÎjÉä hWôì

GŸæÉbü°Éä)4,5(

;

3-5-3GC¿ j˘˘˘ƒd˘˘˘ƒG Gg˘˘˘à˘˘˘ª˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘Ék N˘˘˘ÉU°˘˘Ék H˘˘ÉN˘˘à˘˘«˘˘ÉQ

eù°˘˘à˘˘ë†°˘ôGä GŸÑ˘«˘óGä hW˘ôj˘≤˘á Y˘ôV°˘¡˘É

hJ˘˘©˘˘Ñ˘˘Ä˘˘à˘˘¡˘˘É hJ˘˘ƒS°˘˘«˘˘ª˘¡˘É e˘ø GCL˘π J˘≤˘∏˘«˘π

GıÉW˘˘˘˘˘˘ô GE¤ GCOf˘˘˘˘˘˘≈ M˘˘˘˘˘˘ó H˘˘˘˘˘˘Éd˘˘˘˘˘˘æù°˘˘˘˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘˘˘˘á

d∏ªù°àîóeÚ, hG÷ª¡ƒQ hGdÑ«Äá;

3-5-4GC¿ j˘˘˘≤˘˘˘óe˘˘˘ƒG e˘˘˘™ c˘˘˘π Y˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘ƒI e˘˘˘ø Y˘˘˘Ñ˘˘ƒGä

GŸÑ«óGä, e©∏ƒeÉä hJ©∏«ªÉä H∏¨á GCh GCcÌ

eø Gd∏¨Éä GdôS°ª«á d∏Ñ∏ó hHü°«¨á eæÉS°Ñá

dµØÉdá G’S°àîóGΩ GdØ©É∫, hJ≤∏«π GıÉWô

GE¤ GCOf˘˘˘≈ M˘˘˘ó H˘˘˘Éd˘˘˘æù°˘˘Ñ˘˘á d˘˘∏˘˘ªù°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óeÚ

hG÷ª¡ƒQ hGdÑ«Äá;

3-5-5GC¿ jµƒfƒG bÉOQjø Y∏≈ J≤óË OYº J≤æ»

a©q

É∫, eóYƒΩ HÉEOGQI cÉe∏á d∏ªæàè Mà≈

eù°˘˘à˘˘ƒi GŸù°˘à˘î˘óΩ Gd˘æ˘¡˘ÉF˘», ÃÉ ‘ Pd∂

GŸû°˘˘˘ƒQI Hû°˘˘˘ÉC¿ hJ˘˘˘æ˘˘˘Ø˘˘«˘˘ò GBd˘˘«˘˘Éä d˘˘ÓEOGQI

GŸÉOI 3

GEOGQI eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä

GŸÉOI 3GEOGQI eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä


3-8j˘˘˘æ˘˘Ñ˘˘¨˘˘» H˘˘ò∫ L˘˘¡˘˘ƒO e˘˘æù°˘˘≤˘˘á e˘˘ø L˘˘ÉfÖ

G◊µ˘ƒe˘Éä d˘à˘£˘ƒj˘ô hJû°˘é˘«˘™ J˘£˘Ñ«≥ f¶º

G’EOGQI GŸà˘˘˘˘˘µ˘˘˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘˘á d˘˘˘˘˘ÓBa˘˘˘˘Éä/ G’EOGQI

GŸàµÉe∏á dæÉbÓä G’CeôGV¢. hYÓhI Y∏≈

Pd∂, j˘˘˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘˘˘˘¨˘˘˘˘˘» ŸƒDS°ù°˘˘˘˘˘Éä G’Eb˘˘˘˘˘ôGV¢,

hGdƒcÉ’ä GŸÉfëá, hG◊µƒeÉä OYº hV°™

S°˘˘˘«˘˘˘ÉS°˘˘˘Éä hW˘˘˘æ˘˘˘«˘˘˘á d˘˘ÓEOGQI GŸà˘˘µ˘˘Ée˘˘∏˘˘á

d˘˘˘ÓBa˘˘˘Éä/ G’EOGQI GŸà˘˘˘µ˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘∏˘˘˘á d˘˘æ˘˘Éb˘˘Óä

G’Ce˘˘ôGV¢. h–ù°Ú e˘˘Ø˘˘Ég˘˘«˘º h ‡ÉQS°˘Éä

cÓ eø G’EOGQI GŸàµÉe∏á dÓBaÉä/ G’EOGQI

GŸàµÉe∏á dæÉbÓä G’CeôGV¢. hjæÑ¨» GC¿

jù°àæó Pd∂ GE¤ GS°ÎGJ«é«Éä eø T°ÉCf¡É GC¿

Jû°é™ RjÉOI eû°ÉQcá GŸõGQYÚ )ÃÉ ‘

Pd∂ GÛªƒYÉä Gdæù°ÉF«á(, hGd©Ée∏Ú ‘

›É∫ G’EQT°ÉO hGdÑÉMãÚ G◊≤∏«Ú

hGÛà˘˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘Éä GÙ∏˘˘«˘˘á, hGd˘˘µ˘˘«˘˘Éf˘˘Éä PGä

Gdü°˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘á e˘˘˘˘ø b˘˘˘˘£˘˘˘˘É´ Gdü°˘˘˘˘ë˘˘˘˘á Gd˘˘˘©˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘á

hGd≤£ÉYÉä G’CNôi.

3-9jæÑ¨» ÷ª«™ GCU°ëÉÜ GŸü°∏ëá, ÃÉ a«¡º

GŸõGQYƒ¿ hQGH£Éä GŸõGQYÚ, hGdÑÉMãƒ¿

‘ ›É∫ G’EOGQI GŸà˘˘˘˘µ˘˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘∏˘˘˘á d˘˘˘ÓBa˘˘˘Éä/

G’EOGQI GŸà˘˘˘µ˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘∏˘˘˘á d˘˘æ˘˘Éb˘˘Óä G’Ce˘˘ôGV¢,

hGd˘˘˘©˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘∏˘˘ƒ¿ ‘ ›É∫ G’EQT°˘˘ÉO, hGÿÈGA

G’S°àû°ÉQjƒ¿ ‘ ›É∫ GÙÉU°«π,

h U°˘˘˘æ˘˘˘É´ G’CZ˘˘˘òj˘˘˘á, hU°˘˘Éf˘˘©˘˘ƒ GŸÑ˘˘«˘˘óGä

Gd˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘«˘˘˘ƒd˘˘˘ƒL˘˘«˘˘á hGd˘˘µ˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘ÉF˘˘«˘˘á he˘˘©˘˘óGä

G’S°àîóGΩ, hGd©Ée∏ƒ¿ ‘ ›É∫ eµÉaëá

G’BaÉä,

h Gd˘˘©˘˘Ée˘˘∏˘˘ƒ¿ ‘ b˘˘£˘˘É´ Gdü°˘˘ë˘˘á Gd˘©˘Ée˘á,

hNÈGA Gd˘˘˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘Ä˘˘˘˘á h‡ã˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘ƒ ›ª˘˘˘˘ƒY˘˘˘˘Éä

GŸù°˘à˘¡˘∏˘µÚ h›ª˘ƒY˘Éä GŸü°Édí Gd©Éeá

G’CN˘˘ôi, G’V°˘˘£˘˘Ó´ H˘˘óhQ GS°˘˘à˘˘Ñ˘˘Éb˘˘» ‘

J£ƒjô G’EOGQI GŸàµÉe∏á dÓBaÉä/ G’EOGQI

GŸàµÉe∏á dæÉbÓä G’CeôGV¢

hJû°é«©¡É.


Gd˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘©˘˘˘Éd˘˘˘á d˘˘˘∏˘˘˘ª˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘óGä ZÒ GŸù°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óe˘˘á

hGŸ¡éƒQI

hYÑƒGä GŸÑ«óGä GdØÉQZá;

3-5-6G’gàªÉΩ GŸù°àªô ÃàÉH©á eæàéÉJ¡º Y∏≈

Ge˘˘˘à˘˘˘óGO c˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘π OhQI M˘˘˘«˘˘˘ÉJ˘˘˘¡˘˘˘É, hJ˘˘à˘˘Ño˘˘™

GS°àîóGeÉJ¡É GdôF«ù°«á

hM˘˘óhç GC… eû°˘˘µ˘Óä J˘æû°˘ÉC Y˘ø GS°˘à˘î˘óGΩ

g˘ò√ GŸæ˘à˘é˘Éä, hPd∂ ’J˘î˘ÉPg˘É c˘ÉCS°ÉS¢

dàëójó eói G◊ÉLá GE¤ GEMóGç J¨«ÒGä

‘ Gd˘à˘ƒS°˘«˘º )H˘«˘Éf˘Éä Gd˘Ñ˘£˘Éb˘á Gd˘à©ôjØ«á

GŸƒL˘˘˘˘˘ƒOI Y˘˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘˘≈ Y˘˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘˘ƒI GŸÑ˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘ó(, h‘

J˘˘ƒL˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘Éä G’S°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óGΩ, GCh ‘ Gd˘˘à˘˘©˘˘Ñ˘˘Ä˘˘á

hGd˘˘à˘˘¨˘˘∏˘˘«˘˘∞, GCh ‘ Œ¡˘«˘õ GŸù°˘à˘ë†°˘ô, GCh

eói JƒGaô GŸæàè.

3-6j˘˘˘æ˘˘˘Ñ˘˘¨˘˘» ŒæÖ GŸÑ˘˘«˘˘óGä Gd˘˘à˘˘» j˘˘≤˘˘à†°˘˘»

JóGhd¡É hGS°àîóGe¡É GQJóGA e©óGä hGb«á

T°˘˘îü°˘˘«˘˘á Gd˘˘à˘˘» b˘˘ó J˘˘µ˘ƒ¿ ZÒ e˘ôj˘ë˘á GCh

HÉg¶á GdàµÉd«∞ GCh d«ù°â eàÉMá Hù°¡ƒdá,

’S°˘˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘É ‘ M˘˘Éd˘˘á U°˘˘¨˘˘ÉQ GŸù°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óeÚ

hYªÉ∫ GŸõGQ´ ‘ GŸæÉñ G◊ÉQ)6(

;

3-7j˘æ˘Ñ˘¨˘» ÷ª˘«˘™ Gd˘µ˘«˘Éf˘Éä GŸ©˘æ«á ‘ gò√

GŸóhfá GC¿ Jàîò GELôGAGä eæù°≤á ’EfàÉê

eƒGO JƒY«á PGä U°∏á hhGV°ëá hfû°ôgÉ

e˘˘ø N˘˘Ó∫ L˘ª˘«˘™ Gd˘ƒS°˘ÉF˘π GŸà˘ÉM˘á GCe˘ÉΩ

NóeÉä G’EQT°ÉO, hGdóhGFô G’S°àû°ÉQjá ‘

›É‹ Gd˘˘˘˘˘õQGY˘˘˘˘˘á hGdü°˘˘˘˘˘ë˘˘˘˘˘á Gd˘˘˘˘˘©˘˘˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘˘˘á,

hGŸõGQYÚ he˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘¶˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘ª˘˘˘˘˘˘˘Éä GŸõGQYÚ,


hGd˘˘˘©˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘∏Ú ‘ ›É∫ Gdü°˘˘˘ë˘˘˘á Gd˘˘˘©˘˘Ée˘˘á,

hc«ÉfÉä GCNôi Joù°ó… GŸû°ƒQI Hû°ÉC¿ GEOGQI

GŸÑ˘˘«˘˘óGä. hj˘˘æ˘˘Ñ˘˘¨˘˘» Jû°˘˘é˘«˘™ eù°˘à˘î˘óe˘»

GŸÑ«óGä Y∏≈ G◊ü°ƒ∫ Y∏≈ eƒGO GdàƒY«á

heù°ÉYóJ¡º Y∏≈ a¡ª¡É hGEJÑÉ´ eû°ƒQJ¡É

hPd∂ b˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘π G’Eb˘˘óGΩ Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ J˘˘óGh∫ e˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘óGä

G’BaÉä hGS°àîóGe¡É.


3-01jà©Ú Y∏≈ G◊µƒeÉä, HóYº eø GŸæ¶ªÉä

Gd˘˘óhd˘˘«˘˘á hG’Eb˘˘∏˘˘«˘ª˘«˘á GŸ©˘æ˘«˘á hGd˘ƒc˘É’ä

GŸÉf˘˘ë˘˘á hU°˘˘æ˘˘ÉOj˘˘≥ Gd˘˘Ñ˘ë˘ƒç, GC¿ Jû°˘é˘™

hJ˘˘˘©˘˘˘õR Gd˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘ë˘˘˘ƒç Hû°˘˘˘ÉC¿ J˘˘˘£˘˘ƒj˘˘ô H˘˘óGF˘˘π

d˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘óGä GŸƒL˘ƒOI M˘Éd˘«˘Ék Gd˘à˘» Jû°˘µ˘π

flÉW˘˘˘˘ô GCb˘˘˘˘π e˘˘˘˘ã˘˘˘˘π Y˘˘˘˘ƒGe˘˘˘π GŸµ˘˘˘Éa˘˘˘ë˘˘˘á

Gd˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘ƒd˘ƒL˘«˘á hJ˘≤˘æ˘«˘ÉJ˘¡˘É; hGŸÑ˘«˘óGä ZÒ

Gd˘˘µ˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘ÉF˘«˘á hGCS°˘Éd˘«Ö e˘µ˘Éa˘ë˘á G’Ba˘Éä;

hGŸÑ«óGä Gdà» Jû°µπ flÉWô b∏«∏á Y∏≈

U°˘˘ë˘á G’Efù°˘É¿ hG◊«˘ƒG¿ hGd˘Ñ˘«˘Ä˘á, hGd˘à˘»

J˘˘µ˘˘ƒ¿ e˘˘ôZ˘˘ƒH˘˘á H˘˘≤˘˘óQ G’Ee˘˘µ˘˘É¿, hfióOI

G’S°˘˘à˘˘¡˘˘óG±, hJ˘˘à˘˘ë˘˘∏˘˘π GE¤ e˘˘µ˘˘ƒf˘Éä ZÒ

V°ÉQI GCh eo

ù°r

àn≤r∏nÑÉä )fƒGœ Yª∏«á Gdàªã«π(

H©ó G’S°àîóGΩ.

3-11jà©Ú Y∏≈ G◊µƒeÉä hU°æÉYá GŸÑ«óGä

hU°˘æ˘ÉY˘á e˘©˘óGä J˘£˘Ñ˘«˘≥ e˘Ñ«óGä G’BaÉä,

J˘£˘ƒj˘ô hJû°˘é˘«˘™ GS°˘à˘î˘óGΩ GCS°Éd«Ö J£Ñ«≥

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hGd˘˘µ˘˘«˘˘Éf˘Éä G’CN˘ôi Gd˘à˘» Jù°˘ó… GŸû°˘ƒQI

Hû°˘˘˘˘ÉC¿ GEOGQI G’Ba˘˘˘˘Éä h/GCh GEOGQI f˘˘˘˘Éb˘˘˘Óä

G’Ce˘˘˘˘˘ôGV¢ Ã©˘˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘˘ƒe˘˘˘˘˘Éä c˘˘˘˘˘Éa˘˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘˘á Y˘˘˘˘ø

G’S°ÎGJ«é«Éä hG’CS°Éd«Ö Gd©ª∏«á GÿÉU°á

H˘˘˘˘É’EOGQI GŸà˘˘˘˘µ˘˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘∏˘˘˘á d˘˘˘ÓBa˘˘˘Éä/ G’EOGQI

GŸàµÉe∏á dæÉbÓä G’CeôGV¢, hJóGHÒ G◊ó

eø flÉWô GŸÑ«óGä,

hc˘˘˘òd∂ ›ª˘˘˘ƒY˘˘˘á J†°˘˘˘º L˘˘˘ª˘˘˘«˘˘˘™ Gd˘˘˘£˘˘ô¥

GŸà˘˘˘˘˘˘ƒGa˘˘˘˘˘ôI d˘˘˘˘˘ÓS°˘˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘˘î˘˘˘˘˘óGΩ, ÃÉ ‘ Pd∂

e˘˘©˘˘∏˘˘ƒe˘Éä Y˘ø GıÉW˘ô hG’CN˘£˘ÉQ hS°˘Ñ˘π

GdàîØ«∞ eø MóJ¡É ‘ MÉdá Gdà©ôV¢ d¡É

GCh hbƒ´ G◊ƒGOç;

5-1-8Joëpóq

, HÉdà©Éh¿ e™ U°æÉYá eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä,

eø GEJÉMá GŸÑ«óGä Gdà» JoÑÉ´ GE¤ YªƒΩ

GŸÉOI 5J≤∏«π GıÉWô Y∏≈ Gdü°ëá hGdÑ«Äá


Gd˘˘˘æ˘˘˘ÉS¢ e˘˘˘ø N˘˘˘Ó∫ e˘˘˘æ˘˘˘Éa˘˘˘ò ŒÉQj˘˘˘á ZÒ

e˘˘à˘˘îü°q

˘˘ü°˘˘á, d˘˘à˘˘≤˘˘àü°˘˘ô Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ GŸæ˘˘à˘˘é˘Éä

GŸà˘˘óf˘˘«˘á Gÿ£˘ƒQI )Gd˘Ø˘Ä˘ád˘ói e˘æ˘¶˘ªá

Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á(,

hGŸæàéÉä eæîØ†°á GıÉWô hGŸæàéÉä

G÷Ég˘˘õI d˘˘ÓS°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óGΩ Gd˘˘à˘˘» ’ –à˘Éê GE¤

JîØ«∞ GCh GE‹ GEYóGO GBNô,

hÁµ˘˘ø GS°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óGe˘¡˘É e˘ø Oh¿ G◊ÉL˘á GE¤

e©óGä hbÉF«á T°îü°«á cãÒI;

5-1-9J˘˘£˘˘∏Ö aü°˘˘π GŸÑ˘˘«˘˘óGä aü°˘˘Ók e˘˘ÉOj˘˘Ék Y˘ø

Gdù°˘˘∏˘˘™ G’CN˘˘ôi Ÿæ˘˘™ Gd˘˘à˘˘∏˘˘ƒç GCh N˘£˘ÉC ‘

–ój˘˘ó Gd˘˘¡˘˘ƒj˘˘á, hj˘˘æ˘˘Ñ˘¨˘» Y˘æ˘ó G’b˘à†°˘ÉA,

hV°™ YÓeÉä hGV°ëá Y∏≈ GŸÑ«óGä Jû°Ò

GE¤ GCf¡É eƒGO N£ôI. hjæÑ¨» Hò∫ bü°ÉQi

G÷¡ó d∏à©ôj∞ ÃîÉWô Jîõjø GŸÑ«óGä

hG’CZòjá e©Ék;

5-1-01Jù°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óΩ c˘˘π Gd˘˘ƒS°˘˘ÉF˘˘π GŸª˘µ˘æ˘á ÷ª˘™

Gd˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘«˘˘˘Éf˘˘˘Éä GŸƒK˘˘˘ƒ¥ a˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘É hG’M˘˘à˘˘Ø˘˘É®

HÉEMü°ÉAGä Yø Gdà∏ƒç GdÑ«Ä»

h Gd˘˘˘à˘˘˘ÉCKÒGä Gdù°˘˘˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘á, hG’EH˘˘ÓÆ Y˘˘ø GC…

MƒGOç fióOI eà©∏≤á HÉŸÑ«óGä, hjæÑ¨»

d∏ëµƒeÉä Yæó G’bà†°ÉA J≤óË GS°àªÉQGä

G’EHÓÆ Yø G◊ƒGOç GdÑ«Ä«á, Gdà» hV°©à¡É

GCe˘˘˘Éf˘˘˘á GJ˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘Éb˘˘˘«˘˘˘á QhJ˘˘˘ôOGΩ hGŸà˘˘˘©˘˘˘∏˘˘˘≤˘˘˘á

Ãù°˘˘à˘˘ë†°˘˘ôGä e˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘óGä G’Ba˘˘Éä Gdû°˘˘ój˘˘óI

Gÿ£ƒQI, GE¤ Gdù°∏£á GdƒWæ«á GŸ©«æá)43(

.

hjæÑ¨» JƒaÒ YÉe∏Ú Phi JóQjÖ eæÉS°Ö

hJƒaÒ GŸƒGQO GdµÉa«á hPd∂ d†°ªÉ¿ Obá

GŸ©∏ƒeÉä Gdà» jàº Lª©¡É;

5-1-11JæØò HôfÉ›Ék dôU°ó eàÑ≤«Éä GŸÑ«óGä ‘

G’CZòjá, hG’CYÓ± he«É√ Gdû°ôÜ hGdÑ«Äá

hGŸƒGFπ Gdà» GS°àoîóeâ a«¡É GŸÑ«óGä.

5-2hY˘˘∏˘˘≈ U°˘æ˘ÉY˘á GŸÑ˘«˘óGä, M˘à˘≈ ‘ M˘Éd˘á

hLƒO N£á d∏ªôGbÑá OGNπ M«õ Gdàû°¨«π

GC¿:

5-2-1Jà©Éh¿ ‘ GELôGA Gd©ª∏«Éä GdóhQjá ’EYÉOI

J˘˘˘≤˘˘˘ój˘˘˘ô e˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘«˘˘˘óGä G’Ba˘˘Éä GŸ£˘˘ôhM˘˘á ‘

G’CS°ƒG¥;

5-2-2J˘˘õhO e˘˘ôGc˘˘õ e˘˘µ˘˘Éa˘˘ë˘á Gdù°˘ª˘ƒΩ hG’CW˘Ñ˘ÉA

Gd˘©˘ÉeÚ Ã©˘∏˘ƒe˘Éä Y˘ø GCN˘£˘ÉQ GŸÑ˘«óGä,

hS°o

ª«á GŸƒGO GdØ©q

Édá hGŸƒGO GŸû°Îcá ‘

Œ¡˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘õ GŸù°˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘ë†°˘˘˘ô hHû°˘˘˘ÉC¿ GŸ©˘˘˘É÷á

GŸæÉS°Ñá d∏àù°ªº ÃÑ«óGä G’BaÉä;

5-2-3J˘˘ƒaq˘˘ô d˘˘∏˘˘ªù°˘˘à˘˘©˘˘ª˘˘∏Ú hGdù°˘∏˘£˘Éä GŸ©˘æ˘«˘á

HÉdÑ«Äá e©∏ƒeÉä Mƒ∫ GdàóGHÒ Gd©ÓL«á

GŸæÉS°Ñá Yæó Móhç G’fù°µÉHÉä hhbƒ´

G◊ƒGOç;

5-2-4JÑò∫ cπ L¡ó e©≤ƒ∫ d∏ëó eø GıÉWô

Gdà» Jù°ÑÑ¡É GŸÑ«óGä eø NÓ∫:

5-2-4-1GEJ˘˘ÉM˘á eù°˘à˘ë†°˘ôGä PGä S°o˘ª˘«˘á

GCbπ;

5-2-4-2J˘˘˘≤˘˘˘óË GŸæ˘˘˘à˘˘é˘˘Éä ‘ Y˘˘Ñ˘˘ƒGä

LÉgõI dÓS°àîóGΩ;

5-2-4-3J˘£˘ƒj˘ô GCS°˘Éd˘«Ö he˘©˘óGä J˘£Ñ«≥

e˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘«˘˘˘óGä G’Ba˘˘Éä Gd˘˘à˘˘» J˘˘≤˘˘∏˘˘π Gd˘˘à˘˘©˘˘ôV¢

d∏ªÑ«óGä GE¤ GCOf≈ Mó ‡µø;

5-2-4-4GS°àîóGΩ YÑƒGä Áµø GS°à©ÉOJ¡É

hGEYÉOI J©ÑÄà¡É, M«ãªÉ hLóä f¶º a©Édá

÷ª™ Gd©ÑƒGä;

5-2-4-5GS°àîóGΩ YÑƒGä ZÒ LòGHá ÃÉ ’

jû°˘é˘™ Y˘∏˘≈ GEY˘ÉOI GS°˘à˘î˘óGe˘¡˘É, hGdÎhjè

d˘˘˘˘∏ÈGe˘˘˘˘è Gd˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘» ’ Jû°˘˘˘é˘˘˘™ Y˘˘˘∏˘˘˘≈ GEY˘˘˘ÉOI

GS°˘à˘î˘óGe˘¡˘É, M˘«˘ã˘ª˘É ’ J˘ƒL˘ó f˘¶˘º a˘©˘Édá

÷ª™ Gd©ÑƒGä;

5-2-4-6GS°˘˘˘à˘˘˘î˘˘óGΩ Y˘˘Ñ˘˘ƒGä ZÒ L˘˘òGH˘˘á

dÓCWØÉ∫ GCh jü°©Ö Y∏«¡º aàë¡É, hNÉU°á

HÉdæù°Ñá ŸæàéÉä G’S°àîóGΩ GŸæõ‹;

5-2-4-7hV°™ H£ÉbÉä J©ôjØ«á Jà†°ªø

H«ÉfÉä hGV°ëá heƒLõI Y∏≈ Gd©ÑƒGä;

5-2-5Jƒb∞ H«™ GŸæàéÉä hS°ëÑ¡É eø Gdù°ƒ¥

H˘˘ÉCS°˘˘ô´ e˘˘É Áµ˘˘ø GEPG J˘˘ÑÚ GC¿ J˘˘óGhd˘¡˘É GCh

GS°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óGe˘˘¡˘˘É jo˘˘û°˘˘µq˘˘π N˘˘£˘˘ôGk ZÒ e˘˘≤˘˘Ñ˘˘ƒ∫

Ã≤à†°≈ GC… GEQT°ÉOGä Hû°ÉC¿ G’S°àîóGΩ GCh

b«ƒO√, hGEN£ÉQ G◊µƒeÉä Hòd∂.

5-3Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ G◊µ˘˘ƒe˘˘Éä hGdü°˘˘æ˘˘ÉY˘˘á GC¿ J˘à˘©˘Éh¿

ŸƒGU°∏á G◊ó eø GıÉWô Yø Wôj≥:

13GŸÉOI 5

J≤∏«π GıÉWô Y∏≈ Gdü°ëá hGdÑ«Äá



5-3-1GdÎhj˘˘˘˘è ’S°˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘î˘˘˘óGΩ e˘˘˘©˘˘˘óGä Gd˘˘˘ƒb˘˘˘Éj˘˘˘á

Gdû°˘˘îü°˘˘«˘˘á GŸÓF˘˘ª˘á d˘∏˘ª˘¡˘ÉΩ Gd˘à˘» Jo˘æ˘Ø˘ò,

hGŸæ˘˘ÉS°˘˘Ñ˘˘á d˘˘∏˘˘¶˘˘ôh± GŸæ˘˘ÉN˘«˘á Gdù°˘ÉF˘óI

hGŸ«ù°ƒQI Gdàµ∏Øá)6(

;

5-3-2hV°˘™ J˘ôJ˘«˘Ñ˘Éä d˘∏˘à˘î˘õj˘ø G’Be˘ø ŸÑ˘«˘óGä

G’BaÉä ‘ eù°àƒOYÉä G÷ª∏á GCh GdàéõFá

hY∏≈ eù°àƒi GŸõQYá)63(

;

5-3-3GEbÉeá NóeÉä ÷ª™ Gd©ÑƒGä GŸù°àîóeá

hGdµª«Éä Gdü°¨ÒI GŸàÑ≤«á eø GŸÑ«óGä

hGdàî∏ü¢ eæ¡É Hü°ƒQI GBeæá )73(

;

5-3-4M˘˘ª˘Éj˘á Gd˘à˘æ˘ƒ´ Gd˘Ñ˘«˘ƒd˘ƒL˘≈ hGÿØ†¢ GE¤

GCOf≈ OQLá eø GdàÉCKÒGä Gd†°ÉQI d∏ªÑ«óGä

Y∏≈ GdÑ«Äá )GŸ«É√, GdÎHá hGd¡ƒGA( hY∏≈

GdµÉFæÉä ZÒ GŸù°à¡óaá;

5-3-5Qa˘˘™ eù°˘˘à˘˘ƒi Gd˘˘ƒY˘» hGd˘Ø˘¡˘º ‘ U°˘Ø˘ƒ±

eù°˘˘à˘˘©˘ª˘∏˘» GŸÑ˘«˘óGä Hû°˘ÉC¿ GCg˘ª˘«˘á hW˘ô¥

MªÉjá Gdü°ëá hGdÑ«Äá eø G’BKÉQ Gd†°ÉQI

GÙàª∏á d∏ªÑ«óGä.

5-4j˘æ˘Ñ˘¨˘» d˘∏˘µ˘«˘Éf˘Éä GŸ©æ«á HÉŸóhfá Gdæ¶ô

‘ Lª«™ G◊≤ÉF≥ GŸàƒGaôI, hjæÑ¨» GC¿

J˘˘˘©˘˘˘õR fû°˘˘ô GŸ©˘˘∏˘˘ƒe˘˘Éä GŸù°˘˘ƒDhd˘˘á Hû°˘˘ÉC¿

GŸÑ«óGä hHû°ÉC¿ GS°à©ªÉ’J¡É, hflÉWôgÉ,

hHóGF∏¡É.

5-5j˘˘˘æ˘˘˘Ñ˘˘¨˘˘» GC¿ J˘˘à˘˘©˘˘Éh¿ L˘˘¡˘˘Éä Gd˘˘àü°˘˘æ˘˘«˘˘™

hG◊µ˘˘˘ƒe˘˘˘Éä Y˘˘˘æ˘˘˘ó GEfû°˘˘˘ÉA e˘˘˘ôGa˘˘≥ GEf˘˘à˘˘Éê

eÑ«óGä GBaÉä PGä eù°àƒi eæÉS°Ö d∏Ñ∏óG¿

GdæÉe«á Y∏≈:

5-5-1J˘˘£˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘≥ GŸ©˘˘ÉjÒ Gd˘˘¡˘˘æ˘˘óS°˘˘«˘á hG’CS°˘Éd˘«Ö

Gd˘˘àû°˘˘¨˘˘«˘∏˘«˘á GŸÓF˘ª˘á d˘£˘Ñ˘«˘©˘á Gd˘©˘ª˘∏˘«˘Éä

Gdàü°æ«©«á hGıÉWô Gdà» Jæ£ƒ… Y∏«¡É,

hV°ªÉ¿ JƒGaô e©óGä GdƒbÉjá GŸÓFªá;

5-5-2GäNÉP Lª«™ G’Mà«ÉWÉä Gd†°ôhQjá

◊ªÉjá Gd©ªÉ∫ hGŸÉQI, hGÛàª©Éä

GÙ∏«á Gd≤ôjÑá hGdÑ«Äá;

5-5-3V°˘˘ª˘É¿ GN˘à˘«˘ÉQ GŸƒb˘™ GŸæ˘ÉS°Ö d˘ƒM˘óGä

Jü°æ«™ hŒ¡«õ GŸÑ«óGä, hcòd∂ GıÉR¿

GdàÉH©á d¡É hQU°ó Gı∏ØÉä hG’fÑ©ÉKÉä

hGdæØÉjÉä Gdù°ÉF∏á hGdàëµº a«¡É H£ôj≤á

eæÉS°Ñá WÑ≤Ék d∏≤ƒGYó GdƒWæ«á hG’Eb∏«ª«á

c∏ªÉ JƒGaôä, GCh WÑ≤Ék d∏ªÑÉOÇ GdàƒL«¡«á

Gdóhd«á PGä Gdü°∏á;

5-5-4GÙÉa˘˘¶˘˘á Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ GEL˘˘ôGAGä V°˘˘ª˘˘É¿ G÷ƒOI

d˘˘∏˘˘à˘˘ÉCc˘˘ó e˘˘ø e˘˘£˘ÉH˘≤˘á GŸæ˘à˘é˘Éä Ÿ©˘ÉjÒ

Gdæ≤ÉhI PGä Gdü°∏á,

hG’COGA, hGdãÑÉä hGdù°Óeá.


15GŸÉOI 6

GŸà£∏ÑÉä Gdàæ¶«ª«á hGdØæ«á

6-1jæÑ¨» Y∏≈ G◊µƒeÉä:

6-1-1GC¿ Jü°˘˘˘˘óQ Gdù°˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘ÉS°˘˘˘˘Éä hGd˘˘˘˘àû°˘˘˘˘ôj˘˘˘˘©˘˘˘˘Éä

Gd†°˘˘˘ôhQj˘˘˘á d˘˘˘à˘˘˘æ˘˘˘¶˘˘˘«˘˘˘º e˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘óGä G’Ba˘˘Éä,

hJù°˘˘˘ƒj˘˘˘≤˘˘˘¡˘˘˘É hGS°˘˘˘à˘˘˘î˘˘óGe˘˘¡˘˘É W˘˘ƒG∫ OhQI

M˘«˘ÉJ˘¡˘É, hGC¿ J˘à˘î˘ò Gd˘à˘óGHÒ Gd˘à˘» J†°˘ª˘ø

Gdàæù°«≥ hG’EfØÉP GdØ©∏«Ú, Y∏≈ GC¿ jû°ªπ

g˘˘˘òG J˘˘˘≤˘˘˘óË Gÿóe˘˘˘Éä GŸÓF˘˘˘ª˘˘˘á d˘˘˘à˘˘˘ƒaÒ

Gd˘˘à˘˘ƒY˘«˘á, hGŸû°˘ƒQI, hG’EQT°˘ÉO, hGd˘ôY˘Éj˘á

Gdü°˘ë˘«˘á, H˘ÉS°˘à˘î˘óGΩ Gÿ£˘ƒ• Gd˘à˘ƒL«¡«á

Gd˘à˘» hV°˘©˘à˘¡˘É e˘æ˘¶˘ª˘á G’CZ˘òj˘á hGd˘õQGYá

he˘æ˘¶˘ª˘á Gdü°˘ë˘á Gd˘©˘ÉŸ«˘á c˘ôc˘«õI, hYæó

G’bà†°ÉA, J∏éÉC GE¤ GCMµÉΩ Gdü°µƒ∑ PGä

Gdü°∏á GŸ∏õeá bÉfƒf«Ék. hYæó Gd≤«ÉΩ Hòd∂,

jæÑ¨» d∏ëµƒeÉä GC¿ JôGY» “ÉeÉ YƒGeπ

eø bÑ«π G’Mà«ÉLÉä GÙ∏«á,

h Gd˘˘¶˘˘ôh± G’L˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘ÉY˘˘«˘˘á hG’b˘˘àü°˘˘ÉOj˘á.

heù°˘˘à˘˘ƒj˘˘Éä G’EŸÉΩ H˘˘Éd˘˘≤˘˘ôGAI hGd˘˘µ˘à˘ÉH˘á,

hGd¶ôh± GŸæÉN«á,

hGd≤óQI Y∏≈ GS°àîóGΩ eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä hjo

ù°ô

G◊ü°˘ƒ∫ Y˘∏˘≈ GŸ©˘óGä Gd˘ƒGb˘«˘á Gdû°˘îü°«á

GŸæÉS°Ñá;

6-1-2hWÑ≤Ék dàƒU°«Éä Gdû°ôGcá Gdóhd«á d∏à©Éh¿

Hû°˘˘ÉC¿ Y˘˘ª˘˘π G’CW˘˘Ø˘É∫ ‘ Gd˘õQGY˘á )b(

, S°˘˘ø

Gd˘˘àû°˘˘ôj˘˘©˘˘Éä d˘˘∏˘˘ë˘˘«˘˘∏˘˘ƒd˘˘á Oh¿ GS°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óGΩ

GŸÑ«óGä eø LÉfÖ G’CWØÉ∫ GCh H«©¡É d¡º.

aÉE¿ GS°àîóGΩ G’CWØÉ∫ d∏ªÑ«óGä ‘ eµÉ¿

Gd˘©˘ª˘π j˘æ˘Ñ˘¨˘» GEOQGL˘¬ ‘ b˘ÉF˘ª˘á G’CY˘ªÉ∫

Gÿ£˘ôI Gd˘ƒW˘æ˘«˘á H˘Éd˘æù°˘Ñ˘á d˘ÓCW˘ØÉ∫ hPd∂

ÃƒLÖ GJØÉb«á eæ¶ªá Gd©ªπ Gdóhd«á Qbº

281Hû°˘˘ÉC¿ GCS°˘˘ƒGC GCT°˘µ˘É∫ Y˘ª˘π G’CW˘Ø˘É∫ ‘

GdÑ∏óG¿ Gdà» U°ÉObâ Y∏«¡É;

6-1-3GC¿ J†°™ N££Ék Jæ¶«ª«á eãπ GdÎGN«ü¢ GCh

Gd˘˘àü°˘˘ÉQj˘˘í d˘˘∏˘˘≤˘ÉF˘ªÚ H˘ÉCY˘ª˘É∫ e˘µ˘Éa˘ë˘á

G’BaÉä;

6-1-4GC¿ J†°™ N££Ék dàù°é«π GŸÑ«óGä, hJ≤««º

Gd˘Ñ˘æ˘«˘á Gd˘à˘ë˘à˘«˘á Gd˘à˘» jù°˘éπ ‘ X∏¡É cπ

eæàè eÑ«óGä bÑπ GEJÉMà¬ dÓS°àîóGΩ;

6-1-5GC¿ Œôi Y˘˘ª˘∏˘«˘Éä J˘≤˘«˘«˘º d˘∏˘ª˘î˘ÉW˘ô, hGC¿

Jàîò bôGQGä ’EOGQI GıÉWô GS°àæÉOGk GE¤

Lª«™ GdÑ«ÉfÉä

hGŸ©˘˘∏˘ƒe˘Éä GŸà˘ƒGa˘ôI c˘é˘õA e˘ø Y˘ª˘∏˘«˘á

Jù°é«π eÑ«ó G’BaÉä)04,14(

;

6-1-6hc˘˘˘é˘˘˘õA e˘˘˘ø Y˘˘˘ª˘˘˘∏˘˘«˘˘á Gd˘˘àù°˘˘é˘˘«˘˘π, hV°˘˘™

‡ÉQS°˘˘˘Éä RQGY˘˘˘«˘˘á L˘˘«˘˘óI J˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘ÉT°˘˘≈ e˘˘™

J˘˘©˘˘ôj˘˘∞ GŸª˘˘ÉQS°˘Éä Gd˘õQGY˘«˘á G÷«˘óI ‘

GŸÉOI 2, dµπ eÑ«ó jàº Jù°é«∏¬ ’S°àîóGe¬

‘ GdõQGYá;

GŸÉOI 6GŸà£∏ÑÉä Gdàæ¶«ª«á hGdØæ«á

)b(T°ôGcá JàÉCd∞ eø eæ¶ªá Gd©ªπ Gdóhd«á, eæ¶ªá G’CZòjá

hGdõQGYá, Gdü°æóh¥ Gdóh‹ d∏àæª«á GdõQGY«á, GŸ©¡ó Gdóh‹

dÑëƒç S°«ÉS°Éä G’CZòjá GdàÉH™ d∏éªÉYá G’S°àû°ÉQjá d∏Ñëƒç

GdõQGY«á Gdóhd«á, G’–ÉO Gdóh‹ dôGH£Éä YªÉ∫ G’CZòjá

hGdõQGYá hGdØæÉO¥ hGŸ£ÉYº hNóeÉä JƒQjó G’CZòjá G÷ÉgõI

hGdàÑ≠ hQGH£Éä Gd©ªÉ∫ PGä Gdü°∏á.


6-1-7GC¿ Jù°˘˘˘à˘˘˘î˘˘˘óΩ GŸÑ˘˘˘ÉOÇ Gd˘˘˘ƒGQOI ‘ Od˘˘«˘˘π

J˘˘£˘˘ƒj˘˘ô hGS°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óGΩ e˘˘ƒGU°˘˘Ø˘˘Éä e˘˘Ñ˘«˘óGä

G’Ba˘˘˘Éä Gd˘˘˘ò… GCY˘˘˘óJ˘˘˘¬ e˘˘˘æ˘˘˘¶˘˘˘ª˘˘˘á G’CZ˘˘òj˘˘á

hGdõQGYá heæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á Hû°ÉC¿

–ójó JµÉaƒD GŸÑ«óGä)82(

;

6-1-8GdÎhj˘˘è ŸõGj˘˘É, hV°˘˘™ e˘à˘£˘∏˘Ñ˘Éä eo˘æù°˘≤˘á

)GEb˘˘∏˘«˘ª˘«˘É GCh H˘ƒGS°˘£˘á ›ª˘ƒY˘Éä Gd˘Ñ˘∏˘óG¿(

d˘˘˘àù°˘˘˘é˘˘˘«˘˘˘π e˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘«˘˘˘óGä G’Ba˘˘˘Éä, hGEL˘˘˘ôGAGä

he©ÉjÒ Gdà≤««º, hGdà©Éh¿ e™ G◊µƒeÉä

G’CN˘˘ôi H˘˘¡˘˘òG Gdû°˘ÉC¿ e˘™ e˘ôGY˘ÉI Gÿ£˘ƒ•

Gd˘˘à˘˘ƒL˘«˘¡˘«˘á Gd˘à˘≤˘æ˘«˘á hGŸ©˘ÉjÒ GŸÓF˘ª˘á

GŸàØ≥ Y∏«¡É Ohd«Ék, hGEOQGê gò√ GŸ©ÉjÒ

- GE¿ GCeµø - ‘ Gdàû°ôj©Éä GdƒWæ«á GCh

G’Eb∏«ª«á )04,14(

;

6-1-9Gdù°˘˘ª˘˘Éì H˘˘ÉEY˘˘ÉOI Gd˘˘à˘˘≤˘˘«˘˘«˘˘º hhV°˘™ GEL˘ôGA

’EYÉOI Gdàù°é«π d†°ªÉ¿ Gd≤«ÉΩ ÃôGL©á

e˘æ˘à˘¶˘ª˘á d˘∏˘ª˘Ñ˘«óGä, hHòd∂ jàù°æ≈ V°ªÉ¿

J£Ñ«≥ JóGHÒ S°ôj©á ha©Édá GEPG OYÉ JƒGaô

e©∏ƒeÉä LójóI GCh H«ÉfÉä Hû°ÉC¿ G’COGA GCh

GıÉWô GE¤ GJîÉP GELôGA Jæ¶«ª»;

6-1-01–ù°Ú Gd≤ƒGYó PGä Gdü°∏á Héª™ hJù°é«π

GdÑ«ÉfÉä GÿÉU°á HÉdƒGQOGä, hGdü°ÉOQGä,

hGdàü°æ«™, hŒ¡«õ eù°àë†°ôGä GŸÑ«óGä,

hLƒOJ¡É hcª«ÉJ¡É;

6-1-11L˘˘ª˘˘™ hJù°˘˘é˘«˘π Gd˘Ñ˘«˘Éf˘Éä Y˘ø Gd˘ƒGQOGä

hGdü°˘˘˘˘˘˘ÉOQGä e˘˘˘˘˘˘ø e˘˘˘˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘˘˘óGä G’Ba˘˘˘˘˘˘Éä,

hU°˘˘˘æ˘˘˘ÉY˘˘˘à˘˘˘¡˘˘˘É hŒ¡˘˘«˘˘õ eù°˘˘à˘˘ë†°˘˘ôGJ˘˘¡˘˘É

hL˘ƒOJ˘¡˘É hc˘ª˘«˘ÉJ˘¡˘É hGS°˘à˘î˘óGe¡É H¡ó±

J≤ójô eói GC… JÉCKÒGä fiàª∏á Y∏≈ U°ëá

G’Efù°É¿

hG◊«˘˘˘ƒG¿ h/GCh Gd˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘«˘˘˘Ä˘˘˘á, hc˘˘˘òd∂ d˘˘˘ôU°˘˘ó

GŒÉgÉä GS°àîóGΩ GŸÑ«óGä ‘ G’CZôGV¢

G’bàü°ÉOjá hZÒgÉ eø G’CZôGV¢;

6-1-21Y˘˘óΩ Gdù°˘˘ª˘˘Éì H˘˘àù°˘˘ƒj˘˘≥ e˘˘©˘˘óGä J˘˘£˘Ñ˘«˘≥

GŸÑ«óGä he©óGä GdƒbÉjá Gdû°îü°«á GE’ GEPG

cÉfâ e£ÉH≤á d∏ªƒGU°ØÉä GÙóOI )7, 8, 9, 31(

;

6-1-31cû°˘˘∞ he˘˘µ˘˘Éa˘˘ë˘á Gd˘à˘õhj˘ô)c(

hGdà≤∏«ó

hG’EŒÉQ ZÒ GŸû°ôh´ ‘ eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä

e˘˘ø N˘˘Ó∫ Gd˘˘à˘˘©˘˘Éh¿ HÚ Gd˘˘ƒc˘˘É’ä Y˘˘∏˘˘≈

GŸù°˘˘à˘˘ƒi Gd˘˘ƒW˘˘æ˘˘» hHÚ G◊µ˘ƒe˘Éä Y˘∏˘≈

GŸù°àƒi Gdóh‹, Yª∏«á JÑÉO∫ GŸ©∏ƒeÉä;

6-1-41J˘æ˘¶˘«˘º he˘ôGb˘Ñ˘á eo˘à˘Ñ˘≤˘«˘Éä GŸÑ˘«óGä ‘

G’CZòjáha˘≤˘Ék d˘à˘ƒU°˘«˘Éä Gd˘óS°˘à˘ƒQ Gd¨òGF»

Hü°˘˘Ø˘˘á N˘ÉU°˘á. hj˘æ˘Ñ˘¨˘» ‘ M˘Éd˘á Z˘«˘ÉÜ

e©ÉjÒ GdóS°àƒQ Gd¨òGF» GS°àîóGΩ GŸ©ÉjÒ

Gd˘ƒW˘æ˘«˘á GCh G’Eb˘∏˘«˘ª˘«˘á. hj˘æ˘Ñ˘¨˘» Yªπ Pd∂

Hü°˘˘ƒQI e˘˘à˘˘ƒGa˘˘≤˘á e˘™ e˘à˘£˘∏˘Ñ˘Éä e˘æ˘¶˘ª˘á

GdàéÉQI Gd©ÉŸ«á hÃÉ ’ jƒDOi GE¤ hV°™

YƒGF≥ aæ«á d∏àéÉQI.

6-2jæÑ¨» dü°æÉYá GŸÑ«óGä:

6-2-1J˘≤˘óË J˘≤˘ój˘ô e˘ƒV°˘ƒY˘» )eo˘ë˘Éj˘ó( e˘≤ÎfÉk

HÉdÑ«ÉfÉä Gd†°ôhQjá GŸù°ÉfóI dµπ eæàè,

ÃÉ ‘ Pd∂ H˘˘«˘˘Éf˘˘Éä c˘Éa˘«˘á d˘óY˘º Y˘ª˘∏˘«˘á

J≤««º GıÉWô hGEJÉMá GÛÉ∫ ’JîÉP bôGQ

Hû°ÉC¿ GEOGQI GıÉWô;

6-2-2Jõhjó Gdù°∏£Éä GdƒWæ«á GŸo

æn¶pªá d∏ªÑ«óGä

)GŸ©æ«á HÉEOGQI GŸÑ«óGä( HÉCjá e©∏ƒeÉä

LójóI GCh eo

ëóq

Ká Áµø GC¿ J¨Ò eø GdƒV°™

Gdàæ¶«ª» d∏ªÑ«ó ÃéôO JƒGaôgÉ;

6-2-3V°ªÉ¿ GC¿ Jµƒ¿ GŸÉOI GdØ©Édá, hZÒgÉ

e˘˘ø GŸƒGO GŸû°Îc˘˘á ‘ Œ¡˘˘«˘õ e˘æ˘à˘é˘Éä

GŸÑ«óGä Gdà» jéôi Jù°ƒj≤¡É, e£ÉH≤á eø

M«å GŸÉg«á hG÷ƒOI hGdæ≤ÉhI hGdÎc«Ö

Ÿµ˘˘ƒf˘Éä e˘æ˘à˘è GŸÑ˘«˘ó GŸù°˘é˘π hGd˘ò… ”

GNàÑÉQ√

hJ˘˘≤˘˘«˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘¬, hG’Ea˘˘ôGê Y˘æ˘¬ Hù°˘ÑÖ eù°˘à˘ƒi

e˘≤˘Ñ˘ƒd˘«˘à˘¬ e˘ø f˘ÉM˘«˘á Gdù°˘ª˘«á hGdàÉCKÒGä

GdÑ«Ä«á;

6-2-4V°˘˘ª˘˘É¿ GC¿ J˘˘µ˘˘ƒ¿ GŸÉOI Gd˘˘à˘˘≤˘æ˘«˘á )GŸÉOI


)c(Jù°àîóΩ eæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á GYàÑÉQGk eø hbâ G’fà¡ÉA eø

eóhfá Gdù°∏ƒ∑, J©ÑÒGä eãπ Oh¿ GŸù°àƒ…, hRGF∞ hjëªπ

hS°ªÉk eõhQGk, e¨û°ƒT°Ék, eõj∞ a«ªÉ jà©∏≥ HÉŸæàéÉä Gd£Ñ«á.


Gd˘Ø˘©˘Éd˘á GŸôc˘õI( he˘æ˘à˘é˘Éä eù°àë†°ôGä

GŸÑ˘˘˘«˘˘˘óGä GÛ¡˘˘˘õI e˘˘˘£˘˘ÉH˘˘≤˘˘á d˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘©˘˘ÉjÒ

Gd˘˘˘ƒW˘˘˘æ˘˘˘«˘˘á GŸ©˘˘ª˘˘ƒ∫ H˘˘¡˘˘É GCh GŸƒGU°˘˘Ø˘˘Éä

GŸƒU°˘˘≈ H˘˘¡˘˘É e˘˘ø b˘˘Ñ˘˘π e˘˘æ˘˘¶˘˘ª˘á G’CZ˘òj˘á

hGd˘˘˘˘õQGY˘˘˘˘á ŸÑ˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘óGä G’Ba˘˘˘Éä Gd˘˘˘õQGY˘˘˘«˘˘˘á,

hŸƒGU°˘˘Ø˘˘Éä e˘˘æ˘˘¶˘˘ª˘˘á Gdü°˘˘ë˘˘á Gd˘˘©˘˘ÉŸ«˘á

GŸƒU°˘˘≈ H˘¡˘É Hû°˘ÉC¿ GŸÑ˘«˘óGä Gd˘à˘» J˘î˘óΩ

Gdü°ëá Gd©Éeá, MÚ JƒGaôgÉ;

6-2-5Gdàë≤≥ eø LƒOI hf≤ÉhI eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä

GŸ©ôhV°á d∏Ñ«™;

6-2-6GŸÑ˘˘˘˘˘ÉOQI, Y˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘ó fû°˘˘˘˘ƒA eû°˘˘˘˘Éc˘˘˘˘π Hù°˘˘˘˘ÑÖ

GŸÑ˘«˘óGä, GE¤ GJ˘î˘ÉP GEL˘ôGAGä Jü°˘ë˘«˘ë˘«á

Hü°˘˘ƒQI W˘˘ƒY˘˘«˘˘á, hGŸù°˘ÉY˘óI Y˘∏˘≈ GEj˘é˘ÉO

M˘˘∏˘˘ƒ∫ d˘˘∏ü°˘˘©˘˘ƒH˘˘Éä GEPG e˘˘É W˘˘∏˘˘Ñâ e˘˘æ˘˘¡˘˘É

G◊µƒeÉä Pd∂;

6-2-7Jõhjó MµƒeÉJ¡É GdƒWæ«á HÑ«ÉfÉä hGV°ëá

hflàü°˘˘˘˘˘ôI Y˘˘˘˘ø Gdü°˘˘˘˘ÉOQGä, hGd˘˘˘˘ƒGQOGä,

hGdàü°æ«™,

hGŸù°˘˘˘à˘˘˘ë†°˘˘˘ôGä GŸo

é˘˘˘¡˘˘˘õI, hGŸÑ˘˘˘«˘˘©˘˘Éä

hLƒOI hcª«á GŸÑ«óGä;

6-3jæÑ¨» Jû°é«™ GŸæ¶ªÉä Gdóhd«á Gıàü°á,

hGd˘˘ƒc˘˘É’ä Gd˘˘ã˘˘æ˘˘ÉF˘˘«˘˘á Y˘˘∏˘≈ GEj˘ÓA GChd˘ƒj˘á

e˘˘à˘˘≤˘˘óe˘˘á d˘˘£˘˘∏˘Ñ˘Éä GŸù°˘ÉY˘óI Gd˘ƒGQOI e˘ø

GdÑ∏óG¿ GdæÉe«á Gdà» ’ “∏∂ H©ó GŸôGa≥ GCh

GÿÈGä Gd˘˘˘˘˘ÓRe˘˘˘˘˘á d˘˘˘˘ƒV°˘˘˘˘™ f˘˘˘˘¶˘˘˘˘º ’EOGQI

GŸÑ«óGä heôGbÑà¡É.

17GŸÉOI 6

GŸà£∏ÑÉä Gdàæ¶«ª«á hGdØæ«á



7-1jæÑ¨» d∏ù°∏£Éä GŸù°ƒDhdá GC¿ Jƒ‹ GgàªÉeÉk

NÉU°Ék dü°«ÉZá Gdàû°ôj©Éä GŸà©∏≤á HàƒGaô

GŸÑ«óGä hGS°àîóGe¡É.

hj˘æ˘Ñ˘¨˘» GC¿ j˘à˘ª˘ÉT°˘≈ Pd∂ e˘™ GŸù°˘à˘ƒjÉä

Gd˘≤˘ÉF˘ª˘á d˘à˘óQjÖ GŸù°˘à˘î˘óeÚ hNÈGJ˘¡º.

hJîà∏∞ G’CoS°ù¢ Gdà» Jù°àæó GEd«¡É Gd≤ôGQGä

Hû°ÉC¿ JƒGaô GŸÑ«óGä hGS°àîóGe¡É GNàÓaÉk

c˘˘ÑÒGk, hj˘˘éÖ GC¿ jo˘˘Î∑ G’Ce˘˘ô d˘˘à˘˘≤˘ój˘ô c˘π

Mµƒeá Y∏≈ Mpó√.

7-2Y˘˘æ˘ó –ój˘ó e˘ói GıÉW˘ô heù°˘à˘ƒi b˘«˘ƒO

G’S°àîóGΩ Gdà» JæÉS°Ö cπ eÑ«ó, jæÑ¨»

d∏ù°∏£á GŸù°ƒDhdá GC¿ JÉCNò ‘ G’YàÑÉQ fƒ´

GŸù°àë†°ô, hWôj≤á J£Ñ«≤¬ hGS°àîóGeÉJ¬.

hj˘æ˘Ñ˘¨˘» d˘∏˘ë˘µ˘ƒe˘Éä M˘«˘ã˘ª˘É j˘àæÉS°Ö, GC¿

J˘ÉCN˘ò Y˘∏˘ª˘Ék hGC¿ Jù°˘à˘î˘óΩ Gd˘æ˘¶˘ÉΩ GŸæù°˘≥

Y˘˘˘ÉŸ«˘˘˘Ék d˘˘˘àü°˘˘æ˘˘«˘˘∞ GŸƒGO Gd˘˘µ˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘ÉF˘˘«˘˘á

hhS°ª¡É)54(

GCh Gd˘˘àü°˘˘æ˘˘«˘∞ Gd˘ò… GChU°â H˘¬

eæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á d∏ªÑ«óGä Hëù°Ö

eù°˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘ƒi Gÿ£˘˘˘˘ô c˘˘˘˘ÉCS°˘˘˘˘ÉS¢ d˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘óGHÒg˘˘˘É

Gdàæ¶«ª«á, hQH§ aÄá Gÿ£ô HôeƒR e©Î±

H¡É.

7-3j˘˘é˘˘ƒR J˘˘≤˘˘«˘˘«˘˘ó J˘ƒGa˘ô GŸÑ˘«˘óGä e˘ø L˘ÉfÖ

Gdù°˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘á GŸù°˘ƒDhd˘á H˘£˘ô¥ flà˘∏˘Ø˘á, c˘©˘óΩ

Jù°˘˘é˘˘«˘˘π GŸæ˘˘à˘˘è, GCh cû°˘˘ô• d˘∏˘àù°˘é˘«˘π, GCh

J˘≤˘«˘«˘ó J˘ƒGa˘ô GŸæ˘à˘è H˘Éd˘æù°˘Ñ˘á Ûª˘ƒYÉä

e˘˘˘©˘˘˘«˘˘˘æ˘˘á e˘˘ø GŸù°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óeÚ GCh H˘˘Éd˘˘æù°˘˘Ñ˘˘á

’S°˘à˘©˘ª˘É’ä e˘©˘«˘æ˘á hPd∂ W˘Ñ˘≤˘Ék d˘∏˘à˘≤ójô

Gd˘˘ƒW˘˘æ˘˘» d˘˘∏˘˘ª˘î˘ÉW˘ô Gd˘à˘» j˘æ˘£˘ƒ… Y˘∏˘«˘¡˘É

GS°àîóGΩ gòG GŸæàè.

7-4jæÑ¨» d∏ëµƒeÉä hGdü°æÉYá GC¿ J†°ªø GC¿

J˘˘µ˘˘ƒ¿ L˘˘ª˘˘«˘™ GŸÑ˘«˘óGä GŸà˘ƒGa˘ôI d˘©˘Ée˘á

Gd˘æ˘ÉS¢ e˘©˘Ñ˘ÉCI he˘ƒS°˘ƒe˘á )e˘ƒV°ƒ´ Y∏«¡É

Gd˘˘Ñ˘˘£˘˘Éb˘˘á Gd˘˘à˘˘©˘˘ôj˘Ø˘«˘á( Hü°˘ƒQI J˘à˘Ø˘≥ e˘™

eæ¶ªá G’CZòjá hGdõQGYá / eæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá

Gd©ÉŸ«á GCh e™ N£ƒ• JƒL«¡«á GCNôi PGä

U°∏á HÉdà©ÑÄá hGdàƒS°«º )3(

GCh HÉdàæ¶«ªÉä

hGd≤ƒGYó GdƒWæ«á hG’Eb∏«ª«á GŸæÉS°Ñá.

7-5Áµ˘˘ø Gd˘˘æ˘˘¶˘˘ô ‘ M˘˘¶˘˘ô GS°˘˘àÒGO e˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘óGä

G’Ba˘˘˘Éä T°˘˘˘ój˘˘óI Gÿ£˘˘ƒQI GCh J˘˘ƒRj˘˘©˘˘¡˘˘É GCh

H˘˘«˘˘©˘˘¡˘˘É hT°˘˘ôGF˘˘¡˘É GEPG, GS°˘à˘æ˘ÉOGk GE¤ J˘≤˘ój˘ô

GıÉWô, hGEPG cÉfâ JóGHÒ GdàîØ«∞ eø

MóI GıÉWô GCh ‡ÉQS°Éä Gdàù°ƒj≥ G÷«óI

’ JµØ» d†°ªÉ¿ GC¿ jàº JóGh∫ GŸæàè Hóh¿

M˘˘óhç flÉW˘˘ô ZÒ e˘˘≤˘˘Ñ˘˘ƒd˘á d˘ÓCT°˘î˘ÉU¢

hd∏Ñ«Äá.

GŸÉOI 7JƒGaô eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä hGS°àîóGe¡É


19GŸÉOI 8

GdàƒRj™ hGdàéÉQI


8-1-1Jù°˘˘ø Gd˘˘àû°˘˘ôj˘˘©˘Éä hJ˘æ˘Ø˘ò GEL˘ôGAGä e˘æ˘í

GdÎGN˘˘˘«ü¢ PGä Gdü°˘˘˘∏˘˘˘á H˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘«˘˘™ e˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘óGä

G’BaÉä, d†°ªÉ¿ GC¿ jµƒ¿ GŸû°ÉQcƒ¿ ‘

Pd∂ b˘˘˘˘˘ÉOQj˘˘˘˘˘ø Y˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘≈ J˘˘˘˘õhj˘˘˘˘ó GŸû°Îj˘˘˘˘ø

HÉŸû°ƒQI Gdù°∏«ªá Hû°ÉC¿ NØ†¢ GıÉWô,

a†°Ó Yø G’S°àîóGΩ GdôT°«ó hGdµ∞A;

8-1-2Jû°é™, H≤óQ G’EeµÉ¿, G’YàªÉO Y∏≈ Yª∏«á

GEe˘˘óGOGä e˘˘ƒL˘¡˘á f˘ë˘ƒ Gdù°˘ƒ¥, ‘ e˘≤˘ÉH˘π

GŸû°Îj˘˘˘Éä G◊µ˘˘˘ƒe˘˘˘«˘˘˘á, hPd∂ d˘˘∏˘˘ë˘˘ó e˘˘ø

GM˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘É’ä J˘˘ôGc˘˘º Gıõhf˘˘Éä Gd˘˘õGF˘˘óI GCh

GdØÉF†°á. ZÒ GCf¬ jà©Ú Y∏≈ G◊µƒeÉä

hGŸƒDS°ù°˘˘˘Éä T°˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘¬ G◊µ˘˘˘ƒe˘˘˘«˘˘˘á, hH˘˘˘ôGe˘˘è

GŸù°˘˘ÉY˘óGä hGd˘ƒc˘É’ä G’CN˘ôi GC¿ Jù°˘à˘æ˘ó

dói T°ôGA GŸÑ«óGä GE¤ JƒL«¡Éä eæ¶ªá

G’CZòjá hGdõQGYá heæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á

Hû°˘˘˘ÉC¿ Gd˘˘˘©˘˘˘£˘˘˘ÉAGä hGŸû°Îj˘˘˘Éä GÿÉU°˘˘˘á

HÉŸÑ«óGä)4,5(

;

8-1-3J†°ªø GC’ JƒDOi GC… GEYÉfÉä GCh epæní J≤óΩ

d˘˘∏˘˘ª˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘óGä GE¤ G’S°˘à˘î˘óGΩ GŸØ˘ô• GCh ZÒ

GŸÈQ, ÃÉ bó jëƒp∫ G’gàªÉΩ Yø GdàóGHÒ

GdÑój∏á G’CcÌ GS°àóGeá.

8-2jà©Ú Y∏≈ U°æÉYá GŸÑ«óGä:

8-2-1GC¿ Jàîò Lª«™ Gÿ£ƒGä Gd†°ôhQjá d†°ªÉ¿

e£ÉH≤á GŸÑ«óGä Gdà» jéô… G’ŒÉQ H¡É

Ohd«Ék Y∏≈ G’Cbπ ha≤Ék ŸÉ j∏»:

8-2-1-1G’J˘Ø˘Éb˘«˘Éä Gd˘óhd˘«˘á hGd˘∏˘ƒGFí

G’Eb∏«ª«á hOh¿ G’Eb∏«ª«á GCh GdƒWæ«á PGä

Gdü°∏á;

8-2-1-2e˘˘ƒGU°˘˘Ø˘˘Éä e˘˘æ˘˘¶˘˘ª˘˘á G’CZ˘˘òj˘˘á

hGdõQGYá GCh eæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á PGä

Gdü°∏á GŸƒU°≈ H¡É, M«ãªÉ hV°©â gò√

GŸƒGU°ØÉä;

8-2-1-3GŸÑ˘˘˘ÉOÇ GÛù°˘˘˘óI ‘ Gd˘˘˘æ˘˘˘¶˘˘ÉΩ

GŸæù°≥ YÉŸ«Ék dàü°æ«∞ GŸƒGO Gdµ«ª«ÉF«á

hhS°ª¡É hGÿ£ƒ• GdàƒL«¡«á PGä Gdü°∏á

Ÿæ˘˘¶˘˘ª˘á G’CZ˘òj˘á hGd˘õQGY˘á, h/GCh Ÿæ˘¶˘ª˘á

Gdü°˘˘˘˘ë˘˘˘á Gd˘˘˘©˘˘˘ÉŸ«˘˘˘á Hû°˘˘˘ÉC¿ Gd˘˘˘àü°˘˘˘æ˘˘˘«˘˘˘∞,

hGdàƒS°«º )hV°™ GdÑ£ÉbÉä Gdà©ôjØ«á Y∏≈

YÑƒGä GŸÑ«óGä(;

8-2-1-4Gd˘≤˘ƒGY˘ó hGd˘∏˘ƒGF˘í Hû°˘ÉC¿ Gd˘à©ÑÄá

hGd˘à˘¨˘∏˘«˘∞ hhV°˘™ Gd˘©˘Óe˘Éä hGd˘æ˘≤π Gdà»

hV°©à¡É JƒU°«Éä G’C· GŸàëóI GŸà©∏≤á

H˘˘æ˘˘≤˘˘π Gd˘˘Ñ†°˘ÉF˘™ Gÿ£˘ôI)84(

hGŸæ¶ªÉä

Gdóhd«á GŸ©æ«á HƒS°ÉFπ f≤π fióOI )eãπ

e˘˘æ˘˘¶˘˘ª˘˘á Gd˘˘£ÒG¿ GŸóÊ Gd˘˘óh‹)OACI(,

hGŸæ˘˘˘¶˘˘˘ª˘˘˘á Gd˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘ë˘˘˘ôj˘˘á Gd˘˘óhd˘˘«˘˘á )OMI(,

hG’Cf¶ªá GŸà©∏≤á HÉdæ≤π Gdóh‹ d∏Ñ†°ÉF™

Gÿ£ôI HÉdù°µ∂ G◊ójójá )DIR(, hG’JØÉ¥

G’ChQhH» GŸà©∏≥ HÉdæ≤π Gdóh‹ d∏Ñ†°ÉF™

Gÿ£˘˘ôI H˘˘Éd˘˘£˘ô¥ GdÈj˘á )RDA(, hG–˘˘ÉO

Gdæ≤π G÷ƒ… Gdóh‹ )ATAI(.

8-2-2c˘˘˘Ø˘˘˘Éd˘˘˘á GC¿ J˘˘˘î†°˘˘˘™ GŸÑ˘˘˘«˘˘˘óGä GŸæ˘˘à˘˘é˘˘á

d˘˘∏˘˘àü°˘˘ój˘˘ô d˘˘æ˘˘Øù¢ GŸà˘˘£˘˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘Éä hGŸ©˘˘ÉjÒ

GŸÉOI 8GdàƒRj™ hGdàéÉQI


GŸà©∏≤á HÉ÷ƒOI Gdù°ÉQjá Y∏≈ GŸæàéÉä

GÙ∏«á GŸã«∏á;

8-2-3GC¿ J†°ªø GS°à«ØÉA GŸÑ«óGä Gdà» Jü°æ©¡É

GCh J˘˘˘˘≤˘˘˘˘ƒΩ H˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘é˘˘˘˘¡˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘õg˘˘˘˘É Y˘˘˘∏˘˘˘≈ U°˘˘˘ƒQI

eù°˘à˘ë†°˘ôGä GC… T°˘ôc˘á a˘ôY˘«˘á Ÿà˘£˘∏ÑÉä

G÷ƒOI hGŸ©˘˘ÉjÒ GŸæ˘˘ÉS°˘˘Ñ˘˘á, hj˘˘æ˘Ñ˘¨˘» GC¿

Jµƒ¿ eàƒGa≤á e™ eà£∏ÑÉä GdÑ∏ó GŸ†°«∞

hGdû°ôcá G’CΩ )G’CU°∏«á(;

8-2-4GC¿ Jû°é™ hcÉ’ä G’S°àÒGO, hGŸû°à¨∏Ú

‘ Œ¡«õ eù°àë†°ôGä gò√ GŸÑ«óGä Y∏≈

GŸù°˘à˘ƒi Gd˘≤˘£˘ô… hG’Eb˘∏˘«˘ª», hGŸæ¶ªÉä

GdàéÉQjá GdàÉH©Ú d¡É, Y∏≈ Gdà©Éh¿ eø

GCLπ –≤«≥ GŸªÉQS°Éä GdàéÉQjá Gd©ÉOdá

hcòd∂ GCS°Éd«Ö Gdàù°ƒj≥ hGdàƒRj™ Gdà» eø

T°ÉCf¡É GC¿ –ó eø flÉWô GŸÑ«óGä, hY∏≈

Gd˘˘˘à˘˘˘©˘˘˘Éh¿ e˘˘˘™ Gdù°˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘Éä d˘˘∏˘˘≤†°˘˘ÉA Y˘˘∏˘˘≈

GŸªÉQS°Éä ZÒ G’CNÓb«á OGNπ Gdü°æÉYá;

8-2-5GC¿ J˘˘≤˘˘ô H˘˘ÉEe˘˘µ˘˘Éf˘˘«˘˘á S°˘˘ëÖ e˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘ó G’Ba˘˘Éä

HƒGS°£á L¡Éä Gdàü°æ«™ hGdàƒRj™ YæóeÉ

jàÑÚ GC¿ GS°àîóGe¬ HÉd£ôj≤á GŸƒU°≈ H¡É

Áãπ N£ôGk ZÒ e≤Ñƒ∫ Y∏≈ U°ëá G’Efù°É¿

hG◊«ƒG¿ GCh GdÑ«Äá, hGC¿ jàº Gdàü°ô± ha≤Ék

dòd∂;

8-2-6GC¿ Jù°©≈ d†°ªÉ¿ Jƒ‹ ŒÉQ Ph… S°ª©á

W«Ñá d©ª∏«á G’ŒÉQ hGdû°ôGA, hjØ†°π GC¿

jµƒfƒG GCY†°ÉA ‘ eæ¶ªÉä ŒÉQjá e©Î±

H¡É;

8-2-7GdàÉCcó eø GC¿ G’CT°îÉU¢ GŸû°à¨∏Ú HÑ«™

GŸÑ˘«˘óGä e˘óQH˘ƒ¿ J˘óQj˘Ñ˘Ék c˘Éa˘«˘Ék, hd˘ój¡º

Gdàü°ÉQjí hGdÎGN«ü¢ G◊µƒe«á GŸÓFªá

)‘ MÉdá hLƒO gò√ GdÎGN«ü¢( hdój¡º

Gd˘˘≤˘˘óQI Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ G◊ü°˘˘ƒ∫ Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ GŸ©˘˘∏˘˘ƒe˘˘Éä

Gd˘µ˘Éa˘«˘á, e˘ã˘π U°˘ë˘ÉF˘∞ H˘«˘Éf˘Éä Gdù°Óeá

GÿÉU°á HÉŸæàéÉä, Mà≈ Áµæ¡º Jõhjó

GŸû°Îj˘ø H˘ÉŸû°˘ƒQI Gd˘ÓRe˘á Hû°˘ÉC¿ J˘≤˘∏«π

GıÉW˘˘˘ô a†°˘˘Ó Y˘˘ø G’S°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óGΩ Gd˘˘ôT°˘˘«˘˘ó

hGdµ∞A;

8-2-8GC¿ J£ôì, ÃÉ ’ jà©ÉQV¢ e™ GŸà£∏ÑÉä

Gd˘˘ƒW˘æ˘«˘á, hT°˘Ñ˘¬ G’Eb˘∏˘«˘ª˘«˘á GCh G’Eb˘∏˘«˘ª˘«˘á,

›ªƒYá eø GCMéÉΩ

hGCfƒG´ Gd©ÑƒGä GŸæÉS°Ñá, Gdà» JàÓAΩ e™

GM˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘ÉL˘˘˘Éä U°˘˘˘¨˘˘˘ÉQ GŸõGQYÚ hG’CS°˘˘˘ô

hZÒgº eø GŸù°àîóeÚ GÙ∏«Ú, hPd∂

e˘˘ø GCL˘˘π J˘˘≤˘˘∏˘˘«˘π GıÉW˘ô, hY˘óΩ Jû°˘é˘«˘™

GdÑÉF©Ú Y∏≈ GEYÉOI J©ÑÄá GŸæàéÉä ‘

Y˘˘Ñ˘˘ƒGä ZÒ eo˘˘ƒS°˘˘ƒe˘˘á )’ –ª˘π H˘£˘Éb˘Éä

J©ôjØ«á GCh H«ÉfÉä Gd©ÑƒI G’CU°∏«á( GCh ZÒ

eæÉS°Ñá;

8-2-9YóΩ Gd≤«ÉΩ Yø Y∏º HàƒQjó eÑ«óGä, jµƒ¿

GS°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óGe˘˘¡˘É e˘≤˘«˘óGk H˘Éd˘æù°˘Ñ˘á Ûª˘ƒY˘Éä

e˘˘©˘˘«˘˘æ˘˘á e˘˘ø GŸù°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óeÚ, d˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘©˘˘¡˘˘É GE¤

eù°àîóeÚ ZÒ eôNq

ü¢ d¡º.

8-3j˘˘æ˘˘Ñ˘˘¨˘˘» Ÿû°Îj˘˘» e˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘óGä G’Ba˘Éä hV°˘™

GELôGAGä d∏û°ôGA hPd∂ dàÓ‘ G’EaôG• ‘

G’Ee˘˘˘˘óGO H˘˘˘˘ÉŸÑ˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘óGä, hGd˘˘˘æ˘˘˘¶˘˘˘ô ‘ GEOQGê

eà£∏ÑÉä Jà©∏≥ HîóeÉä Jîõjø GŸÑ«óGä

hJ˘˘ƒRj˘˘©˘˘¡˘˘É hN˘óe˘Éä Gd˘à˘î˘∏ü¢ e˘æ˘¡˘É ‘

Y≤ƒO Gdû°ôGA)4,5(

.


(d) International Civil Aviation Organization.(e) International Maritime Organization.(f) Regulations concerning the international car-

riage of dangerous goods by rail.(g)European Agreement concerning the interna-

tional carriage of dangerous goods by road.(h) International Air Transport Association.


21GŸÉOI 9

JÑÉO∫ GŸ©∏ƒeÉä


9-1-1J˘˘ôhê ’Efû°˘˘ÉA GCh J˘˘©˘˘õj˘˘õ T°˘Ñ˘µ˘Éä d˘à˘Ñ˘ÉO∫

GŸ©∏ƒeÉä Hû°ÉC¿ eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä hG’EOGQI

GŸà˘˘µ˘˘Ée˘˘∏˘˘á d˘˘ÓBa˘˘Éä / G’EOGQI GŸà˘˘µ˘˘Ée˘∏˘á

d˘˘˘˘˘æ˘˘˘˘˘Éb˘˘˘˘˘Óä G’Ce˘˘˘˘˘ôGV¢ hPd∂ e˘˘˘˘ø N˘˘˘˘Ó∫

GŸƒDS°ù°˘˘Éä Gd˘ƒW˘æ˘«˘á hGŸæ˘¶˘ª˘Éä Gd˘óhd˘«˘á

hG’Eb˘∏˘«˘ª˘«˘á hT°˘Ñ˘¬ G’Eb˘∏˘«˘ª˘«˘á h›ª˘ƒYÉä

GŸü°Édí Gd©Éeá;

9-1-2Jo˘˘«ù°˘˘ô J˘˘Ñ˘˘ÉO∫ GŸ©˘˘∏˘˘ƒe˘˘Éä HÚ Gdù°˘˘∏˘˘£˘Éä

Gd˘à˘æ˘¶˘«˘ª˘«˘á hGd˘à˘æ˘Ø˘«˘òj˘á d˘à˘©˘õj˘õ Gdà©Éh¿.

hj˘æ˘Ñ˘¨˘» GC¿ J˘à†°˘ª˘ø GŸ©˘∏ƒeÉä GŸàÑÉOdá

eÉ j∏»:

9-1-2-1G’ELôGAGä Gdà» Joàîò ◊¶ô eÑ«ó

GBaÉä GCh J≤««ó√ Hû°óI eø GCLπ MªÉjá U°ëá

G’Efù°É¿

hGd˘Ñ˘«˘Ä˘á, hJ˘≤˘óË e˘©˘∏˘ƒe˘Éä GEV°˘Éa˘«˘á Y˘æó

Gd£∏Ö;

9-1-2-2GŸ©˘∏˘ƒe˘Éä Gd˘©˘∏˘ª˘«˘á hGd˘à˘≤æ«á

hG’bàü°ÉOjá hGdàæ¶«ª«á hGd≤Éfƒf«á PGä

Gdü°∏á HÉŸÑ«óGä, ÃÉ ‘ Pd∂ H«ÉfÉä Yø

S°ª«à¡É hYø GdÑ«Äá hGdù°Óeá;

9-1-2-3J˘˘˘˘˘˘ƒGa˘˘˘˘˘ô GŸƒGQO hGÿÈGä PGä

Gdü°∏á HÉ’Cfû°£á GŸæ¶ªá d∏ªÑ«óGä;

9-1-2-4M˘˘É’ä Gd˘˘à˘˘õhj˘ô )i(

GCh Gd˘à˘≤˘∏«ó

hG’ŒÉQ ÃÑ«óGä ZÒ eû°ôhYá;

9-1-2-5H«ÉfÉä MƒGOç Gdàù°ªº hGdà∏ƒç

GdÑ«Ä».

9-2hYÓhI Y∏≈ Pd∂, Joû°ésn

™ G◊µƒeÉä Y∏≈:

9-2-1S°˘˘˘ø Gd˘˘˘àû°˘˘ôj˘˘©˘˘Éä Gd˘˘à˘˘» Jù°˘˘ª˘˘í H˘˘ƒU°˘˘ƒ∫

G÷ª˘˘˘¡˘˘˘ƒQ GE¤ GŸ©˘˘˘∏˘˘ƒe˘˘Éä Hû°˘˘ÉC¿ flÉW˘˘ô

GŸÑ«óGä h Gd©ª∏«á Gdàæ¶«ª«á, e™ MªÉjá

GŸ∏µ«á GdØµôjá;

9-2-2GJ˘˘î˘˘ÉP GEL˘˘ôGAGä GEOGQj˘˘á d˘à˘ƒaÒ Gdû°˘Ø˘Éa˘«˘á

hGd˘˘ƒV°˘˘ƒì hJ˘˘«ù°Ò eû°˘˘ÉQc˘á G÷ª˘¡˘ƒQ ‘

Yª∏«á Gdàæ¶«º e™ GÙÉa¶á Y∏≈ GŸ∏µ«á

GdØµôjá.

9-3jà©Ú Y∏≈ GŸæ¶ªÉä Gdóhd«á, ‘ MóhO

GŸƒGQO GŸà˘˘ÉM˘˘á, GC¿ J˘˘ƒa˘˘ô e˘©˘∏˘ƒe˘Éä Y˘ø

eÑ«óGä fióOI )ÃÉ ‘ Pd∂ GdàƒL«¡Éä

Hû°˘˘ÉC¿ W˘˘ô¥ Gd˘˘à˘˘ë˘˘∏˘˘«˘˘π( e˘˘ø N˘˘Ó∫ J˘ƒaÒ

hK˘˘˘ÉF˘˘˘≥ GŸ©˘˘˘ÉjÒ, hU°˘˘˘ë˘˘˘ÉF˘˘∞ G◊≤˘˘ÉF˘˘≥,

hGdàóQjÖ hZÒ Pd∂ eø GdƒS°ÉFπ GŸÓFªá.

GŸÉOI 9JÑÉO∫ GŸ©∏ƒeÉä

)i(Jù°àîóΩ eæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á GYàÑÉQGk eø hbâ G’fà¡ÉA eø

eóhfá Gdù°∏ƒ∑, J©ÑÒGä eãπ Oh¿ GŸù°àƒ…, hRGF∞ hjëªπ

hS°ªÉk eõhQGk, e¨û°ƒT°Ék, eõj∞ a«ªÉ jà©∏≥ HÉŸæàéÉä Gd£Ñ«á.



9-4Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ L˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘™ Gd˘˘µ˘˘«˘˘Éf˘˘Éä GŸû°˘ª˘ƒd˘á H˘¡˘ò√

GŸóhfá GC¿:

9-4-1J˘˘óY˘˘º Y˘˘ª˘˘∏˘˘«˘˘á J˘˘Ñ˘ÉO∫ GŸ©˘∏˘ƒe˘Éä hJo˘«ù°q

˘ô

G◊ü°˘˘ƒ∫ Y˘∏˘≈ GŸ©˘∏˘ƒe˘Éä Hû°˘ÉC¿ GŸù°˘ÉF˘π

Gdà» Jà†°ªø GCN£ÉQ

hflÉWô eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä, heàÑ≤«ÉJ¡É ‘

G’CZòjá he«É√ Gdû°ôÜ hGdÑ«Äá, hGS°àîóGΩ

GŸÑ˘˘˘˘«˘˘˘˘óGä ‘ GCh Y˘˘˘˘∏˘˘˘˘≈ GŸæ˘˘˘˘à˘˘˘˘é˘˘˘Éä ZÒ

Gd˘˘¨˘˘òGF˘˘«˘˘á, hc˘˘òd∂ GŸ©˘˘∏˘˘ƒe˘˘Éä GŸà˘˘©˘˘∏˘≤˘á

H˘˘˘˘É’EOGQI GŸà˘˘˘˘µ˘˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘∏˘˘˘á d˘˘˘ÓBa˘˘˘Éä/ G’EOGQI

GŸà˘˘µ˘˘Ée˘˘∏˘˘á d˘æ˘Éb˘Óä G’Ce˘ôGV¢, ha˘©˘Éd˘«˘á

GŸÑ«óGä, hHóGFπ GŸÑ«óGä T°ójóI Gÿ£ƒQI,

hG’EL˘˘˘ôGAGä Gd˘˘˘à˘˘˘æ˘˘˘¶˘˘«˘˘ª˘˘«˘˘á PGä Gdü°˘˘∏˘˘á h

GELôGAGä Gdù°«ÉS°Éä;

9-4-2Jû°˘é˘™ Gd˘à˘©˘Éh¿ HÚ ›ª˘ƒY˘Éä GŸü°˘Éd˘í

Gd˘©˘Ée˘á, hGŸæ˘¶˘ª˘Éä Gdóhd«á, hG◊µƒeÉä,

hZÒgº eø GCU°ëÉÜ GŸü°∏ëá GŸ¡àªÚ

d†°˘ª˘É¿ J˘õhj˘ó Gd˘Ñ˘∏˘óG¿ H˘ÉŸ©˘∏˘ƒe˘Éä Gdà»

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hhS°ª¡É)54(

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Ÿæ¶ªá G’CZòjá h GdõQGYá/ eæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá

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01-2-1Jà£ÉH≥ e™ eà£∏ÑÉä Gdàù°é«π h Jà†°ªø

JƒU°«Éä JàØ≥ e™ J∏∂ GÿÉU°á HÉdù°∏£Éä

GŸ©æ«á ‘ H∏ó GdÑ«™;

01-2-2Jû°ªπ QeƒRGk eæÉS°Ñá hQS°ƒeÉä JƒV°«ë«á

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HÉd∏¨á GCh Gd∏¨Éä GŸæÉS°Ñá;

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H˘©˘óΩ GEY˘ÉOI GS°˘à˘î˘óGΩ Gd˘©˘Ñ˘ƒGä hJ˘©∏«ªÉä

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a˘©˘á GEf˘à˘ÉL˘«˘á GCh Jû°˘¨˘«˘∏˘á eø

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25GŸÉOI 11

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YóΩ J©ÉQV°¬ e™ T°ôh• Gdàù°é«π eø M«å

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jà†°ªæ¡É G’EYÓ¿;

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V°ªæÉ GCh HÉ◊ò±

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GCh GŸù°é∏Ú, eø NÓ∫ Gdü°ë∞ GdôS°ª«á

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eÉ ⁄ jµø GdàƒGaô GŸ≤«ó eƒV°ëÉk Hü°ƒQI

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± G’EY˘˘Óf˘Éä f˘à˘ÉF˘è Gd˘Ñ˘ë˘ƒç, GCh

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GCh ''ZÒ V°ÉQ'', GCh ''ZÒ S°ª»'', GCh ''U°ój≥

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d˘˘˘ÓBa˘˘˘Éä / G’EOGQI GŸà˘˘˘µ˘˘˘Ée˘˘∏˘˘á d˘˘æ˘˘Éb˘˘Óä

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11-2-51Y˘˘óΩ Gd˘˘∏˘˘é˘˘ƒA GE¤ e˘˘≤˘˘ÉQf˘Éä e˘™ GŸÑ˘«˘óGä

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d∏àû°é«™ Y∏≈ T°ôGA GŸÑ«óGä.

11-3j˘˘æ˘˘Ñ˘¨˘» d˘∏˘ª˘æ˘¶˘ª˘Éä Gd˘óhd˘«˘á h›ª˘ƒY˘Éä

GŸü°˘˘Éd˘˘í Gd˘˘©˘˘Ée˘˘á GC¿ J˘˘∏˘˘Øâ G’f˘˘à˘˘Ñ˘É√ GE¤

MÉ’ä Gÿôhê Y∏≈ GCMµÉΩ gò√ GŸÉOI.


GdóYÉjá, e™ GCh Hóh¿ YÑÉQI T°ôW«á eãπ

''Y˘˘˘æ˘˘˘óe˘˘É jù°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óΩ ha˘˘≤˘˘Ék d˘˘∏˘˘à˘˘ƒL˘˘«˘˘¡˘˘Éä

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GŸà˘˘µ˘˘Ée˘˘∏˘˘á d˘˘ÓBa˘˘Éä/ G’EOGQI GŸà˘˘µ˘˘Ée˘˘∏˘˘á

d˘˘˘æ˘˘Éb˘˘Óä G’Ce˘˘ôGV¢'' GEPG –≤˘˘≤â Gdù°˘˘∏˘˘£˘˘á

Gdàæ¶«ª«á eø U°ëá Pd∂ hjµƒ¿ G’OYÉA

eû°ôhWÉ ha≤É dòd∂];

11-2-9GC’ jû°˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘π G’EY˘˘Ó¿ Y˘˘∏˘≈ H˘«˘Éf˘Éä J˘≤˘ÉQ¿

GıÉW˘˘˘ô GCh Gÿ£˘˘˘ô GCh ''S°˘˘˘Óe˘˘˘á'' flà˘˘˘∏˘˘˘∞

GŸÑ«óGä GCh eƒGO GCNôi;

11-2-01YóΩ GS°àîóGΩ YÑÉQGä e†°∏∏á a«ªÉ jà©∏≥

HØ©Éd«á GŸæàè;

11-2-11GC’ jà†°ªø G’EYÓ¿ GCjá GET°ÉQI GE¤ V°ªÉfÉä

U°ôjëá GCh V°ªæ«á cÉ’ET°ÉQI GE¤ ''eõjó eø

G’CQHÉì -, GCh ''j†°ªø Z∏á haÒI'', eÉ ⁄

j˘˘à˘˘ƒGa˘˘ô Od˘˘«˘˘π b˘˘ÉW˘˘™ ’EK˘˘Ñ˘˘Éä U°˘ë˘á g˘òG

G’OYÉA;

11-2-21GC’ Jà†°ªø G’EYÓfÉä GC… H«É¿ GCh YôV¢

e˘˘ôGCi Ÿª˘˘ÉQS°˘˘Éä N˘˘£ÒI fià˘˘ª˘˘∏˘á, e˘ã˘π

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GS°àîóGe¡É Hóh¿ eÓHù¢ hGb«á cÉa«á, GCh

GS°˘˘à˘˘î˘˘óGe˘˘¡˘˘É Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ e˘˘≤˘˘ôH˘á e˘ø GCZ˘òj˘á, GCh

HƒGS°£á GCWØÉ∫GCh HÉd≤ôÜ eæ¡º;

11-2-31GC¿ Jù°ÎY» G’EYÓfÉä GCh GŸƒGO GdÎhjé«á

G’fàÑÉ√ GE¤ Gd©ÑÉQGä hGdôeƒR Gdàëòjôjá

GŸÓF˘˘ª˘˘á W˘˘Ñ˘˘≤˘É d˘∏˘æ˘¶˘ÉΩ Gd˘©˘ÉŸ» GŸæù°˘≥

dàü°æ«∞ GŸƒGO Gdµ«ª«ÉF«á hhS°ª¡É, heÉ

gƒ hGQO HÉÿ£ƒ• GdàƒL«¡«á)3(

Gdü°ÉOQI

eø bpÑπ eæ¶ªá G’CZòjá hGdõQGYá heæ¶ªá

Gdü°˘˘ë˘˘á Gd˘˘©˘˘ÉŸ«˘á Hû°˘ÉC¿ Gd˘à˘ƒS°˘«˘º )hV°˘™

H˘£˘Éb˘á Gd˘Ñ˘«˘Éf˘Éä Gd˘à˘©˘ôj˘Ø˘«˘á Y˘∏˘≈ YÑƒGä

GŸÑ«óGä(;

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GŸæ˘ÉS°˘Ñ˘á Y˘ø GŸª˘ÉQS°˘Éä Gdü°˘ë˘«ëá, ÃÉ

jû°ªπ Gdà≤«ó Ã©ó’ä G’S°àîóGΩ GŸƒU°≈

H˘¡˘É hJ˘µ˘ôGQ Y˘ª˘∏˘«˘Éä G’S°˘àîóGΩ hGdØÎGä

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a¡ª¡É Y∏≈ GŸù°àîóeÚ Gdæ¡ÉF«Ú;


27GŸÉOI 21

QU°ó GŸóhfá h eôGYÉI Gdà≤«ó H¡É

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G’CZòjá hGdõQGYá, heæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á

hHôfÉeè G’C· GŸàëóI d∏Ñ«Äá

h j˘˘æ˘˘Ñ˘˘¨˘˘» e˘˘ôGY˘˘ÉI Gd˘à˘≤˘«˘ó H˘¡˘É e˘ø N˘Ó∫

GELôGAGä J©Éhf«á JàîògÉ Lª«™ Gdµ«ÉfÉä

GŸ©æ«á ‘ gò√ GŸóhfá.

21-2jæÑ¨» JƒL«¬ GgàªÉΩ Lª«™ GŸ©æ«Ú ‘

›É’ä Jæ¶«º hJü°æ«™ hJƒRj™ hGS°àîóGΩ

eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä GE¤ gò√ GŸóhfá dµ» JóQ∑

G◊µƒeÉä, hU°æÉYá GŸÑ«óGä hGdµ«ÉfÉä

G’CN˘˘˘ôi GŸ©˘˘˘æ˘˘˘«˘˘á ‘ g˘˘ò√ GŸóhf˘˘á Gd˘˘à˘˘»

H˘˘ÉEe˘˘µ˘˘Éf˘˘¡˘˘É Gd˘˘æ˘˘¡˘ƒV¢ Ãª˘ÉQS°˘Éä G’EOGQI

GŸù°˘˘à˘˘óGe˘˘á d˘˘ÓBa˘˘Éä hf˘˘Éb˘˘Óä G’Ce˘˘ôGV¢,

ha¡º eù°ƒDhd«ÉJ¡É GŸû°Îcá d∏à©Éh¿ e©Ék

eø GCLπ V°ªÉ¿ –≤«≥ GCZôGV¢ GŸóhfá.

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GŸóhf˘˘á GC¿ Jû°˘˘é˘™ GŸÑ˘ÉOÇ hG’CN˘Ób˘«˘Éä

Gdà» J©È Yæ¡É GŸóhfá, Hü°ô± Gdæ¶ô Yø

b˘˘˘óQI GC… c˘˘˘«˘˘˘É¿ GBN˘˘˘ô Y˘˘˘∏˘˘≈ e˘˘ôGY˘˘ÉI g˘˘ò√

GŸóhfá. hY∏≈ U°æÉYá GŸÑ«óGä GC¿ Jà©Éh¿

J©ÉhfÉk cÉeÓk eø GCLπ eôGYÉI GCMµÉΩ gò√

GŸóhfá, hGC¿ JóYº GŸÑÉOÇ hG’CNÓb«Éä

Gdà» JóYƒ GEd«¡É GŸóhfá, H¨†¢ Gdæ¶ô Yø

bóQI GC… Mµƒeá Y∏≈ G’dàõGΩ HÉŸóhfá.

21-4hH©«óGk Yø GC… JóGHÒ Jàîò ŸôGYÉI G’dàõGΩ

H˘˘¡˘˘ò√ GŸóhf˘˘á, j˘˘æ˘˘Ñ˘˘¨˘˘» Gd˘à˘£˘Ñ˘«˘≥ G◊ÉRΩ

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cÉfâ Jû°ôj©«á, GCh GEOGQjá GCh b†°ÉF«á GCh

Y˘ôa˘«˘á, GŸà˘©˘∏˘≤˘á H˘ÉŸù°˘ƒDhd˘«˘Éä, hMªÉjá

GŸù°à¡∏∂, hG◊Øß

he˘˘µ˘˘Éa˘˘ë˘á Gd˘à˘∏˘ƒç hZÒg˘É e˘ø GÛÉ’ä

PGä Gdü°∏á.

21-5j˘˘æ˘˘Ñ˘˘¨˘˘» Jû°˘˘é˘˘«˘˘™ G◊µ˘˘ƒe˘Éä hGd˘µ˘«˘Éf˘Éä

G’CNôi GŸ©æ«á:

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G’ES°ôG´ Hà≤««º eói eÓAeá Yªπ Pd∂ ‘

GCbôÜ hbâ ‡µø.

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Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á, hHôfÉeè G’C· GŸàëóI

d˘˘∏˘˘Ñ˘˘«˘˘Ä˘˘á, hZÒg˘É e˘ø GŸæ˘¶˘ª˘Éä Gd˘óhd˘«˘á

G’CNôi PGä Gdü°∏á GC¿ J≤óΩ OYªÉk cÉeÓk

dào«n

ù°q

ô G’dàõGΩ H¡ò√ GŸóhfá.

21-7Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ G◊µ˘˘ƒe˘˘Éä, H˘˘Éd˘à˘©˘Éh¿ e˘™ e˘æ˘¶˘ª˘á

G’CZòjá h GdõQGYá heæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á

GŸÉOI 21QU°ó GŸóhfá h eôGYÉI Gdà≤«ó H¡É



hHôfÉeè G’C· GŸàëóI d∏Ñ«Äá, GC¿ JôU°ó

e˘˘ói e˘˘ôY˘˘ÉI Gd˘˘à˘˘≤˘«˘ó H˘ÉŸóhf˘á hGC¿ J˘ôa˘™

Gdà≤ÉQjô YªÉ jàë≤≥ eø J≤óΩ GE¤ GŸójô

Gd©ÉΩ dµπ eø eæ¶ªá G’CZòjá

hGdõQGYá heæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á hGŸójô

GdàæØ«ò… dÈfÉeè G’C· GŸàëóI d∏Ñ«Äá)65(

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hGdõQGYá heæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á hGŸójô

GdàæØ«ò… dÈfÉeè G’C· GŸàëóI d∏Ñ«Äá Yø

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hGdµ«ÉfÉä G’CNôi GŸ¡àªá QU°ó G’Cfû°£á

PGä Gdü°∏á HàæØ«ò GŸóhfá hJ≤óË J≤ôjô

Hû°ÉCf¡É GE¤ GŸójô Gd©ÉΩ dµπ eø eæ¶ªá

G’CZòjá hGdõQGYá heæ¶ªá Gdü°ëá Gd©ÉŸ«á

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hH˘˘˘ôf˘˘˘Ée˘˘˘è G’C· GŸà˘˘˘ë˘˘˘óI d˘˘˘∏˘˘˘Ñ˘˘˘«˘˘˘Ä˘˘˘á, GC¿

Jù°˘˘˘à˘˘©˘˘ôV¢ Hü°˘˘Ø˘˘á OhQj˘˘á e˘˘ói e˘˘ÓAe˘˘á

GŸóhfá ha©Éd«à¡É. hjæÑ¨» GYàÑÉQ GŸóhfá

fü°˘˘Ék Oj˘˘æ˘˘Ée˘˘«˘˘µ˘˘«˘˘Ék j˘æ˘Ñ˘¨˘» –ój˘ã˘¬ c˘∏˘ª˘É

Gbà†°â G◊ÉLá, e™ eôGYÉI eÉ jëóç eø

J≤óΩ Y∏≈ GŸù°àƒjÉä GdØæ«á hG’bàü°ÉOjá

hG’LàªÉY«á.


29

Jû°ªπ U°µƒ∑ Gdù°«ÉS°Éä Gdóhd«á Gdà» JàæÉh∫ LÉfÑÉk

GCh GCcÌ eø LƒGfÖ OhQI M«ÉI GC… eÑ«ó GBaÉä eÉ j∏»,

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hd˘Ñ˘©†¢ g˘ò√ Gdü°˘µ˘ƒ∑ Gf˘©˘µ˘ÉS°˘Éä Y˘ª˘∏˘«á eÑÉT°ôI

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e˘˘∏˘˘õe˘˘á b˘˘Éf˘˘ƒf˘˘Ék hbâ GŸƒGa˘˘≤˘˘á Y˘˘∏˘˘≈ J˘˘©˘ój˘π g˘ò√

GŸóhfá.

GCU°µƒ∑ Gdù°«ÉS°Éä Gdóhd«á PGä G’f©µÉS°ÉäGd©ª∏«á GŸÑÉT°ôI Y∏≈ GEOGQI eÑ«óGä G’BaÉä

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Gÿ£ôI hGdàî∏ü¢ eæ¡É YÈ G◊óhO, Gdà» GoYàªóä

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·G’J˘Ø˘Éb˘«˘á Hû°˘ÉC¿ Gdù°˘Óe˘á hGdü°˘ë˘á ‘ Gd˘õQGY˘á.

e˘æ˘¶˘ª˘á Gd˘©ªπ Gdóhd«á, Gd˘˘˘à˘˘» GY˘˘à˘˘ª˘˘óä ‘ 1002

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eø GCLπ Gdàæª«á GŸù°àóGeá, h Hü°ƒQI GCcÌ –ójóGk

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GŸù°˘à˘óGe˘á( h91)G’EOGQI Gdù°˘∏˘«˘ª˘á H˘«˘Ä˘«˘Ék d˘∏ªƒGO

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Gÿ£ôI(, Gdò… GYàªó ‘ 2991)26(

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26 Submission and evaluation of pesticide residues data for the estimation of maximum residue levelsin food and feed. Second edition. FAO, Rome. 2009. [text at:http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/jmpr/jmpr-docs/en/]

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38 Guidelines on management options for empty pesticide containers. FAO/WHO, Rome/Geneva.2008. [text at: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/]

39 Guide on the development of national laws to implement the Rotterdam Convention. RotterdamConvention Secretariat, Geneva/Rome. 2004. [text at:http://www.pic.int/home.php?type=s&id=36&sid=36#GUIDANCEINFO]

40 Guidelines for the registration of pesticides. FAO/WHO, Rome/Geneva. 2010 [text at:http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/pests/pm/code/list-guide/en/]

41 Guidelines on compliance and enforcement of a pesticide regulatory programme. FAO, Rome. 2006.

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