farm energy audits · •uses custom controls to operate air conditioner unit (coolbot™) • not...
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Farm Energy IQ
Farms Today Securing Our Energy Future
Energy Efficiency for Direct Market Farms Tom Manning, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
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Farm Energy IQ
ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR DIRECT MARKET FARMS
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Photo © JJ Hoffman www.flickr.com/photos/jjhoffman/7833230266
• A farming operation that sells some or all of its production directly to consumers
What is a direct market farm?
Photo © Jack Rabin
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• Farm stands and retail markets • U-pick • Internet or mail order • Restaurants and other food
service establishments • Farmers markets • CSAs and cooperatives • Value added (e.g., prepared
foods) • Agri-tourism
Types and Characteristics of Direct Market Farms
Photo © Jack Rabin
Photo © Thomas Cizauskas www.flickr.com/photos/cizauskas/73234768
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• Cost considerations
• Economies of scale
• Seasonal variations
• Complexity of operation
Energy Challenges for Direct Market Farms
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• Transportation/shipping
• Lighting
• Air conditioning
• Refrigeration
• Processing
Energy Uses in Direct Market Farming
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• Use advanced GPS
– Traffic updates
– Left-turn minimization
• Optimize routes and scheduling
• Combine pick-up and delivery trips (don’t return with an empty vehicle)
• Maintain vehicles
• Avoid speeds above 65 mph
• Reduce idling
• Improve aerodynamics
• Consider wide-base (super-single) tires
• Use alternative fuels (natural gas/electric)
Reducing Energy Used for Transportation
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• Use most efficient fixtures and bulbs (use lumens per watt to evaluate lamps) – LED
– HID
– Fluorescent
• Use LEDs in exit signs
• Replace T-12 lamps and magnetic ballasts with T-8 lamps and electronic ballasts
• Clean and maintain lighting
• Add lighting controls
– Time clocks
– Dimmers (manual or automatic)
– Occupancy sensors
Energy Efficient Lighting
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• Select efficient units – SEER > 15 or EER > 10
• Regularly clean and maintain equipment
• Add improved controls
– Smart thermostats
– Use setbacks (for example, lower night setpoints)
– Defrosting cycles
– Calibrate sensors regularly
– Locate sensors properly
– Use alarm capabilities
Air Conditioning
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SEER and EER are measurements of air conditioning efficiency, based on ANSI (American National Standards Institute and AHRI (Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute) methodologies
• SEER = Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
= seasonal cooling energy delivered (Btu)
seasonal energy input (watt−hours)
SEER is intended for typical residential and commercial applications and may not reflect actual yearly use
• EER = Energy Efficiency Ratio
= heat energy removed (Btu) energy input (watt−hours)
SEER and EER
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• Select efficient refrigerators and freezers
• Keep coolers out of direct sun
• Cooler insulation should be at least R-19, but preferably R-30
• Clean and maintain equipment
• Maintain and calibrate controls
• Check refrigerant charge
• Keep doors closed
• Hydrocooling
• Demand defrost
Energy Savings for Refrigeration
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• Uses custom controls to operate air conditioner unit (CoolBot™)
• Not appropriate for all applications, such as
– Removing field heat – Temperatures much below 36oF – Coolers with frequent use of the door – When automatic restart after power loss is important – Freezing
• Not all air conditioners will work
• Air conditioners must be sized properly
• Cold room must be well insulated without air leaks
Using off the shelf air conditioners in walk-in coolers
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• Cooking Equipment
• Vacuum pumps
• Exhaust hoods
• Heat recovery
• Mixers, grinders and other equipment and appliances
• Cleaning and sanitation and associated equipment
• Other (e.g. scalders)
Processing and Packing Equipment
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• Select high efficiency motors
• Regular maintenance (2 – 30% improvement)
– Lubrication
– Alignment
– Ventilation
• Size to application and load
• Consider Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) motors
Motors
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• Provide regular maintenance and inspection
– Impellers (wear) – Bearings (lubrication) – Seals – Alignment
• Minimize friction losses in piping systems
• Avoid throttling valves
• Size pumps appropriately
• Multiple pumps for variable loads (or use VFD)
Pumps
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• Maintenance
– Filters inspection and maintenance
– Motor cleaning and lubrication
– Drain trap inspection
– Drive belt inspection where applicable
• Repair and reduce leaks
• Minimize pressure loss in piping
Air Compressors
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• Lighting
• Refrigeration
• Heating and cooling – Smart thermostats – Heat pumps – Combined heat and power – Geothermal – Energy recovery – Condensing boilers
• Controls (and data logging)
• Train and educate staff
Energy Considerations in Retail Outlets
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Heating and ventilating
– If possible, install thermal screens for shade and insulation
– Consider automated control
– Regularly calibrate control sensors
– Maintain glazing
– Seal openings (weatherstripping and caulk)
Horticultural (supplemental)
lighting
– Understand the crop’s light requirements
– Use efficient fixtures designed for greenhouse lighting
– Install and operate according to manufacturer’s recommendation
– When available and feasible, use off-peak power
– For LED systems: use the appropriate light spectrum
Greenhouses in Direct Market Farms
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Farm Energy IQ
Energy Efficiency for Direct Market
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