farmers’ perceptions of biopharming: insights from a tobacco biopharming survey farmers’...
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Farmers’ Perceptions of Biopharming: Insights
from a Tobacco Biopharming Survey
Genti KostandiniMichelle Hayes
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Biopharming• Third generation of GM crops• Biopharming is the cultivation of crops for
pharmaceutical purposes• Plants can “manufacture” therapeutic proteins,
monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines (therapeutics)
• Some therapeutics include: cancer, HIV, diabetes, Alzheimer's, hepatitis B, malaria, cystic fibrosis, and cholera
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Importance• Significantly cheaper than current production of
abiotic fermentation (E. Coli or yeast) or mammalian cell cultures (Chinese hamster ovary cells)
• More stable supply and increase consumer access• Reduces the chance of contamination from
human or animal viruses• Possibility to develop new therapeutics
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Concerns• Can biopharmed crops be fully segregated?• Are there long term health effects?• How toxic are biopharmed crops to wildlife?• How long do compounds stay in the soil?
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Background• Dow AgroSciences- poultry vaccine from tobacco
cells (U.S., 2006) • Planet Biotechnology- CaroRx , dental cavity
treatment, from tobacco (E.U., 2006)• Hepatitis B antibody (Cuba, 2006)• Protalix/ Pfzier- Eleyso, Gauncher’s disease
treatment, from carrot cells (U.S. & Israel, 2012)
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Study• Provide insights on producers knowledge of
biopharming• Find out who is willing to participate and under
what conditions• July 2012- telephone survey of 1,129 tobacco
producers with a 14% response rate• 145 participants from Georgia, Kentucky, North
Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia
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Data• Primary data
o Concerns about biopharmingo Willingness to grow pharmaceutical tobacco
under certain conditions regarding production methods and net return per acre
o Knowledge of biopharming prior to the surveyo Characteristics such as gender, age and
income
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Data cont.Attribute % of respondersMale 95.0%Age >55 years 67.7%Income $100k -$120k 63.4%Four year degree or higher 36.0%Growing tobacco 31-40+ years 73.6%
Prior knowledge A lot 5.1% Some 26.5% Not much 41.9% Nothing at all 26.5%
Types of Concern (answered yes) Unexpected Effects 18.5% Health 4.8% Environment 4.4%
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Data cont.
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Willingness to GrowProduction
• (a) Would you be willing to grow tobacco using current equipment and production methods for a pharmaceutical company if your net return per acre was [5%, 10%, 25%, 40%, 50% or more] more than growing conventional tobacco?
• (b) If required to change current production methods would you be willing to grow transgenic tobacco for a pharmaceutical company if your net return per acre was [5%, 10%, 25%, 40%, 50% or more] more than growing conventional tobacco?
• (c) If required to purchase additional equipment and change production methods would you be willing to grow transgenic tobacco for a pharmaceutical company if your net return per acre was [5%, 10%, 25%, 40%, 50% or more] more than growing conventional tobacco?
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Results
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Table 5. Willingness to grow under different production scenarios
(1) (2) (3) Current Change Additional Production Production Equipment
Variables Probit Probit ProbitNet return per acre 4.8535*** 30.4315*** 5.1832*** (1.7820) (7.1677) (1.1645)Male 0.1922 4.4860*** 0.7135 (0.6000) (1.4721) (0.8161)Age 0.0073 -0.0181 0.0006 (0.0155) (0.0199) (0.0164)4 year degree or higher -0.5808* 0.3405 -1.2153*** (0.3378) (0.4727) (0.3934)Income 0.0871** 0.0066 0.1001** (0.0355) (0.0410) (0.0390)Concern 0.3717 0.7282 -0.4759 (0.4398) (0.6388) (0.3983)Prior level of knowledge -0.4764 -0.2911 0.4698 (0.3608) (0.4373) (0.3672)Experience more than 20 years 0.3223 -0.3667 -0.2915 (0.5322) (0.7063) (0.5395)Observations 111 98 95Standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
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Willingness to growRegulations
• 1320 ft. fallow zone from other fields • 1 year restriction to grow non-pharmaceutical
crops after they have planted biopharming crops • Several annual inspections from regulatory
agencies
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Regulations would not prevent adoption (1) (2)Variables Probit Marginal
Age 0.0256 0.0038(0.0198) (0.0029)
Male -1.5022** -0.4412**(0.7338) (0.2748)
Income >$100K -0.7793** -0.1115**(0.3914) (0.0548)
Experience 20 years or more -0.4965 -0.0967(0.7376) (0.1776)
Acres -0.0037* -0.0006*(0.0020) (0.0003)
Constant -0.0961(1.1189)
Observations 109 109Standard errors in parentheses*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 6. Regulations and adoption
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Conclusions• Tobacco producers are willing to participate when
economic incentives exist• Not much concern despite unfamiliarity with
biopharming • Low awareness implies more information needs to
be provided for producers• Producers’ opinions may help shape regulations
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Thank YOU