fdr foreign policy wwii looms
TRANSCRIPT
FDRForeignPolicyWWIILOOMS
DICTATORSTHREATENWORLDPEACE
• FormanyEuropeancountriestheendofWorldWarIwasthebeginningofrevoluGonsathome,economicdepression,andtheriseofpowerfuldictatorsdrivenbynaGonalismandterritorialexpansion.
Twopowerful20thCenturydictatorswereStalin&Hitler.
FAILUREOFVERSAILLES
• ThepeacesePlementthatendedWorldWarI(VersaillesTreaty)failedtoprovidea“justandsecurepeace”aspromised.
• GermanygrewmoreandmoreresenWulofthetreatythattheyfeltwastooharshandtoopuniGve.
TheVersaillesTreaty(aboveoncrutches)tookabeaGngintheU.S.andabroad
WEIMARREPUBLICRULESGERMANY
• ThevictorsinstalledmanynewdemocraGcgovernmentsinEuropea[erWorldWarIincludingtheWeimarRepublicinGermany.
• Mostwereoverwhelmedfromthestartandstruggledeconomically.
AGermanwomanisseenherein1923feedingbundlesofmoneyintothe
furnace...why?
JOSEPHSTALINTRANSFORMSTHEUSSR
• A[erV.I.Lenindiedin1924,JosephStalintookcontroloftheSovietUnion.
• Hisgoalsincludedbothagriculturalandindustrialgrowth.
• StalinhopedtotransformtheUSSRfromabackwardruralnaGontoamajorindustrialpower.
Stalin(right),shownherewithLenin,ruledRussiawithanironfistfornearly30years.
(9)TheUSrecognizestheUSSR• In1933PresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltagreedtoaccordformalrecogni<ontothegovernmentoftheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR).
• WHY??(1)wesharedopposiGontothefascistregimesinGermanyandItaly.Andalsothe(2)needtoopentradetohelpendthedepression.TheSovietUnionwasjustasdepressedaseveryoneelseandseemedverynon‐aggressive.
• LiPledidweknow…wewereWRONG!!!
STALIN’SPLANS
• Inthefirstyearofhis“5‐yearplan”StalinplacedalleconomicacGvityunderstrictstatecontrol.
• By1937,Stalinhadachievedhisgoal–USSRwastheworld’s2ndlargestindustrialpower.
This1932posterchampionedtheSovietDefenseindustry.
STALINMURDERSMILLIONSOFSOVIETS
• Inhisdesiretopurge(eliminate)anyonewhothreatenedhispower,Stalinwasresponsibleforthedeathsof8–13millionofhisownSovietciGzens.
• Millionsmorediedoffaminecausedbyhiseconomicpolicies.
LaborcampworkersinSiberia‐‐StalinsentmillionsofpoliGcalprisonersto
laborcamps.
TOTALITARIANSTATE• By1939,StalinfirmlyestablishedatotalitariangovernmentintheUSSR.
• InatotalitarianstatethegovernmentsuppressesallopposiGonandhasstrictcontrolovertheciGzenswhohavenocivilrights.
IntotalitarianstatesciGzensareexpectedtotreatthedictatorwithadoraGon.
THERISEOFFASCISMINITALY
• WhileStalinwasconsolidaGnghispowerintheSovietUnion,BenitoMussoliniwasestablishingatotalitarianregimeinItaly.
• Mussoliniseizedpower,takingadvantageofhighunemployment,inflaGonandamiddle‐classfearofCommunism.
MUSSOLINICREATESFASCISTPARTY
• MussoliniwasastrongpublicspeakerwhoappealedtoItaliannaGonalpride.
• By1921,MussolinihadestablishedtheFascistParty‐‐FascismstressednaGonalismandmilitarismandplacedtheinterestofthestateabovetheinterestsoftheindividual.
MUSSOLINIMARCHESONROME
• DespitethefactthatKingEmmanuelIIhadalreadyagreedtoturnpowerovertoMussolini(ILDUCE),hestagedamocktakeoverbymarchinghisblackshirtsthroughthestreetsofRomeinOctober,1922
MussolinimarchesonRome,1922
NAZISTAKEOVERGERMANY• MeanwhileinGermany,AdolfHitlerfollowedasimilarpathtoMussolini.
• AttheendofWWIhewasajoblesssoldierdri[ingaroundGermany.
• In1919,hejoinedastrugglinggroupcalledtheNaGonalSocialistGermanWorkers’Party(Nazis).
• (DespiteitsnamethepartyhadnoGestosocialism.)
Hitler,farle[,shownduringWWI
HITLERGAINSFOLLOWING
• Hitler’sabilityasapublicspeakerandorganizerdrewmanyfollowers.
• HequicklybecametheNaziPartyleader.
• Callinghimself“DerFuhrer”(theleader)hepromisedtoreturnGermanytoitsoldglory.
HitlerrosetopowerinpartbycriGcizingtheVersaillesTreatyasunfairandhumiliaGngtotheproudGermannaGon
HITLER’SBELIEFS
• Hitlerexplainedhisbeliefsinhisbook,MeinKampf(MyStruggle)
• HewantedtouniteallGerman‐speakingpeopleunderonegrandEmpire
• Hewantedracialpurity–“inferior”racessuchasJews,Slavsandallnon‐whitesweretoformaworkforceforthe“masterrace”–blond,blue‐eyed“Aryans”
Healone,whoownstheyouth,gainstheFuture!
‐‐AdolfHitler,speechattheReichsparteitag,1935
LEBENSRAUM
• AnotherelementofHitler’sgranddesignwasnaGonalexpansion
• Hitlercalledit“Lebensraum”orlivingspace
• HitlerbelievedthatforGermanytothriveitneededmorelandattheexpenseofherneighbors
HitlerposedanimmediatethreattoCzechoslovakia,Poland,Austria,
France,BelgiumandtheNetherlands
(8)HITLERAPPOINTEDCHANCELLOR
• Bymid‐1932,theNazishadbecomethestrongestpoliGcalpartyinGermany.
• InJanuaryof1933,HitlerwasappointedChancellor(PrimeMinister).
• Onceinoffice,hequickly
dismantledGermany’s
democraGcWeimar
Republicandreplaceditwith
atotalitariangovernment.HitlerwasappointedchancellorbytheagingPresidentHindenburgoftheWeimarRepublic.
THETHIRDREICH• Onceinpower,HitlerestablishedtheThirdReich,orThirdGermanEmpire
• ThefirstwasduringtheMiddleAgesandtheSecondcamewiththeUnificaGonofGermanyin1871
• AccordingtoHitlertheThirdReichwouldlast1,000years
MILITANTSGAINCONTROLOFJAPAN
• Halfwayaroundtheworld,naGonalisGcleaderswereseizingcontroloftheImperialgovernmentofJapan.
• LikeHitler,theydesiredlivingspacefortheirgrowingpopulaGon.
JAPANINTHE1930s• The1930swereyearsoffearinJapan,characterizedbytheresurgenceofright‐wingpatrioGsm,theweakeningofdemocraGcforces,domesGcterroristviolence(includinganassassinaGonaPemptontheemperorin1932),andstepped‐upmilitaryaggressionabroad
HIROHITO:EMPEROROFJAPAN
• EmperorHirohito’sreignlastedfrom1926‐1989.
• HirohitofollowedtradiGonandchoseanameforhisreign.
• Hisreignwascalled"Showa",or"RadiaGngPeace.”
• However,hebeganamilitarybuildupwithseveralaPacksonChinaandadreamofPacificdominaGon.
(17)JAPANATTACKSCHINA• In1931,JapanaPackedtheChineseprovinceofManchuria.
• Swi[ly,JapancapturedtheprovincewhichisroughlytwicethesizeofTexas.
• ThisendedrelaGonsbetweentheUSandJapan‐precursortoPearlHarbor.
JapanesesoldiersinManchuria
AGGRESSIONBEGINSINEUROPE
• Intheearly1930sbothJapanandGermanyquittheLeagueofNaGons.
• Hitlerthenbeganahugemilitarybuild‐up(indirectviolaGonoftheTreatyofVersailles).
• By1936HitlersenttroopsintotheRhineland,aGermanregionborderingFranceandBelgiumthatwasdemilitarizedbytheVersaillesTreaty.
CIVILWARINSPAIN
• In1936,agroupofSpanisharmyofficersledbyGeneralFranciscoFranco,rebelledagainsttheSpanishRepublic
• ACivilWarensuedasHitlerandMussolinisupportedFranco’sfascistswhilethewesterndemocraciesremainedneutral
SPANISH LOYALIST AT THE INSTANT OF DEATH
byRobertCapra,1936
FRANCO’SFASCISTSWINCIVILWAR
• Franco’svictoryin1939establishedhimasfascistleaderofatotalitarianSpain
• TheSpanishCivilWarledtoacloserrelaGonshipbetweentheGermanandItaliandictators
FrancoadmiresamilitaryparadeinMadrid–500,000diedinthe
SpanishCivilWar
(15)Rome‐BerlinAxisin1936• HitlerwaspleasedwithallthesurroundingtotalitarianisminEurope.
• HitlerandMussolinisignedanalliance.HitlerhopedItalywouldprotecttheMediterranean.
NAZIGermany
Italy
EU
ROPE
U.S.REMAINSNEUTRAL...FORNOW
• WithmemoriessGllfreshfromWWI,mostAmericansbelievedtheU.S.shouldnotgetinvolvedintheincreasingaggressioninEurope.
• SomecriGcsbelievedbanksandmanufacturerswerepushingforwarsolelyfortheirownprofit.
• CriGcscalledthem“merchantsofdeath.”
SomecriGcsfelttheU.S.mightgetinvolvedsolelyto
makeaprofit.
FDR:WEARENEUTRALANDFRIENDLY
FDRandhissecretaryofStateCordellHullstudyEuropeanpoliGcalaffairsverycarefully.
• FDR’spolicesintheearlytomid1930sreflectedadesiretoremainoutofthegrowingconflictinEurope.
• HerecognizedtheUSSRdiplomaGcallyin1933(exchangedambassadors).
• Heloweredtariffs.
(10)GoodNeighborPolicyWewithdrewarmedforcesfromLaGnAmerica‐tobea
“goodneighbor”‐tosetanexampleforEurope.
CONGRESSSTAYSNEUTRAL(14)CongresspassedaseriesofNeutralityActs• (1934)outlawedarmssalesorloanstonaGonsatwar
• (1936)outlawedarmssalesorloanstona<onsfigh<ngcivilwars
USA
Europe
WAR USA
U.S.NEUTRALITYISTESTED
• A[erJapanrenewedaPacksChinain1937,FDRsentarmsandsuppliestoChina.
• HegotaroundtheNeutralityActsbecauseJapanhadnotactuallydeclaredwaronChina.
• FDRpromisedinaspeechinChicagoto“takeastandagainstaggression.”
FDRspeechinChicago,10/05/1937
WARINEUROPE
• Latein1937,HitlerwasanxioustostarthisassaultonEurope.
• Austriawasthefirsttarget.• ThemajorityofAustria’s6
millionpeoplefavoredunificaGonwithGermany.
• OnMarch12,1938,GermantroopsmarchedintoAustriaunopposed.
• Adaylater,GermanyannounceditsunionwithAustria.
CZECHOSLOVAKIANEXT
• HitlerthenturnedtoCzechoslovakia.• About3millionGerman‐speakingpeoplelivedinthewesternborderregionsofCzechoslovakiacalledtheSudetenland.
• Hitlerbuiltuptroopsontheborder.
HITLERMAKESADEAL• Then,justasanaPackon
Czechoslovakiaseemedimminent,HitlerinvitedFrenchleaderEdouardDaladierandBriGshleaderNevilleChamberlaintomeetwithhiminMunich(Italywastheretoo).
• InMunichhepromisedthattheannexaGonoftheSudetenlandwouldbehis“lastterritorialdemand.”
ChamberlainandHitlerattheMunichConference,1938.
Fromle[toright;BriGshPrimeMinisterNevilleChamberlain,FrenchPrimeMinisterEduardDeladier,GermanFuehrerAdolfHitler,ItalianleaderBenito
MussoliniandItalianForeignMinisterCountCianoattheMunichConference,September1938
MunichConference,1938
“PEACEINOURTIMES!!?”
• ThisagreementturnedovertheSudetenlandtoGermanywithoutasingleshotfired.
• ChamberlainreturnedtoEnglandandannounced,
“I have come back from Germany with peace with honor. I believe it
is peace in our Fme.”
• ChamberlainandDaladierbelievedHitlerandsignedtheMunichAgreementinSeptemberof1938.
APPEASEMENTCRITICS• CriGcsofChamberlainincludedEnglishpoliGcianandfuturePrimeMinisterWinstonChurchillwhosaidEuropehadadoptedadangerouspolicyofappeasement–orgivingupprinciplestopacifyanaggressor.
GERMANOFFENSIVEBEGINS
• DespitetheMunichAgreement,HitlerwasnotfinishedexpandingtheGermanEmpire.
• March,151939:GermantroopspouredintowhatremainedofCzechoslovakia.
• AtnighWallHitlerdeclared,“Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist.”
GermantroopsinvadeCzechoslovakiainMarchof1939.
NEXTTARGET:POLAND• Hitlernextturnedtoward
Germany’seasternneighbor–Poland.
• ManythoughtHitlerwasbluffingbecauseanaPackonPolandsurelywouldbringUSSR,BritainandFranceintowar.
• AstensionsroseoverPoland,StalinshockedeveryonebysigningaNon‐AggressionPactwithHitler.
• OncebiPerenemiesnowCommunistRussiaandFascistGermanyvowedtoneveraPackeachother.
Partners:Hitler&Stalin
BLITZKRIEGINPOLAND
• AsdaybrokeonSeptember1,1939,theGermanLu[waffe(airforce)roaredoverPolandrainingbombsonairfields,militarybases,railroadsandciGes.
• GermantanksracedacrossthePolishcountryside.
BRUTEFORCE:GermansmarchedthroughthestreetsofPolishtownsandadornedbuildings
withswasGkas
(21)WORLDWARIIBEGINS• A[erthePolishinvasion,BritainandFrancedeclaredwaronGermany,9/1/39.
• ToolatetosavePoland,theAlliesfocusedongewngtroopstothefrontinGmetostopGermany’sBlitzkriegstrategy(LightningWar–fastmovingtanksandpowerfulaircra[).