feasibility analysis on capacitor bank installed in tenaga...

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS ON CAPACITOR BANK INSTALLED

IN TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD SUBSTATION

SHAIRUL WIZMAR BIN WAHAB

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS ON CAPACITOR BANK INSTALLED

IN TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD SUBSTATION

SHAIRUL WIZMAR BIN WAHAB

A project report submitted in fulfilment of the

Requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Electrical-Power)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2012

iii

Specially dedicated to my beloved mom and dad,

Leha bt. Mohd Noor and Wahab bin Abdul Rahman,

My siblings and family, for their encouragement and support;

As well as my beloved wife, Yuzlina bt. Mohd Napis, my kids Syahmi Harris and Nur

Sarah Yasmin, and all my friends for their encouragement and motivated me along

my excellent journey of education

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful, Praise be to Allah, the

Cherisher and Sustainer of the Worlds. With His permission I have completed my

Master Degree of Electrical Engineering (Power) and hopefully this works will

benefit the development of the Ummah all over the world

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Associate Prof.

Dr. Mohd Wazir bin Mustafa, who has supported me throughout my work with his

guidance, patience, motivation, enthusiasm and enormous knowledge whilst allowing

me the room to work in my own way. I attribute the level of my Master Degree to his

encouragement and effort which without him this report would not have been

possible to be written and completed. It is an honor for me having this opportunity

doing the project under his supervision.

It is a pleasure to thank those who made this project report possible and I

would like to show my huge appreciations to my fellow colleagues and also En.

Danial Mohd Noor for the motivation and moral support.

Last but not least, I owe my deepest appreciation to my beloved wife Yuzlina

bt Mohd Napis, my father Wahab bin Abdul Rahman, my mother Leha bt Mohd

Noor, my father in law Mohd Napis bin Mohd Shariff, my mother in law Kalsom bt,

my son Syahmi Harris, my daughter Nur Sarah Yasmin and all my family for

supporting me spiritually throughout my life.

v

ABSTRACT

Generally, reactive power is correlated with voltage in power system. In the

high voltage substation, capacitor bank is used to increase back voltage that has been

dropped due to high load or long transmission line used for transmitting electricity.

In this work, it will describe in general on operation of capacitor bank in the system

and details on analysis on performance of capacitor bank especially during failure of

capacitor units or elements. In the capacitor bank design, it contains several capacitor

units which have been arranged in specified configuration to provide reactive power

to the system. A unit of capacitor bank itself contains many capacitor elements that

provide capacitance value. There are many designs for arrangement of capacitor

units and elements for capacitor bank by the Original Equipments Manufacturer

(OEM). As usual, for any electrical equipment that installed in power system, it is

protected with protection devices in order to avoid any damaged to the equipment

during fault occurred. For failure of capacitor units or elements, it must be detected

as well since it will contribute to the unbalance on capacitance value, current and

voltage. There are two techniques of detecting failures of capacitor units or elements

which are current and voltage techniques. In Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)

substation, current technique is most preferable since the lack of voltage technique

which is easy influenced by voltage grid system. Two models of capacitor bank that

have been installed in TNB substation presently are modeled in PSCAD software for

performance analysis aligns with allowable voltage tolerance stated in IEEE Std 18-

1992 and Std 1036-1992. As conclusion, based on performance analysis of capacitor

bank during failure of capacitor units or elements, the design of arrangement for

capacitor units is very important since the failure of capacitor unit or element will

lead to unbalance current in capacitor bank. Furthermore, from the analysis, the

numbers of failure capacitor elements which produces to unbalance in the system can

be predicted so that alarm and tripping will be triggered to avoid further damages.

vi

ABSTRAK

Secara umumnya, kuasa reaktif adalah berhubungkait dengan voltan pada

sistem kuasa. Di Pencawang Voltan Tinggi, banka kapasitor digunakan untuk

menaikkan semula voltan yang telah jatuh disebabkan beban tinggi atau penggunaan

talian penghantaran yang panjang bagi menghantar elektrik. Di dalam kerja ini, ia

akan menerangkan secara umum bagi operasi banka kapasitor di dalam sistem dan

secara terperinci bagi analisis prestasi banka kapasitor terutamanya semasa

kerosakan unit atau elemen. Di dalam rekabentuk banka kapasitor, ia mengandungi

banyak unit kapasitor yang telah disusun dalam spesifik konfigurasi untuk

membekalkan kuasa reaktif pada sistem. Satu unit kapasitor sendiri mengandungi

elemen-elemen kapasitor yang membekalkan nilai kapasitan. Terdapat banyak

rekabentuk bagi susunan unit atau elemen kapasitor untuk banka kapasitor oleh

pembuat peralatan asal. Seperti lazimnya, bagi sebarang peralatan elektrik yang

dipasang di dalam sistem, ianya dilindungi dengan sistem perlindungan untuk

mengelakkan kemusnahanan peralatan semasa kerosakan berlaku. Bagi kerosakan

unit atau elemen kapasitor, ianya mesti dikesan sebaiknya berikutan ia akan

menyumbang kepada ketidakseimbangan nilai kapasitan, arus dan voltan. Terdapat

dua teknik mengesan kerosakan unit atau elemen kapasitor iaitu teknik arus dan

voltan. Di Pencawang Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), teknik arus lebih dipilih

berikutan kekurangan teknik voltan yang lebih mudah dipengaruhi oleh voltan sistem

grid. Dua model banka kapasitor yang telah dipasang di dalam pencawang TNB

ketika ini dimodelkan di dalam perisisan PSCAD untuk analisis prestasi selaras

dengan voltan dibenarkan seperti dinyatakan pada Piawai IEEE 18-1992 dan Piawai

1036-1992. Kesimpulannya, berdasarkan analisis prestasi banka kapasitor semasa

kerosakan kapasitor unit atau elemen, rekabentuk untuk susunan kapasitor unit

adalah sangat penting berikutan kerosakan kapasitor unit atau elemen akan

menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan arus banka kapasitor. Tambahan lagi, bilangan

untuk kerosakan elemen yang menghasilkan ketidakseimbangan di dalam sistem

boleh dijangka supaya penggera dan pelantikan akan beroperasi bagi mengelakkan

kerosakan seterusnya.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Project Background 2

1.2.1 Reactive Power 3

1.2.2 Application in TNB System 5

1.3 Problem Statement 5

1.4 Objectives 6

1.5 Scope 7

1.6 Literature Review 7

1.6.1 Modeling System using PSCAD 8

1.6.2 Circuit Simulation 9

1.6.3 Performance Analysis 9

1.7 Report Outline 9

viii

2 CAPACITOR BANK

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Capacitor Bank 12

2.2.1 Power Factor Correction 12

2.2.2 Capacitor Unit 15

2.2.3 Capacitor Capabilities 17

2.2.4 System Configuration 18

2.3 Installation in TNB System 20

2.3.1 System Protection 21

2.3.2 Failure in Capacitor Unit 22

2.4 Summary 22

3 ANALYSIS ON FAILURE CAPACITOR BANK

3.1 Introduction 23

3.2 Failure of Capacitor Unit 24

3.3 Method Detecting Unbalance 24

3.3.1 Current Detection Method 25

3.3.2 Voltage Detection Method 30

3.4 Application and Design of Capacitor Bank 32

3.4.1 Ungrounded Single Wye 32

3.4.2 Ungrounded Double Wye 33

3.4.3 Grounded Single Wye 34

3.4.4 Grounded Double Wye 34

3.5 Summary 35

4 MODELING FOR PSCAD SIMULATION

4.1 Introduction 36

4.2 Data Gathering and Analysis Techniques 37

4.3 Operation Capacitor Bank in the System 38

4.4 Capacitor Bank Model A 40

4.4.1 Design with Capacitor Unit 40

4.4.2 Design with Capacitor Elements 40

4.5 Capacitor Bank Model A 42

4.5.1 Design with Capacitor Unit 42

ix

4.5.2 Design with Capacitor Elements 42

4.6 Summary 44

5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Introduction 45

5.2 Operation Capacitor Bank in the System 45

5.3 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Elements: Model A 46

5.3.1 Case 1: Elements Failure at Same Group 48

5.3.2 Case 2: Elements Failure at Different Group 52

5.3.3 Case 3: Elements Failure at Same Group

and Different Group (All Elements)

55


and Different Group (One Elements)

58

5.4 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Units: Model A 59

5.4.1 Case 1: No Elements Failure 62

5.4.2 Case 2: Capacitor Unit Dropped to 9.00µ F

(4 Elements Failure at Left Bank)

62

5.4.3 Case 3: Capacitor Unit Dropped Based

Elements Failure at Left Bank

64


(2 Elements Failure at Both Bank)

65

5.5 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Elements: Model B 68

5.5.1 Case 1: Elements Failure at Same Group 69

5.5.2 Case 2: Elements Failure at Different Group 74


and Different Group (All Elements)

77


and Different Group (One Elements)

80

5.6 Analysis on Failure of Capacitor Units: Model B 81

5.6.1 Case 1: No Elements Failure 85


(6 Elements Failure at Left Bank)

85

x

5.6.3 Case 3: Capacitor Unit Dropped Based

Elements Failure at Left Bank

87


(3 Elements Failure at Both Bank)

89

5.7 Finding 92

5.8 Summary 93

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 General Conclusion 94

6.2 Recommendation for Future Work 96

REFERENCES 97

xi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Example data capacitor bank installed in TNB 13

4.1 Data for capacitor bank Model A and Model B 37

5.1 Details calculation for capacitor element Model A 49

5.2 Summary results for Case 1 50

5.3 Analysis with one unit element failure (same group) 50

5.4 Analysis with two unit element failure (same group) 51

5.5 Analysis with three unit element failure (same group) 51

5.6 Analysis with four unit element failure (same group) 52

5.7 Analysis with one unit element failure (different group) 53

5.8 Analysis with two unit element failure (different group) 53

5.9 Analysis with three unit element failure (different group) 54

5.10 Analysis with four unit element failure (different group) 54

5.11 Analysis with eleven unit element failure (different group) 55

5.12 Analysis with eleven unit element failure (same and different

group)

56

5.13 Analysis with eight unit element failure (same and different

group)

56

5.14 Analysis with nine unit element failure (same and different

group)

57

5.15 Analysis with ten unit element failure (same and different

group)

57

5.16 Analysis with five unit element failure (same and different

group)

58

5.17 Capacitance Effects due to Failure of Capacitor Elements 60

5.18 Details for calculation for capacitor unit 61

5.19 No failures at the capacitor unit 62

xii


5.20 No capacitor unit failed 63

5.21 Analysis with one capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 Fµ 63

5.22 Analysis with two capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 Fµ 63

5.23 Analysis with three capacitor unit dropped to value 9.00 Fµ 64




5.27 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (same

phase)

66

5.28 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (different

phase)

66


phase)

67

5.30 Summary analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both

banks

67

5.31 Details for calculation for capacitor element Model B 70

5.32 Summary result for Case 1 71

5.33 Analysis with one unit element failure (same group) 71

5.34 Analysis with two unit element failure (same group) 72

5.35 Analysis with three unit element failure (same group) 72

5.36 Analysis with four unit element failure (same group) 73

5.37 Analysis with five unit element failure (same group) 73

5.38 Analysis with six unit element failure (same group) 74

5.39 Analysis with one unit element failure (different group) 75

5.40 Analysis with two unit element failure (different group) 75

5.41 Analysis with three unit element failure (different group) 76

5.42 Analysis with four unit element failure (different group) 76

5.43 Analysis with four unit element failure (same and different

group)

77

xiii


5.44 Analysis with five unit element failure (same and different

group)

78

5.45 Analysis with six unit element failure (same and different

group)

78

5.46 Analysis with seven unit element failure (same and different

group)

79

5.47 Analysis with eight unit element failure (same and different

group)

79

5.48 Analysis with nine unit element failure (same and different

group)

80

5.49 Analysis with seven unit element failure (same and different

group)

81

5.50 Capacitance Effects due to Failure of Capacitor Elements 83

5.51 Details for calculation for capacitor unit 84

5.52 No failures at the capacitor unit 85

5.53 No capacitor unit failed 86


5.55 Analysis with two capacitor units dropped to value 24.70 Fµ

(same group)

86

5.56 Analysis with two capacitor units dropped to value 24.70 Fµ

(different group)

87






5.62 Analysis with failure of capacitor unit at both bank (same

phase)

90


phase)

90

xiv



phase)

91

5.65 Summary analysis on failure of capacitor unit at both bank 91

5.66 Findings for Model A and Model B 92

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Modeling power system 4

1.2 Flow chart of project methodology 8

2.1 Power Triangle 13

2.2 Application capacitor bank to substation 14

2.3 Power factor correction 14

2.4 Capacitor bank system 15

2.5 Design for capacitor unit 16

2.6 Complete bay for capacitor bank 20

2.7 System Protection for Capacitor Bank 21

3.1 Statistic failure capacitor bank 24

3.2 Simplified circuit for unbalance current method 25

3.3 Simplified circuit for unbalance method red phase 26

3.4 Simplified circuit for unbalance method yellow phase 28

3.5 Simplified circuit for unbalance method blue phase 29

3.6 Vectorial current summation 30

3.7 Simplified circuit for unbalance voltage method 31

3.8 Ungrounded single Y with using voltage method 33

3.9 Ungrounded double Y with using current method 33

3.10 Grounded single Y with using current method 34

3.11 Grounded double Y with using current method 35

4.1 Installation Capacitor Bank in the System 38

4.2 Circuit for Capacitor Bank 39

4.3 Arrangement for Capacitor Unit of Model A 41

4.4 Arrangement for Capacitor Elements of Model A 41

4.5 Arrangement for Capacitor Unit of Model B 43

4.6 Arrangement for Capacitor Elements of Model B 44

xvi

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

5.1 Output for Operation of Capacitor Bank 46

5.2 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Element Model A 47

5.3 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Unit Model A 59

5.4 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Element Model B 68

5.5 Design for Arrangements of Capacitor Unit Model B 82

xvii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

P - Real Power

Q - Reactive Power

V - Receiving Voltage

E - Sending Voltage

C - Capacitance

δ - Angle of Sending Voltage

θ - Angle of Impedance

φ - Angle of Current

SA - Sending Apparent Power

SB - Receiving Apparent Power

Fµ - Micro Farad

Z - Impedance

X - Reactance

kVA - Unit of Apparent Power

kW - Unit of Active Power

kVar - Unit of Reactive Power

f - Frequency

R1 - Total Capacitance Red Left Bank

Y1 - Total Capacitance Yellow Left Bank

B1 - Total Capacitance Blue Left Bank

R2 - Total Capacitance Red Right Bank

Y2 - Total Capacitance Yellow Right Bank

R2 - Total Capacitance Blue Right Bank

I - Unbalance Current

xviii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Single-Y - Single Wye

Double-Y - Double Wye

PSCAD - Power System Computer Aided Design

TNB - Tenaga Nasional Berhad

SVC - Static Var Compensator

PF - Power Factor

IEEE - International of Electrical & Electronic Eng.

CT - Current Transformer

MS - Malaysia Standard

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Nowadays, power system demand kept increasing from time to time aligns

with development in every aspect of life. There will be a big responsibility and

challenge to the utility company to deliver good quality service to the consumers

including minimum interruption.

As basic principles of electrical power system, voltage profile can be

controlled by reactive power management meanwhile frequency profile can be

controlled by active power management. Hence, any requirement especially in case

voltage fluctuation either low or high occurred, we can control by providing reactive

power as needed. The sources for providing reactive power can be in many ways

such as generators, capacitors and reactors.

Generally installation of capacitor bank in the substation is a device providing

reactive power to the system in order to maintain nominal voltage which might drop

due to high load and losses. In this project, more focus is given to analyze on failure

on capacitor bank itself. The capacitor bank system should help power system grid

2

but without proper design or poor knowledge and implementation on this, capacitor

bank will become catastrophic to electrical engineer which might waste a lot of

energy and money in order to maintain it, also increasing of risk factor due to

explosion on any capacitor unit.

In this chapter, it will describe clearly on project background, problem

statement, objectives on this project, scopes of the project and the methodology in

order to achieve the targets. In addition, it also discusses generally on relation

reactive power with voltage profile and application by utility company in Malaysia

for providing reactive power to the system.

1.2 Project Background

Generally, the voltage in the substation plays a vital role in order to determine

the reliability and availability supply to the customers. It must be monitored closely

especially from the utility side so that provided voltage at the busbar is within

tolerance given. Low voltage can contribute to bad performance on the electrical

equipment meanwhile over voltage can contribute to over stress on the insulation and

reduce life time of the equipment. In power system, electricity which generated from

power station is transmitted via transmission lines to give supply at load centre. With

consideration losses at transmission lines, it will affect voltage drop at the substation.

Meantime, voltage drop can be happened when the substation is connected with

heavy loaded area in example at industrial area. However, voltage can be higher and

exceeding the limits during light load and at same time too many generator were in

service.

3

As stated in basic electrical power system, a change in real power demand

affects essentially the frequency meanwhile a change in reactive power affects

mainly the voltage magnitude. It shows that voltage can be controlled with providing

additional reactive power in the system. The sources of reactive power are

generators, capacitors and reactors [9]. In the substation, capacitors are used widely

to increase back the low voltage meanwhile reactors are used widely to reduce back

over voltage in the system. Capacitor bank installation is more preferable might due

to more economical and less maintenance compared with other devices such as Static

Var Compensator (SVC).

Capacitor bank that has been installed in the substation should be working

efficiently to provide reactive power in the system so that voltage profile can be

controlled as well. Generally, capacitor bank is designed with series and parallel

connection of several capacitor units. It also has been designed with selected system

configuration such as Double Wye (Double-Y) Undergrounded System or Double-Y

Grounded System. In this study, focus is given to Double-Y Undergrounded System

since it has been used in Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Substation. Failures of

capacitor bank due to capacitor units or elements are detected through protection

devices installed in the system.

1.2.1 Reactive Power

With looking into reactive power system, an ideal case will show balance

between existence of reactive power generated and reactive power requirement of the

grid. If these two balance with each other then the voltage profile of the grid can be

said ‘good’ [10].

4

When the balance between reactive power generated and reactive power

required is disturbed, the voltage instability prevails causing voltage fluctuations

[10]. In the simplest word, we can appreciate that:

Reactive generation < Reactive requirement = Low voltage

Reactive generation > Reactive requirement = Low voltage

Considering Figure 1.1 for modeling of power transfer and reactive power [10]:

Figure 1.1: Modeling power system

From derivation, we can see voltage depends only on reactive power. The equations

stated as below [10]:

VXQVE =− (1.1)

QVE ∝− (1.2)

Where E = sending voltage

V = receiving voltage

Q = reactive power

X = reactance

5

1.2.2 Application in Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Substation

TNB is a utility company in Malaysia that supply electricity in Peninsular of

Malaysia. Similarly with other utilities company in the world, TNB also has shown

their concern about voltage magnitude especially in the substation. With same

principles of electrical engineering applied to the system, TNB has used equipment

in the substation to inject or absorb reactive power in order to control the voltage

magnitude such as:

i. Installation of capacitor bank to increase dropped voltage

ii. Installation of reactor to compensate over voltage

iii. Installation SVC to increase dropped voltage and to compensate over

voltage

1.3 Problem Statement

Capacitor bank is one of the common applications that have been used widely

in the substation in order to increase the voltage drop. Capacitor bank is designed

with many connection of capacitor unit instead only one connection capacitor unit.

The reason capacitor bank is not designed with only one connection unit might due

to the capability on design capacitor unit with high value capacitance and to

minimize risk if one capacitor unit failure and contributed the whole capacitor bank

to be out of service. A number of capacitor units are arranged with series and parallel

connection to provide or inject reactive power to the system. In the high voltage

substation, capacitor bank is installed and connected directly to the high voltage

busbar.

6

There are several reasons can be listed out as root causes on the failure of

capacitor bank from operating efficiently. One of that is the failure of capacitor units

or elements which can cause capacitor bank to be out of service for certain period

until the problems have been rectified. Basically, there are many designs with

different total number of capacitor units and different arrangements of capacitor

units. Protective relays have been installed in the capacitor bank bay so that any

abnormalities can be sensed quickly and enable circuit breaker to isolate the system

immediately. Nevertheless, the focus here is to determine the techniques to be used

for detecting the failure of capacitor units.

1.4 Objectives

The main objectives of this project are as follow:

i. To review method of detecting unbalance system due to failure of

capacitor unit

ii. To analyze unbalance current method as utilized in TNB system

iii. To simulate and evaluate the performances of capacitor bank design

during failure of capacitor unit

7

1.5 Scope of the Project

The main scopes of this research are as follow:

i. Study and analysis is based on capacitor bank installed in TNB Substation

(Configuration Double-Y Ungrounded)

ii. Analysis on technique or method of detecting on failure capacitor unit in

capacitor bank system

iii. Simulation and analysis performance from two model of capacitor bank

by using PSCAD software:

a) Model A – had been installed at TNB Cheras Jaya 132kV

Substation

b) Model B – had been installed at TNB Bukit Jelutong 132kV

Substation

1.6 Literature Review

In order to achieve the project objectives, the methodology is constructed

with several stages as Figure 1.2. In literature review, the focus is to review the basic

principles of capacitor bank design, principles and construction. The protection

scheme for capacitor bank also has been reviewed for deep understanding on which

protective relays should be operated during capacitor unit failed. Besides, the

techniques for detecting failure of capacitor unit has been analyzed as well so that the

principles can be clearly understood and applied in this research.

8

Figure 1.2: Flow chart of project methodology

1.6.1 Modeling System using PSCAD

There are two designed model of capacitor bank installed in TNB system.

Both is using configuration Double-Y Connection. Both designs are modeled in

PSCAD so that the performance for every design during failure of capacitor unit or

elements can be determined.

9

1.6.2 Circuit Simulation

Both models of circuits are used for simulation using PSCAD/EMTDC

software in order to analyze the performance of capacitor bank.

1.6.3 Performance Analysis

The performance for each design of capacitor bank during failure of capacitor

unit or elements is analyzed and evaluated by creating some case study related to the

failure.

1.7 Report Outline

Report writing is conducted in order to document the project’s objectives,

scopes, methodology and the results. All methodology involved is documented and

explained in detail for understanding purposed.

This project report consists of six chapters. In Chapter 1, the project is

elaborated clearly including the objectives and scopes of the project. In Chapter 2,

the principles of capacitor bank have been discussed thoroughly for deeper

understanding. It also described application capacitor bank at site for more

10

understanding. In Chapter 3, the techniques for detecting failure of capacitor unit are

discussed including modeling of the circuits and the formulas. In Chapter 4, the

circuit modeled in PSCAD software for simulation meanwhile in Chapter 5 more

discussed on result and the discussion. In Chapter 6, it is the project conclusion and

recommendation for future works.

97

REFERENCES

1. Jerry C. Whitetaker, “AC Power Systems Handbook”, CRC Press, page 49-92,

2007.

2. Math H.J Bolten, Irene Y.H Gu, “Signal Processing of Power Quality

Disturbance”, IEEE Press, page 41-60, 2006.

3. Terrace Smith, “Determining Setting for Capacitor Bank System Protection”,

GE Digital Energy/Multilin, IEEE Press., 2010

4. B. Kasztenny, D. McGinn, I. Voloh, “Enhanced Adaptive Protection Method for

Capacitor Banks”, IEEE Press., 2006

5. Gustavo Brunellio, ”Shunt Capacitor Bank Fundamentals and Protection” IEEE

Press., 2003

6. Theodore R. Bosela,”Electrical System Design”, page 200-230, 1994

7. B. Kasztenny, Joe Scahefer, Ed Clark, “Fundamentals of Adaptive Protection of

Large Capacitor Bank”, Presented to the 60th Annual Georgia Technical

Protective Relay Conference, May 3-5,2006

8. IEEE Std. C37.99-2000, “Guide for the Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banks”,

June 2000.

9. Hadi Saadat, “Power System Analysis”, Mc Graw-Hill, 1999

10. Theodore Wildi. “Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power System 5th Edition”,

Prentice Hall, 2001

11. IEEE Std. 18-2002, “IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors”

98

12. Peter H. Thiel (A), John E.Harder(F), George E.Taylor, ”Fuseless Capacitor

Banks”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 2, April 2002

13. TNBT Engineering, “Unbalance Current for Calculation Capacitor Bank”,

2008

14. Martin Bishop, Tim Day, Arvind Chaudhary, “A primer on Capacitor Bank

Protection”, IEEE Press., 2000

15. Satish Samineni, Casper Labuschagne, Jeff Pope, ”Principles of Shunt Capacitor

Bank Application and Protection”, IEEE, 2010

16. Randy Horton, Ted Warren, Karl Fender, Steven Harry, Charles A. Gross,

”Unbalance Protection of Fuseless, Split Wye, Grounded, Shunt Capacitor

Banks”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.17, No 3, July 2002

17. IEEE Std. 824-2004, “IEEE Standard for Series Power Capacitors”

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