federal legislation impacting agricultural education and extension: 1950 - on (thanks to gary moore,...
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Federal Legislation Impacting Agricultural Education and Extension: 1950 - on(Thanks to Gary Moore, NCSU)
Post Sputnik Legislation Legislation affecting Ext. and Ag.
Ed. After the 1950s was more complex and convoluted than earlier legislation.
We will discuss only the parts of the acts impacting AgEd or Ext., even though the act may have numerous other components.
National Defense Education Act (1958) This act was passed because of Sputnik
“The Congress finds that an educational emergency exists and requires actionby the federal government. Assistance will come from Washington to help develop as rapidly as possible those skills essential to the national defense.”
A major purpose of the act was strengthen the teaching of mathematics, sciences and modern foreign languages
National Defense Education Act (1958) Established a student loan
program for college The George-Barden Act of
1946 was amended Area Vocational Schools were to be
built to train “technicians” skilled in math and science
$15 million dollars for the next five years was authorized for this purpose
Vocational Education Act of 1963 This was a MAJOR piece of federal
legislation. It replaced the Smith-Hughes Act.
Categorical funding for specific vocational disciplines such as agricultural education was abolished. Funding went to states on the basis of their
population in certain age categories States decided how to spend the money
Vocational Education Act of 1963
Expanded the scope of agricultural education to include all areas of agriculture, not just farming. No longer required “supervised practice on
a farm”. The idea was to expand the scope of SAE, not do away with it, but that is what some states did.
Expanded the scope of home economics education to include all areas of home economics, not just homemaking.
Vocational Education Act of 1963 Established work study programs for
vocational students to provide financial support
States had to submit plans for what they planned to do
Eliminated federal supervision/control of vocational programs
Funding for vocational education was substantially increased
Sea Grant Program (1966) The National Sea Grant College
and Program Act Established a program (under the
Dept. of Commerce) to provide for applied research, formal education and extension for development of marine and Great Lake resources. About 2/3 of the states involved have incorporated these activities in the extension service.
Educational Amendments (1968) Amended the 1963 Vocational Education
Act Increased funding for vocational education Funds could be used for high school
programs, people who have left school, retraining, special needs students, construction of area vocational schools, vocational guidance, contracting vocational education with private institutions, ancillary services (research, teacher training) and administering the state plan.
Educational Amendments (1968) Did not categorically fund specific
vocational programs, with one exception Specifically allocated money to Consumer and
Homemaking Education Of the general appropriations to each
state 25% had to be spent on disadvantaged populations 25% had to be spent on out-of-school
individuals seeking employment 10% had to be spent on handicapped
individuals
Educational Amendments (1968) Authorized money for:
Curriculum development (this is the only place agricultural education is mentioned in the act)
Residential vocational schools (schools with dorms)
Research (National Center for Vocational Education Research was established)
Leadership development (selected vocational leaders could get advanced degrees)
Rural Development Act (1972)
Title V impacted Extension Authorized rural development
and small-farm extension programs
Administration of programs to be part of Extension
Established State Rural Development Advisory Councils
Educational Amendments (1976) The Educational Amendments of 1976
have five Titles, Title II is concerned with vocational education
Authorized more money for vocational education
Purpose of the act was to extend, improve and maintain programs overcome come sex discrimination/bias develop new programs
Educational Amendments (1976) Monies could be spent on vocational
education programs, work study, energy education, area school facilities, support sex equity positions, placement services, Industrial Arts (now Technology Education), support services for females in non-traditional programs, day careservices, displaced homemakers, residential vocational centers.
Educational Amendments (1976) There were special appropriations
for the disadvantaged Consumer and Homemaking
received special funding Every vocational program had to
be evaluated every five years
Food and Agriculture Act (1977)
A Major Farm Bill Authorized $260 million for Extension Authorized agricultural and forestry
extension activities at 1890 institutions 4% of Smith-Lever Funds
must go to 1890 institutions Extension leaders of 1862
and 1890 institutions are to develop a comprehensive state-wide plan for extension
Food and Agriculture Act (1977) Added the use of solar energy
with respect to agriculture and solar energy demonstration projects
Established a national food and human nutrition research and education program
Required the secretary of agriculture to evaluate the Extension Service by 1979
Food and Agriculture Act (1977) Directed the secretary to
assist the Agency for International Development (AID) with agricultural research and extension in developing countries
Established a National Agricultural Research and Extension Users Advisory Board
1000 Nautical Miles5000
BecharTripoli
Al Jawt
Oran
Algiers Tunis
Cairo
Aswan
ConstantineRabat
Marrakech
Casablanca
El Aaiun
LombouctouNema
Nouakchott
Agadez
Zinder
Tamanrasset
TUNISIA
MOROCCO
WesternSahara
ALGERIA
MAURITANIA MALINIGER
LIBYA
CHAD
Faya-Largeau
N' DjamenaMaiduguri
Niamey
Kano
Abuja
Bamako
Dakar
Med ite rra nea n Sea
RedSea
EGYPT
SUDAN
ETHIOPIA
Khar toum
Al Fashir
Juba
Waw
Asmara
AddisAbaba
PortSudan
AlexandriaBanghazi
DJIBOUTI
ERITREA
UGANDASOMALIA
KENYA
TANZANIA
ZAIRE
CENTRALAFRICANREPUBLIC
RWANDA
BURUNDI
GABON
EQUATORIALGUINEA
CAMEROON
ANGOLA
CONGO
NIGERIABENIN
TOGOIVORYCOAST
BURKINA
GUINEA
SIERRALEONE
SENEGAL
GHANA
THEGAMBIA
GUINEABISSAU
LIBERIA
Monrovia
FreetownConakry
Bissau
Banjul
Abidjan
AccraLoma
Porto-Novo
Ouagadougou
Lagos
MalaboYaounde
Libreville
BanguiCAMEROON
Djibouti
Berbera
MogadishuKisangani
Kananga
NdolaNacala
Dar es Salaam
Zanzibar
Mombasa
Beira
Bujumbura
Nairobi
Kampala
Kalemie
Toliara
Antananarivo
Maputo
Lusaka
Bulawayo
Harare
PretoriaGaborone
Johannesburg
Durban
Port Elizabeth
MaseruMbabane
Cape Town
Luderitz
SOUTH AFRICAWalvis Bay
Windhoek
Namibe Menongue
Lobito
Malanje
Lilongwe
Mbeya
La keTang anyika
La keNya sa
La keVic to ria
Kigali
MALAWI
ZAMBIA
MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCAR
ZAMBABWE
BOTSWANA
SWAZILAND
Ind ian
Oc ean
Ind ian
Oc ean
LESOTHO
SOUTHAFRICA
Luanda
NAMIBIA
ANGOLA
Kinshasa
Brazzaville
Pointe-NoireSouth
Atlantic
Oc ean
Renewable Resources Extension Act (1978)
Provided for educational programs concentrating on renewable resources, which includes fish and wildlife management, range management, timber management, and watershed management, as well as forest and range-based outdoor recreation, trees and forests in urban areas, and trees and shrubs in shelter belts.
Smith-Lever Amendment (1980) Inserted references to rural energy
in Section 2.
Agriculture and Food Act (1981)
A Major Farm Bill Authorized appropriations for
Extension programs (including 1890 programs)
Provided for the employment and training of professionals and paraprofessional aides to engage in nutrition education of low-income families.
Agriculture and Food Act (1981)
Authorized aquaculture extension work
Authorized rural development programs and small farm extension programs
Authorized the secretary of agriculture to conduct an annual evaluation of agricultural research, extension and teaching programs.
Carl Perkins Act (1984) This was the most significant
rewrite of vocational education legislation since 1963.
Two broad themes Accessibility to all persons Improve the quality
Carl Perkins Act (1984) Fifty-seven (57) percent of state funds were
allocated to special populations - vocational education was to be accessible to everyone handicapped (10%) disadvantaged (10%) adult retraining (12%) single parents & homemakers (8 1/2%) sex bias & stereotyping (3 1/2%) incarcerated (1%)
Carl Perkins Act (1984) Forty-three (43) percent of state funds
were allocated for program improvement funds were not to be used to maintain existing
programs Consumer and Homemaking received
special funding but 1/3 had to be spent in economically depressed areas
There will be a full time sex equity coordinator and $60,000 is allocated to that
Food Security Act (1985) A major farm bill Provided grants to upgrade 1890
institutions’ extension facilities Made several technical
amendments to fine tune past farm bills
Smith-Lever Amendment (1985)
Added language that the Extension Service give “…instruction and practical demonstrations of existing or improved practices or technologies.”
Authorized Extension to enter into agreements with private organizations and individuals. (in other words extension could accept money from the private sector)
Improve 1890s extension facilities
Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act (1990)
A major farm bill Directed the Extension Service to
catalogue the federal, state, and local laws and regulations that govern the handling of unused or unwanted agricultural chemicals and agricultural chemical containers. Educational materials regarding this were
to be developed.
Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act (1990) Charged the Extension Service
with teaching composting Expanded natural resources
educational programs Established a water quality
coordination program Provided for the assistance for the
control of weeds and pests
Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act (1990)
Expanded EFNEP Established five regional
aquaculture centers for research and Extension activities
Repealed previous solar energy provisions
National Forest Dependent Rural Communities Economic Diversification Act (1990)
Directed the Extension Service to provide training and educational programs in rural communities that are economically dependent upon forest resources in an attempt to diversify the economic base of the community.
Perkins II (1990) The Carl Perkins Act is rewritten Special populations is still a major focus, Money can be used to support existing
programs Academic and vocational
education was to be integrated Articulation between secondary and
post-secondary institutions
National Agricultural Research, Extension and Teaching Act (1994)
Established extension education programs on Native American reservations
Provided technical assistance and training in subsistence agriculture to Native Americans and Alaskan natives
National Agricultural Research, Extension and Teaching Act (1994)
Provided grants for on-farm education and assistance directed at accommodating disability in farm operations.
The Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act (1994)
Reorganized USDA Established the Cooperative State
Research, Education, and Extension Service to coordinate efforts between USDA and the states
School-to-Work Opportunities Act (1994)
A variety of programs were established for students to get them more involved with the world of work and post-secondary education
Grants were given to some states to develop programs
This is for all students Funding is temporary
FAIR Act (1996) Our current farm bill is titled the
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act. Some people call it the Freedom to Farm Act.
Title VIII contains provisions for Research, Extension, and Education However, because other sections of the bill were so
controversial little attention was paid to this section of the bill. Most extension related items were merely extended. However, there were a few new twists.
It contains provisions for extension, but for the first time has language for secondary agricultural education.
FAIR Act (1996) Authority for secondary and 2-year post
secondary education in agriscience and agribusiness are added to the Secretary's food and agricultural education authorities This was an attempt to transfer national
leadership for secondary agricultural education to USDA from USDE
It partially succeeded, language is present in the bill authorizing it--but there is no money to do it, so nothing has happened
FAIR Act (1996) Even though the national leadership for
agricultural education did not move (one representative in the house effectively blocked the move) a $500,000 challenge grant program to improve secondary agricultural education has been established under authority of the USDA. USDE provides national leadership for
agricultural education but USDA is providing funds to improve the program
FAIR Act (1996) A National Research, Education,
and Economics Advisory Board is established. (This 30-member advisory board replaces three separate advisory committees)
FAIR Act (1996) There were provisions in the act related
to: Native American extension programs 1890 extension programs Appropriations for the Extension Service
Other provisions of the Act contain language reducing price supports for many agricultural commodities
The Fund for Rural America was created to enhance community development
Perkins III (1996) This is the legislation vocational
education is currently operating under The purpose of this Act is to develop
more fully the academic, vocational, and technical skills of secondary students and post-secondary students who elect to enroll in vocational and technical education programs (little emphasis on special populations) Perkins
Perkins III (1996) At the local levels funds can be spent on:
strengthening the academic, and vocational and technical skills of students
providing students with strong experience in and understanding of all aspects of an industry
developing, improving, or expanding the use of technology in vocational and technical education
providing professional development programs to teachers, counselors, and administrators
Perkins III (1996) conducting evaluations of the vocational
and technical education programs ...including how the needs of special populations are being met
initiating, improving, expanding, and modernizing quality vocational and technical education programs
linking secondary vocational and technical education and post-secondary vocational and technical education, including implementing tech-prep programs.
Legislative Mandates for Extension
Nutrition and family education
Urban gardening Pest management Farm safety and
rural health Rural development
Pesticide impact assessment
Groundwater quality Financially stressed
and/or dislocated farmers
Food safety
Various minor amendments and laws have mandated that Extension work in the following areas:
Legislative Mandates for Extension Agricultural
telecommunications youth-at-risk Renewable resources Subsistence farming
on Native American reservations
Establish and operate centers of rural technology
Outreach and assistance for socially disadvantaged farmers
Rural health and safety education
Nutrition education and consumer education
1890 extension work
Legislative Mandates for Extension Natural-resource-
based economic development
Conclusion Legislation for extension and
agricultural education during the past 50 years has been influenced greatly by changing societal and environmental concerns.
Federal legislation has often mandated what we are to do.
The focus has shifted to helping certain groups of people.