FEDUC – CHAPTER 10 (MOTIVATION)

MOTIVATION

Refers to forces such as biologiocal, emotional, cognitive, or social that causes an individual’s behaviour to initiate and carry out activities.

From the LATIN word MOTIVUS which means a moving cause

In human beings, motivation comprises both conscious and unconscious drives.

MOTIVES

Derives from LATIN word MOVERE – means “to move”

Classified into:1. Primary motives – hunger, thirst, sex, fear,

and avoidance of pain which are common to both man and animals.

2. Secondary motives – achievements, power, and other motives exclusively for man.

ABRAHAM HAROLD LINCOLN (1908-1970)

american humanistic psychologist, developed a theory of motivation.

It explicit the course of action by which an individual move forward from primary (basic) to secondary (complicated) needs,

Human necessities motivated him to formulate the famous hierarchy of human needs in order to show that an individual cannot move forward to other needs without satisfying first the fundamental one.

Self-actualization

Esteem

Social

Safety and security

Physiological needs

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

1. Instinct theory are inborn and unlearned inclinations that

determine behaviours typically patterns of responses of feeding, mating, and parenting.

In animals, complex instinctive behaviours are exhibited without learning and training through the process of trial and error.

Human behaviours like aggression and territoriality have instinctive elements.

An organism most of the time behaves in a fixed way in the presence of a specific environmental condition

SELF-PRESERVATION is an example of instinctive behavior in which an organism, man or animal, protect itself from sickness, danger, and death in one way or another.

Most Filipinos, for instance, do not want to override (masapawan o malamangan) by others for they cannot accept defeat maturely.

2. Drive-reduction theory Two new concepts were develop to

explain human motivation: need and drive. NEED is a physiological condition in which

an individual lacks something vital for survival such as air, water, and food.

DRIVE is a powerful impulse that motivates human behavior to reduce his tension.

Once the need is satisfied, the body returns to a more balance condition (homeostasis)

D-R theory denotes decrease of tension that an individual acts so that his body will return to its stabilized state. E.g. when hungry – we eat food to satisfy hunger before ones feeling returns to normal condition.

3. Incentive theory Refers to some environmental factors

either material (money, token, gifts) or non-material (applause, recognition, or appreciation) that motivates or encourages an individual to perform an action for a reward. e.g. will be treated to Jollibee when a child got a perfect score in the major exam.

4. Cognitive theory EXTRINSIC motivation – refers to any

volition of sn individual to obtain external rewards like trophies, house and lot, money, e.g. the voice after winning will receive rewards.

INTRINSIC motivation – refers to any human action in which he believes that such activities are self-fulfilling (inwardly) without expecting any external rewards.

Fundamental concepts includes:

a. Expectancy theory – refers to the expectation or prospect an individual has and the value of goal, which he strives for. Individual is motivated to

obtain his goal, which he expects as valuable.

b. Attribution theory – refers to how an individual makes judgement about his own or others’ behavior. When succeeded, he attributes his success to his ability and skilfulness.

c. Cognitive dissonance – results from inconsistencies to elements like beliefs, behaviours, and attitudes. It is considered to be unfavourable state that causes mechanisms to bring cognitions back into a consistent relationship with one another. E.g. the learner was instructed and taught by his teacher to behave according to Christian moral norms but he was influenced by the conduct and attitudes that deviate from religious one. The student gets confused between the two opposing behaviours. One he believes is true norms and the other actions of the majority in the environment.

d. Self-perception theory – offers an individual analyzes his own behaviour and reflects or assesses why he is motivated to do what he does. Actions beget consequences that may be pleasant for the doer or unpleasant for others, or vice versa. E.g. students who did not pay attention to his study then later own could not find a good job for they do not have diploma that certifies their competencies.

e. Self-actualization – fulfilment of one’s unique potential.

5. Arousal theorya. James-Lange theory – this suggest

that an individual perception of emotion depends upon bodily responses a person makes to a specific arousing situation. It may serve as a challenge to the learner to study hard when his academic performance is going down. E.g. I felt sad when my grade was only 80 and the highest was 90 – I’ll study harder next time.

b. Cannon-Bard theory – it implies that any decision should not be controlled by emotion rather it must

be guided by reason and personal disposition free from passion. E.g. when a learner fails, he should learn how to face that challenge and overcome it. Teardrops cannot alter the failed exams, but serve only as catharsis.

c. Schachter-Singer theory – it speculates that when an individual experiences anger due to any unpleasant emotional condition, his feeling overpowers him up to the point that he acts unreasonably. SELF-CONTROL has to govern all emotions in order to maintain equilibrium. E.g. inside out. hihi

HEIRARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS

1. Physiological Starting point of other needs Anyone should be satisfied with the

following vital needs (air, water, food, sleep, and shelter) before can proceed to other higher needs

SURVIVAL is what man needs in this level so that he can proceed to another.

E.g. hindi papasok ang pinag aralan kung kumakalam ang tiyan.

2. Safety Safety, security, protection An individual needs to be safeguarded

throughout his life from both psychological (mga alalahanin) and physical (mga karamdaman) harms.

In this level, MONEY – as means of commerce – has a very important role in him. Money can move everything, even the impossible things.

3. Social: love and belongingness Need to be with others It expresses how an individual wishes to

marry, have a family, or be a member of any religious or non-sectarian group

BUT it doesn’t mean that when an individual reaches the third level of needs he may no longer retreat from the first or the second level.

Being in the third level an individual manifests that his first and second levels of needs are both satisfactorily attained and maintained.

E.g. when got married they promised to stay together for richer or poorer but when economic situation arises one of

them will work aboard to earn and support physiologic needs. Even needs for security and protection are affected.

4. Esteem Lower and higher needs LOWER ESTEEM needs include respect

of others, need for status, fame, glory, recognition, attention, reputation, appreciation and dignity.

HIGHER ESTEEM needs comprises need ofr respect that involves self-confidence, achievement, mastery, independence, and freedom.

SELF-ESTEEM for many is less regarded especially when some individuals feel and experience the so-called “INFERIORITY COMPLEX” which refers to an overdeveloped sense of being subservient to others that can be manifested in either withdrawn or aggressive social behaviour.

SELF-ESTEEM may be experienced by students inside the classroom when they earn respect, recognition, appreciation, and honor from their classmates and teacher. Consequently, superiority complex develops inclination to dominate others.

E.g. si father. Ssshhh.

5. Self-actualization: fulfilments of one’s unique potentials

The HIGHEST LEVEL of human needs Involves attaining one’s goal His moment an individual reached his

academic ambition nobody could take or remove that higher degree from him.

They enjoy comfortably being alone and love deeper personal relationship with few close friends rather than shallow relationship with many people.

On the CONTRARY, they are often strongly motivated persons who alter negative qualities in themselves that could be changed.

SELF-ACTUALIZATION always serves as a challenge to every individual to pursue his future plans whatever may occur to reach that goal.

E.g. the movie “UP” ung may cute na batang boyscout at si lolo.

TEST

IDENTIFICATION

1. He constructed and developed the theory of motivation.

2. It refers to forces as biological, emotional, cognitive, or social that causes an individual’s behaviour to initiate actions.

3. It refers to an innate and unlearned inclination that determines behaviour.

4. It is a powerful impulse that motivates human behaviour to reduce his tension.

5. This theory refers to some environmental factors either material or non-material that motivate an individual to perform an action for a reward.

6. This theory insinuates that an individual attempts to maintain consistency in his belief, behaviour, and attitude.

7. The theory offers that an individual analyzes his own behaviour and reflects why he is motivated to do what he does.

8. Known as the highest level based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of human needs.

9. A type of motivation that refers to any volition of a person to obtain external rewards like trophies, money, and the like.

10. A kind of motivation which refers to ay human action that is self-fulfilling without expecting any external rewards.

God bless us all.

Just give our best shot!

Bernadette Palatino-Flordeliza