feed additives for swine dr. bob thaler south dakota state university [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
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Feed Additives for Swine
Dr. Bob Thaler South Dakota State UniversityDr. Bob Thaler South Dakota State [email protected]@sdstate.edu
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Feed Additives
Compounds that MAYMAY elicit a response independent of the pig’s energy, amino acid, and vitamin/mineral requirements
Response is dependent on age of pig, disease level, genetics, environmental factors, & type of diet/feedstuffs
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General Categories
Antibacterials & Antibiotics
Chemotherapeutics Organic acids Probiotics &
Prebiotics Enzymes
Botanicals Carcass modifiers Flavors Aromas Mold inhibitors Mycotoxin binders Odor reducers
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Antibiotic Efficacy in Nursery & Grow-Finish Pigs (% improvement)
Years Production Stage
Daily Gain Feed/Gain
1950-77 Nursery (7-25 kg)
16.1 6.9
Grow-Finish 4.0 2.1
1978-85 Nursery (7-25 kg)
15.0 6.5
Grow-Finish 3.6 2.4
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Sows & Antibiotics
General thought is not to add antibiotics to sow diets if conception rate is > 85%
However, if conception rate is < 85%, may be beneficial depending on the problem
Must be at the therapeutic level 2 weeks before breeding One week prior to farrowing to weaning
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Commonly Used Feed Additives
6.3
8.6
35
48
56.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Carbadox
Lincomycin
Bacitracin
CTC
Tylosin
% Sites Feeding Antibiotics
USDA:APHIS, 2000
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Commonly Used Feed Additives(Company Feeding >25% of US Pigs)
Antibiotic Concentr
(g/kg)
Retail
$/kg
Dietary Inclusion
#1 CTC 110 3.06 55/ton
#2 Tylan 22 3.76 11-110 g/ton
#3 Mecadox 5.5 2.95 55 g/ton
#4 BMD 66 5.26 33 g/ton
#5Lincomycin 22 6.14 22, 44, 110, or 220 g/ton
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Lincomycin
Reducing the severity of swine mycoplasmal pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Controlling ileitis, also known as Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy
Treating and controlling swine dysentery
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Lincomycin
Increasing the rate of weight gain in growing-finishing swine
FDA approved for ileitis control and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
LINCOMIX at 40 g/t for ileitis control costs $5 to $7 less per ton than the approved Tylan* dose of 100 g/t
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Tylosin (Tylan)
Classic antibiotic used for growth promotion Relatively inexpensive
No withdrawal. Tylan can be fed to market weight
Only Tylan® Premix, fed at 100 g/ton, is approved to prevent and control ileitis. No other product can legally make this claim
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Tylosin (Tylan)
Convenient. One product for ileitis prevention and growth promotion
Tylan is primarily active against gram-positive bacteria and has significant activity against mycoplasma
Feeding it during grow-finish phase increased longissimus muscle area
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Carbadox (Mecadox)
Typically fed in the Pre-weaning, Nursery, and early Grower diets
For the treatment of clinical outbreaks of swine dysentery (vibrioic dysentery, "bloody" scours of haemorrhagic dysentery)
For the prevention and control of swine dysentery
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Carbadox (Mecadox) For increase in rate of mass gain and
improvement of feed efficiency
10 week withdrawal prior to slaughter Do not use in feeds containing bentonite Usually too expensive to use strictly for
growth promotion
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Chemotherapeutic Agents Naturally occurring or chemically synthesized
compounds that inhibit the growth of microorganisms Copper Sulfate
100 to 250 ppm in nursery diets Additive effect with antibiotics
Zinc oxide 1500 to 3000 ppm Controls some post-weaning scours
Higher levels can be toxic (know base levels) High levels in the manure – environmental problems
Already being regulated in some European countries
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Probiotics Living bacteria or yeast cultures to enhance
microbial balance Lactobacillus species, Bacillus subtilis,
Streptococcus faecium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or various mixtures
Traditionally use in nursery diets Beginning to be used in grow-finish diets Strain of microbe, dose, interactions,
feedstuffs, feed processing
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Enzymes Increase nutrient utilization Not much benefit with corn-SBM diets More of a benefit with wheat & barley-based
diets Beta glucanase and xylanase are the most
commonly used ones Others include alpha amylase, cellulase,
protease, and various combinations Great variation in efficacy
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Phytase Most commonly used enzyme in the world Increases utilization of phytate P in grains Decrease P excretion
Less P running off into lakes and rivers Less euthrophication
Decrease amount of inorganic P Currently slight economic savings in diet cost Tremendous environmental benefit
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Others Mold Inhibitors
effective against molds, not mycotoxins
Antioxidants – increase shelf-life & are effective Mycotoxin Binders
Are present even if mold is gone Products effective against aflatoxins (clays, HSCAS,
pellet binders) Few, if any, products effective on other mycotoxins
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Others cont. Odor Reducing Additives
Many products, few effective (DeOdorase, Microaid)
Heavily dependent on condition of individual systems
Manure composition, pH, temperature, antibacterials, water, etc
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Carcass Modifiers Ractopamine (Paylean)
Chromium tripicolinate
Betaine
L-carnitine
Zilpaterol
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Ractopamine (PayLean)
Beta agonist that “repartitions” where nutrients go (from fat to lean deposition)
Improves: Growth rate Feed conversion Lean deposition
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Ractopamine (PayLean)
Approved at the 9 g/ton level the last 90 pounds prior to slaughter
5 g/ton improves gain (10%) & efficiency (17%) Maybe carcass
9.9 g/ton improves gain & efficiency, carcass weight & dressing %
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Ractopamine (PayLean)
19.8 g/ton seldom used cost of product Increased death-loss potential
Greatest response first 2 weeks, then decreases over the last 2 weeks
Need at least a 16% protein diet and .90% lysine diet (watch all amino acid levels)
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PayLean Use In Commercial Operations Used to decrease total number of marketing
days for a group/barn
#1 Market first group of heaviest pigs
#2 Feed the 5 g/ton level for 2 weeks
#3 Feed the 9.9 g/ton level for the last 2 weeks or until all the pigs are marketed
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Handling/Stress Is An Issue!
Elanco has developed a program on proper handling of swine from farm through
harvest
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Carcass Modifiers Organic Chromium (tripicolinate)
Increase leanness 6%, but not consistent 200 ppb Cr improved sow fertility, # born & weaned Must be fed at least 6 months to get sow response
Betaine (sugar beet industry) Enhance leanness and feed efficiency (?????) Works with met/cys deficiency or lysine excess
Carnitine Initially thought to improve leanness & efficiency Some response in nursery pigs 50 ppm in gestation increased litter size & birth weight
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Example
Current diet cost = $120/ton Feed additive costs $15 to add to a ton of
feed
($135 - $120) * 100 = 12.5% improvement in F/G
$120 just to pay for itself
If getting a 10% improvement in feed efficiency, still losing money!!!
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Doesn’t take into Consideration Changes in: Gain
Carcass characteristics
Deathloss
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Summary
Feed additives can be effective tools when used properly Do the “Homework” for YOUR operation
Match disease problem with feed additive Feed additives are not a replacement for poor
management Ractopamine is economically advantageous when
used strategically
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Summary Make sure you get a real “Net” economic
benefit that’s consistent Use your feed $ where you’ll get the best,
most consistent return on your investment.