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10Motivation andEmotion

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Motivation and Emotion

s What is motivation?

s Motivation

the factors that direct and energize the behavior

of humans and other organisms

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Explaining Motivation

s Instinct Approaches: born to be motivated

s Instincts

inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically

determined rather than learned

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Drive Reduction Approaches:

Satisfying Our Needss Drive-Reduction Approaches

when people lack some basic biological

requirement such as water, a drive to obtain thatrequirement is produced

s Drive

motivational tension, or arousal, that energizesbehavior in order to fulfill some need

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Drive Reduction Approaches:

Satisfying Our Needss Primary drives

basic drives that are related to biological needs

of the body or of the species as a whole

s Secondary drives

needs are brought about by prior experience and

learning

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Drive Reduction Approaches:

Satisfying Our Needss Homeostasis

the process by which an organism strives to

maintain some optimal level of internalbiological functioning by compensating for

deviations from its usual, balanced internal state

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Arousal Approaches: Beyond

Drive Reductions Arousal approaches to motivation

we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation

and activity, increasing or reducing them asnecessary

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Incentive Approaches:

Motivations Pulls Incentive approaches to motivation

the theory explaining motivation in terms of

external stimuli, the incentives that direct and

energize behavior

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Cognitive Approaches: The

Thoughts Behind Motivations Cognitive approaches to motivation

the focus on the role of our thoughts,expectations, and understanding of the world

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Cognitive Approaches: The

Thoughts Behind Motivations Intrinsic motivation

motivation by which people participate in anactivity for their own enjoyment, not for the

reward it will get them

s Extrinsic motivation

motivation by which people participate in an

activity for a tangible reward

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Maslows Hierarchy: Ordering

Motivational Needs

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Maslows Hierarchy: Ordering

Motivational Needss Self-actualization

a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize

their highest potential in the own unique way

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Human Needs and Motivation

s What are the biological and social factors

that underlie hunger?

s How are needs relating to achievement,

affiliation, and power motivation exhibited?

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The Motivation Behind Hunger

and Eatings Biological factors

hypothalamus

weight set point

the particular level of weight that the body strives to

maintain

genetic factors metabolism - the rate at which food is converted to

energy and expended by the body

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The Motivation Behind Hunger

and Eatings Social factors

external social factors, based on societal rules

and conventions and on what we have learnedabout appropriate eating behavior

conditioned association of food with comfort,

consolation

escape from unpleasant thoughts

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Eating Disorders

s Anorexia Nervosa

a severe eating disorder in which people may

refuse to eat, while denying that their behaviorand appearance are unusual

s Bulimia

a disorder in which a person binges onincredibly large quantities of food, and then

purges

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The Need for Achievement:

Striving for successs The need for achievement

a stable, learned characteristic in which

satisfaction is obtained by striving for andattaining a level of excellence

s Measuring achievement motivation

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)s Racial Differences in achievement

motivation

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Other Human Needs

sNeed for affiliation

an interest in establishing and maintaining

relationships with other people

sNeed for Power

tendency to seek impact, control, or influence

over others, and to be seen as a powerfulindividual

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Understanding Emotional

Experiencess What are emotions, how do we experience

them, and what are their functions?

s Emotions

feelings that generally have both physiological

and cognitive elements and that influence

behavior

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The Functions of Emotions

s Preparing us for action

a link between external events and behavioral

responsess Shaping our future behavior

act as reinforcement

s Helping us to regulate social interactionallow observers to better understand us

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Deciphering our Emotions

s The James-Lange Theory

the belief that emotional experience is a reaction

to bodily events occurring as a result of anexternal situation

s The Cannon-Bard Theory

the belief that both physiological and emotionalarousal are produced simultaneously by the

same nerve impulse

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Deciphering our Emotions

s The Schacter-Singer Theory

the belief that emotions are determined jointly

by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousaland its interpretation, based on environmental

cues

support a cognitive view of emotions

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The Truth About Lies

s Polygraph

an electronic device designed to expose people

who are telling liess Event-related brain potentials

reflect tiny changes in electrical voltage that can

be measured on a persons scalp

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Nonverbal Behavior and the

Expression of Emotionss Do People in all cultures express emotion

similarly?

s Facial-affect program the activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the

face display the appropriate expression

s

Display rules the guidelines that govern the appropriateness of

showing emotion nonverbally

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Nonverbal Behavior and the

Expression of Emotionss The facial-feedback hypothesis

facial expressions not only reflectemotional

experience, they also help determine how peopleexperience and label emotions