female reproduction anatomy and physiology
TRANSCRIPT
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Female ReproductionAnatomy and Physiology
Ryon Walker
PhD Grad Student,CSU – Dept. of
Animal Sciences
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Cow’s Reproductive CycleCow’s Reproductive Cycle
ReproductiveTract
Follicles andNew Corpus
Luteum
Mature CorpusLuteum
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Ovary
Female Gonad (sex gland)Site of Action for LH, FSH, PGF2alphaTransient Organs– Follicle– Corpus Luteum
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OvaryOvaryGraffianGraffian Follicle (dominant follicle)Follicle (dominant follicle)-- Fluid filled sac Fluid filled sac –– oocyteoocyte developsdevelops-- OocyteOocyte suroundedsurounded by theca and by theca and granulosagranulosa cellscells-- OvulationOvulation
Corpus Corpus Luteum Luteum (yellow body)(yellow body)-- Develops at site of ovulationDevelops at site of ovulation-- LutealLuteal cells develop from theca and cells develop from theca and granulosagranulosa
cellscells-- Remains if female is pregnantRemains if female is pregnant
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Ovarian Structures
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HormonesHypothalamus– Gonadtropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Posterior Pituitary– Luteinizing Hormone (LH)– Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Ovary– Estrogen – Progesterone
Uterus– Prostaglandin F2α (PG)
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Estrous CycleEstrous CycleAlternating domination of Alternating domination of eithereither::
-- estrogen from follicleestrogen from follicle-- Progesterone from corpus Progesterone from corpus luteumluteum
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Follicle ProductionFollicle Production
Pituitary gland releases:Pituitary gland releases:-- FSH for initiating growth of folliclesFSH for initiating growth of follicles-- LH for steroid hormone production from LH for steroid hormone production from
folliclefollicleGraffianGraffian follicle produces Estrogen follicle produces Estrogen Corpus Corpus LuteumLuteum produces Progesteroneproduces Progesterone
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Estrous CycleEstrous CycleLutealLuteal Phase (d 1Phase (d 1--18)18)Follicular Phase (d 18Follicular Phase (d 18--21)21)
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Estrous CycleEstrous Cycle
Estrus (d 0)Estrus (d 0)Ovulation (d 1)Ovulation (d 1)MetestrusMetestrus (d 1(d 1--5)5)DiestrusDiestrus (d 5(d 5--17)17)ProestrusProestrus (d 17(d 17--21)21)Estrus (d 0)…….Estrus (d 0)…….
Follicular Luteal
Follicular
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Estrus (day 0)Estrus (day 0)
Follicle maturesFollicle maturesEstrogen increases as follicle maturesEstrogen increases as follicle maturesIncrease estrogen = increase Increase estrogen = increase GnRHGnRHIncrease Increase GnRHGnRH = increase LH= increase LHLH surgeLH surgeEstrus (standing heat)Estrus (standing heat)OvulationOvulation
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Ovulation (day 1)Ovulation (day 1)
Oocyte (egg) releaseInduced by LH surge28 hours after first heat
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MetestrusMetestrus (day 1 (day 1 –– 5)5)
Corpus luteum formationGrowth and development of follicular waveIncrease in progesterone production– Non responsive to PG– Prepares uterus to accept fertilized egg– Maintains pregnancy and prevents heat– Presence of fetus keeps CL alive
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DiestrusDiestrus (day 5 (day 5 –– 17)17)
Mature Corpus LuteumMaximal progesterone productionGnRH inhibited by progesteroneMaternal recognition of pregnancy
Unfertilized cow:– PG kills CL and stops producing progesterone
around day 16 - 18
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ProestrusProestrus (day 17 (day 17 –– 21)21)Prostaglandin production by uterusLuteolysis– Decreased progesterone production– CL regresses
GnRH no longer inhibitedFinal maturation of dominant follicleIncreased estrogen
..Estrus (d 0) … Ovulation (d 1)....Estrus (d 0) … Ovulation (d 1)..
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Estrous Cycle
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 1
Hor
mo
ne L
evel
Progesterone (P4)
Estradiol (E2)
Day of Estrous Cycle
New CLForming
Mature CL Present Fol. Size& CL Size
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Sperm ActivitySperm Activity
Sperm travels and waits in oviduct (Sperm travels and waits in oviduct (ampullaampulla))-- Sperm life span in female tract (24 hrs.)Sperm life span in female tract (24 hrs.)-- Need sperm in tract hours before egg Need sperm in tract hours before egg
releasedreleased-- Egg life span in female tract after release Egg life span in female tract after release
(8 (8 -- 12 hrs.)12 hrs.)-- Ovulation occurs 28 hours after heatOvulation occurs 28 hours after heat
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Approximately 6% of beef cattle (cows) in Colorado are artificially inseminated.About 18% of heifers in the US are artificially inseminated.
Why?– According to a national survey the #1
reason for not using synchronization or AI “Time and Labor.”
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Obstacles
- Lack of producereducation.
- Economics of time and labor.
- Inadequate Facilities- Cost- Relative poor conception rates.- Lack of information
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Benefits of SynchronizationTighter breeding and calving seasonDecreased time needed for estrous detectionImproved calf uniformity.Increased time for post partum recoveryInducement of estrous cycles, anestrous cowsIncreased calf performance.
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Classes of Synchronization Drugs
1) Prostaglandins
2)Progestins
3) GnRH
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Prostaglandins
PGF2α
Causes regression of the corpus luteumStops progesterone block on estrogen and LH release so follicle can mature and ovulate.
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Prostaglandins
Cattle with a functional CL at time of PG injection will exhibit estrus 2 to 7 days later.Will only affect cattle in diestrus or the luteal phase.
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ProgestinsSynthetic progesterone - prevents estrus from occurring.Most cows exhibit estrus 2-5 days after removal of progestins.Administration:– Oral administration (MGA)– Intravaginal insert (CIDR)– Implant (Syncro-Mate B)
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GnRH
Causes release of LH and FSH.LH and FSH act on the ovary to stimulate
follicular development andovulation orregression of dominant follicle.
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Manipulation of dominant follicle with MGA Select Synch
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Follicle StudyDominant Follicle Corpus Luteum
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Follicle StudyDominant Follicle Corpus Luteum
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Red Cow Left Ovary
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Day of Estrous
Siz
e (m
m)
Follicle IFollicle IIFollicle IIIFollicle IV
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Synchronization StudySJBRC – 2003
Objective– Synchronize heifers to increase fertility with a
new progestin (CIDR)Heifers from three locations– San Juan Basin Research Center (CO; 39 head)– Beef Improvement Center (WY; 125 head)– Quinn Cattle CO (SD; 211 head)
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Protocol
• Control (CON) - Give nothing at breeding
• Treatment (Trtmt) - Give GnRH at breeding
Day 0 Day 7 Day 9
CIDR Insert
CON54 h Mass Mate
CIDR InsertGnRH
CIDR RemovalPG Trtmt
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CIDRs“T” shaped device (insert)Wings collapse to form
a rod and inserted intothe applicator.
Nylon backboneProgesterone
impregnated intosilicone skin.
1.38 g progesterone
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CIDR ApplicationCIDR is applied into the vagina with anapplicator gun and released
CIDR is removed by pulling on tail.Progesterone levels rise dramatically within 1 hour.
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Follicle Study – SJBRC 2003Objective– Measure dominant follicles at breeding– Determine if ovulation occurs
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Pregnancy Results
a52.6 %
a55 %
a54 %
a56.5 %
b40.4 %
a54.2 %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Preg
nanc
y R
ate
TAI,
%
Colorado (CO) Wyoming (WY) South Dakota (SD)
CONTRMT
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Follicle ResultsFollicle Size at Breeding
010203040
50607080
90100
Preg
nanc
y Rat
e, %
10 - 11.9mm
12 - 13.9mm
14 - 15.9mm
16 - 18 mm
FollicleDiameter
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Follicle ResultsOvulation
0102030405060708090
Preg
nanc
y R
ate,
%
Control Treatment
Ovulation, %Pregnancy Rate, %