reproduction - woodbridge township school district · female reproduction • ova- female...
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Reproduction
• Puberty—stage of growth and development where males and • females become capable of producing offspring. • Time of physical and emotional changes. • • Female • *occurs between ages 8 -- 15 • *estrogen – hormone produced by ovaries • Develop secondary sexual characteristics • Breast development • Pubic hair • Menstrual cycle • Increase height • Softer skin • Wider hips
Female Reproduction
• Ova- Female reproduction cells stored in the ovaries
• Estrogen (Hormone)- Organs mature, pubic and armpit • hair, regulates release of eggs
• Menstruation- The process of shredding the lining of the uterus
• Menstrual Period- The time from the beginning of menstruation
period to the onset of the next. Usually 28 days
• Ovulation- Ovaries begin the process of releasing one mature ovum each month
• Vagina- Very muscular/elastic tube-like passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body.
• Ovaries- Female sex glands • Function: House the ova and produce female hormones estrogen
and progesterone
• Cervix- Neck of uterus dilates during birth to allow passage of baby
• Uterus- Strong elastic muscle about the size of a fist • Function: Hold and nourish developing embryo and fetus
• Fallopian Tubes- Located on each side of the uterus, and are lined
w/ cilia (tiny hair-like projections) where fertilization usually occurs
• Mons Pubis- Rounded fatty pad of tissue, covered w/ pubic hair
• Labia Majora- Outer fold of tissue on either side of vaginal opening
• Labia Minora- Inner fold of tissue that extends forward forming a hood-like covering over the clitoris
• Clitoris- Small knob of tissue in front of the vaginal opening • Function: sexual arousal
Female Concerns
• Infertility- Inability for a female to become pregnant
• Problems that can cause infertility: • Blocked fallopian tubes- Causes are pelvic inflammatory disease or
abdominal surgery. ***Leading cause of infertility***
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease- Infection of the fallopian tubes
• Endometriosis- Uterine tissue grows outside the uterus, often appearing on the ovaries, fallopian tubes and the abdominal cavity
• Problems related to menstruation: • Menstrual cramps- Cramps in abdominal occur during menstrual period
Continued…
• Types of cramps:
• Dysmenorrhea- Painful contractions lasting 1-2 days
• Amenorrhea- Lack of menstruation by age of 16 or stopping of cycle for 3 or more months
• (PMS) Premenstrual Syndrome- Symptoms are: nervous tension, anxiety, irritability, bloating, wt gain, depression, mood swings
• (TSS) Toxic Shock Syndrome- Caused by using tampons during period
• ~Bacteria produce a toxic poison that affects liver and the immune system
• Symptoms: vomiting, dizziness, rash, kidney and liver damage, diarrhea
• Yeast Infection- Fungus, thick white discharge, foul odor, and severe itching
• Sterility- Untreated STD, blockage of tubes, fertilization can not occur
• Breast Cancer- Change in breast or nipple, lump or swelling in breast or armpit
• ~4000 women and 400 men will die this yr of breast cancer
• Mammogram- Test for breast cancer
• Cervical Cancer- Causes can include many sexual partners, early sexual activity, effects women between 20-30. Caused by HPV
• Pap Smear- Test to detect for abnormal cells in cervix
• Trichomoniasis- A vaginal infection that can lead to urethra and bladder infections
• Vaginitis- Most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age • Symptoms: Discharge, odor, itching, pain
• Ovarian Cysts- Fluid-filled sacs on the ovary. Small non-cancerous, usually
disappear on their own. Larger cysts may need surgery
• Reproductive Health •
– Female • menstruation—ova (egg) is not fertilized, uterine
(endometrium) lining is discharged*pads/tampons to absorb flow
• 1. PMS—Pre-menstrual Syndrome • 2. Amenorrhea—missed menstrual cycle
• Causes: Pregnancy, stress, Overtraining, poor health
3. TSS—toxic shock syndrome: Bacterial infection Tampon use: not changed often enough
• 4. Yeast Infection: vaginal infection: Caused by fungus
• b. Pelvic Exam—examination of internal female reproductive organs
• 1. Pap smear—cells scraped from cervix, checked for cancer
• c. Infertility—inability to become pregnant • 1. ova not released each month • 2. fallopian tube blocked STD scarring PID • 3. alcohol, marijuana, tobacco use • d. Breast Cancer—one of the most common cancers in
females • 1. monthly breast exams necessary for early detection
• Male
• *occurs between ages 12 – 15
• *testosterone – hormone produced by testes
• Develop secondary sexual characteristics
• Increase height
• Facial, body, pubic hair
• Enlargement of penis, scrotum, testes
• Longer, heavier bones
• Deepening voice
• 2. Male • a. Circumcision—surgical removal of foreskin of penis
– 1. decrease risk of urinary infection, cancer *shmegma—dead skin/secretions that collect under the foreskin
• b. Inguinal Hernia—intestine pushes into the scrotum • c. Testicular Cancer—most common in males 15—34
– 1. testicular self exam—male checks testes for Lumps
• d. Prostate Cancer—slow growing – 1. Digital Rectal Exam—doctor inserts finger into rectum to
examine internal organs
• e. Infertility—ability to produce offspring is impaired – 1. sperm not being produced Causes: mumps, injuries, STD’s,
hormone disorders
• Epididymis: Stores newly produced sperm for about 64 days until fully matured. • • Vas Deferens :A pair of connecting tubes, each 18 inches long that lead up into the males’ body toward other
internal organs.
• ~ Thick muscle walls of the Vas Deferens propel the sperm forward. • • Seminal Vesicles: Attached near the base of the bladder to the Vas Deferens.
• ~The fluid contains nutrients and mixes w/ sperm. • • Prostate Gland: Small gland that surrounds Urethra. • • Cowpers Gland: Two pea –sized glands that open into Urethra, secrete a clear sticky fluid to cleanse the urethra of
urine and left over sperm. • • Urethra: Tube-like organ that travels through the penis, carries sperm and urine.
• ~Semen and urine do not pass through the body at same time.
• ~A muscle near the bladder contracts, preventing urine from entering urethra. •
• Ejaculation: Fluid from prostate, fluid from seminal vesicles and 300-400 million sperm all combine to make semen
• • Semen: a thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions
from male reproduction organs.
• Fertilization: Is the union of a reproduction cell from a male and one from a female.
• • Foreskin- penis is covered w/ a fold of skin at birth.
• Circumcision: Surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.
• Hernia: Part of the body pushes through the muscle wall normally keeping it in.
• (Example: Inguinal Hernia- part of the intestine pushes through into scrotum. *Surgery is need to correct.)
•
• Sterility: Sperm is weak, malformed, sparse or nonexistent. Fertilization does not occur.
• ~Causes- Exposure to chemicals, smoking, STD’s, malfunction of one of the internal organs.
•
• Prostate Cancer: Uncontrolled growth of cells.
• ~Treatments- Removal of prostate or radiation therapy and hormonal therapy.
•
• Testicular Cancer: Signs- Enlargement of testicles, lump or fluid collection, dull ache in the lower abdominal or groin area.
• ~Frequently males 15-35.
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