Feminism, Matriliny, Matriarchy and Gender Hierarchy in Anthropology:

An Extended Africanist Centered Bibliography

Jonathan Zilberg

Center for African Studies

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Aaby, Peter. “Engels and Women.” Critique of Anthropology 3 (1977): 25-53.

Afolayan, Funso. “Exploring Unchartered Frontiers: Toying Falola and His Works”, in A. Oyebade (ed.). The Transformation of Nigeria: Essays in Honor of Toyin Falola. Trenton. NJ: Africa World Press, 2002, pp. 3-46.

Agozino, Biko. "Between Divas and Dimpers: A Review of Ifi Amadiume's Daughters of the Goddess, Daughters of Imperialism: African Women, Culture, Power & Democracy". Jenda. Available at: http://www.jendajournal.com/jenda/vol1.1/index1.1.htm. Accessed November 5, 2010.

Ahmed, C. C. Before Eve Was Eve: 2200 Years of Gendered History in East Central Africa. Ph.D. doctoral thesis. Los Angeles: UCLA, 1996.

Alonso, Anna Maria. “The Use and Abuse of Feminist Theory: Fear, Dust, and Commensality.” in A. Lugo and B. Maurer (eds.). Gender Matters: Rereading Michelle Z. Rosaldo. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000, pp. 221-231.

Amadiume, Ifi. Male Daughters, Female Husbands. Gender and Sex in African Society. London: Zed Books, 1987.

Amadiume, Ifi. “The mouth that spoke a falsehood will later speak the truth: going home to the field in Eastern Nigeria.” in D. Bell, P. Caplan, and W. J. Kahn, (eds.). Gendered Fields: Women, Men and Ethnography. London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 182-198.

Amadiume, Ifi. Reinventing Africa: Matriliny, Religion, Culture. London: Zed, 1998.

Amadiume, Ifi. Daughters of the Godess, Daughters of Imperialism: African Women Struggle for Culture, Power and Democracy. London: Zed Books. 2000.

Antrobus, Peggy. Le Mouvement Mondial des Femmes. Paris: Enjeux Planets, 2007.

Ardener, Shirley. “Sexual Insult and Female Militancy.” Man 8 (1973): 422-40.

Asad, Talal. “Afterword: From the History of Colonial Anthropology to the Anthropology of Western Hegemony.” in George W. Stocking Jr. (ed.). Colonial Situations: Essays on the Contextualization of Ethnographic Knowledge. History of Anthropology, Volume 7, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1991, pp. 314-324.

Awe, Bolanle, ed. Nigerian Women in Historical Perspective. Lagos: Sankore Publishers, 1992.

Bachofen, J. J. Myth, Religion and Mother Right: Selected Writings of J. J. Bachofen, translated by Ralph Manheim. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967.

Bamberger, Joan. “The Myth of Matriarchy: Why Men Rule in Primitive Society”. in M. Z. Rosaldo and L. Lamphere eds. Women, Culture and Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974, pp. 263-280.

Beauvoir, Simon de. Memoirs of a Daughter. New York: Penguin Books, 1958.

Bernardi, Bernardo. Age Class Systems: Social Institutions and Politics Based in Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Biaggi, Cristina, ed. The Rule of Mars: Readings on the Origins, History and Impact of Patriarchy. Manchester, CTL Knowledge, Ideas and Trends (KIT), 2005.

Blu, Karen I. “Kinship and Culture: Affinity and the Role of the Father in the Trobriands”. in Janet l. Dolgin, David S. Kemnitzer and David M. Schneider (eds.). Symbolic Anthropology: A Reader in the Study of Symbols and Meanings. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977, pp. 47-62.

Boaz, Franz. “Das Verwandtschaftsystem der Vandau,” Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, (1923): 41-51.

Bohannan, Laura. “Shakespeare in the bush”. in J. P. Spradley and D. W. McCurdy eds. Conformity and Conflict: Readings in Cultural Anthropology. New York: Little, Brown, 1984, pp. 22-32.

Bott, Elizabeth. Family and Social Network. London: Tavistock, 1957.

Bouguignon, Erika. “Sex, Bias, Ethnocentrism, and Myth Building in Anthropology: The Case of Universal Male Dominance,” Central Issues in Anthropology 5 1 (1983): 59-79.

Bowen, Elenore Smith. Return to Laughter. New York: The Natural History Library, 1964.

Briffault, Robert. The Mothers: The Matriarchal Theory of Social Origins. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004 (1933).

Brown, Peter J. “Field Site Duplication: Case Studies and Comments on the ‘My-Tribe’ Syndrome”, Current Anthropology, 22 4 (1981): 413-414.

Brugman, Margret, Sonja Heebing, Debbi Long and Magda Michielsens, eds. Whose Afraid of Femininity?: Questions of Identity. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993.

Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. (ed.). Women Wielding the Hoe: Lessons from Rural Africa to Feminist Theory and Development Practice. Oxford, Washington D.C: Berg Publishers, 1995.

Buszek, Maria Elena. Pin-up Grrrls: Feminism, Sexuality, Popular Culture. Duke: Duke University Press, 2006.

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990.

Carsten, Janet. After Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Christiansen, Lene Bull. “Mai Mujuru: Father of the nation?” in Kizito Muchemwa and Robert Muponde (eds.). Manning the Nation: Father figures in Zimbabwean literature and society. Harare: Weaver Press, 2004, pp. 88-101.

Collier, Jane Fishburne and Sylvia Junko Yanagisako, (eds). Gender and Kinship: Essays Toward a Unified Analysis. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987.

Comaroff, John. “The End of Anthropology, Again? Some Thoughts on Disciplinary Futures,” American Anthropologist 112 4 (2010): 524-38.

Comaroff, John and Jean. Ethnography and the Historical Imagination. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992.

Cordell, Linda and Stephen Beckerman. The Versatility of Kinship Studies in Anthropology. London: Academic Press, 1980.

Cucchiari, Salvatore, “The gender revolution and the transition from bisexual horde to patriarchal band: The Origin of Gender Hierarchy.” in Sherry B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead (eds.). Sexual Meanings, the Cultural Construction of Gender and Society. Cambridge: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1981, pp. 31-79.

Curtin, Philip, “Ghettoizing African History,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 3, 1995, http://concernedafricascholars.org/docs/acasbulletin46.pdf, accessed April 6, 2012.

Davids, Tine and Driel, Francien van, (eds.). The Gender Question in Globalization: Changing Perspectives and Practices. Hampshire, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2007.

Devisch, Renee. Weaving the Threads of Life: The Khita Gyn-Eco-Logical Healing Cult Among the Yaka. Chicago, London: Chicago University Press, 1993.

Diner, Helen. Mothers and Amazons: The First Feminine History of Culture. New York: The Julian Press, 1965.

Diop, Cheikh Anta, The Cultural Unity of Black Africa: The Domains of Patriarchy and Matriarchy in Classical Antiquity, Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 2000.

Dirks, Nicholas B. (ed.). Colonialism and Culture. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.

Douglas, Mary. “Is Matriliny Doomed in Africa?” In Douglas, M. and Phyllis M. Kabbery eds, Man in Africa. New York: Anchor Books, 1969, pp. 123-137.

Earthy, Dora E. Valenge Women: The Social and Economic Life of the Valenge Women of Portuguese East Africa. London: Oxford University Press, 1933.

Edholme, Felicity, Olivia Harris and Kate Young. “Conceptualizing Women.” Critique of Anthropology 3 (1977): 101-30.

Engels, Frederick. The Origins of the Family: Private Property and the State. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1891.

Erickson, Paul A. and Liam P. Murphy eds. Readings for a History of Anthropological Theory. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.

Evans-Pritchard, E. E. Kinship and Marriage among the Nuer. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951.

Evans-Pritchard, E. E. “The Position of Women in Primitive Society.” in E. E. Evans-Pritchard (ed.). The Position of Women in Primitive Societies and Other Essays. London: Faber and Faber, 1965.

Evans-Pritchard, E. E. Man and Woman Among the Azande. New York: Faber and Faber, 1974.

Falola, Toyin. Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.

Fardon, Richard. “Sisters, wives, wards and daughters: A transformational analysis of the political organization of the Tiv and their neighbours I. The Tiv.” Africa 54 4 (1984): 2-21.

Fernandez, Kelley, Maria Patricia. “The Sexual Division of Labor, Development, and Women’s Status”, Current Anthropology, 22 4 (1981): 414-19.

Fine, Michelle. Disruptive Voices: The Possibilities of Feminist Research. Anne Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992.

Forde, C. Darryl and G. I. Jones. The Ibo and Ibibio-Speaking Peoples of Southern Nigeria. London: International African Institute, 1950.

Fortes, Meyer. The Web of Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1949.

Fortes, Meyer (ed.). Marriage and Tribal Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.

Fortes, Meyer. “Kinship and Marriage Among the Ashanti.” in A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and D. Forde (eds.). African Systems of Kinship and Marriage. London: Oxford University Press, 1967, pp. 252-284.

Fortes, Meyer. Kinship and the Social Order. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1969.

Fox, Robin. Kinship and Marriage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Frazer, James G. Totemism and Exogamy: A Treatise on Certain Early Forms of Superstition and Society. Hamburg: Servus Verlag, 2011 (1910).

Friedl, Ernestine. “The Position of Women: Appearance and Reality.” Anthropological Quarterly 40 (1967): 97-108.

Gailey, Christine Ward. Kinship to Kingship: Gender Hierarchy and State Formation in the Tongan Islands. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987.

Ganesh, K. and C. Risseeuw. Gender between Family and State: Report and Recommendations of the Conference on State and Market Influences on Gender, Family and Kinship in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Leiden: Women and Autonomy Center (VENA), 1993.

Geertz, Clifford. Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.

Geertz, Clifford. “From the Native’s Point of View”: On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding.” in Janet L. Dolgin, David S. Kemnitzer and David M. Schneider (eds.). Symbolic Anthropology: A Reader in the Study of Symbols and Meanings, New York: Columbia University Press, 1977, pp. 480-492.

Geisler, Gisela G. “Women are women or how to please your husband: Initiation Ceremonies and The Politics of ‘Tradition’ in Southern Africa.” African Anthropologist, 4 1 (1995): 92-124.

Glaze, Anita. Art and Death in a Senufo Village. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981.

Glazer, Ilsa M. Schuster. New Women of Lusaka. California: Mayfield Publishing Co., 1979.

Goldberg, Steven. The Inevitability of Patriarchy. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1973.

Goody, Jack. “The mother’s brother and the sister’s son in West Africa.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 89 1 (1959): 61-88.

Gordon, April. A. Transforming Capitalism and Patriarchy: Gender and Development in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1996.

Gottlieb, Alma. Under the Kapok Tree: Identity and Difference in Beng Thought. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1992.

Gottlieb, Alma. “Cousin Marriage, Birth Order and Gender: Alliance Models Among the Beng of Ivory Coast”, Man 21 (1987): 697-722.

Gottlieb, Alma. Review of Women, Culture and Society, (eds.). Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere. Special Issue: L’Anthropologie des Sexes. L’Homme XIX, 3-4 (1979): 236-40.

Gottlieb, Alma. “Interpreting Gender and Sexuality: Approaches from Cultural Anthropology.” in Jeremy McClancey, (ed.). Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines. Chicago: Chicago University Press, London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 2002, pp. 167 - 189.

Gough, Kathleen. “The Nuer: A Re-examination.” in Thomas Beidelman, (ed.). The Translation of Cultures. London: Tavistock, 1971, pp. 79-121.

Gough, Kathleen. “The Origin of the Family.” in R. Reiter, (ed.). Toward an Anthropology of Women. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975, pp. 69-70.

Green, Margaret M. Ibo Village Affairs. London: Frank Cass, 1964.

Greer, Germaine. The Female Eunuch. New York: Harper Collins Perennial Modern Classics, 2008.

Grosz-Ngate, Maria and Omari H. Kokole, (eds.). Gendered Encounters: Challenging Cultural Boundaries and Social Hierarchies in Africa. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Hadler, Jeffrey. Muslim and Matriarchs: Cultural Resilience in Indonesia through Jihad and Colonialism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008.

Haraway, Donna. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York: Routledge, 1989.

Harper, Kenn. Give Me My Father’s Body: The Story of Minik, the New York Eskimo, Hannover, NH: Steerforth Press, 2000.

Harris, J. S. “The Position of Women in a Nigerian Society.” Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 2 (1940): 141-48.

Hart, Keith. “The Social Anthropology of West Africa,” Annual Review of Anthropology, 14 (1985): 243-272.

Hartley, C. G. The Position of Women in Primitive Society: A Study of the Matriarchy. London: E. Nash, 1914.

Henderson, Richard. N. The King in Every Man: Evolutionary Trends in Onitsha Igbo Society and Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972.

Herskovits, Melville J. “A Note on ‘Women Marriage’ in Dahomey.” Africa 10 (1937): 335-41.

Hinfelaar, H. F. “Women’s Revolt: The Lumpa Church of Lenshina Mulenge.” Journal of Religion in Africa, 21 2 (1994): 99-129.

Hobsbawm, Eric and Terence O. Ranger. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Hogbin, Ian. The Island of Menstruating Men: Religion in Wogeo, New Guinea. Chandler Publications in Anthropology and Sociology. London: Chandler Scranton: Press, 1970.

Holly, Ladislav. Strategies and Norms in a Changing Matrilineal Society: Descent, Succession and Inheritance Among the Toka of Zambia. Cambridge: Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, 1986.

Jeater, Diana. Marriage, Perversion and Power: The Construction of Moral Discourse in Southern Rhodesia, 1894-1930. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

Junod, Henri. A. The Life of a South African Tribe. Neuchatel: Attinger, 1913.

Kapferrer, Bruce. “Social Network and Conjugal Role in Urban Zambia: Towards a Reformulation of the Bott Hypothesis.” in J. Boissevain and J. C. Mitchell, (eds.). Network Analysis: Studies in Human Interaction. The Hague: Mouton, 1973, pp. 83-110.

Kensinger, Kenneth M. ed. Marriage Practices in Lowland South America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984.

Kessler, Evelyn S. Women: An Anthropological View. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976.

Knight, Chris. Blood Relations: Menstruation and the Origins of Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.

Krige, E. J. “Women-Women Marriage, with Special Reference to the Lovedu: Its Significance for the Definition of Marriage”. Africa 44 (1974): 11-35.

Krige, J. D. and E. J. Krige. The Realm of a Rain Queen. London: Oxford University Press, 1943.

Kuehn, Thomas. Law, Family, and Women: Toward a Legal Anthropology of Rennaissance Italy. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Kuper, Adam. “Lineage Theory: A critical retrospect”, Annual Review of Anthropology 11 (1982): 71-95.

Kuper, Adam. Wives for Cattle. London: Routledge, Kegan and Paul, 1982.

Kuper, Adam. Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School. Revised edition. London and New York: Routledge, 1983.

La Fontaine, Jean S. “Introduction,” In Audrey I. Richards. Chisungu, London: Faber and Faber. 1956, pp. xvii-xl.

La Fontaine, Jean. “Male and Female.” in Audrey Richards. Initiation: Ritual Drama and Secret Initiation throughout the World. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1976, pp. 117-140.

La Fontaine, Jean. “The Domestication of the Savage Male”, Man, 16 2 (1981): 333-349.

Lancaster, Chet S. “Battle of the Sexes in Zambia: A Reply to Karla Poewe”, American Anthropologist 81 1 (1979): 1117-119.

Larsson, Birgitta. Conversion to Greater Freedom? Women, Church and Social Change in Northern Tanzania under Colonial Rule. Stockholme: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1991.

Lavender, Catherine J. Scientists and Storytellers: Feminist Anthropologists and the Construction of the American Southwest. Santa Fe: University of New Mexico Press, 2006.

Leach, Edmund. Virgin Birth. Kings College, Cambridge: The Henry Myers Lecture, 1966.

Leach, Edmund. Rethinking Anthropology. London: Athlone Press, 1977.

Leacock, Eleanor Burke. “Introduction.” in Origins of the Family, Private Property and the State. Frederick Engels. New York: International Publications, 1972, pp. 7-67.

Leacock, Eleanor Burke. Myths of Male Dominance. New York: Monthly Review, 1981.

Leacock, Eleanor Burke. “Interpreting the origins of gender inequality: Conceptual and historical problems”, Dialectical Anthropology 7 4 (1981): 263-284.

Lepowsky, Maria. Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.

Lerner, Gerda. The Origins of Patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Levasseur, Allain A. “The modernization of Africa with particular reference to family law in Ivory Coast.” in Ghana and the Ivory Coast: Perspectives on Modernism. Philip Foster and Aristide Zolberg, eds. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1971, pp. 151-166.

Levi-Strauss, Claude. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Boston: Beacon Press, 1969.

Levi-Strauss, Claude. The Raw and the Cooked: Introduction to a Science of Mythology: 1. John and Doreen Weightman (trans.), New York, Harper and Row, 1964.

Levi-Strauss, Claude. Tristes Tropiques: An Anthropological Study of Primitive Societies in Brazil. New York: Atheneum, 1972.

Lewin, Ellen, ed. Feminist Anthropology: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.

Linsday, L. A. and S. F. Miescher, eds. Men and Masculinities in Modern Africa. Portsmouth, N. H.: Heinemann, 2003.

Lugo, Alejandro and Bill Maurer, eds. Gender Matters: Rereading Michelle Z. Rosaldo. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.

MacCormack, C. and M. Strathern, eds. Nature, Culture and Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

Maine, Henry. The Early History of Institutions. New York: H. Holt and Co., 1875.

Malinowski, Bronislaw. Sex and Repression in Savage Society. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1927.

Manning, Frank and Jean-Marc Philibert. “Introduction.” in Frank Manning and Jean-Marc Philibert, eds. Customs in Conflict: The Anthropology of a Changing World. Ontario: Broadview Press, 1990.

Marcus, George. E. Rereading Cultural Anthropology. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1992.

Mascia-Lees, Francis E., Patricia Sharpe and Colleen Ballerino Cohen. “The Postmodern Turn in Anthropology: Cautions from a Feminist Perspective.” in Benson, Paul J. ed. Conversations in Anthropology: Anthropology and Literature 1987-88, Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society 17, 1 and 2: 251-282.

Matthiasson, C. Many Sisters. New York: The Free Press, 1974.

Maybury-Lewis, David. (ed.). Dialectical Societies: The Ge and Bororo of Central Brazil. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979.

McCann, Carole and Seung Kyung Kim (eds.). Feminist Theory Reader: Local and Global Perspectives. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2009.

McKinnon, Catharine. From a Shattered Sun: Hierarchy, Gender, and Alliance in the Tanimbar Islands. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.

McKinnon, Catharine. “Feminism, Marxism, method and the state: Part 1”, Signs 7 3 (1982): 515-544.

McKinnon, Catharine. “Feminism, Marxism, method and the state: Part 2”, Signs 8 4 (1982): 635-658.

Meischer, Stephan F. Making Men in Ghana, Indiana and Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005.

Moore, Henrietta. L. Feminism and Anthropology. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988.

Moore, Henrietta L., Todd Sanders and Bwire Kaore, (eds.). Those Who Play With Fire: Gender, Fertility and Transformation in Eastern and Southern Africa. London and New Jersey: The Athlone Press, 2004.

Morgan, Henry L. Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997 (1871).

Muchemwa, Kizito and Robert Muponde, eds. Manning the Nation: Father Figures in Zimbabwean Literature and Society. Harare: Weaver Press, 2007.

Mudimbe, V. Y. The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988.

Murphy, Yolanda and Robert F. Murphy. Women of the Forest. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974.

Nelson, Hilde Lindemann, (ed.). Feminism and Families. New York and London: Routledge, 1997.

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Nzegwu, Nkiru Uwechia. Family Matters: Feminist Concepts in African Philosophy of Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006.

Ogbomo, Onaiwu. When Men and Women Mattered: A History of Gender Relations Among the Owan of Nigeria. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997.

Okafor, Fidelis U. Igbo Philosophy of Law. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1992.

Okonjo, Kamene. “The Dual Sex Political System in Operation: Igbo Women and Community Politics in Midwestern Nigeria.” in N. J. Hatkin and Edna G. Bay, (eds.). Women in Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976, pp. 45-58.

Oppong, Christine, (ed.). Female and Male in West Africa. London: George Allen, 1983.

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Ortner, Sherry B. and Harriet Whitehead (eds.). Sexual Meanings, the Cultural Construction of Gender and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Ottenberg, Simon. Igbo Art and Culture, and Other Essays. Trenton, N.J: Africa World Press and The Red Sea Press, 2006.

Ottenberg, Simon. Igbo Religion, Social Life, and Other Essays. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press and The Red Sea Press, 2005.

Oyewumi, Oyeronke. The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses. Minneapolis and London: University of Minneapolis Press, 1987.

Oyewumi, Oyeronke Temilola. Mothers not Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1993.

Parpart, Jane L. “Listening to Women’s Voices: The Retrieval and Construction of African Women’s History”, Journal of Women’s History 4 2 (1992): 171-179.

Parpart, Jane L. and Kathleen A. Staudt, eds. Women and the State in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. Boulder: Lynne Reinner Publications, 1989.

Poewe, Karla O. “Universal male dominance: An ethnological illusion”, Dialectical Anthropology 5 (1980): 110-125.

Poewe, Karla O. Matrilineal Ideology: Male and Female Dynamics in Luapula, Zambia. London: Academic Press, 1981.

Potash, Berry. “Gender Relations in Sub-Saharan Africa”. in Sandra Morgan, ed. Gender and Anthropology: Critical Reviews for Research and Teaching. Washington D. C.: American Anthropological Association, 1989, pp. 189-227.

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Raising, Thera. The Bush Burnt, the Stones Remain: Female Initiation Rites in Urban Africa. London: African Studies Centre, 2001.

Ranger, Terence O. “The Local and the Global in Southern African Religious History” in R. Hefner (ed.). Conversion of Christianity: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives on a Great Transformation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993, pp. 65-98.

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Sacks, Karen. “Engels revisited: Women, the organization of production, and private property.” in Michele Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere, (eds.). Woman, Culture, and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974, pp. 207-222.

Sacks, Karen. Sisters and Wives: The Past and Future of Sexual Equality. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.

Sanday, Peggy Reeves. “Antigione in Sumatra: Matriarchal Values in a Patriarchal Context.” in Cristina Biaggi, (ed.). The Rule of Mars: Readings on the Origins, History and Impact of Patriarchy, Manchester: Knowledge, Ideas and Trends, 2005, pp. 95-110.

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Schmidt, Elizabeth. Peasants, Traders, and Wives: Shona Women in the History of Zimbabwe, 1870-1939. London: Heinneman, 1992.

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Schneider, David K. and Kathleen Gough, eds. Matrilineal Kinship. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961.

Shaw, Rosalind. “Gender and the Structuring of Reality in Temne Divination: An Interactive Study”. in F. Manning and Jean-Marc Philibert (eds.). Customs in Conflict: The Anthropology of a Changing World, 1990.

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Sreenivas, Mytheli. Wives, Widows and Concubines. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.

Stocking, George, W. Jr. (ed.). Colonial Situations: Essays on the Contextualization of Ethnographic Knowledge. History of Anthropology, Volume 1. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.

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Stocking, George, W. Jr. (ed.). Romantic Motives: Essays on Anthropological Sensibility. History of Anthropology, Volume 6. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.

Stoller, Ann. “Class Structure and Female Autonomy in Java” Signs 3, 1997, 74-89.

Tsing, Anna L. and Sylvia J. Yaganisako “Feminism and kinship theory.” Current Anthropology 24 (1983): 511-16.

Tylor, Edward Burnett. “The matriarchal family system”, Nineteenth Century 40: 81-96.

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Ukpokolo, Chinyere. “Gender and Socio-political Organization of Igbo Traditional Society”, Africa: Journal of Contemporary Issues; 2 2 (2005): 190-203.

Ukpokolo, Chinyere. “Ezigbo Mmadu: An Anthropological Investigation into the Concept of a Good Person in Igbo Worldview”, Prajna Vihara ; 12 1 (2011): 29-44.

Van Allen, Judith. “Sitting on a Man”: Colonization and the lost political institutions of Igbo Women.” in R. R. Grinkler, S. C. Lubkemann and C. B. Steiner, (eds.), Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History and Representation. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2010, pp. 399-410.

Walker, Cherryl, ed. Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.

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