Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium

Developments in Hydrobiology 116

Series editor

H. J. Dumont

Developments in Hydrobiology 116

Series editor

H. J. Dumont

Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium

Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium held in Valdivia, Chile, in January 1995

Edited by

Sandra C. Lindstrom & David J. Chapman

Reprinted from Hydrobi%gia, vols 3261327 (1996)

Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht / Boston / London

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7242-7 001: 10.1007/978-94-009-1659-3

e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1659-3

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

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v

Contents

Obituary .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

International Seaweed Association Executive Council .................................. X111

National Organizing Committee and National Sponsors. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. xiv

Acknowledgements .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv-xvi

Marinalg International Awards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . ... . . ... .. XVll-XV111

Student Paper Awards and Student Travel Awards ...................................... xix

List of participants ...... . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi-xl

Presidential Address by Mark A. Ragan, President, International Seaweed Association .................. xli-xlii

Future uses of marine algae: science, technology and economics at work by Patricio A. Bernal, Undersecretary of State for Fisheries, Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii-xlv

1. Plenary lectures Seaweed research and utilization in Chile: moving into a new phase

by Bernabe Santelices ........................................................ .

Ethnobotany of seaweeds: clues to uses of seaweeds by Isabella A. Abbott ......................................................... .

Host-virus interactions in marine brown algae by Dieter G. Muller .......................................................... .

DNA analysis methods for recognizing species invasion: the example of Codium, and generally applicable methods for algae

by Annette W. Coleman ....................................................... .

Recent developments in manufacturing and marketing carrageenan by Harris J. Bixler ........................................... " ............... .

2. Special topic: Integrated aquaculture An introduction to integrated fanning and the use of seaweeds as biofilters

by Alejandro H. Buschmann .................................................. .

Ulva rigida (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) tank culture as biofilters for dissolved inorganic nitrogen of fishpond effluents

by Miguel Jimenez del Rio, Zayin Ramazanov and Guillermo Garda-Reina ........ .

Integrated cultivation of salmonids and seaweeds in open systems by Royann J. Petrell and Sylvain Y. Alie ................................. " .. , .. .

1-14

15-20

21-28

29-34

35-57

59-60

61-66

67-73

VI

Integrated tank cultivation of salmonids and Graeilaria ehilensis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) by Alejandro H. Buschmann, Max Troell, Nils Kautsky and Lena Kautsky ......... .

Clean technology in aquaculture - production without waste products? by Torjan Bodvin, Mentz Indergaard, Erik Norgaard, Arne Jensen and Arne Skaar ...

3. Special topic: Diseases in seaweeds Diseases in seaweeds: An introduction

75-82

83-86

by Juan A. Correa ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87-88 Ecological aspects of algal infectious diseases

by Juan A. Correa and Pablo A. Sanchez ........................................ 89-95

Etiology of infectious diseases in cultivated Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) by James S. Craigie and Juan A. Correa ......................................... 97-104

Molecular and biochemical studies of virus infections in two filamentous brown algae by Anne-Kathrin Klebl, Martin Brautigam, Michael Klein, Marcus Kapp, Rolf Knipper and Dieter Miiller ............................................................. 105-110

Streblonema (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae) infection in the kelp Laminaria saeeharina (Lam-inariales, Phaeophyceae) in the western Baltic

by Akira F. Peters and Britta Schaffelke ......................................... 111-116 Factors influencing depth distribution of soft bottom inhabiting Laminaria saeeharina (L.) Lamour.) in Kiel Bay, Western Baltic

by Britta Schaffelke, Akira F. Peters and Thorsten B.H. Reusch.. . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . 117-123

4. Floristics and systematics The molecular systematics of some agar- and carrageenan-containing marine red algae based on rbeL sequence analysis

by Suzanne Fredericq, Max H. Hommersand and D. Wilson Freshwater............. 125-135 Systematic studies of the Antarctic species of the Phyllophoraceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) based on rbeL sequence analysis

by Suzanne Fredericq and Maria Eliana Ramirez. . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. .. 137-143 Approaches to the identification ofterete Brazilian Gracilariaceae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

by Estela M. Plastina and Eurico C. Oliveira .... '" .................... , . . . . .. . . . 145-148 The species of Ceramium (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) around Taiwan

by Jane Lewis and Chiu Mei-lan ................................................ 149-157 Affinities of the marine flora of the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico

by Hilda Leon-Tejera, Elisa Serviere-Zaragoza and Jorge Gonzalez-Gonzalez 159-168

Brown algae (Phaeophyta) from Bahia de los Angeles, Gulf of California, Mexico by Isaf Pacheco-RUlz and Jose A. Zertuche-Gonzalez ............................. 169-172

Patterns of species diversity and endemism in comparable temperate brown algal floras by John J. Bolton ............................................................. 173-178

5. Population studies Comparison of the structure of populations of Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Phaeophyta) at sites with different harvesting histories

vii

by Put O. Ang, Glen J. Sharp and Robert E. Semple.. ........ . .... ..... .......... 179-184

A comparison of reproductive allocation and reproductive effort between semelparous and iteroparous fucoids (Fucales, Phaeophyta)

by Jennie L. Brenchley, John A. Raven and Andrew M. Johnston.... ... .......... .. 185-190

Seasonal variation in a low shore Fucus serratus (Fucales, Phaeophyta) popUlation and its epiphytic fauna

by Gray A. Williams .......................................................... 191-197 Spatial variation in polyphenolic content of Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucales, Phaeophyta)

by Henrik Pavia and Per Aberg ................................................. 199-203

Micropopulation differentiation in phenol content and susceptibility to herbivory in the Chilean kelp Lessonia nigrescens (Phaeophyta: Laminariales)

by Enrique Martinez... . . ... . . ... . . .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . .. 205-211 Surveys of Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in Golfo Nuevo, Argentina

by Graciela N. Casas and Maria Luz Piriz ....................................... 213-215 Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) 12 years after its introduction into the Atlantic Ocean

by Jean-Yves Floc'h, Regis Pajot and Veronique Mouret .......................... 217-222 Fecundity, spore recruitment and size in Gelidium sesquipedale (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta)

by Rui Santos and Pedro Duarte ................................................ 223-228 Organellar DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and nuclear random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of morphotypes of Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Chile

by Mariela Gonzalez, Rolando Montoya, Arturo Candia, Patricia Gomez and Manuel Cisternas ..................................................................... 229-234

Recruitment of Eucheuma and Kappaphycus on a farm in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines by Rhodora Azanza-Corrales, Tehane T. Aliaza and Nemesio E. Montano ......... . . 235-244

Biological basis for the management of "luga negra" (Sarcothalia crispata, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in southern Chile

by Marcela Avila, Ricardo Otaiza, Ricardo Norambuena and Mario Nunez. . . . . . .. . . 245-252 Phenology of Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) in Ancud Bay, southern Chile

by Jaime Zamarano P. and Renato Westermeier H. ................................ 253-258 The relationship between stand biomass and frond density in the clonal alga Mazzaella cornucopiae (Rhodophyta, Gigartinaceae)

by Ricardo Scrosati ........................................................... 259-265 Summer biomass of a population of Iridaea cordata (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) from Antarc-tica

by Mario Cormaci, Giovanni Furnari, Blasco Scammacca and Giuseppina Alongi. . . . 267-272 Modeling competition between Laurencia obtusa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) and Hypnea spinella (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) at Cabo Frio Island, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

by Mariana A. Guimaraens, Carlos Alberto Coimbra and Ricardo Coutinho ......... 273-276

Vlll

Reproductive biology of Stictosiphonia hookeri (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from Argenti­na, Chile, South Africa and Australia in laboratory culture

by John A. West, Giuseppe Z. Zuccarello and Ulf Karsten ......................... 277-282

6. Community studies Benthic microalgae: comparison of chlorphyll a in mesocosms and field sites

by Gary A. Kendrick, Charles A. Jacoby and Dennis Heinemann................... 283-289

7. Pollution The effect oflocalised eutrophication on competition between Viva iactuca (Ulvaceae, Chloro­phyta) and a commercial resource of Gracilaria verrucosa (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta)

by Robert J. Anderson, Pedro M.S. Monteiro and Graham J. Levitt................. 291-296 Improvement of the shallow water communities following reductions of industrial outlets and sewage discharge in the Hvaler estuary, Norway

by Tor L. Bokn, Frithjof E. Moy and Mats Walday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297-304 Long-term changes in heavy metal loadings of Ascophyllum nodosum from the Firth of Clyde, U.K.

by Fergus J. Molloy and Jeremy M. Hill ............ . ............................ 305-310 Recolonization and restoration of upper intertidal Fucus gardneri (Fucales, Phaeophyta) following the Exxon Valdez oil spill

by Michael S. Stekoll and Larry Deysher ................. . ...................... 311-316 New method for toxicity assessment in marine and brackish environments using the macroalga Gracilaria tenuistipitata (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

by Kurt Haglund, Marie Bjorklund, Sara Gunnare, Anneli Sandberg, Ulf Olander and Marianne Pedersen ............................................................ 317-325

The use of seaweeds as bioindicators of natural and anthropogenic contaminants in northern Chile

by Julio A. Vasquez and Nelson Guerra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327-333

8. Cultivation Chrondrus crisp us (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) tank cultivation: optimizing carbon input by a fixed pH and use of a salt water well

by Jean-Paul Braud and Mireille A. Amat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335-340 Agar yield and quality of Gracilaria chilensis (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in tank cultures using fish effluents

by Leonel Martinez and Alejandro Buschmann........... ....................... . 341-345 Studies on Gracilaria changii (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Malaysian mangroves

by Siew-Moi Phang, Shafeei Shaharuddin, Hashim Noraishah and A. Sasekumar .... 347-352 Experimental tank cultivation of Gracilaria sp. (Gracilaria1es, Rhodophyta) in Ecuador

by Magdalena Salazar O. ...................................................... 353-354 Gracilaria-Mytilus interaction on a commercial algal farm in Chile

by Claudia A. Retamales and Alejandro H. Buschmann ........................... 355-359 Vegetative propagation of Gelidium sclerophyllum (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) by fragmentation

by Deni Rodriguez ............................................................ 361-365

IX

Practical and descriptive techniques for Gelidium rex (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) culture by Ramiro Rojas H., Nelson Leon M. and Ramiro Rojas O .. ;............ . . . . . . . . . . 367-370

9. Economics Recent trends in seaweed production in Chile

by Ricardo Norambuena ....................................................... 371-379 Feasibility for establishing a carrageenan industry in Mexico

by Jose A. Zertuche-Gonzalez. . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 381-386

10. Physiology, biochemistry and cell biology Fusion and histocompatibility in Rhodophyta

by Paloma Gonzalez and Juan A. Correa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387-392 Effects of auxins and cytokinins on tissue culture of Grateloupia dichotoma (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)

by Nair S. Yokoya and Walter Handro ........................................... 393-400 Inorganic carbon acquisition by red seaweeds grown under dynamic light regimes

by Janet E. Kubler and John A. Raven. ..... ..... ..... ..... ......... ............. 401-406 Xanthophyll-cycle and photosynthetic adaptation to environment in macro- and microalgae

by Nour-Eddine Rmiki, Christophe Brunet, Jacqueline Cabioch and Yves Lemoine .. 407-413 Acclimation to UV irradiance in Gracilaria cornea (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta)

by Ximena Molina and Vivian Montecino ........ . .............................. 415-420 Intercellular assimilate translocation in Gracilaria cornea (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta)

by Yael Gonen, Eitan Kimmel, Elisha Tel-Or and Michael Friedlander. . . .. . . .. . . . . . 421-428 Nuclear-encoded protein-coding genes of the agarophyte Gracilaria verrucosa (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)

by Yi-Hong Zhou and Mark A. Ragan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429-436 The effect of phosphate concentration on growth and agar content of Gelidium robustum (Gelidiaceae, Rhodophyta) in culture

by Isabel Sousa-Pinto, Ray Lewis and Miriam Polne-Fuller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437-443 Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by the Brazilian kelp Laminaria abyssalis (Phaeophyta) in culture

by Adriana da Costa Braga and Yocie Yoneshigue-Valentin . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 445-450 Accumulation, effects on growth and localization of zinc in Padina gymnospora (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae)

by Gilberto M. Amado Filho, Claudia S. Karez, Wolfgang C. Pfeiffer, Yocie Yoneshigue-Valentin and Marcos Farina ............... . .................................. . . 451-456

Dynamics of antibacterial activity in three species of Caribbean marine algae as a function of habitat and life history

by Pedro O. Robles-Centeno, David L. Ballantine and William H. Gerwick ......... 457-462 Application of airborne imaging spectrometry system data to intertidal seaweed classification and mapping

by Touria Bajjouk, Brigitte Guillaumont and Jacques Populus. . . .. . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . 463-471

x

11. Chemistry and chemical composition Chemical characterisation and gelling properties of cell wall polysaccharides from species of Ulva (Ulvales, Chlorophyta)

by Marc Lahaye, Bimalendu Ray, Stephanie Baumberger, Bernard Quemener and Monique A.V. Axelos .......................................................... 473-480

Vibrational spectroscopy of seaweed galactans by Betty Matsuhiro ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481-489

The acidic polysaccharide from Palmaria decipiens (Palmariales, Rhodophyta) by Betty Matsuhiro and Carlos C. Urzua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491-495

Structure and properties of agar from two unexploited agarophytes from Venezuela by Erminio Murano, Renato Toffanin, Cristiano Pedersini, Alfredo Carabot-Cuervo, Gerald Blunden and Roberto Rizzo. .......... ....................... . ........... 497-500

Temporal and spatial variation in agar from a population of Pterocladia capillacea (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from Brazil

by Eurico C. Oliveira, Rosa M. Saito, Jose F. Santos Neto and Gracinda M.C. Garofalo 501-504 A polysaccharide fraction from the red seaweed Champia novae-zealandiae (Rhodymeniales, Rhodophyta)

by Ian J. Miller, Ruth Falshaw and Richard H. Furneaux .......................... 505-509 Seasonal variations in sterol composition of Delesseria sanguinea (Ceramia1es, Rhodophyta)

by Samira Nabil and Joel Cosson ............................................... 511-514 Changes in M:G ratios of extracted and residual alginate fractions on boiling with water of the brown alga Kjellmaniella crassifolia (Laminariales, Phaeophyta)

by Eiichi Nishide, Hirosi Anzai, Naoyuki Uchida and Kazutosi Nisizawa ........... 515-518

Subject index ...................................................................... 519-522

Chemical components index ......................................................... 523-524

Taxonomic index ................................................................... 525-531

Author index .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533-534

Hydrobiologia 3261327: xi, 1996. xi

Obituary

Dr Yasuhiko Tsuchiya passed away on the 27th of July 1994 in his 84th year. He was Professor emeritus of Tohuku University, where he had been a faculty member until 1974. Between 1974 and his retirement in 1978, he was Dean of the Faculty of Fisheries at Kitazato University. His active professional life extended over 45 years, during which time his influence on research in the field of fisheries biochemistry was considerable. Dr. Tsuchiya's studies included extensive investigations into the polysaccharides of seaweeds, and he had been especially interested in the physiological activities of alginic acid and iodine. His book, Fisheries Biochemistry, remains an important reference in Japan.

In recognition of his contributions to the study of seaweeds, Dr. Tsuchiya was elected a member of the Executive Council of the International Seaweed Association in 1968. He was an active member of the Council through the XIth International Seaweed Symposium. Following his retirement from the ISA Executive Council in 1983, he was appointed as an Honorary Life Member of the International Seaweed Association. Dr. Tsuchiya was Chairman of the National Organizing Committee for the VIIth International Seaweed Symposium, which took place in Sapporo. This was the first International Seaweed Symposium to be held in Asia, and it attracted a larger number of participants, 363 representing 26 countries, than any previous Symposium.

Dr. Tsuchiya had many friends throughout the world in the field of applied phycology, and he was responsible for introducing new information in this field to Japan. We are deeply indebted to Dr. Tsuchiya for the numerous contributions that he made throughout his career. We also offer our sincere thanks and appreciation to all of those who extended their kindness to Dr. Yasuhiko Tsuchiya during his lifetime.

USA Marine Biological Institute, Kochi University MASAOOHNO

INTERNATIONAL SEAWEED ASSOCIATION EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

Mark A. Ragan President

National Research Council

Canada

Peter Gacesa Vice PresidentlPresident Elect

University of Wales

United Kingdom

Bernabe Santelices

Immediate Past President

Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile

Chile

Yusho Aruga Tokyo University of Fisheries

Japan

Joseph T. Baker Australian Institute of Marine Science

Australia

Klaus Liining Biologische Anstalt Helgoland

Germany

Dennis McHugh University of New South Wales

Australia

Jack L. McLachlan Editor-in-chief

Acadia University Canada

Eurico C. de Oliveira Secretary

Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil

Marianne Pedersen Uppsala University

Sweden

Wayne J. Sander Ke1co Division of Merck & Co., Inc.

United States

Adelaida Semesi University of Dar es Salam

Tanzania

Parker S. Laite Treasurer

Camden, Maine United States

Honorary Life Member

Maxwell S. Doty United States

Xlll

xiv

National Organizing Committee

B. Santelices Co-chainnan R. Westenneier Co-Chairman

C. Ramirez Vice chainnan P. Araya Secretary

J. Jaramillo Treasurer

M. Alberdi M. Gonzalez

K. Alveal J. Lamilla

A. Bravo B. Matsuhiro

R. Carrillo E. Molinari

W. Duarte J. Navarro

M. Edding M. E. Ramirez

R. Godoy

National Sponsors

Ministerio de Educacion

M. Rivero

M. Romero

C. San Martin

G. Valenzuela

H. Wenzel

J. Zamorano

Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica

Subsecretaria de Pesca

Ministerio de Economia Fomento y Reconstruccion

Ilustre Municpalidad de Valdivia

Universidad Austral de Chile

Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile

Fundacion Andes

Red Latinoamericana de Botanica

International Seaweed Association

Algas Marinas S.A.

Gelymar S.A.

Grinsted S.A.

Multiexport S.A.

Proagar S.A.

Aguamar S. A.

Asociacion Chilena de Seguridad

AFP Proteccion

Chocolateria Entrelagos

Comercial Hiperunico

Ladeco Airlines Reichmann y Cia.

Vaccaro y Porter Ltda

Hydrobio[ogia 326/327: xv-xvi, 1996. xv S. C. Lindstrom & D. 1. Chapman (eds), Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium.

Acknowledgements

The International Seaweed Association greatly appreciates the generous financial contributions received from the listed corporate sponsors. These funds have assisted the ISA in supporting intersymposium activities, sponsoring future Seaweed Symposia and in meeting costs of publication of the Proceedings and of Applied Phycology Forum. Both publications are made available to all members of the International Seaweed Association.

Marinalg International (Paris, France) comprised of:

L Ceamsa, Spain China Seaweed Industrial Association, P. R. China Copenhagen Pectin, Denmark Danisco, Denmark FMClLitex, Denmark Food Ingredients Division of FMC Corp., USA Kelco International, UK Marokagar, Morocco Pronova Biopolymer, Norway QuestJBiocon, Ireland Setexam, Morocco Systems Bio-Industries, France Sobigel/Prona Group, Spain Acadian Seaplants Ltd., Canada ARDP Hawaii, USA Marcel Trading Corporation, Philippines MCPI Corporation, Philippines Myeong Shin Chemical Ind. Co Inc., Korea Phillip Rockley Ltd., USA Quest International, Ireland Shemberg Marketing Corporation, Philippines Soriano S.A., Argentina

Japanese Contributors

S. Arai & Co. Ltd., Yokohama Chuo-Kasei Co. Ltd., Osaka Fuji Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Wakayama Fujicco Co. Ltd., Kobe ISB Corporation, Tokyo Kadoya & Co. Ltd., Kobe Kimitsu Chemical Industries Co. Ltd., Tokyo Kiso Corporation, Tokyo Marine Science Co. Ltd., Tokyo Matuura Co. Ltd., Naruto City Miwon Japan Inc., Tokyo Navocul Cosmetic Co. Ltd., Tokyo Dr. Kazutoshi Nishizawa, Tokyo Nihon Pytomer-Hiyoki Co. Ltd., Tokyo Mr Michio Nukaya, Shimizu City Riken Shokuhin Co. Ltd., Tagajyo City Shirako Co. Ltd., Tokyo Suzuki Consulting Engineer Office, Numazu City Taito Co. Ltd., Kobe Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo Yamagataya Nori Co. Ltd. , Tokyo Yamamoto Nori Research Laboratory, Tokyo

xvi

The Editors of the Proceedings of the XVth International Seaweed Symposium gratefully acknowledge the

following individuals who reviewed manuscripts submitted to the Proceedings:

Per Aberg Dennis Hanisak Marianne Pedersen

Robert Anderson Anicia Hurtado-Ponce Akira Peters

PutAng Max Hommersand Royann Petre II

Carolyn Bird Catriona Hurd Miriam Polne-Fuller

Gerald Blunden Arne Jensen Rafael Riosmena

Tor Bokn Joanna Jones David Rogers

John Bolton Gerry Kraft Jan Rueness

Anneke Breeman Marc Lahaye Gary Saunders

Juliet Brodie Hilda Leon Ricardo Scrosati

Alejandro Buschmann Klaus Luning Frank Shaughnessy

Robert Carpenter Christine Maggs Paul Silva

Thierry Chopin Steven Manley Clive Spray

Kathleen Cole Enrique Martinez Mike Stekoll

Juan Correa Dennis McHugh Philip Thornber

James Craigie Russell Meints Robert Trench

Robert De Wreede Leal Mertes Gavino Trono

Marta De Jesus Ian Miller Valerie Vreeland

Jean-Yves Floc'h Keto Mshigeni Bob Waaland

Suzanne Fredericq Tom Mumford John West

Michael Friedlander Wendy Nelson Bill Wheeler

Richard Furneaux Ricardo Norambuena Mike Wynne

Aaron Gibor Brian Oates Jose Zertuche-Gonzalez

Michael Gretz Kurt Haglund Eurico Oliveira

We especially thank those who did double duty by reviewing two manuscripts and did it quickly under

the strict deadlines imposed by the editors.

Hydrobi%gia 326/327: xvii-xviii, 1996. XVll

S. C. Lindstrom & D. 1. Chapman (eds), Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium.

Marinalg International Awards

Good morning. My name is Wayne Sander. I have the pleasure of representing Marinalg International, a world association of processors dedicated to the production of food and pharmaceutical-grade seaweed extracts.

Marinalg International, in addition to providing a major source of funding to cover the publication of Symposium proceedings, also presents monetary awards to selected authors. Monetary grants from Marinalg began with papers presented at the 12th International Seaweed Symposium (ISS-XII). This was held in Sao Paulo in 1986. The awards go to papers that we judge to the 'most useful to the economic development of the world's seaweed resources'.

The first prize is US$5000 whereas the second is US$2000. Third through fifth place papers receive honorable mention.

This award concept was the brain-child of a former member of both the Seaweed Symposium International Organizing Committee and the commercial seaweed processing industry. It was the brain-child of one who was also my friend and mentor. His name was L. Lamar Whitney. One might say that he planted the 'sporophyte' for this award in a paper he presented at ISS-XII in Sao Paulo. In that paper Lamar attempted to sensitize members of the algal academic community to a need and an opportunity to help revitalize the aging seaweed-based industries.

Unfortunately, Mr Whitney did not live to witness the presentation of awards to winners from ISS-XII. The first place from ISS-XII went to Bernabe Santelices and R. Norambuena for their work involving the development of 'A harvesting strategy for Iridaea lamina rio ides in central Chile'. These awards were made at ISS-XIII in Vancouver.

Also unfortunately, Mr Whitney did not live long enough to learn of Marinalg's intention to repeat the awards for papers presented at ISS-XIII and ISS-XlV. The first place award for papers presented at ISS-XIII in Vancouver in 1989 went to Charles Yarish and G. Wamukoya for their paper entitled, 'Seaweeds of potential economic importance in Kenya: field survey and future prospects'.

Today it gives me great pleasure to announce the winners of the Marinalg awards for papers presented at ISS-XIV in Britanny in 1992.

Marinalg judges these papers against what I have come to think of as 'The Whitney Challenge!' that is, those judged 'most useful to the economic development of the world's seaweed resources'.

Scientists have a right to ask how such a conclusion can be reached, given the diversity of subjects presented at these symposia. Topics range from marine algal genetics, to morphology and taxonomy of micro- to macro-algae, physiology and chemical composition, properties and structure, cultivation and ecology. How, you ask, can anyone compare such diversity against their potential for being 'the most useful to the economic development of the world's seaweed resources?'

The truthful answer is, one can't! But we do put forth a determined effort to judge papers as fairly as we know how.

This is how the selections are made: The papers presented at these symposia are evaluated only after their publication. Each member company of

Marinalg is given the formidable task of independently ranking the published papers according to their individual assessment of how well each paper meets 'The Whitney Challenge'. Each company assigns one or more scientists to read all of the papers and within six months to choose their top five. They must rank them from one through five. The results are forwarded to the Marinalg Headquarters in Paris. Mr Piot assigns five points to each first place

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selection, four points to each second place selection and so on. The points are added, so that it is simply a matter of arithmetic to calculate the winners.

This is no small commitment for scientists at a dozen companies to read, evaluate and make the fine-line distinctions necessary to pick the top five papers from, in this case, a field of lIS entries. This process provides a benefit to researchers more important than the chance for a modest monetary award. Researchers are assured that their work is being critically read by their peers in industry worldwide.

While any process is open to criticism for imperfections, I maintain that this award system has no losers. Academics know that their work will not rest on library shelves barely read. Industry can rest easily that their scientists are fully aware of the latest developments in algal research. Finally, those scientists who would like to see their research efforts reduced to practice can learn what the current thinking is in the commercial world.

Now, let's find out who were judged to meet best 'The Whitney Challenge' from papers presented at ISS-XIV!

First prize: Alfonso Pizarro (Cultivos Marinos Caldera Ltda & Pesquera Chanar Ltda) & Bernabe Santelices (Universidad Cat6lica de Chile), 'Environmental variation and large-scale Graci/aria production'

Second prize: Clinton 1. Dawes (University of South Florida), Gavino C. Trono Jr. & Arturo O. Lluisma (University of the Philippines), 'Clonal propagation of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii for Philippine seaweed farms'

Third prize: Julio Vasquez (Universidad Cat6lica del Norte) & Renato Westermeier (Universidad Austral de Chile), 'Limiting factors optimizing seaweed yield in Chile'

Fourth prize: Kjetil10stgaard (University of Trondheim), 'Determination of alginate composition by a simple enzymatic assay'

Fifth prize: Flavio Berchez (Universidade de Sao Paulo), Ricardo Pereira (Instituto de Pesca, Brazil) & Neide Kaminiya (Universidade de Sao Paulo), 'Culture of Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) on artificial substrates attached to linear ropes'

[All papers were published in the Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium.]

Congratulations to all of you for your splendid work! We have only one final announcement to authors presenting papers here at ISS-XV. The Board of Directors

of Marinalg has agreed once more to present you with 'The Whitney Challenge' Winners will be announced at ISS-XVI in the Philippines in May 1998.

Thanks to all contributors, and best of luck to each of you!

WAYNE 1. SANDER

President, Marinalg International 85 Blvd Haussmann 75008 Paris, France

Hydrobi%gia 326/327: xix-xix, 1996. XIX S. C. Lindstrom & D. 1. Chapman (eds), Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium.

Student Paper Awards

First Prize ($750): Maria Paloma Gonzalez, Pontificia Universidad Cat6lica de Chile, for 'Fusion and histocom­patibility in Rhodophyta'

Second Prize ($500): Ricardo Scrosati, University of British Colombia, for 'The relationship between stand biomass density and frond density in Mazzaella cornucopiae (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) from British Columbia, Canada'

Third Prize ($250): Jeong Ha Kim, University of British Columbia, for 'Patterns of interactions among neighbor species in upper intertidal algal community'

These awards were funded by the local organizing committee, ISS-XIII, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Student Travel Awards

Red Latinoamericana de B6tanica presented travel awards to the following students: Natalia Arakaki (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru); Mercedes Cano (Instituto Oceanologia, Cuba); Graciela Casas (Centro Nacional Patagonico, Argentina); Ligia Collado Vides and Deni Rodriguez (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico), and Melina Guimaraes (Universidade de Sao Paulo)

HydrobioZogia 326/327: xxi-xl, 1996. S. C. Lindstrom & D. 1. Chapman (eds), Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium.

List of registrants

ABBOTT Isabella Department of Botany University of Hawaii Honolulu Hawaii USA

ABERG Per Department of Marine Botany Goteborg University Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22 S-413 19 Goteborg Sweden

ABIO Gonzalo Universidad de Sao Paulo Caixa Postal 11461 Sao Paulo Brazil

ALIE Sylvain 2357 Main Mall UBC, Bio-resource Eng. Vancouver, B.c. V6T 1Z4 Canada

ALQUATI Monica Multiexport S.A. Av. Americo Vespucio Sur 842 Las Condes Santiago, Chile

ALVEAL Krisler Universidad de Concepcion, Dept. Oceanologia Casilla 2407-10 Concepcion Chile

AMADO Gilberto Lab. Algas, Jardin Botanico Rua Pacheco Leao 915 Rio de Janeiro 22460-03 RJ, Brazil

ANDERSON Robert Seaweed Unit Sea Fisheries Research Institute Private bag X2 Roggebaai 8012 South Africa

ANDREOLI Carlo Dipartimento di Biologia Via Trieste 75 - 1-35121 Padova Italy

ANG PutO. Halifax Fisheries Research Lab. Department of Fisheries and Oceans P.O.Box 550, Halifax Nova Scotia B3J 2S7 Canada

ANGGADIREDJA Jana Ministry of State for Research and Technology Jln. Veteran III Jakarta 10110 Indonesia

ARAKAKI Natalia Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Apartado 14-0002 Lima 14 Peru

ARANO Karen Marine Science Institute U.P.P.D. Box I University of Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines 110 I

ARMISEN Rafael Hispanagar S.A. CfLopez Bravo Poligono Industrial de ViI\alonquejar 09080 - Burgos Apartado Postal 392 Spain

ARUGA Yusho Laboratory of Phycology Tokyo University of Fisheries Konan-4, Minato-Ku Tokyo 108 Japan

ASK Eric FMC Corp 1735 Market St Philadelphia PA 19103 USA

ASSEY Sigurd Dommesmoen N-4890 Grimstad Norway

AUCHINLOSS Leslie Beau Manoir Rue Maindonnaux SI. Martin Guernsey GY46AH

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AUDIT Christine Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Biologie Animal BATC/30 75252 Paris CEDEX 05 France

AVILA Marcela Instituto de Fomento Pesquero Diego Portales 1450 Puerto Montt Chile

BAJJOUK Touria Ifremer Centre de Brest DRO/OS Groupe Sillage BP 70-29280 France

BAKER Joe 3 Nannine Place Fisher A.C.T. 2611 Australia

BAKER Val 3 Nannine Place Fisher A.C.T. 2611 Australia

BALLAD ARES C. Clemente Geles del Caribe, C.A. (GELCA) Zona Ind. El Penon Cumana 6\01, Sucre Venezuela

BALLESTEROS-GRIJALVA Guillermo B. Magdalena 233 Col. Moderna, Ensenada, B.C. Mexico

BARBOSA Erica C. Av. Siqueira Campos N° 651 AP.52C CEP 11040 Sao Paulo, SP Brazil

BARTSCH Inka Biologische Anstalt Helgoland N otkestr. 31 22607 Hamburg Germany

BEACH Pamela Grindsted Products Edwin Rahrs Vej 38 DK-8220 Brabrand Denmark

BEOLCHI Gustavo Rua Do Grito 255 Ipiranga Sao Paulo, SP Brazil CEP04217-150

BERCHEZ Flavio A. Instituto de Biociencias Universidade de Sao Paulo CX. Postal 11461 Sao Paulo, SP Brazil 05422-70

BERTRAN Carlos Universidad Austral de Chile Instituto de Zoologia Casilla 567 Valdivia Chile

BJORK Mats Dept. of Physiological Botany Villavagen 6 S 75236 Uppsala Sweden

BLAKEMORE Elaine FMC Food Ingredients Division 1735 Market St. Philadelphia, PA 19 \03 USA

BLAKEMORE William R. FMC Food Ingredients Division 1735 Market St. Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA

BLEICHER Genevieve Sanofi Bio-industries Usine de Baupte 50500 Carentan France

BITAN Naomi Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research P.O. Box 8030 Israel 31080

BIXLER Ann Shemberg USA, Inc P.O. Box 252 Searsport, ME 04974 USA

BIXLER Harris Shemberg USA, Inc P.O. Box 252 Searsport, ME 04974 USA

BOALCH Gerald T. The Laboratory Citadel Hill Plymouth PLI 2PB United Kingdom

BOALCH Shirley The Laboratory Citadel Hill Plymouth PLI 2PB United Kingdom

BODVIN Marlt Paulsen Agder Research Foundation Dommesmoen N-4890 Grimstad Norway

BODVIN Torjan Agder Research Foundation Dommesmoen N-4890 Grimstad Norway

BOBIN-DUBIGEON Christine INRA-LBTG Bp 527 44026 Nantes CEDEX 03 France

BOKN Astrid Niva, P.O.B. 173 Kzelsas N-0411 Oslo Norway

BOKN TorL. Niva, P'O.B. 173 Kzelsas N-0411 Oslo Norway

BOLTON John Botany Dept University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7700 South Africa

BOROWITZKA Michael School of Biological & Enviromental Sciences Murdoch University Perth, w.A. 6150 Australia

BOUTON Fabbiene C/C Kelco, 8355 Aero Drive San Diego, CA 92123 USA

BOUZON Zenilda L. Depto. de Biologia - CCB UFSC Fpolis SC Brazil 88040- 00

BRAUD Jean-Paul Centre d' Algoculture Polder du Dain 85230 Bouin France

BRAULT Dominique CEVA B.P. 3 22610 Pleubian France

BRAGG Aline Aquamar S.A. Hernando de Aguirre 159 Oficina B, Providencia Santiago Chile

BRAVO Alejandro Universidad Austral de Chile Instituto de Zoologia Cas ilia 567 Valdivia Chile

BRENCHLEY Jennie Dept. Biological Sciences University of Dundee Dundee DDI 4HN Scotland United Kingdom

BRODIE Juliet Bath College of Higher Education Newton Park Newton St Loe Bath BA2 9BN United Kingdom

BROWN Murray Dept. Biological Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth PI48AA United Kingdom

BUSCHMANN Alejandro Universidad de Los Lagos Casilla 933 Osorno Chile

CALUMPONG Hilconida P. Silliman University Marine Laboratory Dumaguete City 6200 Philippines

CAMPBELL Ross Quest International Kilnagleary Carrigaline Co. Cork Ireland

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CANDIA Arturo Facultad de Ciencias P. Universidad de Ssta. Concepci6n Casilla 297 Concepci6n Chile

CANO Mercedes Inst. of Oceanology Ave. Ira N° 18406 Playa Habana Cuba

CASAS Graciela Centro Nacional Patagonico Boul. Brown SIN 9120 Pto Madryn Chubut Argentina

CASTRO Marco A. Cicimar I.P.N. Apdo postal 592 LaPaz Mexico

CEREZO Alberto S. Depto. De Quimica Organica Fac. de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA) Pab. II - 3° P. Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires, c.P. 1428 Argentina

CHACANA Max E. Herbarium University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-000 I USA

CHAPMAN David Dept. Biology University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA

CHIRAPART Anong Dept. of Agricultural Chemistry Faculty of Agriculture Kochi University B200 Monobe Nankoku, Kochi 783 Japan

CHIU Mei-Lan Institute of Marine Biology College of Fisheres Science National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung Taiwan

CHOPIN Thierry Univ. of New Brunswick Dept. of Biology P.O. Box 5050 Saint John, N.B. Canada E2L 4L5

CIANCIA Marina Departamento de Quimica Organica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Pabellon 2, Ciudad Universitaria 1428 Buenos Aires Argentina

CIFUENTES Sandra Instituto de Botanica Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Casilla 567 Valdivia Chile

CLARK Lindsay Museum of N.W. Te Papa Tongarewa P.O. Box 467 Wellington New Zealand

CLAYTON Margaret N. Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Monash University Clayton, 3168 Victoria Australia

COLEMAN Annette Brown University Providence, RI 02912 USA

COLL Javier F. Facultad de Quimica Universidad de la Republica Avda. Gral. Flores 2124 Casilla de Correos 1157 Montevideo 11800 Uruguay

COLLADO Ligia Laboratorio Ficologia Facultad Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico A.P. 70-620 Coyoacan D.F. Mexico

COLLANTES Gloria Instituto de Oceanologia Universidad de Valparaiso Casilla 13-D Vifia del Mar Chile

CONSERVAS MULTIEXPORT SA Av. Americo Vespucio Sur 842 Las Condes Santiago, Chile

CORMACI Mario Instituto di Botanica dell'universita Via A. Longo 19 95125 Catania Italy

CORRALES Rhodora Marine Science Institute University of Philippines Diliman Quenzon City 1101 Philippines

CORREA Juan Dept. de Ecologia Facultad de Ciencias P. Universidad Catolica de Chile Cas ilia 114-D Santiago Chile

COSSONHilda Laboratorie de Biologie et Biotechnologies Marines Universite de Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 Caen CEDEX France

COSSON Joel Laboratorie de Biologie et Biotechnologies Marines Universite de Caen Esplanade de la Paix 14032 Caen CEDEX France

CRAIGIE James S. NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences 1411 Oxford St. Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 3Z1

CRAIGIE Joan NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences 1411 Oxford SI. Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 3Z1

CRUZ Mary CICIMAR-IPN LaPaz Baja California Sur Mexico

DAVIS Tom Botany University ofWA Nedlands 6009 Australia

DAWES Christopher Springfield Droghadfayle Road Port Erin. The Isle of Man United Kingdom

DE LARA-ISASSI Graciela Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Departamento de Hidrobiologia Laboratorio de Ficologia Aplicada Apartado Postal 55-535 Mexico, D.E 09340

DE FRUTOS Maria Jose Hispanagar S.A. ClLopez Bravo Poligono Industrial de Vilialonquejar 09080 - Burgos Apartado Postal 392 Spain

DE LA PIEDRA Pablo A. Multiexport S.A. Av. Americo Vespucio Sur 842 Las Condes, Santiago Chile

DELGADO Salvador Salmones Americanos S.A. Ruta 7, Km 4,9 Pelluco SIN P.O. Box 56 D Puerto Montt Chile

DEPOLO Miguel Algas Marinas S.A. Fidel Oteiza 1956 P.14 Santiago Chile

DESLANDES Eric Lebam Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie et Biochimie des Algues Marines Fac. des Sciences BP 809 29285 Brest CEDEX France

DEVEAU Louis E. 30 Brown Avenue Dartmouth N.S. B3B lX8 Canada

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DEVEAU Jean-Paul 30 Brown Avenue Drutmouth N.S. B3B IX8 Canada

DIAPOULIS Aristidis National Centre for Marine Research 16604 Aghios Kosmas-Athens Greece

DION Patrick CEVA - BP 3 22610 Pleubian France

DIOURIS Marcel Lebam Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie et Biochimie des Algues Marines BP 809 29285 Brest CEDEX France

DJUSDIL Akrim JI. Pelita Raya III N° 2 Ujung Pandang Indonesia

DOMINIK Jurgen 8355 Aero Drive San Diego, CA 92123 USA

DONDAIN Gontran C.N.I. 4 Rue Frederic Parry 92200 France

DUPREY Manuel Depto. Ciencias Marinas Univ. de Puerto Rico P.O. Box 908 Lajas Puerto Rico 00667

DURAND Patrick IFREMER BP 1049 44037 Nantes CEDEX 01 France

EDDING Mario Dept. de Biologia Marina Universidad Catolica del Norte Casilla 117 Coquimbo Chile

EKLUND Brittu Stockholm University Laboratory for Aquatic Ecotoxicology Studsvik S-611 82 Nykoping Sweden

ESCOBAR Juan 28 De Julio N° 66 (9100) Trelew, Chubut Argentina

ESKINAZI Enide Rua do Futuro 551 Afilitos 52050- 010 Recife-PE Brazil

ESPINDOLA Isabel 28 De Julio N° 66 (9100) Trelew Chubut Argentina

ETUATI Koin Atoll Seaweed Co. Ltd PO Box 508 Betio, Tarawa Republic of Kiribati

FAANES Steinar President Pronova Biopolymer A.S. P.O. Box 494 N-3002 Drammen Norway

FABRES Natacha Universidad Austral de Chile Facultad de Pesquerias y Oceanografia Casilla 1327 Puerto Montt Chile

FALSHAW Ruth Industrial Research Limited P.O. Box 31-310 Lower Hutt New Zealand

FEI Xiu-Geng 7 Nanhai Road Qingdao 266071 China

FLOCH Jean-Ives Lebam Laboratoire d 'Ecophysiologie et Biochimie des Algues Marines Fac. des Sciences BP 809 29285 Brest CEDEX France

FLOCH Mireille Lebam Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie et Biochimie des Algues Marines Fac. des Sciences Bp 809 29285 Brest CEDEX France

FOLCHER Ivonne Sanofi Bio-Industries, Baupte 50500 Carentan France

FOLCHER Michael Sanofi Bio-Industries, Baupte 50500 Carentan France

FONCKErika Dept. de Biologia Marina Universidad Catolica del Norte Casilla 117 Coquimbo Chile

FOREMAN Ronald Marine Bioproducts Inc. POBox 78548 University Postal Outlet Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6T 2E7

FORSYTH Juan Algaen S.A. Av. Argentina 3250 Callao Peru

FORTES-XAVIER Ana R. Senador Pompeu 2508 BL 28 AP. 403 Centro Fortaleza - CE Cep.60025-002 Brazil CX. Postal 6009

FOSS David A. FMC Corporation 1735 Market St. Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA

FOSSAA Jan H. Institute of Marine Research P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes N-5024 Bergen Norway

FREDERICQ Suzanne Department of Botany Duke University Box 90342, Durham NC 27708-0342 USA

FREEMANN Joyce Dpto. Cultivo de Algas Midesa Ancud, Chiloe Chile

FREEMANN William Dpto. Cultivo de Algas Midesa Ancud, Chiloe Chile

FREILE Yolanda Cinvestav Unidad Merida A.P. 73 Cordemex 97310 Yucatan Mexico

FRIEDLANDER Michael Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research P.O. Box 8030 Israel 31080

FRIESS KLEBL Anne Fakultat ftir Biologie der Universitiit D-78434 Konstanz Germany

FUJII Mutue Toyota Instituto de Botanica Secao de Ficologia Av. Miguel Stefano 3687 Sao Paulo Brazil CEP 04301-012

FURNARI Giovanni Instituto di Botanica Dell'universita Via A. Longo 19 95125 Catania Italy

FURNEAUX Richard Industrial Research Limited P.O. Box 31-310, Lower Hutt New Zealand

GABRIELSEN Bjorn O. Algea Produkter AfS P.O. Box 68 N-3401 Lier Norway

GACESA Peter Dept. of Biochemistry University of Wales Cardiff, P.O. Box 903 Cardiff CFl 1ST United Kingdom

GARCIA-LEPE Guadalupe B. Magdalena 233 Col. Moderna, Ensenada, B.C. Mexico

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GARCIA REINA GuiIlenno Institute of Applied Algology University of Las Palmas Box 550, Las Palmas 35017 Spain

GILJEMagne Pronova Biopolymer NS Pob 2045 N 5501 Haugesund Norway

GIVERNAUD Mouradi B.P. 210, Kenitra Morocco

GOMEZ PINCHETII Juan L. Institute of Applied Algology University of Las Palmas Box 550, Las Palmas 35017 Spain

GONZALEZ Ernesto Algas Chile Lirnitada 21 De Mayo N° 1857 Antofagasta Chile

G6NZALEZ Mariela Depto. Botanica Universidad de Concepcion Casilla 2407 Concepcion Chile

G6NZALEZ Paloma Dept. de Ecologia Facultad de Ciencias P. Universidad Catolica de Chile Casilla 114-D Santiago Chile

GORDON Margaret E. School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington P.O.Box 600, Wellington New Zealand

GUIMARAES Melina Instituto de Biociencia USP. Caixa Postal 11461 CEP Sao Paulo SP. Brazil

GUIMARAES Silvia M. Instituto de Botanica Secao de Ficologia C. Postal 4005, Sao Paulo, SP. Brazil 01061-70

GUIMARAENS Mariana RSMAS-MBF 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy. Miami, FL 33149 USA

GUISELEY Kenneth B. FMC Bio Products 191 Thomaston St. Rockland, ME 04841 USA

GUIST Gordon Food Ingredients Division FMC Corporation Crocketts Point P.o. Box 308 Rockland, ME 04841 USA

HAGLUND Kurt Uppsala University Department of Physiological Botany Villavagen 6 S-75240 Uppsala Sweden

HANELT Dieter Alfred Wegener Institut Postfach 1201161 27515 Bremerhaven Germany

HANISAK Dennis HBOI, 5600 US I North Fort Pierce, FL 34946 USA

HANSEN Deborah JCSFOS, University of Alaska 11120 Glacier Hwy Juneau, Alaska 99801 USA

HARITONIDIS Savas Department of Botany University of Thessaloniki GR-54006 Thessaloniki Greece

HATZISTERGIOU Anastasia Inst. of Botany Univ. of Thessaloniki 54006 Greece

HEE Torben FMC a/s Risingevezj 1 DK-2665 Vallensbak Strand Denmark

HElM Gunther Longitudinal Sur Km 1078 Pargua Decima Region Chile

HERNANDEZ Gustavo Cicimar Apto. Postal 592 LaPaz Baja California Sur Mexico

HOFFMANN Erico Longitudinal Sur Km 1078 Pargua Decima Region Chile

HOMMERSAND Fran Department of Biology Coker Hall University of North Carolina Chapel HilI, NC 27599-3280 USA

HOMMERSAND Max H. Department of Biology Coker Hall University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280 USA

HUGHES Jorge Industria Pesquera Costa Azul 9 Norte 870 Vifia del Mar Chile

HURD Catriona Dept. of Oceanography The University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C. V6T IZ4 Canada

HURTADO-PONCE Anicia O. 5021 Tigbauan Lloilo Philippines

IRI Tadao Proagar S.A. Vicente Perez Rosales 800 Llanquihue Chile

IRI Tomoko Proagar S.A. Vicente Perez Rosales 800 Llanquihue Chile

IVANACKlvo Algas Marinas S.A. Fidel Oteiza 1956 P.14 Santiago Chile

IVANACK Ivan Algas Marinas S.A. Fidel Oteiza 1956 P.14 Santiago Chile

IWAMOTO Katsuaki Marine Science Co. Ltd. Heights-Kanda 811, I-I 1-7 Higashi-Kanda Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 10 I Japan

JARAMILLO Jorge Instituto de Botanica Universidad Austral de Chile Casilla 567 Valdivia Chile

JENSEN Arne Institute of Biotechnology Norwegian Institute of Technology N-7034 Trondheim Norway

JIMINEZ DEL RIO Miguel Instituto de AIgologia Aplicada Muelle de Taliarte SIN 35214 Telde Spain

JONES Joanna M. Port Erin Marine Laboratory Port Erin, Isle of Man United Kingdom

JULIN NIELSEN Bent Grindsted Products Edwin Rahrs Vej 38 DK-8220 Brabrand Denmark

KAAS Raymond Ifremer BP 1049 44037 Nantes CEDEX 01 France

KABBAJ Imane B.P. 210 Kenitra Morocco

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KADOYA Kiyoshi c/o Kadoya & Co. Ltd. Boeki Building, N° 123-1 Higashi-Machi, Chuo-ku 650 Kobe Japan

KAEHLER Sven Swire Marine Laboratory University of Hong Kong Cape d' Aguilar, Shek-O Hong Kong

KAKITA Hirokata Biological Function Division Marine Resources Department Shikoku National Industrial Research Institute 2217-14 Hayashi Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-03 Japan

KASAHARA Mampei Industrias Quimicas Kimitsu Chile y Cia Ltda. Pedro Leon Gallo 844 Providencia Chile

KATOH Tetzuya Department of Botany Faculty of Science Kyoto University Kyoto 606-01 Japan

KAUTSKY Lena Department of Botany Stockholm Univ. S-106 91 Stockholm Sweden

KAUTSKY Nils Department of Systems Ecology Stockholm Univ. S-106 91 Stockholm Sweden

KENDRICK Gary CSIRO Division of Fisheries P.O. Box 20, North Beach, 6020, W.A. Australia

KENNISH Robin Swire Marine Laboratory University of Hong Kong Cape d' Aguilar, Shek-O Hong Kong

KEVEKORDES Karen Dept. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Monash University Wellington Rd Clayton, 3168 Victoria Australia

KIM Jeong Ha Dept. of Botany # 3529-6270 University Boulevard The University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T IZ4

KIM Kil Jael Myeong Shin Chemical Ind. Co. Ltd. 439-13, Sojuri, Ungsangup Yangsangup, Kyeongnam Korea 626-840 Rep. of Korea

KIM Sun Hee Myeong Shin Chemical Ind. Co. Ltd. 439-13, Sojuri , Ungsangup Yangsangup, Kyeongnam Korea 626-840 Rep. of Korea

KIRKMAN Judith 49 Clifton Cres Mt Lawley Western Australia 6050 Australia

KIRKMAN Hugh 49 Clifton Cres Mt Lawley Western Australia 6050 Australia

KLOSER Heinz Alfred Wegener Institute P.B.120161 27515 Bremerhaven Germany

KOLENDER Adriana Dept de Quimica Organica Facultas de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Pab. 2, C. Univer. 1428 Buenos Aires Argentina

KOVACS Peter 8355 Aero Drive San Diego, CA 92123 USA

KREIBOHM Isabel C. 28 De Julio N° 66 (9100) Trelew Chubut Argentina

KUBLER Janet Dept. of Bilogical Sciences University of Dundee, Dundee DDI 4HN Scotland United Kingdom

KUHLENKAMP Ralph Wilhelmweg 2 79540 Ldrrach Germany

KUSNOWIRJONO Soerianto JI. Raya Pasar Kemis Km 6 (JI. Agarindo N° 8) Pasar Kemis, Tangerang Indonesia

LAHAYE Marc INRA - Lbte BP 44026 Nantes CEDEX 03 France

LAITE Irene Int'! Seaweed Consultants Belfast Road, P.O.Box 279 Camden, Maine 04843-0279 USA

LAITE Parker Int'I Seaweed Consultants Belfast Road, P.O.Box 279 Camden, Maine 04843-0279 USA

LAMARCA Jaime Proagar S.A. Miraflores 222, Piso 22 Santiago Chile

LARSON Bruce R. FMC Bio Products 191 Thomaston St. Rockland, ME 04841 USA

LARSSON Christer Kristineberg Marine Research Station S - 45034 Fiskebackskil Sweden

LAZARIDOU Efthalia Inst. of Botany Univ. of Thessaloniki 54006 Greece

LEBBAR Nabil B.P. 210 Kenitra Morocco

LEBBAR Rachid B.P. 210 Kenitra Morocco

LEMOINE Ives U.S.T.L. Batiment SN2 59655 Villeneuve d'ascq CEDEX France

LEON Hilda Laboratorio de Ficologia Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico A.p. 70-620, C.U. Coyoacan Mexico

LEON Nelson Dpto. Cultivo de Algas Midesa Ancud, Chiloe Chile

LEON Oscar Universidad Austral de Chile Instituto de Bioquimica Casilla 567, Valdivia Chile

LEONARDI Patricia Peru 670 - Depto. Biologia Universidad Nacional Del Sur (8000) Bahia Blanca Argentina

LEWIS Jane E. Mar. BioI. lnst. Nat'l, Taiwan Ocean Univ. 2 Pei-Ning Rd. Keelung Taiwan 20224 Republic of China

LEWIS Sharon Dept. of Biochemistry University of Wales P.O. Box 903 Cardiff CFI 1ST United Kingdom

LIAAEN JENSEN Synnove Department of Chemistry University of Trondheim-NTH N-7034, Trondheim-NTH Norway

LIN Showe Mei Institute of Marine Biology College of Fisheres Science National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung Taiwan

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LINDSTROM Sandra 13965-64th Avenue Surrey, British Columbia V3W IY7 Canada

LOGANATHAN Murugadas Institute of Advanced Studies University of Malaya 59100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

LOSSIUS Ivar T. Vice President Pronova Biopolymer A.S P.O. Box 494 N 3002 Drammen Norway

LUNDBERG Barbro Box9191 Jerusalem 91094 Israel

LUNING Klaus Biologische Anstalt Helgoland Notkestrasse 31 D-22607 Hamburg Germany

MABEAU Serge Presquile De Pen-Lan, B.P. 3 22610 Pleubian France

MACCHIAVELLO Juan Dept. de Botanica Universidad Catolica del Norte Casilla 117 Coquimbo Chile

MARCOS Roberto Productos del Pacifico S.A. De C. V. Floresta 1395 Col. Obrera Ensenada B.C. c.P. 22830 Mexico

MARTINEZ Enrique Ecologia P. Universidad Catolica de Chile Casilla 114-D Santiago Chile

MARTINEZ Leonel Longitudinal Sur Km 1078 Pargua Decima Region Chile

MARTINEZ Maria C. Longitudinal Sur Km 1078 Pargua Decima Region Chile

MATSUHIRO Betty Departamento de Quimica, USACH Casilla 307 Correo 2 Santiago Chile

MATULEWICZ Maria C. Departamento de Quimica Organica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellon 2 Ciudad Universitaria 1428 Buenos Aires Argentina

McHUGH Dennis Department of Chemistry University College University of NSW Canberra ACT 2600 Australia

McHUGH Jan Department of Chemistry University College University of NSW Canberra ACT 2600 Australia

McPEAK Ron 7989 La Brusca Way Carlsland, CA 92009 USA

MENESES Isabel Departamento de Ecologia P. Universidad Catolica de Chile Casilla 114-D Santiago Chile

MENEZ Ernani G. Silliman University Marine Laboratory Dumaguete City 6200 Philippines

MERRILL John Applied Algal Research Co. 4223 Vanneter Rd. Williamston, Ml48895 USA

MILLER Ian J. Carina Chemical Laboratories Ltd. P.O. Box 30366 Lower Hutt New Zealand

MIURA Akio Higashi- Kaigan 3-4-8 Tsujido, Fujisawa 251 Japan

MOEN Einar Norwegain Biopolymer Laboratory Laboratory of Biotechnology University of Trondheim N-7034 Trondheim Norway

MOLINA Ximena Universidad de Chile Depto. Cs. Ecologicas Fac. Ciencias Casilla 653 Santiago Chile

MOLLOY Fergus J. University Marine Biology Station Millport KA 28 OEG United Kingdom

MONTT Carlos Las Tranqueras N° 158 Las Con des Santiago, Chile

MONTOYA Haydee Universidad Ricardo Palma Fac. Ciencias Biologicas Apart. 18-0131, Lima Peru

MORA Osvaldo Universidad Austral de Chile Instituto de Pesquerias y Oceanografia Cas ilia 1327 Puerto Montt Chile

MORENO Lautaro Multiexport S.A. Av. Americo Vespucio Sur 842 Las Condes Santiago Chile

MOY Frithjof Norwegian Institute For Water Research (NIVA) P.O. Box 69 Korsvoll N-0808 Oslo Norway

MULLER Dieter G. Fakultat fUr Biologie der Universittit D-78434 Konstanz Germany

MULLER Helga Fakultat fUr Biologie der Universitat D-78434 Konstanz Germany

MUNDA Ivka Marfa 3-Postni Predal 323-VI 61000 Ljubljana Slovenia

MUNOZ Jorge Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concepci6n Casilla 297 Concepci6n Chile

MURANO Erminio Poly tech Area Science Park Padriciano 99 34012 Trieste Italy

MURRAY Steve Dept Biological Science Calif State Univ. Fullerton, CA 92634 USA

MYSLABODSKI David FMC Corp. R&D Center Box 8 Princeton NJ 08543 USA

NAGARKAR Sanjay Dept. of Botany University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong

NAVARRETE M. Vicente Av. Andres Bello 1051 - Of. 2703 Providencia 11-T Santiago Santiago Chile

NAVARRETE R. Vicente Av. Andres Bello 1051 - Of. 2703 Providencia 11-T Santiago Santiago Chile

NAVARRO Ximena Universidad Austral de Chile Instituto de Pesquerias y Oceanografia Casilla 1327 Puerto Mont! Chile

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NAZAR Julio Multiexport S.A. Av. Americo Vespucio Sur 842 Las Condes Santiago Chile

NEISH lain C. Marine Colloids Philippines Inc. Ovano Compound, Looc Mandave City 6014 Philippines

NELSON Wendy A. Museum of N.W. Te Papa Tongarewa P.O. Box 467 Wellington New Zealand

NEORIAmir Israel Oceanographic & Limnological National Center for Mariculture Eilat 88112 Israel

NISHIDE Eiichi Coli. Agr. & Vet. Med. Nihon University 3-34-1, Shimouma Setagaya, Tokyo 154 Japan

NISHIDE Teruko Coli. Agr. & Vet. Med. Nihon University 3-34-1, Shimouma Setagaya, Tokyo 154 Japan

NORAMBUENA Ricardo Instituto de Fomento Pesquero Casilla \037 Puerto Montt Chile

NUNEZ Mario Instituto de Fomento Pesquero Av. Diego Portales 1450 Puerto Montt Chile

NUNEZ Roberto A. Cicimar I.P.N. Apdo. Postal 592 LaPaz Mexico

NYMAN Melvin Department of Mathematics & Computer Science Alma College, Alma, MI 48801 USA

OH Jung Hoon 439-13, Soju-Ri, Ungsamg-Up Yangsan-Gun, Kyeongnam Rep. of Korea

OH Sang-Hee Dept. Oceanography Seoul Natinal University Seoul 151-742 Rep. of Korea

OHNOMasao USA Marine Biological Institute Kochi University USA-Cho, Tosa, Kochi,781-11 Japan

OJEDA Patricio P. Universidad Catolica de Chile Departamento de Ecologia Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Casilla 114-D Santiago Chile

OLIVEIRA Eurico C. Instituto de Biociencias Universidade de Sao Paulo Cx. Postal 11461 Sao Paulo SP Brazil 05422-70

OLIVEIRA Mariana C. Depto. de Botanica Instituto de Biociencias U ni versidade de Sao Paulo Cx. Postal 11461 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil 05422-70

ORELLANA Cristina Universidad Catolica Sma. Concepcion Casilla 297 Concepcion Chile

OTAIZA Ricardo Instituto de Fomento Pesquero Diego Portales 1450 Puerto Montt Chile

OTERO-SCHMITT Jaime Dpto. Biologia Vegetal Facultad Biologia Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 15706 Santiago de Compostela Spain

PACHECO-RUIZ Isai A.P. 453, Ensenada Baja California Mexico

PASQUIER Jean-Claude Societe Bretonne des Algues La Grande-Palud - Bp. 6 29207 Landerneau CEDEX France

PASTRANA Francisco J. Dept. de Ingeneria Quimica Universidad De Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain

PAVIA Henrik Dept. Marine Botany Univ. Giiteborg Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22 Gtlteborg S 41319 Sweden

PAYRI Claude Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine Universite Fran~aise du Pacifique Bp 6570 FAAA-Aeroport Tahiti French Polynesia

PEDERSEN Are Norwegian Institute for Water Research P.O.B. 173 Kzelsas N-04110s10 Norway

PEDERSEN Marianne Department of Physiological Botany Uppsala University Sweden

PEREIRA Sonia Rua Alexndre Baracho 924-Candejas Jabatro Guarapas 54440-402 PE- Brazil

PETERS Akira F. Institut ftir Meereskunde Dtisternbrooker Weg 20 Kiel24105 Germany

PETERSON Harlan C. P.O. Box 721 Ridgewood, NJ 07451 USA

PETRELL Royann J. 2357 Main Mail UBC, Bio-Resource Eng. Vancouver, B.C. V6T lZ4 Canada

PHANG Siew-Moi Institute of Advanced Studies University of Malaya 59100 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

PIANTINI Rene Pedro Aguirre Cerda 6109 Antofagasta Chile

PICHOTT Luis Aquamar S.A. Hernando de Aguirre 159 Oficina B Providencia Santiago Chile

PINO Victor H. Multiexport S.A. Av. Americo Vespucio Sur 842 Las Con des Santiago Chile

PINTO Raquel Departamento Ciencias Del Mar Universidad Arturo Prat Av. II Septiembre 2120 Iquique Chile

PIRIZMaria Centro Patagonico Laboratorio de Algas Marinas Boul. Brown SIN (9120) Pto. Madryn, Chubut Argentina

PLASTINO Estela M. Depto. de Botanica Instituto de Biociencias Universidade de Sao Paulo Cx. Postal 11461 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil 05422-70

POBLETE Adriana P. Universidad de la Ssta. Concepci6n Casilla 297 Concepci6n Chile

POBLETE Erika Universidad Austral de Chile Instituto de Pesquerias y Oceanografia Casilla 1327 Puerto Montt Chile

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PODKORYTOVA A.V. 4 Shevchenko Alley 690600, Vladivostok Russia

POHL Peter Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universitiit Kiel D-24118 Kiel Gutenbergstr, 76178, Germany

PORSEHans Copenhagen Pectin AlS DK-4623 Lille Skensved Denmark

POTIN Philippe Station Biologique PI. G. Teissier 29680 Roscoff France

RAGAN Mark A. NRC Institute for Marine Biosciences 1411 Oxford SI. Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada B3H 3Z1

RAMIREZ Maria E. Museo Nacional Historico Natural Cas ilia 787 Santiago Chile

RASCIO Nicoletta Dipm1imento di Biologia Via Trieste 75 1-35121 Padova Italy

RASMUSSEN Klaus Copenhagen Pectin AlS DK-4623 Lille Skensved Denmark

RASMUSSEN B. Preben Grindsted Products Edwin Rahrsfvej 38 8220 Brabrand Denmark

RAVEN John Department of Biological Sciences University of Dundee Dundee DOl 4MN United Kingdom

REBELLO Jacqueline USA Marine.Bilological Institute Kochi University Usa-Cho, Tosa Kochi,78I-11 Japan

RETAMALES Claudia Universidad de los Lagos Casilla 933 Osorno Chile

RIAD Abdelwahab B.P. 210 Kenitra Morocco

RICOHERMOSO Maximo MCPI Corporation N°3 Eagle SI. Sto. Nino Village Banilad Cebu City Philippines

RIOSMENA Rafael Herbario Ficologico UABCS Apdo Postal 19-B La Paz, B.C.S. 23080 Mexico

RIZZO Roberto Dipartimento BBCM Universita' di Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1-34127 Trieste Italy

ROBLEDO Daniel Cinvestav Unidad Merida A.P. 73 Cordemex 97310 Yucatan Mexico

ROBLES Pedro Dept. Marine Sciences University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681 USA

RODRIGUEZ Deni Laboratorio de Ficologia Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Ap. Postal 70-620 CP 04510 Mexico

ROJAS H. Ramiro Dpto. Cultivo de Algas Midesa Ancud, Chiloe Chile

ROJAS O. Ramiro Dpto. Cultivo de Algas Midesa Ancud, Chiloe Chile

ROMANELLO Eduardo 28 De Julio N° 66 (9100) Trelew Chubut Argentina

ROMOHector Universidad de Concepci6n Dept. de Oceanografia Casilla 2047 Concepci6n Chile

ROTMANN Klaus Box 68327 Bryanston 2021 South Africa

ROVIRA Clara Dpto. Biologia Edif. de Ciencias Basicas, Box 550, LPA Islas Canarias Spain

RUDOLPH Brian Copenhagen Pectin NS DK-4623 Lille Skensved Denmark

RYSTEDT Jorn-Erik FMCLitexNS Risingevej 1 DK 2665 Vallensbaek Strand Denmark

SALLING Peter Copenhagen Pectin NS DK 4623 Lille Skensved Denmark

SANCHEZ Ignacio Cicimar LP.N. Apdo Postal 592 LaPaz Mexico

SANDER Wayne J. clo Kelco 8355 Aero Drive San Diego. CA 92123 USA

SANTANDREU Elvira Institute of Applied Algology University of Las Palmas Box 550, Las Palmas 35017 Spain

SANTELICES Bernabe P.Universidad Catolica de Chile Fac. de Ciencias Biologicas Casilla 114-D Santiago Chile

SANTOS Rui Universidade do Algarve U.C.T.R.A. Gambelas 8000 Faro Portugal

SATOMinoru Tohoku University Faculty of Agriculture I-I Tsutsumidori Amamiyamachi, Sendai 981 Japan

SATO Yoshikazu Kitasato Univ. Sch. of Fish. Sci. Sanriku. Kesen Iwate 022-01 Japan

SCHAFFELKE Britta Institut flir Meereskunde Diisternbrooker Weg 20 D-24J05 Kiel Germany

SCHMID Christine Dept. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Monash University Clayton, 3168 Victoria Australia

SCHNETTLER Paola Universidad Austral de Chile Facultad de Pesquerias y Oceanografia Casilla 1327 Puerto Montt Chile

SCHOENWAELDER Monica Dept. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Monash University Wellington Rd Clayton, 3168 Victoria Australia

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SCROSATI Ricardo Dept. of Botany # 3529-6270 University Boulevard The University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T lZ4

SEARLE Richard Kelco International Ltd. Ladyburn Works Girvan KA26 9JN Scotland

SEARLES Richard E. Department of Botany Duke University Durham, NC 27708- 0338 USA

SEMESI Adelaida University of Dar Es Salam Department of Botany P.O. Box 35060 DarEs Salam Tanzania

SENTIES Abel UAM-Iztapalapa AP 55- 535 D.F. 09340 Mexico

SERVIERE Elisa Laboratorio de Ficologia Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico A.P. 70--620, C.U. Coyoacan Mexico

SHARPGlyn P.O. Box 550 Halifax, N.S. Canada B3J 2S7

SHAUGNESSY Frank Dept. of Botany # 3529-6270 University Boulevard The University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.c., Canada V6T IZ4

SILVA Paul C. Herbarium, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-0001 USA

SJOTUN Kjersti University of Bergen Department of Fisheries and Marine Biology Bergen High Technology Center Bergen N-5020 Norway

SMIDSROD Olav Nobipol Department of Biotechnology-NTH 7034 Trondheim-NTH Norway

SORIANO Carlos 9 d e Julio 745 9100 Trelew PCIA, Chubut Argentina

SORIANO Eduardo 9 de Julio 745 9100 Trelew PCIA, Chubut Argentina

SORIANO Gonzalo 9 de Julio 745 9100 Trelew PCIA, Chubut Argentina

SOSA Pedro Dept. de Biologia Universidad de Las Palmas Campus Universitario de Tafira 35017 Las Palmas, Islas Canarias Spain

SOUSA-PINTO Isabel R. Januario Godinho 24, 10 E Porto 4100 Portugal

STANCIOFF Charlotte 2 Spring Street Camden, Maine 04843 USA

STANCIOFF Dimitri 2 Spring Street Camden, Maine 04843 USA

STEKOLL Michael JCSFOS, University of Alaska 11120 Glacier Hwy. Juneau, AL 99801 USA

STORTZ Carlos A. Dept. Quimica Organica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Ciudad Universitaria 1428 Buenos Aires Argentina 01061-70

STROUSE Stephen AEP Colloids 106 Charlton Rd Ballston SPA New York USA

SULISTYO Tirtomulyadi 68 Bongraran St. Surabaya 60161 Indonesia

SUZUKI Soichiro Suzuki Consulting Engineer Office 9-1 Hongo-Cho Numazu-Shi Shizuoka-Ken 410 Japan

TALARICO Laura Department of Biology University of Trieste Via Giorgieri 10 1-34127 Trieste Italy

TAN Kenneth T. 49 Belinda Square Scarborough, Ontario Canada MIW 3MI

TEBORANGA Tioti Atoll Seaweed Co. Ltd P.O. Box 508 Betio, Tarawa Republic of Kiribati

TETSUTARO Yoshida 196 Iwafune Oharamachi Isumi-gun, Chiba Japan

TOLEDO DE LIMA Ricardo Instituto de Pesca Estado de Caixa Postal 28, Ubatuba Brazil 11680-70

TOLENTINO Grace Marine Science Institute U.P.P.D. Box I University of Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines 110 1

TORIZ Fabian Laboratorio de Ficologia Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico A.P.70-620 C.U. Coyoacan Mexico

TROELLMax Department of Systems Ecology Stockholm Univ. S-106 91 Stockholm Sweden

TSENGC.K. Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266071 China

URZUA Carlos Avda. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Casilla 307 Correo 2 Santiago Chile

USOV A.I Inst. Org. Chern. Russian Acad. Sci. Russia

VASQUEZ Julio Dept. de Biologia Marina Universidad Catolica del Norte Casilla 117 Coquimbo Chile

VENTURELLI Enrique Gelymar S.A. Casilla 997 Puerto Montt Chile

VIDAL Lidia Compafiia Industrial de A1ginatos S.A. Av. Marathon 1943 Santiago Chile

VREELAND Valerie Department of Plant Biology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

WADA Yoshiaki N° ISO, 1-4-13 Shibuya, Shibuya-Ku Tokyo Japan

WALKER Diana Botany University ofWA Nedlands 6009 Australia

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W ALLENTINUS Inger Dept. Marine Botany Univ. Gbteborg Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22 Gbteborg S 41319 Sweden

WASSERMAN Julio Dept. De Geoquimica - UFF Outeiro de Sao Joao Batista, SIN Centro, Niteroi Brazil CEP 24.020-150

WATTIER Remi GEPV URA CNRS 118S Bat SN2 USTL Villeneuve d' Ascq France

WEST John A. 132 Waterdale Road Ivanhoe, Victoria 3079 Australia

WESTERMEIER Renato Universidad Austral de Chile Instituto de Pesquerias y Oceanografia Casilla 1327 Puerto Montt Chile

WHEELER William 103- 1880 Greer Ave. Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6J lC5

WILLIAMS Gray A. The Swire Marine Laboratory University of Hong Kong Cape d' Aguilar, Shek-O Hong Kong

YAKOLEFF Veronica 3725 Cambie Street 4 Vancouver, B.C. Canada V5Z 2X4

YAP Tony 49 Belinda Square Scarborough Ontario MIW 3Ml

YOKOYA Nair Sumie Instituto de Botanica Secao de Ficologia C. Postal 4005 Sao Paulo, SP. Brazil

YONESHIGUE-VALENTIN Yocie Depto. Botanica Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro 21.941.900 llha De Jundao Rio de Janeiro Brazil

YOUNG Jason Marine Biology Section University of San Carlos Cebu City 6000 Philippines

ZAMORANO Pedro Gerente General Castromontt Urmeneta S81 of. 43 Puerto Montt Chile

ZAMORANO Jaime Gelymar S.A. Casilla 997 Puerto Montt Chile

ZAVALA Arturo Proagar S.A. Vicente Perez Rosales 800 Llanquihue Chile

ZENG Cheng-Kui 7 Nanhai Road Qingdao 266071 China

ZERTUCHE-GONZALEZ Jose A.P. 453, Ensenada Baja California Mexico

ZHAO Shi-Jin 7 Nanhai Road Qingdao 266071 China

ZINOUN Mustapha Lebam Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie et Biochimie des Algues Marines Bp 809 29285 Brest CEDEX France

ZUNIGA Elisa Departamento de Quimica, USACH Casilla 307, Correo 2 Santiago Chile

HydrobioZogia 326/327: xli-xlii, 1996. xli S. C. Lindstrom & D. J. Chapman (eds), Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium.

Opening address by ISA President

Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, colleagues:

As President of the International Seaweed Association, it is with great pleasure that I participate in the opening of the Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium. On behalf of the ISA, I warmly acknowledge the invitation extended to the ISA by the Universidad Austral de Chile through the Chilean Organizing Committee. Our hosts have already done a great deal to make us all feel at home here in Valdivia, and we look forward to a productive and enjoyable Symposium.

This is only the second time that an International Seaweed Symposium has been convened in South America, indeed the second time south of the Equator. The vision of a series of International Seaweed Symposia arose from a meeting in Halifax, Canada (the so-called 'ISS-zero') in 1948, at a time of great international interest in seaweeds and seaweed resources. The first ISS was held four years later in Edinburgh, Scotland, and now the ISS has been convened in thirteen different countries. That we are meeting now in Chile is a belated recognition of the high esteem in which Chilean marine-biological research is held internationally, and of the well-justified excitement engendered by the development of seaweed industry in this country.

The organization of an International Seaweed Symposium is a significant responsibility not to be undertaken by the faint of heart. Today, more than 420 attendees from 39 countries, representing large and small companies, universities, research institutions and international agencies, have come together to share data and experiences. I know I speak for each one of us in expressing our gratitude to the Chilean Organizing Committee, headed by Professors Renato Westermeier and Bernabe Santelices, for having developed such a superb program.

In this effort the Chilean Organizing Committee has been able to call on numerous scientists, students, university staff, regional and national officials, Chilean and international institutions, and large and small companies for assistance and support. This broad institutional base of involvement has always been, and remains, not only a source of strength for the International Seaweed Association, but also a feature distinguishing us from those organizations having a purely academic, or a purely business, orientation. Many words are spilled each year on the theoretical merits of cross-institutional alliances linking basic, fundamental, precompetitive, strategic, directed and applied research - you know these buzzwords - with commercial development, growth of regional and national economies, and the betterment of people's lives. With seaweeds and seaweed products we can point to real, tangible examples of such alliances operating every day in almost every region of the globe.

At the same time, I cannot in good conscience stand before you and pretend that the world is an entirely happy place for seaweed research and development. Worldwide the seaweed and seaweed products industries generate perhaps US$ 3 thousand million per annum, but of this less than I % is reinvested in research - a level tenfold less than in the chemical industry, thirty fold less than in pharmaceuticals, fiftyfold less than in molecular biotechnology.

The situation in the developed world is especially grim. In the United States and Canada, national publicly funded support for phycology, both fundamental and applied, is at a historically low ebb, with less than US$ 3.5 million available each year for nondirected core funding of more than 100 deserving groups. In Europe, the success of programs such as COST-48 and COST-49 must be weighed against the meager funding otherwise available from most of the national governments. In Japan, the impressive national and corporate commitments to their Marine Biotechnology Institutes has virtually passed the seaweed laboratories by. Other laboratories with historic strengths in seaweed research, from Russia to New Zealand, face desperate funding shortages.

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This situation is a calamity for us all because, realistically, it is the developed countries that can most easily provide the infrastructure and research base for undertaking the most basic investigations - characterization of gene structure and expression, genetic transformation, dissection of intracellular signalling pathways, unravelling the basic steps in sexual reproduction and development and responses to predators and pathogens - on which the seaweed and seaweed products industries will most surely rely, not in five or ten years to be sure, but in twenty-five years, or fifty. Why should an ambitious junior scientist, postdoctoral fellow or graduate student devote him- or herself to an underfunded research project on seaweeds, when public and private-sector funding, and indeed venture capital, is so much easier to obtain in biomedical sciences, plant biotechnology, or microbial engineering?

There is an element here of 'Ie Roi est mort, vive Ie Roi!'. There was indeed a flowering of seaweed research in the late 1940s, but the bloom is now most certainly off the rose. Of the three main seaweed laboratories founded contemporaneously with the International Seaweed Association, Inveresk has long since closed its doors; Trondheim, while maintaining first-class research, no longer advertises itself as the 'Institute for Seaweed Research'; and the 45-year program at my own institution in Halifax has now been terminated, on the grounds that seaweed research can no longer be justified economically in the Canadian context.

But vive Ie Roi! It may be that for the foreseeable future, laboratories in the Philippines and Korea, in Tanzania and South Africa, in Thailand and Indonesia, in PR China and Israel, in Mexico and Brazil and most certainly in Chile will have to take the lead. The technology is accessible; experienced scientists and internationally trained postdoctoral students are available; in many cases there is the necessary national and institutional will. And the international environment for commercial trade is becoming increasingly favourable, not least for Chile, to make the most of the fruits of their research. Of course funding may be a struggle, but it's a struggle worth winning, for yourselves and for us all.

Since the Fourteenth International Seaweed Symposium in Brittany, the International Seaweed Association itself has continued to evolve. We have rewritten our governing document, the ISA Code, and have approved a detailed Manual of Operations. These changes and clarifications will make the ISA more transparently democratic, open and accessible to everyone of us. We have supported the publication of a newsletter, Applied Phycology Forum. We are now taking steps to stabilize our rather tenuous financial base.

Three members of our steering body, the International Seaweed Advisory Committee, will retire at the end of this Symposium; we will acknowledge their contributions at the closing ceremony. In 1994 three new members were elected to the ISAC, and will join the ISAC at the end of this Symposium: Guillermo Garcia-Reina from Spain, Masao Ohno from Japan, and Dimitri Stancioff from the USA. We sincerely welcome them, and look forward to the enthusiasm and new ideas they will bring to our organization.

In the days immediately ahead, we can look forward to five plenary lectures, six minisymposia, and 260 con­tributed papers and posters, not to mention the discussions in the hallway and over coffee, where the real business gets done. It's time to begin. On behalf of the International Seaweed Association, it's my very great pleasure to declare the Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium officially open!

MARK A. RAGAN

Valdivia, Chile 9 January 1995

HydrobioZogia 326/27: xliii-xlv, 1996. xliii S. C. Lindstrom & D. J. Chapman (eds), Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium.

Future uses of marine algae: science, technology and economics at work

On behalf of the Government of Chile, it is a very special honor to welcome such a distinguished group of scientists, arriving from all over the world to participate in the XVth International Seaweed Symposium. I am sure that the long journey to Valdivia will leave you with memories that will go beyond those of the friendly place where the proceedings of the last meeting were held. I would like to invite, all of you, to see this as a unique opportunity to know more about our country, its nature and history, its people and traditions.

The host institution, Universidad Austral de Chile, is widely recognized as a university that since its establishment has devoted special attention to the natural sciences and the disciplines that support the rational use of renewable resources. This university not only opens to you its beautiful Campus on Teja Island, but also provides, through the participation of its faculty and students, the appropriate intellectual atmosphere for your deliberations.

Chile has a rather short scientific tradition. In the natural sciences we identify as the origin the year 1782, with the publication of 'Saggio sulla storia naturalle del Chile'. This work, written by the Abbot Juan Ignacio Molina, a Chilean Jesuit priest, was published in Italy. Abbot Molina was in exile, having been expelled from Chile with his order in 1767 at the age of 27.

Since then our scientific history is discontinuous and sporadic. Only in the last 50 years we have experienced a more consistent growth and development in science. We believe that the stage at which we are now provides a solid ground for making significant contributions to our economic development, without weakening our incipient scientific tradition.

This has not been an easy road. The title of this lecture, Future uses of marine algae, science, technology and economics at work, refers to our recent history and to the present challenges.

Chile lives today in a very interesting period of its history. After a long period, in which its democratic tradition was interrupted, Chilean society shows today a high degree of consensus on what are the national aims for development. There are several arguments offered to explain this consensus. It is possible that the damage and pain inflicted on the social fabric by the institutional breakdown of the seventies, coupled with the extremely high social costs that the nation had to pay for radical economic reforms and democratic reconstruction, might have led to a profound re-valuation of democratic principles. I have the impression that today all our people legitimately feel as their own the successful economic results of recent years, and look to the future with hope. Without any doubt, there are still pending large social problems, and severe economic inequalities do exist. Four of thirteen million Chileans still live below the 'level of poverty'.

The country has completed 10 years of sustained economic growth, at an average annual rate of 6.3%. In this same period our exports grew at an average rhythm higher than 9.3% per year. The fast growth of the second half of the ' 80s was sustained to a significant extent by putting to work unemployed labor and idle industrial infrastructure. Today, growth is characterized by the full use of the human and material resources available in the country. This shifted the emphasis toward the challenges of modernizing production and competitiveness. Today in Chile, productivity is becoming the key factor in growth. In the last four years productivity rose at an average rate of 3% and in 1994 surpassed 4%.

The experience of other successful economies shows that a big effort is needed in education, training, and in improving public and private management. This must be quantitative but also qualitative. Furthermore, a high degree of commitment and compromise of all economic agents is needed. Social progress becomes an intrinsic requirement of growth and not just an ethical imperative. This implies that economic efforts in education, training,

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health and social security must be understood as investments, and not as expenditures. They should be added as investments to the efforts made in housing, for example. This is because in this new perspective, they also represent basic factors of economic growth, facilitating access to opportunities that growth brings.

Sustained improvement in productivity requires an intensive effort to modernize production processes through investments in technology and technological promotion. It is this productive development that finally transduces itself into new services and goods, through the unfolding of the innovative capacities that the country has in science and technology.

Scientific policy in Chile has centered its attention on strengthening the supply of scientific and technological knowledge. This was done by paying for the training of researchers and funding basic research projects generated within the academic community. This traditional view was based on the assumption that it was necessary (and perhaps sufficient) to stimulate basic research as the first step in a virtuous chain, which, through technological research, would automatically end in economic development.

Experience has shown that this rather naive expectation was unfounded. This simplistic and lineal view of scientific and technological development doesn't work. We must intervene simultaneously on the supply and demand of science and technology, by opening new opportunities for the many kinds of research. Here the country shows a strong imbalance, with a very weak demand facing a rather competent supply of science and technology.

Aquaculture is no exception, and it is an interesting case to analyze. In the last 15 years, economic activities based on marine algae have become an important fraction of the fisheries sector. The Chilean algal crop is around 180000 tons per year, about 5% of world production.

During the second half of the eighties, massive culture of Gracilaria proved to be viable and helped to stabilize production, which faced diminished harvests from natural beds. Today 75% of national production is transformed into higher value-added products. In 1994 exports from algae represented US$ 50 million.

The expansion of algal production is not the response to an internal factor alone. It is neither the outcome of the accumulation of basic knowledge on their natural history nor culture technology. It is mostly an adequate, competent and timely response to external economic factors.

At the beginning of this cycle, the state could not establish efficient regulations to control the harvest of natural beds. The growth of the activity was fast in response to foreign markets. In this booming activity participated thousands of collectors, from low income strata. In a time of relative economic crisis, this generated conditions for over-exploiting natural beds. In turn, this created an urgent demand for knowledge to set up appropriate regulations and management plans for natural beds. This was followed by the development and adaptation of culture techniques appropriate to our local conditions. These were very real demands. They were satisfied because, at the time, scientific and technical expertise existed and was readily available in the country.

Cultivation generates stability in production, transforming collectors into cultivators, and helping in this way to their permanent settlement and social progress. Cultivation also provides favorable conditions for a secondary industry to establish. The industry transforms algae, adding value to this crop, diversifying the offer of new products. This is only possible when harvesting is predictable.

According to the trend and dimensions of recent investments, it is possible that Chile might duplicate the production of carrageenans in the short run. This certainly will increase the exploitation pressure on beds of Gigartinaceae. Before this situation takes place, today, basic research is being conducted to insure the availability of culture and cultivation techniques when the time comes.

The relative complexity of the life cycles of these species and the specialized habitats they occupy in nature will require important technological developments to artificially control both reproduction and growth of these algae.

In Chile, we are in the process of designing institutional mechanisms to efficiently promote private investment in research and development. This is a challenge that is still pending.

Scientific research can contribute also to modified demand, helping to find new uses for algae. This relates directly to research on natural products, an applied research field that remains very active today. About 50 to 70 new bio-active compounds are discovered every year. Marine algae are a primary source for the steroids used by marine organisms. Being so widely distributed within the algae, they could help the manufacture of steroidal hormones. Several terpenes have shown anti-bacterial activity, and some of them are toxic for fishes, acting as repellents . Oxygenated di-terpenes that have been isolated from algae have shown marked antibiotic activity. Other compounds from marine flora include halogenated compounds, phenols and sulfur compounds. Among nitrogenated

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compounds, red tide toxins (saxitoxins) are used as specific inhibitors of calcium channels in the cell membrane. Several amino acids have anti-helminthic properties, and a few have been used in neurological applications.

The challenge is to articulate these opportunities for research (basic, applied and R&D) with the economic opportunities that make them possible. This requires a very frank, open and cooperative environment between researchers, private industry and the state. Insofar as the development of a scientific community has evolved into an independent social entity, based on their internal rules of validation, the group as a whole gains access to new levels of freedom. This allows scientists to become directly involved and commit themselves in development work, without losing their own identity.

In this new phase, science doesn ' t lead development. Science answers to the demands of what is possible. In Chile, we believe that slowly but with persistence we are facing this challenge.

Thanks again for coming to Chile. We acknowledge and sincerely appreciate your trust to conduct this meeting here.

I wish you the best success in your work.

PATRICIO A. BERNAL

Subsecretario de pesca [Undersecretary of State for Fisheries]

Valparaiso, Republic of Chile e-mail pbernal@itata.disca.utfsm.cl