Fig. 1-29

Pg. 25

Inherited Disorders“Sporadic” CancersAging

Lysosomal Storage diseasesI-Cell Disease

Cystic FibrosisCholera

“Sporadic” CancersAging

Alzheimer’sDisease

Cystic Fibrosis

MuscularDystrophy

Drug Targets

Microtubules

Membrane receptors

Translation componentstRNA synthetases

Ribosomes

Ion channels

Protein kinases

G proteins

Bcl-2 Family proteins

Telomerase

Transport vesicles

Protein “pumps”

Topoisomerases

Pg. 10

100 µM

Microscopy

Light Microscopy

Electron Microscopy

Pg. 10

Light Microscopy

Bright Field

Fluorescence

Phase-Contrast

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)

Electron Microscopy (EM)

Scanning EM

Transmission EM

Chemical Composition of Cells

Pg. 58

Pg. 79

Chemical Bond Energies

Gene Expression

Monomer/Polymer

Nitrogenous Bases of DNA and RNA

Pg. 76

Pg. 175

3’

3’

5’

5’

0.34 nm

Pg. 171

Major Groove

Minor Groove

Topoisomerase Treated DNA

Topoisomerase Relieves Stress of OverwindingDuring DNA Replication

Camptothecin

Topoisomerase is an Anti-Cancer Drug Target

Werner Syndrome

15 yrs. 48 yrs.

Mutation in gene encoding RecQ helicase

Human Karyotype

Pg. 179

247 M bp

47 M bp

Nucleus

~ 2 meters of DNA fits in the nucleus!

Nitrogenous Bases of DNA and RNA

Pg. 76

RNA Molecules

5’ 5’

3’3’

Types of RNA Molecules

mRNA (gene expression)

Transfer RNA (Translation)

Ribosomal RNA (Translation)

Small nuclear RNA (exon splicing)

Micro RNA (Gene regulation)

Small cytoplasmic RNA (protein transport)

Ribozymes (numerous biochemical functions)

Protein FunctionsEnzymesMembrane transportIntercellular transportHormonesReceptorsNanomachinesAntibodiesToxinsFibersBioluminescence/Fluorescence

Pg. 74

(Pgs. 74-75)

Amino Acid Side Chains

Extra carbon atom!

ß-Sheet

alpha-helix

Hydrophobic Interactions in Tertiary Structure

Hydrogen Bonding in Tertiary Structure

Representations of Protein Tertiary Structure

Backbone

Ribbon

Wire Frame

Space Filling

Pg. 132

Quaternary Structure

Pg. 141

Protein Domains

(Src protein)

Chloride Ion Channel Protein

Comparison of Protein Primary Structure

Cyclin-dependent Kinase Proteins

(cytosol or ER membrane)

Complexity of Human Gene Expression

Pg. 202 (Modified for RNA synthesis)

RNASynthesis

OH

OH

OH

Pg. 233

1 µm

Pg. 233

Exon/Intron Organization of Eukaryotic Genes

Pg. 238

Sequence Structure of Introns

Pg. 239

Pg. 241

Alternative Splicing

Pg. 237

5’ Guanine Cap Structure