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Page 1: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-0a

Page 2: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-0b

Page 3: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-0c

Page 4: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-1a

Page 5: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-1b

DNA

DNA

RNA polymerasecannot attach to promoter

Lactose-utilization genesPromoter OperatorRegulatorygene

OPERON

Protein

mRNA

Inactiverepressor

Lactose Enzymes for lactose utilization

RNA polymerasebound to promoter

Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor)

mRNA

Activerepressor

Operon turned off (lactose absent)

Protein

Page 6: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-1ba

DNA

RNA polymerasecannot attach to promoter

Lactose-utilization genesPromoter OperatorRegulatorygene

OPERON

mRNA

Activerepressor

Operon turned off (lactose absent)

Protein

Page 7: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-1bb

DNA

Protein

Inactiverepressor

Lactose Enzymes for lactose utilization

RNA polymerasebound to promoter

Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor)

mRNA

Page 8: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-1c

DNA

Inactiverepressor

Activerepressor

Inactiverepressor

Activerepressor

Lactose

Promoter

Tryptophan

Operator Gene

lac operon trp operon

Page 9: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-2

Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells

Page 10: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-2a

Muscle cell

Page 11: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-2b

Pancreas cells

Page 12: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-2c

Blood cells

Page 13: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-3

DNA double helix(2-nm diameter)

“Beads ona string”

Linker

Histones

Metaphasechromosome

Tight helical fiber(30-nm diameter)

Nucleosome(10-nm diameter)

Supercoil(300-nm diameter)

700 nm

Page 14: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-4

Two cell populationsin adult

X chromosomes

Early embryo

Allele forblack fur

Inactive X

Black furAllele fororange fur

Orange fur

Cell divisionand random

X chromosomeinactivation Active X

Inactive X

Active X

Page 15: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-5Enhancers

Otherproteins

DNA

Transcriptionfactors

Activatorproteins

RNA polymerase

Promoter

Gene

Bendingof DNA

Transcription

Page 16: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-6

1

or

Exons

DNA

RNA splicing

RNAtranscript

mRNA

2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 4 51 2 3 5

Page 17: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-7

miRNA 1

Translation blockedORmRNA degraded

Target mRNA

Protein

miRNA-proteincomplex

2

3 4

Page 18: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-8

Folding ofpolypeptide andformation ofS—S linkages

Initial polypeptide(inactive)

Folded polypeptide(inactive)

Active formof insulin

Cleavage

Page 19: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-9NUCLEUS

DNA unpackingOther changes to DNA

Addition of cap and tail

Chromosome

Gene

RNA transcript

GeneTranscription

Intron

Exon

Splicing

CapmRNA in nucleus

Tail

Flow throughnuclear envelope

Broken-downmRNA

CYTOPLASM

Breakdown of mRNA

Translation

mRNA in cytoplasm

Broken-downprotein

Cleavage / modification /activation

Breakdown of protein

Polypeptide

Active protein

Page 20: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-9a

NUCLEUS

DNA unpackingOther changes to DNA

Addition of cap and tail

Chromosome

Gene

RNA transcript

GeneTranscription

Intron

Exon

Splicing

CapmRNA in nucleus

Tail

Flow throughnuclear envelope

Page 21: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-9b

Broken-downmRNA

CYTOPLASM

Breakdown of mRNA

Translation

mRNA in cytoplasm

Broken-downprotein

Cleavage / modification /activation

Breakdown of protein

Polypeptide

Active protein

Page 22: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-10a

Head of a normal fruit fly

Antenna

Eye

Head of a developmental mutant

Leg

Page 23: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-10aa

Head of a normal fruit fly

Antenna

Eye

Page 24: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-10ab

Head of a developmental mutant

Leg

Page 25: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-10bEgg cellwithin ovarianfollicle

Follicle cells

“Head”mRNA

Proteinsignal

Egg cell

Gene expression1

Cascades ofgene expression2

Embryo Bodysegments

Adult fly

Gene expression

3

4

Page 26: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-11

cDNA

Nonfluorescent spotFluorescent

spot

Actual size(6,400 genes)

Each well contains DNAfrom a particular gene

DNA microarray

mRNAisolated

DNA of anexpressed gene

DNA of anunexpressed gene

Reverse transcriptaseand fluorescent DNAnucleotides

1

cDNA madefrom mRNA

2

cDNA appliedto wells

3

UnboundcDNA rinsedaway

4

Page 27: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-12Signaling cell

DNA

Nucleus

Transcriptionfactor(activated)

Signaling molecule Plasma

membraneReceptorprotein

Relayproteins

TranscriptionmRNA

Newprotein

Translation

Target cell

2

1

3

4

5

6

Page 28: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-13

Yeast cell,mating type a factor

factor

Receptor

a

Yeast cell,mating type a

a

a/

Page 29: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-14

Root ofcarrot plant

Root cells culturedin nutrient medium

Cell divisionin culture

Single cell

Plantlet Adult plant

Page 30: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-15

Removenucleusfrom eggcell

Implant blastocyst insurrogate mother

Add somatic cellfrom adult donor

Donorcell

Remove embryonicstem cells fromblastocyst andgrow in culture

Reproductivecloning

Nucleus fromdonor cell

Grow in cultureto produce anearly embryo(blastocyst)

Therapeuticcloning

Clone ofdonor is born

Induce stemcells to formspecialized cells

Page 31: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-15a

Removenucleusfrom eggcell

Add somatic cellfrom adult donor

Donorcell Nucleus from

donor cell

Grow in cultureto produce anearly embryo(blastocyst)

Page 32: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-15b

Implant blastocyst insurrogate mother

Remove embryonicstem cells fromblastocyst andgrow in culture

Reproductivecloning

Therapeuticcloning

Clone ofdonor is born

Induce stemcells to formspecialized cells

Page 33: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-16

Page 34: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-17

Blood cells

Different types ofdifferentiated cells

Nerve cells

Adult stemcells in bone

marrow

Different cultureconditions

Culturedembryonicstem cells

Heart muscle cells

Page 35: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-18a

Mutation withinthe gene

Hyperactivegrowth-stimulatingprotein in normalamount

Proto-oncogene DNA

Multiple copiesof the gene

Gene moved tonew DNA locus,

under new controls

Oncogene New promoter

Normal growth-stimulatingprotein in excess

Normal growth-stimulatingprotein in excess

Page 36: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-18b

Mutated tumor-suppressor geneTumor-suppressor gene

Defective,nonfunctioningprotein

Normalgrowth-inhibitingprotein

Cell divisionunder control

Cell division notunder control

Page 37: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-19a

1

Colon wall

Cellularchanges:

DNAchanges:

Oncogeneactivated

Increasedcell division

Tumor-suppressorgene inactivated

Growth of polyp

Second tumor-suppressor geneinactivated

Growth of malignanttumor (carcinoma)

2 3

Page 38: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-19b

Chromosomes 1mutation

Normalcell

4mutations

3mutations

2mutations

Malignantcell

Page 39: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-20aGrowth factor

Protein thatStimulatescell division

Translation

Nucleus

DNA

Target cell

Normal productof ras gene

Receptor

Relayproteins

Transcriptionfactor(activated)

Hyperactiverelay protein(product ofras oncogene)issues signalson its own

Transcription

Page 40: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-20b

Growth-inhibiting factor

Protein thatinhibitscell division

Translation

Normal productof p53 gene

Receptor

Relayproteins

Transcriptionfactor(activated)

Nonfunctional transcriptionfactor (product of faulty p53tumor-suppressor gene) cannot trigger transcription

Transcription

Protein absent(cell divisionnot inhibited)

Page 41: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-21

Page 42: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-UN1

Regulatorygene

Promoter

DNA

Gene 1Operator

A typical operon

Gene 2Gene 3

Encodes repressorthat in active formattaches to operator

RNApolymerasebinding site

Switches operonon or off

Page 43: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-UN2

Nucleus fromdonor cell

Early embryoresulting fromnuclear trans-plantation

Surrogatemother

Cloneof donor

Page 44: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-UN3

Nucleus fromdonor cell

Early embryoresulting fromnuclear trans-plantation

Embryonicstem cellsin culture

Specializedcells

Page 45: Fig. 11-0a. Fig. 11-0b Fig. 11-0c Fig. 11-1a Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory

Fig. 11-UN4Gene

regulation(a)

prokaryoticgenes oftengrouped into

in eukaryotesmay involve when

abnormalmay lead to

can produce

is a normal gene thatcan be mutated to an

oncogene

can cause

(c)

(g)(f)

multiple mRNAsper genetranscription

femalemammals

(e)

(d)

(b)

operons

areswitchedon/off by

in activeform binds to

controlled byprotein called

occurs inare proteinsthat promote


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