Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

Biology Eighth Edition

Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

AP Biology Curriculum 2012-2013

Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry. (1.B.2)

Big Idea 1: Evolution

26.1, 26.2, 26.3

Fig. 22-16

a. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can represent traits that are either derived or lost due to evolution.

• Number of heart chambers in animals - Tbx5 protein (transcription factor) that influences the formation of two ventricles in bird and mammalian hearts.

Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested. (1.B.2)

YouTube National Science FoundationEvolution of the Four Chambered Heart (4:00 min.)http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_videos.jsp?cntn_id=115520&media_id=65577&org=NSF

Fig. 22-16Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested. (1.B.2)

YouTubeEvolution of the Opposable Thumb (5:00 min.)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkkySJAuxYE

• Opposable thumbs - HACNS1 unique human-specific gene-activating role in the region of the developing limb that eventually forms the junction of the wrist and thumb.

Fig. 22-16Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested. (1.B.2)

PBSEvolution: Part 3 How Do We Know Evolution Happens (7:00 min.)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2C-3PjNGok

• Absence of legs in some sea mammals (1.A.4.)

Understanding EvolutionThe Evolution of Whaleshttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_03

Fig. 26-13

Drosophila

Lancelet

Zebrafish

Frog

Human

Chicken

MouseCENOZOIC

Present65.5MESOZOIC

251

Millions of years ago

PALEOZOIC

542

b. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms illustrate speciation that has occurred, in that relatedness of any two groups on the tree is shown by how recently two groups had a common ancestor.

Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested. (1.B.2)

Branch lengths can indicate time: Branch lengths were drawn to fit the dates of the different branch points based on fossil evidence. As a result, branch lengths are proportional to time.

Fig. 26-2

c. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms can be constructed from: • morphological similarities of living or fossil species, • and from DNA and protein sequence similarities, • by employing computer programs that have sophisticated

ways of measuring and representing relatedness among organisms.

Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested. (1.B.2)

d. Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are dynamic (i.e., phylogenetic trees and cladograms are constantly being revised), based on:• the biological data used, • new mathematical and

computational ideas, and • current and emerging knowledge.

An unexpected family tree: A phylogeny based on DNA data reveals that - despite appearances -- animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than either is to plants

YouTube - Bozeman Biology: Phylogenetic (13:00 min.)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQwI90bkJl4&feature=plcp

YouTube - Bozeman Biology: Cladogram (13:00 min.)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouZ9zEkxGWg&feature=context-chv