film in the iii. reich is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

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Page 1: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?
Page 2: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

Film in the III. Reich

Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v.

resistance?

Page 3: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

Don’t forget:

• Screening of In jenen Tagen (dir. Helmut Käutner, 1947) Thursday 3rd week, 7.45pm Lecture Rm B

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1. Recapitulation and Introduction

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The uses of Die Frau im Mond (1929)

• Reviews of film suggest tension between technological realism and plot

• Exploring reasons for doing things in world where shared reasons develop more slowly than technology/social institutions

• Moon as metaphor for this insecure situation• Harbou/Lang drawing on existing reasons of love,

authentic action underpinned by the collective, but also by shared sense of everyday real world and the filmic conventions for conveying this shared world

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Shared sense of reality Continuing this argument for

1930s:

• Not being distracted by apparent ruptures (transition to sound; the ‘Machtergreifung’ in 1933)

• Not accepting unquestioningly idea of film as propaganda in Third Reich

Page 7: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

2. Film and the constitution of identity in Germany of 1920s

and 1930s

Page 8: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

Destroying identification in People on Sunday (1929/30): Willy Fritsch

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More destroying identification in People on Sunday (1929/30): Greta Garbo

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‘Sex appeal’ in Girls in Uniform (1931): Hans Albers

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Film in Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929)

• Franz felt quite wonderful, when the giggling around him started up. A bunch of people, free people, were having fun, and no-one can boss them around, how wonderfully nice, and I’m here smack in the middle

• ‘Ganz wunderbar ergriff es Franz, als das Kichern um in losging. Lauter Menschen, freie Leute, amüsierten sich, hat ihnen keiner was zu sagen, wunderbar schön, und ich stehe mitten mang!’ [dtv edition, p.24.

Page 12: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

Title song from Women are my weak spot (1928) quoted in Berlin Alexanderplatz

(1929)

• Ja, die Frauen sind meine schwache Seite, sie sind die Stelle, wo ich sterblich bin, küß ich die erste, denk ich an die zweite und schau verstohlen schon zur dritten hin.

– Dtv edition, p. 209

Page 13: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

Continuities 1

• Continuities in the uses of sound and music– Adorno, Theodor W., and Hanns Eisler. Composing for the

Films. Edited by Graham McCann. London: Athlone, 1994

– Gorbman, Claudia. Unheard Melodies: Narrative Film Music. London and Bloomington, Ind: BFI ; Indiana University Press, 1987

– Heidegger, Martin. Sein Und Zeit. 17th ed. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1993, esp. § 31 on ‘Befindlichkeit’

– Kalinak, Kathryn. Settling the Score: Music and the Classical Hollywood Film, Wisconsin Studies in Film. Madison ; London: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992

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Continuities 2

• Continuities before and after 1933– Morgan, Ben. "Music in Nazi Film: How Different Is

'Triumph of the Will'." Studies in European Cinema 3, no. 1 (2006): 37-53

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Uniform cap and identity in Hitler Youth Quex (1933)

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Uniform cap and identity in Liebelei (1932)

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Uniform cap and identity in Lachende Erben (1933)

Page 18: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

3. Film in the Third Reich

[For overview of Nazi film policy see Julian Petley’s article in Tim Bergfelder, Erica Carter

and Deniz Göktürk, eds., The German Cinema Book (London: bfi, 2002)]

Page 19: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

Political Framework

• After June 1933, non-Aryans were forbidden to work in the film industry. Only films made by members of the Reichsfilmkammer and its subsidiary organisations could be publicly screened. The film legislation of 1934 created a form of pre-censor (the “Reichs-filmdramaturg”) to whom all film scripts needed to be submitted even during the planning stage. Films would not acquire a certificate from the censor or “Filmprüfstelle” if they were considered to offend National Socialist sensibilities.

Page 20: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

Gleichschaltung

• So wird es nun mehr in noch gesteigerter Form unsere Aufgabe sein, für die volksmäßig bedingte deutsche Filmschöpfung einzutreten

– Der Film, 15. April 1933 announcing its Gleichschaltung

• Bisher habe allerdings der deutsche Film seine tiefste Aufgabe nicht erfüllt, nämlich die Aufgabe einer jeden Kunst: Vorkämpfer nationaler Kultur zu sein, sondern er habe in unwürdiger Weise Schuputzerdienste geleistet und sei allen Erscheinungen hintennachgehinkt

– Film-Kurier, 27. April 1933, reporting Goebbels’ visit to Ufa

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How Nazi is Nazi Film?

• The infamous Triumph des Willens (Riefenstahl, 1934/35)

• Low angle glorifications?

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Triumph des Willens (1934/35)

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Der Schimmelreiter (1934)

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More Schimmelreiter

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Menschen am Sonntag (1929/30)

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Goebbels on propaganda March 1937

• Ich wünsche nicht etwa eine Kunst, die ihren national-sozialistischen Charakter lediglich durch Zurschaustellung national-sozialistischer Embleme und Symbole beweist, sondern eine Kunst, die ihre Haltung durch national-sozialistischen Charakter und durch Aufraffen national-sozialistischer Probleme zum Ausdruck bringt. Diese Probleme werden das Gefühlsleben der Deutschen und anderer Völker um so wirksamer durchdringen, je unauffälliger sie behandelt werden. (Albrecht, p. 456)

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Entertainment

• Mach dir keine Sorgen/Geht’s auch mitunter drüber und drunter/Sag’ wenn’s dir zu bunt wird/Ich geh’

– Hans Albers in Ein Mann auf Abwegen (1939/40)

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Some approaches to Nazi Cinema

• A-Filme: Filme aktionsbetonender Grundhaltung mit nur latenter politischer Funktion

• E-Filme: Filme ernster Grundhaltung mit nur latenter politischer Funktion

• H-Filme: Filme heiterer Grundhaltung mit nur latenter politischer Funktion

• P-Filme: Filme mit manifester politischer Funktion ohne Rücksicht auf ihren sonstigen Inhalt

– Gerd Albrecht, Nationalsozialistische Filmpolitik

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Politics of the Unpolitical

• Dissolve a false revelation of essence, a false naturalisation?– Karsten Witte, “How

Fascist is The Punch Bowl?” New German Critique, No. 74 (1998), pp. 31-36.

• Still: Die Feuerzangenbowle (1944, with Heinz Rühmann)

Page 30: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

Looking for ambiguities

• I seek a more precise awareness of the form, address, and appeal of Nazi films. Rather than reducing them to ideological containers in which the Ministry of Propaganda packaged affirmation and falsehood, I aim to read them as ambiguous and complex entities, as still resonant portrayals of an age’s different inclinations and disparate wishes, works that give rise to divergent official and popular responses since the Third Reich.

• Eric Rentschler, The Ministry of Illusion, p. 15

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Textual ambiguities

• Linda Schulte-Sasse, Entertaining the Third Reich: Illusions of Wholeness in Nazi Cinema (Durham: Duke UP, 1996), p. 5:

• “We have to be willing to modify the image we have of Nazi culture, to let its internal contradictions as well as its continuities to earlier and later cultures speak.”

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4. Zu neuen Ufern (1937) as test case

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4. Ambiguity show case

• Detlev Sierck/Douglas Sirk

• “Melodrama […] provides a supple texture in which traditional norms and their disruption coexist.”

• Marc Silberman, German Cinema: Texts in Context (1995), p. 62

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Clip 1: Zu neuen Ufern (1937)

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Contrasting music

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Cracked voice

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Framing with obstacles

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Leander’s face in shadow

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Confessing with eyes in light

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Imprisonment

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Grotesque figure v. grand orchestra

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The passion of Gloria Vane

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Rising through suffering

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Face in the light

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Imprisonment (2)

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Aural contrast

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Smooth transition

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Beyond the text?

• ‘The problem is, however, that Schulte-Sasse fails to adduce much evidence, other than her own textual analyses, for such a suggestion…’

• Julian Petley, ‘Film Policy in the Third Reich,’ Tim Bergfelder, Erica Carter and Deniz Göktürk, eds., The German Cinema Book, 180.

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Contemporary reactions?

• The contradictions Sierck constructed so carefully in this film eschew a surface reading. Indeed, its very reliance on formulae, conventions, excess, exaggeration, and clichés invites a discursive reading of its representational system. Whether this functioned for the historical spectator of 1937 is impossible to determine

• Silberman, 1995: p. 65

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The use of cinema in the III. Reich

• “Ich bin so sehr gern im Kino; es entrückt mich.”

– Victor Klemperer, Ich will Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten: Tagebücher 1933-1941 (Berlin: Aufbau Verlag, 1995), p. 13, entry for 20.3.1933.

– [Still: Viktor und Viktoria, dir. Schünzel, 1933]

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The Use of Zu neuen Ufern

• Goebbel’s abolished film criticism November 1936

• Press coverage nevertheless, and reports of premiere

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Premiere

• Vorprogramme: ‘Gesunde Frau - gesundes Volk’ (dir: Gösta Nordhaus, Ufa 1937)

• Kulturfilm ‘der uns die Notwendigkeit eines gesunden Frauensports vor Augen führt’

– Der Film 4. September 1937

– Image: poster for 1932 exhibition in Dresden

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International Art Film?

• Ein Werk von Weltformat– Nachtausgabe

• Mit spürbar künstlerischem Ehrgeiz gestaltet

– Berliner Börsen-Zeitung

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Reviews: Leander’s voice

• In dieser Stimme ist alles: der Jubel, das Glück, des Lebens trunkene Melodie und sein wilder Schmerz. Und diese Stimme gehört Zarah Leander, der großen Schauspielerin, der neuentdeckten Tragödin des deutschen Films. Neben ihr Willy Birgel — kein glatter, eleganter Held, sondern ein getriebener, unglücklicher Mensch

– Berliner Lokal Anzeiger

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More on the voice

• Aus ihrer Stimme spricht die ganze, große, starke und zugleich so weiche, jedes zarten Gefühls fähige Frau.

– Berliner Morgenpost Ein Werk von Weltformat– Nachtausgabe

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Ideological voice?

• Der Opfergang einer großherzigen Frau und das Zögern eines Schwächlings: Durch diese bunte Welt tönt die Stimme Zarah Leander… schreitet die tragische Maske einer leidenden, modernen Frau

– Der Angriff

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Criticisms

• Weihmayr’s camera using effect from Die Unbekannte (dir. Frank Wysbar, 1936)

• Der Film 4. September 1937

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More criticisms

• Psychological transition from song ‘Ich steh im Regen…’ to being ‘auf einem anderen Ufer’

– Der Film 4. September

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Fanzine

• Man sieht neue Filme mit ganz anderen Augen wenn man schon vorher weiß, um was es sich handelt…

• Filmwelt special brochure for Zu neuen Ufern

Page 60: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

Recycling publicity

• Obwohl oder vielleicht gerade weil sie Henrys inneren Wert erkannt hat

• Filmwelt brochure

• Obwohl sie oder vielleicht weil sie den inneren Wert Henrys erkannt hat

• Ufa plot summary in German and Italian

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Star biographies

• Engste Fühlung mit den Darstellern ist für “Filmwelt”-Leser das Wichtigste.

• Birgel’s WWI experience

• Höhn “aufrichtiges Menschenkind”

• Staal’s youthful rebellion

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Typology of Ufa stars

• And in one respect the state remained an almost total failure: from among the significant number of well-trained actors who were popular with the public, it was never able to produce the homunculus of the “new era,” the prototype of “National Socialist man.”

– Klaus Kreimeier, The Ufa Story (1996), p. 295.

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Background assumptions

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5. Conclusions

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Some uses of Zu neuen Ufern (1937)

• Presented as a film about woman• Importance of status of international German

film• The voice holds different images together• Star types and biographies. • Interest in what feels realistic• The sense of being ‘true to oneself’• Holding the contradictions of being true to

oneself?

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Two aspects in particular

• Looking at the limits of what feels real

• The role that music plays in creating/reinforcing the sense of involvement in what feels real

Page 67: Film in the III. Reich Is there a way beyond the opposition uniformity v. resistance?

References

• Gerd Albrecht, Nationalsozialistische Filmpolitik: Eine soziologische Untersuchung über die Spielfilme des Dritten Reiches (Stutgart: Ferdinand Elke, 1969).

• Eric Rentschler, The Ministry of Illusion: Nazi Cinema and its Afterlife (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1996).