final chapter 5 live cases
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 5
LIVE CASES
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In this chapter we will present few live cases of damaged concrete structures
which require a serial of repair and strengthening procedures these structures
includes residential building, hotels and bridges and it have different levels of
damages varies between major and minor damages.
Figure5- 1 Building that need's repair
5.1. Repair of residential building
5.1.1. Structure
Three storing residential building located in New Cairo district, the building is still
under-construction, it is still in the skeleton form.
5.1.2. Material used
The material used are; cement of high compressive strength (higher than the one
previously used in construction) and reinforcing steel bars.
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5.1.3. Project scope
In this building damages are detected after the removal of the wooden forms the
damage was presented as (figure2, 3, and 4)
5.1.3.1Causes of repair
Figure5- 2longitudinal crack Figure5-3spalling of concrete coversAnd appearof RFT
Figure5- 4 longitudinal crack due to construction and structural defects
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Figure5- 5 Figure5- 6Buckling of column due to high
compressive forces
5.1.4.Repair procedures
Splitting cracks due to buckling of column
5.1.4.1.Repair of column by using (concrete jacket)
1. The slab is lifted up by wooden sections to remove the load from column
Figure5- 7 First step lifting up the slab with wood to be able to remove concrete cover
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2. Cover is removed and steel bars have been inserted into old slab by epoxy to
welded thenew additional RFT to it (fig5-7)
Figure5- 8 Bonded steel bars
3. Creating voids in the slab to insert new RFT of the column into the slab to
increase the bond between the columns and to make the process of purring
concrete into shutter easier.
Figure5- 9 Breaking the slab to insert new RFT into it
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4. After cleaning the surface insert new additional RFT and additional
stirrups that preferred to be box stirrup to increase the bond then make
the new shutter of the column from one or more sides according to
repair design then pure the new concrete into column jacket.
Figure5- 10 Concrete jacket from one or more sides
Figure5- 11 Increase in the section dimensions of column after repair
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5.1.4.2. Strengthening of the first slab using section enlargement
Some elements were not in need to repair such as first floor it has small deflection
thats not critical; we insert new top RFT then cover it with a layer of concrete.
Figure5- 12 slab of first floor before and after adding additional top RFT
5.1.4.3. Reconstruction of the second and third floor slabs
1. Lift up the repaired slab by wooden sections to avoid slab collapse.
Figure5- 13 Slab lifted by wooden sections
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2. Remove base concrete and prepare the connection between slabs and columns
Figure5- 14Removing old concrete
3. Make sure of Cleaning RFT from old concrete and ducts of electric wires.
Figure5- 15 Clean the main RFT of embedded beam from concrete
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4. Build up the new shutter of the slab in the same level of floor then insert electric
ducts
Figure5- 16 Wooden forms from in and out sides
5. Pour concrete into shutter then remove wooden forms after harden of reinforced
concrete.
Figure5- 18 Curing surface of new concrete slab
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5.2. Repair of Hotel Concrete Balcony Columns
Concrete can crack and experience vertical stress under the most unexpected
circumstances affecting the structural building integrity and requiring immediaterepair. When these situations occur in buildings used by the public, such as
restaurants and hotels, repairs must be aesthetically pleasing and not raise public
concern related to the buildings safety. In this case, concrete columns were pulling
away from the balconies.
5.2.1. Structure
Grande Shores Ocean Resort, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina this is a 7-story resorthotel on the Atlantic beachfront. It is constructed using standard concrete skeleton
method.
5.2.2. Material Used
Pre-cured Pre-preg w/peel-ply column wrap vacuum laminated; Designed by
layout of job scope; Laminated with (#4020) Epoxy.
5.2.3. Project Scope
Concrete columns faade were pulling away from the balconies. Challenge was to
strap and reinforce columns, yet make reinforcement aesthetically pleasing.
Figure5 - 19 Repair of hotel column
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5.2.4. SolutionPre-preg column wraps allowed for fast installation, completing project with
minimal disruption and prior to hotels busy season. With this method they werestill able to function with only a small area of rooms closed off to public
Original design was to install 200 lb steel plates that would have added significant
weight, would not have been aesthetically pleasing and would have closed a large
area of the hotel losing them revenue.
Figure 5- 20 side view of concrete balcony columns
Figure5- 21 Elevation of concrete balcony columns
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5.3.Highway-Bridge, Support Column RepairConcrete bridge columns are an integral part of the integrity of highway bridges
that may be damaged by various physical forces including earthquakes and vehicleaccidents. Vertical effects on these bridge columns lead to significant variations in
axial force demand which can result in fluctuations in moment demands at the face
of the bent cap, amplification of moment demands at the girder mid-span, and
changes to moment and shear capacity of the column.
In this case, concrete columns were deemed to be fatigued due to deterioration of
steel reinforcement.
5.3.1. Material UsedFortec 600 gsm unidirectional carbon fiber fabric w/ #4550 Epoxy Saturant and
(#590) Epoxy paste.
5.3.2. Project Scope
Concrete Columns were deemed to be fatigued due to deterioration of steel
reinforcement. Repair was to wrap columns using 600 gsm carbon fiber wrap
utilizing onsite impregnator of epoxy saturate.
Figure5- 22 Wrapping column with FRP sheets
5.3.3. Conclusion
Wrapping column with Fortec carbon fiber fabric allowed for minimal road closure
as would have been needed with old method of teardown and replacement of
column. The #4550 epoxy allowed contractor to cure out in field under difficult
weather conditions. With highs in the 60's and lows dipping into the 40's a night
curing was a challenge.