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Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors Laurie Brewer, Assistant City Manager, Georgetown Texas Scott McIntyre, FirstSouthwest Asset Management 05/18/2014

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Page 1: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Presenters: 

QR Code

Date: 

Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors

• Laurie Brewer, Assistant City Manager, Georgetown Texas • Scott McIntyre, FirstSouthwest Asset Management   

05/18/2014

Page 2: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

GFOA Sample Policy Language  

o “A series of appropriate benchmarks shall be established against which portfolio performance shall be compared on a regular basis.  The benchmarks shall be reflective of the actual securities being purchased and risks undertaken, and the benchmarks shall have a similar weighted average maturity as the portfolio.”

o “The [entity’s] cash management portfolio shall be designed with the objective of regularly meeting or exceeding a selected performance benchmark, which could be the average return on three‐month U.S. Treasury bills, the state investment pool, a money market mutual fund [specify] or the average rate of Fed funds. These indices are considered benchmarks for lower risk investment transactions and therefore comprise a minimum standard for the portfolio’s rate of return.”     

Page 3: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Local Governments are Different

Page 4: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Benchmark Expectations o Money managers and pension funds have used benchmarks 

for decades. 

o More recently, local governments have used benchmarks to fulfill legal and policy requirements, as well as to inform the governing body and the public. 

o The goal of a public funds account benchmark should be to provide a frame of reference for comparing and evaluating performance.  

Page 5: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Considerations

o There is no universally accepted standard. 

o Public funds operating funds are unique and require careful selection of benchmark. 

o Understand local pressures and politics.  

o Cash flows and liquidity needs take precedence.   

o Correlation with investment time frame is critical.

o Active or passive strategy is an important factor.       

Page 6: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

A Benchmark is not a Strategy …but the two go hand in hand. 

Page 7: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

The Strategy Angle  

o A consistently employed strategy is always the best approach to an uncertain rate environment.  

o A consistently employed strategy ensures a disciplined process.

o In determining strategy, consider your risk parameters, and remember policy objectives of… 1) Safety, 2) Liquidity and 3) Yield

o A good benchmark should both shape and reflect this strategy.

Page 8: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Factors in Choosing Your Benchmark 

• The benchmark should match the weighted average maturity of the portfolio and the degree of credit risk. 

What is your maximum maturity? 

Can you do commercial paper, corporates, muni’s or mortgage‐backs?  

• Don’t set the target too high. The intent is not to create a hurdle that encourages risk. 

• It should be familiar, verifiable and appropriate. Don’t use an industry benchmark without understanding how it is constructed and what it contains. 

Page 9: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

How to Measure Performance 

• System‐generated or spreadsheet 

• The chosen number should approximate an earnings rate

• Performance is usually done on the overall portfolio, but may be broken down into fund categories if strategies differ.     

• Be consistent from quarter to quarter 

• Include with quarterly reports 

Page 10: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Total Return or Weighted Average Yield?

Page 11: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Very few investment policies provide specific guidance as to how performance is measured or presented.  In fact, it isn’t unusual to see the term “return” mentioned or used interchangeably with yield.  In a broad sense, the policy term is fine, but if “total return” is to be used as a reporting measure, it should be clearly understood. 

Page 12: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Comparing Apples to Apples  • The most basic difference between average yield and total return is that in a 

return calculation, any price appreciation that occurs during the reporting  period is included as if it were income, along with accrued interest and amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts.  

• Thus, any increase in the unrealized gain during the reporting period boosts total return for that period.  If prices subsequently fall, the change in market value for the period is then subtracted from the calculation.  

• During periods of extreme price volatility, unrealized gains or losses can double or triple performance …without affecting the actual earnings at all. 

• Weighted average yield represents what a portfolio is earning at any given point if securities are expected to be held to maturity. It does not consider market price movement from period to period.  

Page 13: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Comparing Total Returns to Treasury Yields

Qtr‐Yr

BofA/Merrill Lynch 1‐3 Year U.S. 

Agency Index Total Return

2‐Year Treasury Note Average Yield

Q1‐08 2.74% 2.03%Q2‐08 ‐0.45% 2.40%Q3‐08 0.81% 2.35%Q4‐08 3.83% 1.20%Q1‐09 0.31% 0.89%Q2‐09 0.77% 1.00%Q3‐09 0.90% 1.01%Q4‐09 0.17% 0.86%Q1‐10 0.69% 0.90%Q2‐10 1.06% 0.86%Q3‐10 0.60% 0.53%Q4‐10 ‐0.04% 0.48%Q1‐11 0.13% 0.68%Q2‐11 0.82% 0.55%Q3‐11 0.38% 0.27%Q4‐11 0.19% 0.26%Q1‐12 0.28% 0.28%Q2‐12 0.19% 0.28%Q3‐12 0.25% 0.25%Q4‐12 0.12% 0.26%Q1‐13 0.11% 0.25%Q2‐13 ‐0.14% 0.26%Q3‐13 0.30% 0.36%Q4‐13 0.15% 0.32%Q1‐14 0.17% 0.36%

Average: 0.57% 0.76%

Source: Bloomberg and BofA/Merrill Lynch

Page 14: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Average Yield to Maturity may be best if:         

o Fund balances fluctuate during the year  

o Fund strategies are based on known cash flows and cash flow expectations 

o Policy restricts purchases to fixed income, low credit risk securities   

o Portfolio isn’t activity traded

o There is no discretion to sell securities at a loss     

o There are few “cash investments” in the portfolio  

Page 15: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Trade tickets and purchase confirmations should always include the YTM at cost, and most portfolio management systems offer this measure.  Since the YTM remains the same through its maturity date, each purchase will have a unique yield.  

A weighted‐average portfolio yield‐to‐maturity can be calculated by multiplying the YTM of each security in the portfolio by its book value, adding these together and dividing by the total book value of the portfolio. 

Page 16: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Common Industry Benchmarks 

Local government investment pools

Treasury benchmarks

Money fund indexes  

Dealer indexes

Peer group comparisons

Custom benchmarks  

Use multiple benchmarks to describe the market environment  

Page 17: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

The Investment Pool Measure    

• At the end of the day, local governments will always compare their own performance to the state pool. 

• The primary benefit to (formally) doing this is familiarity. 

• Generally speaking, a managed portfolio is expected to exceed the pool rate (net of fees).   

• The average monthly rate as posted on the pool’s website is best.

Page 18: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

The Treasury Measure     

• A Treasury benchmark is familiar and verifiable, and represents a “risk free rate” to a specific maturity.     

• If a portfolio assumes additional risk, performance would generally be expected to beat the Treasury benchmark. 

• Both over and under performance should simply prompt an explanation of the contributing factors. 

• Monthly or quarterly averages of 3mo, 6mo, 1yr, 2yr or 3yr

• The Constant Maturity Treasury (CMT)  ‐ The Fed calculates CMTs by interpolating points along a Treasury curve composed of activity traded issues within the specific range. Published on the H.15 report and available on the Fed website. 

Page 19: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

The Money Fund Indexes 

• Use an actual money fund monthly average or an index …but be consistent 

• A very common money market fund index is offered by S&P.

• Because fees for money market funds are higher than fees fro pools, the daily rates for government money funds are near zero.  

• Comparing performance to 0.00% seems silly …but it does describe the rate environment.    

Page 20: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

The Dealer Indexes  

• BOA Merrill Lynch indexes are the most common and probably most easily accessible. 

• There are 5,220 separate Merrill indexes.  

• Barclays (once Lehman) are used less frequently. 

• Choose carefully. Merrill 1‐3 government index is most common for local governments …make sure comparison is valid. 

Page 21: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Peer Group Measures 

• It’s intuitively appealing to measure against peers …but be careful. 

• Competition will laser focus attention – not always a good thing

• Consider ‐

• Asset size among peer members    

• Strategies and risk parameters   

• Staffing levels and degree of experience 

• Investment tools – Bloomberg?  

• Timing of cash flows 

• Return measure 

• If appropriate, limit use to an annual review 

Page 22: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Custom Benchmarks 

• There is considerable latitude in developing a benchmark that replicates portfolio risk by mixing more common indexes and averages. 

• An example weighted index might be 40% of the monthly average state pool yield, 40% of the 12mo CMT and 20% of the Merrill Lynch 1‐3 year government index. 

• The problem with custom indexes is that they are unfamiliar, not easily 

verified and subject to error or manipulation. 

• Generally discouraged 

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Benchmark Report Example  

Page 24: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Web Data Sources   • Pools (The first pool benchmark should be your state pool)  

http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/funds‐gips‐indicies/en/us

• Treasuries http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data.htm

http://www.treasury.gov/resource‐center/data‐chart‐center/interest‐rates/Pages/TextView.aspx?data=billrates

http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/rates‐bonds/government‐bonds/us/

• Money funds indexeshttp://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/funds‐mmf‐indicies/en/us

http://www.imoneynet.com/institutional‐money‐funds/

• Dealer indexes (Check with BOA Merrill if you have an account) 

https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/categories/32347 (St Louis Fed) 

Page 25: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Bloomberg Data Sources   • Pools 

LGIPG30N INDEX – S&P 30‐day government pool (net) 

• Treasuries 

H15T6M INDEX <GO>   – 6 month CMT 

H15T1Y INDEX <GO>     – 1 year CMT   

• Dealer indexes 

IND <GO>  ‐ BOA MERRILL indexes 

Page 26: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Case Study 1 • What other information do we need to evaluate this performance?  

•What does this graph tell us?   

•What explanation is necessary, if any? 

Page 27: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Case Study 2 • What other information do we need to evaluate this performance?  

•What does this graph tell us?   

•What explanation is necessary, if any? 

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General Reporting Considerations 

o Understand your audience 

o Be concise  

o Use graphics if, and when appropriate

o Be consistent from period to period 

o Highlight the important elements

o Try to anticipate questions    

Page 29: FINAL - Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors - Choosing the Right... · Presenters: QR Code Date: Choosing the Right Benchmarks for Government Investors • Laurie

Key Points   o A good benchmark should both shape and reflect your strategy

o Use multiple benchmarks to describe the market 

o Provide frame of reference …not a hurdle

o Should be familiar, verifiable and appropriate

o Understand your benchmark well and be able to explain it

o Missing the mark should prompt a discussion …this is a good thing.           

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QUESTIONS?