Corporate Governance Values and Attitudes of Dayak towards Age, Time,

Education, Religion, and Status

Kevin Marco / 000 000 00386 Judith Sacharissa / 000 000 05769

Antonius Carlo / 130 500 0397 Gabriella Safitri / 130 500 1543 Veronita Putri / 000 000 02625

UNIVERSITAS PELITA HARAPAN Jl. M.H. Thamrin Boulevard

Tangerang, 15811 Banten

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Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction............................................................................................................................2Chapter II Theory....................................................................................................................................3

2.1 Time....................................................................................................................................................52.2 Mystic.................................................................................................................................................5

Ghost Warrior.......................................................................................................................................6Dayak Girl.............................................................................................................................................6Deadly Sword........................................................................................................................................7

2.3 Culture...............................................................................................................................................7Tattoo....................................................................................................................................................7

Music.....................................................................................................................................................9Dance..................................................................................................................................................10

2.4 Education.........................................................................................................................................112.5 Status................................................................................................................................................112.6 Headhunting....................................................................................................................................122.7 Language..........................................................................................................................................132.8 Religion/Belief.................................................................................................................................142.9 Society..............................................................................................................................................152.10 Politics............................................................................................................................................162.11 Age..................................................................................................................................................17

Chapter III Analysis..............................................................................................................................183.1 Status................................................................................................................................................183.2 Religion/Belief.................................................................................................................................193.3 Age....................................................................................................................................................203.4 Education.........................................................................................................................................213.5 Time..................................................................................................................................................22

Chapter IV Conclusion..........................................................................................................................23References..................................................................................................................................................24

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Chapter I Introduction Culture is the common denominator that makes actions of the individuals understandable

to a particular group. That is the system of shared values, beliefs, behaviours, and artefacts making up a societys way of life. On the other hand, value is a reflection of someones sense of right and wrong, or what ought to be. Therefore, a persons behaviours and attitudes are obviously also influenced by his or her value. Personal values exist in relation to cultural values. Culture as a social system, play as a reference to measure the virtue of individual values. As mentioned, values generate behaviour of someone. Hence, a cultural system takes an important role in someones growth of attitudes.

Dayak is one of the famous tribes in Indonesia. Dayak was also spelled Dyak, or Dajak in

Dutch. They are located in the island of Borneo (Kalimantan), most of whom traditionally lived along the banks of the larger rivers. Dayak is one of the tribes that is rich in their art and culture. It is a common thing that Dayak group is respected by every Indonesian because of the culture they own.

This paper our group has conducted will further discuss about people of Dayak values and

attitudes toward age, time, education, religion, and status. This topic regarding the Corporate Governance subject is assessed as an important issue. Knowing that there is a possibility that we might could met Dayak people in the area of business. By learning their core values, attitudes, and behaviour, we will be able to adjust and get used to their culture and nature.

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Chapter II Theory Dayak, also spelled Dyak, Dutch Dajak, or the non-Muslim indigenous peoples of the

Borneo Island, most of whom traditionally lived along the banks of larger rivers. Their languages all belong to the Indonesian branch of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language family. Dayak is a generic term that has no specific ethnic or tribal significance. Especially in Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan), it is applied to any of the peoples (non-Muslim) who inhabit that island.

For additional information, Borneo is the third-largest island in the world and the largest island in Asia. The island is divided among three countries. Malaysia and Brunei in the north, and Indonesia to the south. Approximately 73% of the island is Indonesian territory. This 73% territory of Indonesia is the place where we can find Dayak people.

In Malaysian Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah), it is used somewhat less extensively and is often understood locally to refer specifically to Iban (Sea Dayak) and Bidayuh (Land Dayak) peoples. At the turn of the 21st century the Dayak population of Borneo could be estimated roughly at 2.2 million.

Dayak people of Borneo, Kalimantan create their own culture within their community, including their own agriculture system. Agriculture, especially farming on dry land, mostly become the main source for Dayak people in gaining cash for their live.

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Traditionally, Dayak agriculture was based on the rice cultivation. Agricultural Land in this term was used and defined primarily in terms of hill rice farming, ladang (garden), and hutan (forest). To manage their agricultural system, Dayaks organized their labor in terms of traditionally. This traditional system of labor was organized based on land holding groups, which determined who owned rights to land and how it was to be used.

Dayak is also very skillful in weaving by rattan, they make hats, mat, basket, and others which is the work of women. They are considered as the culture that have high creativity and hardworking mental.

The villages of Dayak in the inner part of Kalimantan has not provided any local market yet, so they need sell their products to the merchants that come to their villages, or some of them need bring the goods to the cities such as Kuala Kapuas or even Banjarmasin, the capital city of South Kalimantan, to be sold.

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2.1 Time Dayak tribe use a calendar system that is based on the movement of sun, moon, and star. It is somehow different with the normal national calendar system used by the rest of Indonesian. By using this system, it allows Dayak people to determine the best time to do cultivation, avoid bad days to do celebration, and predict natural condition.

Each of Dayak people activities has their own phase in a year that has already been determined before. Dayak people follow this schedule of activities. During the whole year, Dayak has their own time division of doing things, such as:

1. Nyuwuk Jumpun : time to chop or clear away forest to find suitable place to cultivate. 2. Tamaruh / Nebas : time to cut small lumber. 3. Maneweng : time to cut large lumber. 4. Manugal : time to plant rice seeds. 5. Manggetem / Malan : time to reap paddy.

2.2 Mystic Dayak tribe is known by their strong mystical power. It has become one of their significant power used to win wars and put inside the war weapon like in penyang, Mandau, lunju, and sipet. Even to attract opposite sex that they like, they can used mystical power as well. But only the leader of the tribe who is believed have the capability to execute the magic.

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Ghost Warrior By the Dayak people Panglima Burung or ghost warrior is seen as noble figure, spiritual leader, that is sacred, strong, prestigious, and knight to the tribe. They also called Panglima Burung as Pangkalima. Dayak believe they have magic power and become the protector of all Dayak people. According to the story, Panglima Burung live in the mountain of Borneo.

The story about ghost warrior varies, one said that they already live for hundred years in West and Middle Borneo boundaries, other said they are in form of supernatural being either a man or woman, and other even said they are the incarnation of hornbills (burung enggang) the sacred bird of Borneo.

Even though they are seen as noble, they still live in simplicity. They dont live in castle but hide, imprisoned, and bonded with nature. Their characteristic are patient, calm, hold their values firmly, and immune. They will appear if there is riot or destruction in Dayak land. Dang Pangkalima is the one who merge all Dayak tribe in Borneo and help solve disputes.

Dayak Girl If we talk about Borneo, we will not miss the story about the beauty of Dayak Girl. They are well known of their beauty. Flawless skin, natural blossom, very polite, respect her family, soft, kind, and having a sharp eagle eyes are some amazing characteristics of them. Therefore, there is no doubt that any guy who visit Borneo and met a Dayak girl will fall in love.

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However, the myths is that if a guy already met Dayak Girl, they should be careful and not make any trouble with them. If you hurt them, you will not be able to go back to where youre from, sight becomes dark, confused, and lost your man vital.

Deadly Sword Sword here is called as Mandau or Parang. It acts as Dayak peoples weapon that is magical and sacred. Made by a steel plaque or mountains stone. It can be also used as plant cutter and a mandatory equipment to bring at the jungle. It symbolize individuals honor and identity. The power of Mandau is not just receive through the making process but also from pengayauan or beheading of enemys. The more you behead the more powerful the Mandau will be. The hair of someone been killed is put as an accessories to Mandau. It said that the spirit of the dead will be stay at the Mandau therefore making it more powerful.

The myths say Mandau can fly from the instruction of Pangkalima burung. They did a ritual and ask Panglima Burung to fly Mandau magically. This was done to find a target based on their blood smell and kill them without mercy.

2.3 Culture Tattoo Traditional tattooing has been customary among men and women in several groups of Dayak People. Tattoo for each sub Dayak is different and the place to draw this tattoo also different and also the motif of the tattoo can be different. Tattoo in Dayak is a symbol of a social class and

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also Dayak People believes that the more tattoo you have, it can make you easier in achieving immortality after death (keabadaian setelah kematian).

This tattoo comes with motif of snakes, dog (aso), birds and plants, etc. Snakes represent bravery, dog represent important animal in Dayak, birds represent patience, and plants represent beauty. The motifs of the tattoo are symbolic of the social class, and individual social standing is allowed to be tattooed with particular motifs.

These tattoos are made traditionally. The needle are made from orange trees thorn, but now some of them have use needle due to the modernization, the ink come from soot mixed with salt. Dayak Kayan (East Borneo) tattoo have more religious meaning, usually the number of tattoo that men have are equal with the number with they have been wander (mengembara). Each village have their own motifs, its means, more motifs they have equal to places that they have wandered. For girl in this area, their tattoo is as an appreciation of what they have done, mostly they have their tattoo tattooed on thigh, foot, or hand. There are 3 types of tattoos that woman in Dayak Kayan will get, first tedak kassa (from knee to the bottom of foot, usually woman will get when they already adult), tedak usuu (all hands part), and tedak hapii (all thigh).

Dayak Kenyah (East Borner) usually girl are being tattooed when they are 16 years old or the first time they got their period. When woman get tattooed there are special ritual for it. It happened in a special house and all men cannot get out from their house. In Dayak, people who have tattoo in their thigh are very respectful or they have a high social class, also the knee part is

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rarely to be tattooed, but usually knee being tattooed when there is no more place on their body to be tattooed. Music Dayak people rarely use store brought instrument or modern instrument, they still use their traditional instrument and still use it until now. One of famous Dayak music instrument is sape. Sape is a traditional lute played by Dayak communities when they have celebration (e.g. harvest festival [gawai]) and rituals. Sape is a simple instrument, one string carries the melody and the accompanying 2 strings are struck rhythmically to produce a drone. The making of Sape itself is quite difficult and complex. Sape must be made from selected wood, such as Pelaik wood (cork wood) or also it can be made from hard wood as well, such as nangka and belian wood.

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Dance The traditional Dayak hornbill dance is named after the bird with a big casqued, long down-curved bill and black and white feathers. The hornbill is both an important species and cultural symbol for Dayak people. In the west of Borneo, the hornbill dance is the most well-known Dayak dance. The dance is performed in stylized movements of the arms to resemble a flying hornbill. The dancer will mover her/his arms, legs and torso in a slow and fluid motion, and keep the head erect and motionless also to keep heavy brass ornaments that dangle from elongated earlobes from swaying too much. The dancers feet will stomp on the ground according to the tempo of the music. Both men and women will wear a richly adorned headdress, women dancers will hold hornbill feathers tied to their hands which will open up when the hands move, while men dancers will hold a shield and a ritual knife. The dance can be performed in a group, referred to as Datun Judulu, or as a solo dance performed both by man or woman. It is usually accompanied by Sape. Originally, dances were performed as part of post-warfare ritual, to greet returning warriors who fought the enemy or come back from successful head-hunting expeditions. Nowadays, dances are commonly featured during the rice harvest season, New Year and other celebrations, or to greet important visitors to the community.

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There are many others of Dayak dances, there is also Gantar Dance (the dance move is about sower and how the paddy will grow), Perang Dance (it usually used to be a welcoming dance when someone come back from war), Kance Lasan Dance or Hornbill dance.

2.4 Education People of Dayak now already considering about their childrens education. While before they dont even think about education because they still live in village and they think that education is not needed. Dayaks people mind change because of the modernization that happened. Now they already think that education is important and necessary. In the past, parents still bring their kids to ladang (paddy field or plant field) to help them and also kids help their parents to make money. Because of this kids dont have any thought about going to school at all.

2.5 Status Dayak people are divided into some sub-ethnics that have different language and even

different way of living. Shortly, Dayak is referred to Ngaju People or Ot Danum tribe who stays in South Borneo. While in general, Dayak is referred to the 6 tribes of Dayak; Kenyah-Kayan-Bahau,Ot Danum,Iban,Murut,Klemantan and Punan. Those six clusters were subdivided into approximately 405 sub-clusters. Although divided into hundreds of sub-clusters, Dayak groups have similar cultural traits in particular ways. These characteristics become the deciding factor if a sub-tribe in Borneo which can be incorporated into the group of Dayak.

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The most salient feature of Dayak social organisation is the practice of Longhouse domicile. This is a structure supported by hardwood posts that can be hundreds of metres long, usually located along a terraced river bank. At one side is a long communal platform, from which the individual households can be reached. The tuai rumah (long house chief) can be aided by a tuai burong (bird leader), tuai umai (farming leader) and a manang (shaman). Nowadays, each long house will have a Security and Development Committee and informal committee will be formed as and when necessary for example during festivals such as Gawai Dayak.

The Dayaks are peace-loving people who live based on customary rules or adat asal which govern each of their main activities. The adat is administered by the tuai rumah aided by the Council of Elders in the longhouse so that any dispute can be settled politely among the dwellers themselves via berandau (discussion). If no settlement can be reached at the longhouse chief level, then the dispute will escalate to a penghulu (court) level and so on.

2.6 Headhunting Headhunting comes from the word Kayau that means cutting head enemy. Headhunting is

a traditional ceremony of Dayak in West Kalimantan when they are going to war. This tradition aims to show courage, protect tribal, expand, and one way to survive. Headhunting done by Mandau (traditional weapon Dayak) and carried out by men Dayak people. That said, Dayak women and their families laid the requirements to become their husband must have "head of enemy" as eligible to marry. Only in this way Dayak women will accept the proposal. Because youth Dayak that were gracious and brave, certainly capable of protector to his family later.

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To find a fertile region and this allows them to meet with others ethnic in the same region. One way to power is to go down fighting. The head of the enemy is the "trophy" to take home to houses for extensions. For the losing party nor will they have to admit defeat and was forced to take orders winning side.

Although up to now none of analysis that can explain exactly and precisely the hidden meaning of the tradition ngayau because this ritual is so complex and so mysterious, but it can be concluded that the tradition ngayau is very important to the portrayal of Dayak group image which is one of the symbols a tribal identity. Cutting head / ngayau re-emerge when inter-ethnic riots swept West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan few years ago.

2.7 Language Dayak do not speak just one language, even if just those on the island of Borneo

(Kalimantan) are considered. Their indigenous languages belong in the general classification of Malayo-Polynesian languages and to diverse groups of Bornean and Sabahan languages (including Land Dayak), and the Ibanic languages of the Malayan branch. The Dayak are very adaptable.

Many of Borneos languages are endemic (which means they are spoken nowhere else). It is estimated that around 170 languages and dialects are spoken on the island and some by just a few hundred people, thus posing a serious risk to the future of those languages and related heritage.

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2.8 Religion/Belief The Dayak indigenous religion has been given the name Kaharingan, and may be said to

be a form of animism. The Kaharingan is registered as a form of Hinduism in Indonesia, as the Indonesian state only recognizes 6 forms of religion, which are, Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hindusim, Buddhism and Confucianism.

The integration of Kaharingan with Hinduism is not due to the similarities in the theological system, but due to the fact that Kaharingan is the oldest belief in Kalimantan. Unlike the development in Indonesian Kalimantan, the Kaharingan is not recognized as a religion both in Malaysian Borneo and Brunei.

The term Kaharingan comes from the Old Dayak word Haring, which means Life or Alive. This concept is expressed by the symbol of the Tree of Life. This Tree of Life resembles a spear that has three branches on either side, some facing up and some down. At the bottom of the symbol are two receptacles, while at the very top are a hornbill and the sun.

The spear and its branches denote the upper world and the afterlife, while the lower part where are the receptacles convey the idea of mans earthly life. The branches where some face up while others face down mean that there is an eternal balance between the earthly and the afterlife. That life on earth is temporary, and that human life is designed for the afterlife.

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Altogether combined, the Tree of Life expresses the core of the Kaharingan faith, which is that Human Life must be a balance and kept in harmony between man and his relatives, between man and his natural environment, and between man and the Almighty. This is also the basic concept of the Balinese Hindu religion, where in Bali it is known as: Tri Hita Karana.

Base on this Kaharingan concept, Dayak people develop strict rules and directives on how to treat the rainforests, what may be done or taken from the forests and what is not. The Dayaks local wisdom directs that trespassing these rules will destroy the balance of the forest and animals living in the forest, and so directly or indirectly will adversely damage communities that depends their live from the forest. However, since the mid-20th century, Dayak peoples have steadily adopted Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism. Thereby, in the early 21st century the vast majority of the population among Dayak people was Christian.

2.9 Society Kinship in Dayak society is traced in both lines. Although in Dayak Iban society, men and

women possess equal rights in status and property ownership, political office has strictly been the occupation of the traditional Iban Patriarch. Overall Dayak leadership in any given region, is marked by titles, a Penghulu for instance would have invested authority on behalf of a network of Tuai Rumah's, and so on to a Temenggung or Panglima. It must be noted that individual Dayak groups have their social and hierarchy systems defined internally, and these differ widely from Ibans to Ngajus and Benuaqs to Kayans.

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2.10 Politics

Organized Dayak political representation in the Indonesian State first appeared during the Dutch administration, in the form of the Dayak Unity Party (Partai Persatuan Dayak) in the 1930s and 1940s. Dayak people in Sarawak in this respect is very poor compare to their organized members in the Indonesian side of Borneo. The beginning of Dayak people contribution towards politics in Indonesia was marked with the Dayak League (Sarekat Dayak) established in 1919 in Banjarmasin, until the Partai Dayak in the 1940s, which serves as an early Pan-Dayakism in Indonesia until today.

Among the most prominent Indonesian Dayak politician is Tjilik Riwut, a member of Central Indonesian National Committee, he was honored as the National Hero of Indonesia (Gelar Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia) in 1998 for his major contribution during the Indonesian National Revolution. He had served as the Central Kalimantan Governor between 1958 to 1967.

While in 1960, Oevaang Oeray was appointed as the 3rd Governor of West Kalimantan, becoming the first governor of Dayak origin in the province. He held the office until 1966. He is also known as one of the founding fathers of Dayak Unity Party in 1945 and had been actively assisting the Brunei Revolt in 1962 during the height of IndonesiaMalaysia confrontation.

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2.11 Age

As commonly in other Asian culture, generally Indonesians embeded within their children respect and concern for the elderly, as the society regards the elderly as the backbone of the family. This also applies in the tribe of Dayak, where they values their elder and parents by giving the social status of an elderly person higher than others.

Other than respecting their elders, Dayak people also respects for the dead. For instance,for death and afterlife, Dayak has a ritual that called tiwah, it means to pray and give their last respects to ancestors or deceased family to be accepted in the hand of the Father in heaven. Tiwah ritual is a procession that is intended to deliver ancestral spirits of relatives who has passed away to the afterlife by way of cleanse and move the rest of the body from the grave to a place called sandung.

Ritual tiwah is unique and it was the generated from the origin culture of Dayak. Tiwah Ritual can only be done by the Dayak of Central Kalimantan. Tiwah ritual is the final level of death for the Dayak tribe in Central Kalimantan especially for Kaharingan religion. Ritual tiwah aims to straightening the trip of the spirit or soul concerned into Lewu Tatau (Heaven in Sangiang language) so that he can live in peace and peace in the power of nature.

For Dayak tribes, a process of death needs to be continued with the advanced rituals (completion). Furthermore, tiwah also aims to remove the bond status of widows or widowers for married couples. After tiwah ceremony they are customarily allowed to determine the subsequent spouse or still choose not to marry again.

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Chapter III Analysis

3.1 Status

In general, the stratification of traditional Dayak community in West Kalimantan is divided into two groups, Golongan Merdeka and Golongan A. Golongan Merdeka

Utus gatung or Utus tatau This group is seen as a high nobility, rich, and perfect. They are regarded as

descendants of the great heir and direct descendant of divinity, especially visible from the wealth they have.

Utus rendah or sent Pehe-belum

This group although included in the free groups, they still differ in their socio-economic position. They only have treasures whose value is low. This stems from the class of the emergence of healers and Basir (priest).

B. Golongan Budak Actually, there is no slave class. This class of new developments have emerged in the

community itself. According to local stories Dayak, these groups appear to be related to their religious stories. It is said that humans descended from the realm above the earth and the slave must go down with difficulty, through a wooden pole that connects the world.

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Rewar According to custom, rewar groups are those that arise as a result of penalties for violations of customary weight and lose the war.

Djipen Utang djipen means a debt that were obliged by the slave. A slave would be free again after he was able to pay its debts and will be refunded all the rights and obligations as an independent. Dayak people believe that slaves are born as pailenge (accomplice) master. Therefore

during his lifetime until kealam immortal, he had to call the owner as tempongku, sangiangku (lord). They are also not allowed / prohibited build houses in the village, but in the border area village or in the forest around the village.

3.2 Religion/Belief From the theory concept of Dayak people religion and belief, we can take a through line concluding the attitude of Dayak people towards their belief. Dayak people are known as the people that have high creativity, intelligent, attitude and rationalization. They can differentiate which one is good for their culture, and what can affect the morality of their culture in the negative way.

Resulted from their ingenuity, they develop their own belief based on the Hinduism concept called Kaharingan. This belief refer to the harmonies within life of human being. Dayak people believe, by establishing the key concept (Kaharingan) to achieve the harmonity, can make them easier to create a balance life.

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Most part of Borneo, Kalimantan is the rainforest. Kaharingan also teach Dayak people to love their environment and forest. They believe forest is the sacral place since the live of Dayak people depends on the continuance of their forest. Kaharingan makes them realize how important the environment for their live and human being.

We can also say that Dayak people is the open minded people, related to their origin intelligent. It was shown by how they can accept another religion and belief into their community and culture. Nowadays, Christianity become the major belief among Dayak people. It indicates that they already brave enough to leave the old religion to convert into the new one. This action was pushed by their intelligent and open minded style attitude to achieve a higher level within their life. They consider Christianity as the religion that can take their culture and tribe further than they have achieved before.

3.3 Age

The characteristic of Dayak people can be explain with the word of Dayak that comes from the word Power. Meaning of the Dayak word is still much argued, many opinions refer to the inland people, people who live in the river, and some people claim that this term refers to some of the characteristics of the Dayak people strong, brave, courageous and tenacious.

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There are various opinions about the origin of the Dayak people, but somehow until now, there are still no clear knowlede about their origin. However, the generally accepted opinion is that the Dayak is one of the largest and oldest native groups that inhabit the island of Borneo. This opinions about the natives is based on the theory of migration to Borneo.

Native tribes of Borneo island have a strong cultures and customs and distinctive and quite

famous in the world. Dayak tribes respect for the family and their ancestors, even they also paid tribute to the celebrated tiwah ceremony to honor ancestors and relatives who have died, and it is something that should be appreciated from a diverse culture of various tribes in Indonesia.

3.4 Education Regarded of Dayak people that still live in rural area and most of them is very hard to reach, there is no teacher want to go and teach in there, therefore, many kids in Dayak tribe or deep in Borneo are uneducated.

The teacher never come to teach the student, one case said that the teacher only come 6 days within one month, and this what make parents regret about. When they already know the importance of education they didnt get what they want and what they have been paid for. Many kids also need to go to another village or more outside place (e.g. city of Borneo) to get educated because the lack of school in their village.

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3.5 Time

For Dayak people, the division of time is important. Each activities has their own time. They cant do something not in their time. For example they cant cut small lumber during Maneweng, they should did it on Tamaruh. Dayak people believe every action has their own specific time. It is the best time to do something based on the predecessor. Therefore Dayak people respect it and follow the time rules.

Influenced also by their strong belief in culture, Dayak people become a respectful people regarding time. They are punctual in terms of when to do what. If they miss for example Manugal, they cant plant rice seeds anymore. Thereby, the recognition of the importance of time is significant to Dayak people.

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Chapter IV Conclusion Indonesia is a unique country consist of a hundred tribes spread over a thousand of islands. Every tribe have their own unique culture towards age, time, education, religion, and status/relationship. This paper mostly talk about the attitude and behavior of Dayak people related to those categories mentioned above.

We can learn how Dayak people appreciate their culture, and how they manage it. Culture and attitude in Dayak people are unique and outreach of our logic. Dayak people are known with the magic/mystical power inside their self. This power mostly resulted from their belief and religion, and they use this power to support/protect the sustainability of their community and environment.

Punctuality of Dayak people were shown through their ceremony and other tribe events. As it has been said in the theory, Dayak people believe that there is time for every activities. They considered time as the most important and crucial part of their life. Perfect timing is the basis of their culture to calculate the time and in appreciating other people.

At the ancient time, education is not considered as the important aspect of Dayak peoples life. They prefer their descendant to work at agricultural field. Due to modernisation, Dayak people realize that education is important for the development and sustainability of their culture. Nowadays, Dayak people is highly educated and know how important education is.

From the explanation above and through this paper, we can pull a straight line about the attitude of Dayak people. Dayak people is the open minded and extrovert culture,they want to accept and learn another culture. It was shown by the acceptance of Christianity, realization of educations importance and how they manage their tribe/culture.

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