final international tourism (repaired)

7/29/2019 Final International Tourism (Repaired)

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CHAPTER-1


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INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL TOURISM

The concept of tourism refers to the broad framework that identifies tourisms

essential characteristics and distinguishes tourism from similar, often related but

different phenomena.

The two terms travel and tourism can be used in isolation or together to

describe three concepts:

The movement of people A sector of the economy or an industry, broad system of interacting

relationships of people, their needs to travel outside their communities and

services that attempt to respond to these needs by supplying products

TheWorld Tourism Organization (WTO) cited these definitions of tourism:

International Tourism: Consists of inbound tourism, visits to a country bynon-residents, and outbound tourism, residents of a country visiting another

country

Internal Tourism: Residents of a country visiting their own country Domestic Tourism: Internal tourism plus inbound tourism (the tourism

market of accommodation facilities and attractions within a country)

National Tourism: Internal tourism plus outbound tourism (the residenttourism market for travel agents and airlines.

According to the WTO tourists are people who: travel to and stay in places

outside their usual environment for not more then one consecutive year for leisure,
http://www.world-tourism.org/http://www.world-tourism.org/http://www.world-tourism.org/


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business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated

from within the place visited.

Devised by WTO was endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission in 1993

following an International Government Conference held in Ottawa, Canada in

1991.

Before people can experience tourism they usually need at least:

1. Disposable income, i.e. money to spend on non-essentials2. leisure time3. Tourism infrastructure, such as transport and accommodation.4. Other factors such as health and motivation to travel are also important.

As a service industry, tourism has numerous tangible and intangible elements.

Major tangible elements include transportation, accommodation, and other

components of the hospitality industry. Major intangible elements relate to the

purpose or motivation for becoming a tourist, such as rest, relaxation, the

opportunity to meet new people and experience other cultures, or simply to do

something different and have an adventure.

Following is a range of aspects to do with the tourism industry. Please feel free to

expand the dot points with your own findings and research.

Structure and organisation

The tourism industry is based on many different components and interrelated parts.

For example, transport, accommodation, attractions, activities, marketing and

government regulation. Many businesses span more than one sector and the


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impacts in one part of the tourism industry have significant implications for other

sectors.

The tourism industry includes:

1. those sectors which enable the tourist to travel to and from the destination(for example travel agents, airlines, bus companies, tour operators and rental

car companies)

2. those sectors which are part of the product at the destination (for example,accommodation, facilities and attractions)

3. the human component of tourism (the labor force)4. Public sector or government agencies, regional tourism organizations,

professional associations and industry training organizations.


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International Organizations

World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) is the most widely recognized and the

leading international organisation in travel and tourism today. It is a specializedagency of the United Nations. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy and a

practical source of tourism know-how. With its headquarters in Madrid, Spain the

World Tourism Organisation plays a central and decisive role in promoting

development of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism, with

the aim of contributing to economic development, international understanding,

peace prosperity and universal respect for and observance of human rights and

fundamental freedoms.

Its membership includes 150 countries and territories and more than 450 affiliate

members representing local governments, tourism associations, educational

institutes and private sector companies including airlines, hotels and tour operators.

Other international organizations which have a specialized interest in tourism

include the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) which is a

specialized agency of the United Nations and is concerned with the development of

international civil aviation, and the International Governmental Maritime

Consultative Organisation (IMCO) which is an inter-governmental organisation

concerned with co-operation in sea transport.

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is an association of airlines

concerned with the development and regulation of the air transportation industry.

Members comprise of approximately 80% of the worlds international airlines.
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Regional International Organizations

The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) is a mix governmental and non-

governmental bodies that work together to promote tourism industryprofessionalism in the Asia and Pacific area. http://www.pata.org

European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) this is a regional organisation with a

specialized interest in tourism and concerned with co-operation and co-ordination

of European airlines.

European Travel Commission is a strategic alliance that provides for the

collaboration between thirty-three European national tourism organizations. The

commissions goal is to attract customers from overseas markets to come to

Europe through promotional campaigns and industry trade shows.

National Organizations

Public (government) sector

The major reason for government involvement in tourism is concerned with the

welfare of their citizens and the overall welfare of their country. This relates to

areas such as economic stability, protection of natural resources, national security,

public health and employment. Tourism activity can occur in all of these areas so

governments are concerned that it is regulated and directed so as to ensure

maximum benefit for the country and the negative factors are minimized.

The degree of control differs between each country. State organizations in the

former Soviet Union had almost total control of tourism from the formation of
http://www.pata.org/http://www.pata.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:European_Civil_Aviation_Conferencehttp://www.etc-corporate.org/http://www.etc-corporate.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:European_Civil_Aviation_Conferencehttp://www.pata.org/http://www.pata.org/


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policy to running the only travel agency in tourist, airline Aeroflot and over 40000

rooms.

The only remaining countries that still control tourism completely so that

independent travel is impossible are North Korea and Turkmenistan.

In capitalist countries, the mix of private-sector and public-sector involvement in

tourism varies considerably between each country.

The United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism in Rome in

1963 adopted the following resolution:

The Conference considers that it is incumbent on governments to

stimulate and co-ordinate national tourist activities, convinced that this

task can, in the main, be carried out through the medium of national

tourist organizations.

Virtually every country in the world has a national body responsible for tourism. It

can be part of a ministry, a constituted part of a government department or an

organisation with a separate legal status. Generally the role of a NTO will be to

ensure appropriate development and promotion of a nation as a tourism

destination. This can include the following functions:

research information and promotion within the country overseas promotional activities international relations development of tourist areas overall tourism policy and promotion


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in supporting key tourism interests in a time of financial crisis

Some of the NTOs:

Canadian Tourism Commission Tourism New Zealand Japan National Tourist Organisation

Local Authorities

Below the National Tourism Organizations, in most countries, there is often a

complex web of organizations which complement the work of the NTO at the

regional and local level. For example, Tourism Dunedin is a local tourist

information service under the national tourism office for New Zealand. Their

activities are often a scaled-down version of the NTOs work at a regional level;

they often implement national policy and pursue integrated activities with the NTO

providing guidance.

Direct elements of the Tourism Industry - Those areas of the tourism

industry which come into direct contact with tourists

Sales Accommodation Transport

Activities Attractions Ancillary Services
http://www.travelcanada.ca/http://www.tourismnewzealand.com/http://www.jnto.go.jp/http://www.dunedinnz.com/http://www.dunedinnz.com/http://www.jnto.go.jp/http://www.tourismnewzealand.com/http://www.travelcanada.ca/


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Indirect elements of the Tourism Industry - Often called support sectors.

Those parts of the tourism industry which may not come into direct contact with

tourists, but without the rest of the industry could not function.

Infrastructure Roads Airports Communications Public Toilets Signs Manufacturing Building Industry Electricity Water supply Sewerage and waste disposal


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DIRECT ELEMENTS

TransportationWater Transportation

Transport by water can be an attraction in itself whether you are travelling on a

cruise ship in the Mediterranean or on a ferry between Wellington and Picton.

Travelling by water has never been more popular as tourists seek to avoid the

frustrations of air travel with its airport delays, congestion and the lack of comfort

in the air (unless travelling first class!). Cruising has undergone a revival and allforms of recreational pursuits on the water including yachting and jet boating have

expanded to fulfill this demand.

Air

Advances in aviation technology has meant that travel by air is now relatively safe,

economical, quick and reasonably comfortable. The development of the jet airlinerafter World War II to the first jumbo jet, the Boeing 747 in 1970 led to rapid falls

in seat cost per passenger kilometer. The advances have continued with the Airbus

super jumbo A380 a double-decker aircraft seating between 550-800 passengers

enters service in late 2007 with Singapore Airlines operating the aircraft on the

London -SingaporeSydney route.


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There are two basic type of air transport operation:

1. Scheduled services2. Charter services

Scheduled services operate on defined routes, domestic or international, for

which licenses have been granted by the governments concerned. The airline must

operate on the basis of their timetable regardless of the passenger loading.

Fully state owned carriers such as Singapore Airlines and the Emirates are known

as the national flag-carriers. Even when the carrier has been privatized as in the

case of British Airways the airline is still seen as the national flag carrier. Air New

Zealand was privatized but after the 9/11 disaster 80 per cent of the carrier was

returned into public ownership. Air transport is very important to the national

economy of a country and a government will often assist in times of crisis.

Low Cost Airlines LCAs or LCLF (low cost low fare) carriers has been a major

development in scheduled services in the last decade. A total of 80 million peopletravelled on European no-frills carriers in 2004 up from 47 million in 2003. These

airlines create a cost-competitive advantage by using some of the following means:

operate from secondary airports which have lower landing fees and are lesscongested allowing quicker turnarounds and more flights

operate on high density, short-haul routes with one class of seating charge passengers for food, drink and entertainment sell only via the Internet tickets are inflexiblegenerally non-refundable


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not operating frequent flying programmes and keeping airport passengerservices to a minimum

Charter services do not operate according to a published timetable and so do not

have to operate with uneconomical loadings. They are not advertised or promoted

by the airlines themselves as they are usually charted by intermediaries usually

tour operators. Many charter flights are sold as part of a package holiday in which

the price paid includes flights, accommodation and other services.. Such packages

are frequently cheaper than regular schedule airline fares. Furthermore charter

airlines frequently operate on routes, or to airports, where there is no scheduled

service. Much of the traffic through small and medium sized airports in the United

Kingdom consists of charter flights, and the survival of these airports often

depends on the airline landing fees they get from the charter companies.

Although charter airlines typically carry passengers who have booked individually

or as small groups to beach resorts, historic towns, or cities where a cruise ship is

awaiting them, sometimes an aircraft will be chartered by a single group such as

members of a company, a sports team, or to travel to a major event.

Many airlines operating regular scheduled services (i.e., for which tickets are sold

directly to passengers) have set up charter divisions, though these have not always

proved competitive with the specialist charter. In New Zealand, Freedom Air was

established by the Mount Cook Group in response to the competition from the

charter airline; Kiwi Air (went in to voluntary liquidation in 1996). Freedom Airnow operates as a scheduled airline from smaller airports eg Dunedin and

Hamilton. The economics of charter flights demand that the flights should operate

on the basis of near 100% seat occupancy.


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LAND TRANSPORTATION

Land transportation can be used for travelling from home to a host destination,

within the destination and between the host destinations.


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MOTORCARS

Tourists can use privately owned cars for independent and flexible holidays both

domestic and international. They can take day excursions or longer trips. The

explosion in private car ownership has changed the tourism industry by

establishing a need for motels, bed and breakfasts, home stays, roadside cafes and

car ferry services particularly in Europe.

The car rental business is divided into two categories, the large international

companies e.g. Hertz, Avis, Budget and the small, locally based companies. The

larger companies will have contracts with airports and railways maintaining a desk

at the location for easier collection of vehicles, links with airlines and hotels, (some

large hotel chains offering desk space in their reception area) and access to theirbusiness through a computer reservation system (CRS) and website.


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Rail

Rail travel has declined in popularity because of the rise in ownership of private

vehicles, the advent of jet aircraft and the failure of rail operators around the world

to adapt to changing tourists needs. The Orient Express (www.orient-

expresstrains.com), the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Tranz Alpine railway

(www.tranzscenic.co.nz) are all well known for their sight seeing appeal and are

attractions in their own right. Rail can provide efficient links between airports and

city centers and can carry large numbers of passengers and luggage. E.g. London,

Frankfurt, Paris and Rome. Trains often have an advantage over coach travel as

they are a lot faster. Inter-city express services operate in Britain, Europe, U.S.A.

and Japan. For rail travel within a city, tourists tend to travel by underground trains

such as the Tube in London, Le Metro in Paris and the Bart in San Francisco,

Hong Kong, Singapore, Rome and Prague also have their own underground rail

systems. Tickets offering unlimited travel by train, marketed to inbound tourists


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and only sold prior to departure, have boosted sales of rail travel. These included

Eurailpasses in Europe and Britrail pass in Britain.

Campervans

These are becoming increasingly popular both in New Zealand and overseas

especially in the USA where more than 25 million Americans make use of them

each year. While not cheap to hire, they have the advantage of flexibility and

independence providing both transportation and accommodation.

Coach

Coach operations can be categorized as follows:

express coach services, domestic and international private hire services tour and excursion operations transfer services

Greyhound in the USA is one of the most famous inter city express coach

operators but must compete with budget airlines and AMTRAK rail services for its

customers. In New Zealand, the intercity bus service operates between major cities.

Coaches can be hired by groups to travel to special events e.g. Millbrook concerts

or for educational purposes e.g. tourism students educational tours. Escorted

package tours are the most visible use of coaches in the travel industry where thereis a combination of accommodation, sightseeing by coach and transportation

between cities. E.g. Trafalgar Tours, Contiki Tours. The majority of coaching

holidays are booked by the over-45s. City sightseeing tours for half-day or full-day


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are usually undertaken by coaches or mini-buses. They can be specialized coaches

such as Londons double-decker buses or open-decked used in Auckland.

Transfers from airports to hotels are often by provided coach transportation

especially when the distance makes the cost of travelling by taxi prohibitive. Some

accommodation providers will also provide complimentary transfers by mini-coach

or they will be included in the cost of the package holiday.

Accommodation

The accommodation sector provides an enormous variety of accommodation types

to suit a wide range of visitors. Accommodation ranges from luxury 5 star hotels

which provide facilities and services such as 24 hour room service, gyms,

swimming pools etc. to camping grounds where the visitor is provided with a patch

of ground on which to pitch a tent. Classification of different types of

accommodation is very difficult as they can mean something different in another

country. In the USA, the meaning for an inn is hotel or motel style

accommodation usually operated by a chain e.g. Holiday Inns. In Britain, and inn

would describe pub-style accommodation offering bed and breakfast style

accommodation.

Grading Systems

There are many grading systems recognized by visitors and the accommodation

industry. Grading Systems are used to encourage and ensure a consistency ofquality.

Systems may be administered by public organizations or privately by organizations

such as accommodation chains and franchises. The most recognizable of these


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grading systems is the star system where individual accommodation is rated

depending on its levels of service, cleanliness, dcor and facilities. For instance

most people recognize that a 5 star hotel will have excellent service, be

exceptionally clean and tidy with housekeeping staff on call 24 hours, have up to

date, luxurious dcor and have a wide range of facilities on offer. A 3 star hotel on

the other hand will have fewer facilities, less luxurious dcor and more limited

service, e.g. a limited 24 hour room service menu instead of the entire restaurant

menu.

While this star system is recognized internationally it is not administered at an

international level, but rather at a national or in some cases regional level. This

leads to inconsistencies as to what the star grades actually mean. Many national

tourism organizations are now actively developing standardized grading systems

and encouraging accommodation providers to allow their accommodation to be

graded.

The benefits of this are:

1. Visitors can easily choose accommodation which will suit their needs andbudget, while being assured of quality.

2. Accommodation providers have a clear understanding as to what standardsare expected of them.

3. Accommodation providers can use their rating on their promotional material.4.

As more accommodation businesses join the grading scheme the over allquality of a destinations accommodation improves.

5. This gives visitors an overall impression of the destination as one of quality.


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New Zealand uses the Qualmark model to grade its accommodation. This model is

recognized internationally and uses a Qualmark star grading of 1 to 5.

Accommodation is rated by type:

Hotel Backpacker Holiday home Holiday park Student accommodation Self contained & serviced Exclusive

In the United Kingdom, accommodation is graded according to stars, diamonds or

crowns. In the USA a 5 star hotel would be graded as deluxe then to first class

to superior and the minimum grading would be tourist or budget.

Activities and Attractions

All destinations require features that will attract tourists to come and see and

experience these activities and attractions. They can range from physical features;

beauty of the mountains to the quality of a beach to activities such as jet boating

down a river or shopping and entertainment.

Attractions can be categorized as either natural which includes mountains,

geothermal areas, forests or constructed attractions which must be created and

maintained. Examples of constructed attractions are amusement parks, museums

and art galleries, wildlife parks, events, staged entertainment, cultural exhibitions,

gardens and historical buildings.
http://www.qualmark.co.nz/http://www.qualmark.co.nz/


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Commission

Travel agents and tour operators can earn their income from commission paid by

the service provider they are representing, and not by the purchaser. Airlines arereducing the levels of commission they currently pay to agents making it necessary

to sell more to make larger amounts of commission these days.

Examples of commission rates to travel agents include 5-9% on international air

tickets, 10% for a tour package, cruise or accommodation (this can be more

depending on the preferred status held with the supplier), and 33% for travel

insurance.

With the current changes to the commission system such as a single capped fee,

direct booking over the phone or internet and e-ticketing, agents are working

harder to make their commission. The focus on selling domestic fares is lower as

there is very little to be made on these bookings now days and more concentration

is taking place on the add-ons to the international flights.

Some travel agencies also generate income from bureau de change or travelers

cheque operations. Traditionally, this has been a significant source of income for

some major travel chains such as Thomas Cook and American Express. However,

with electronic banking, direct booking and the introduction of the Euro, their

income is also decreasing. It represents a saving for the consumers who are

benefiting by saving on commission.


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Food and Beverage

One of the most important experiences while on holiday for a lot of travellers is the

consumption of food and beverage, enhanced when the food and drink in question

is exceptional and/or exotic which is often the case on holidays abroad.

Countries with well-established reputations for their food and drink have ensured

that these attractions are promoted prominently in their tourism campaigns. Tours

are now from New Zealand offering tuition in French cooking and the many food

and wine festivals around the world attract both domestic and international tourists.

One of the most famous Festivals is Oktoberfest, held annually in Munich,

Germany for 2 weeks. The Speights brewery tour in Dunedin is world renowned

with tourists having to book in advance.


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Research conducted by Tourism New Zealand has shown that Interactive

Travelersto New Zealand are especially interested in experiencing the countrys

local food and wine.

The dominance in the UK and around the world of transnational corporations such

as McDonalds, KFC and Burger King has changed the eating habits of travelers.

The more unadventurous of tourists can now be comfortable eating food similar to

the food at home. Research conducted by Tourism New Zealand has shown that

Interactive Travelers to New Zealand are especially interested in experiencing the

countrys local food and wine.

Shopping

Shopping can be both an attraction and a basic facility which tourists will expect at

a destination. This can include souvenir shopping or purchasing basic necessities

such as shampoo. Products which identify with a destination are always popular. In

New Zealand, anything to do with the kiwi is sold in huge numbers in Hawaii its

pineapples and macadamia nuts.


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Insurance

Insurance is a very important aspect of a tourists travel arrangements. Most

policies will cover the following:

medical care and hospitalization personal accident cancellation/curtailment of holiday delayed departure baggage loss money loss personal liability

The traveler must ensure that medical coverage is sufficient to meet their needs

particular in countries where hospital care is very expensive. In the USA, costs in

excess of $1 million are not uncommon for serious illnesses.


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Foreign Transactions

The cost of an international trip can be substantial and often difficult to estimate in

advance. Several factors can influence this with the key one being fluctuatingexchange rates. Local taxes and tipping may be add-ons to prices that were not

anticipated in advance. It is also important to consider the relative cost of living

between countries and how that contributes to the travelers perceptions of value.

An example of cost of living in countries would be those who want to travel to

Scandinavia. The cost of living is very high especially when buying food. In

somewhere like Bali the cost of living is not as highfood and souvenirs are much

cheaper but it must also be remembered that tourists help to boost the economy.

Hence, after the bombing in Bali in 2003 the economy took a dive until tourists

deemed it safe to travel there again.

International travelers have an increasing number of ways they can pay for goods

and services while in a foreign country. These include:

Taking cash from home. However, this may lead to theft or loss, and somecountries have restrictions on the import or export of their currencies.

Taking travelers cheques. Used widely around the world, travelers chequesprovide security with compensation for theft and loss. Standard premium

charge of 1%.

Arrange for the advance transfer of funds to a foreign bank. Use travel vouchers provided by travel intermediaries. Tour, transport,

accommodation or meals may be purchased in advance.

Use a credit card to purchase goods and services or for cash advances. Feesmay apply and if there is a delay between purchase transaction and debit of


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the holders account, currency exchange fluctuations may alter the amount

of the purchase.

Use an eftpos card to access money/make purchases. The card needs to havethe internationally recognized symbol on the back of it and then funds are

accessed direct from bank account and are available from ATM machines 24

hours a day.

Commission Charges

The standard commission charged is 1.5% which can be a relatively small amount

if the traveler is not purchasing much. Therefore, there is a minimum charge which

is passed on to the client of $5.00 if the 1.5% commission is less than $5.00. This

discourages people from only exchanging small amounts of travellers cheques

over the counter.

Currency Codes

Currency codes are three letter standard abbreviations which identify the currency

of the country. E.g. NZD = New Zealand Dollars, GBP = Great British Pounds The

introduction of the EURO has reduced the number of foreign currencies now used

in Europe and makes it easier for the traveler when carrying travelers cheques, for

instance.

Currency Exchange Rates

International transactions require buyers and sellers to deal in foreign currencies.

The price of one currency in terms of another is called the exchange rate. Currency

exchange rates are usually floating and values fluctuate depending on supply and


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demand in the global marketplace. Fluctuation, either appreciation or depreciation,

depends on a number of economic and political considerations. If a country, for

example, suffers a war or terrorist attack then it becomes politically unstable and

people will not go there. If it is not receiving large numbers of tourists anymore

then the economy suffers and the value of the currency will drop.

Changes in exchange rates are usually small in the short term, but over a period of

weeks or months, trends can result in substantial differences. Changes in some

currencies can have knock-on effects for others too. For example, the value of the

New Zealand dollar is linked to the US dollar and the Japanese Yen.

International travelers have an increasingly wide range of ways in which they can

now pay for their goods and services abroad. These can include:

Travelers cheques - which are still widely used as they are readily availableand recognized throughout the world and offer the security of replacement if

lost or stolen.

Both credit card and cash card usage are increasing but it is recommendedthat travelers also take an assortment of notes and travelers cheques in case

of card theft.

Tourist publications and information

Traditionally this information has been in the form of brochures but the Internet is

now an increasingly important source of information for tourists and for tourism

operators. Availability of current information for tourists is vitally important e.g.

weather, local transportation, attractions etc. Travel Guides such as the Lonely

Planet series are immensely popular and continue to be updated and extended each


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year. Some guidebooks are now taking the form of travel blogs and wikis such as

Wikipedia and wiki travel. Podcasts prove to be very useful as the audio

information can be downloaded over the Internet to a computer then transferred

automatically to a portable audio player. Virgin Atlantic was one of the first

companies to offer this service when they launched a guide to New York. The key

benefit is that it is free, can be instantaneously updated and quick and easy to use

while on the move.

I-SITE offices in New Zealand have a vital role in providing information on local

and national visitor attractions and activities, accommodation and transport. They

are operated and funded by local councils e.g. Dunedin City Council.

Entertainment

This category includes cinemas, theatres, nightclubs, bars, casinos and shows.

Many tourists will look for entertainment and expect these facilities to be available

especially in cities. If it is not available, this is reflected highly in visitors surveys

as a reason for dissatisfaction.

Indirect Elements

Infrastructural needs

Infrastructure is critical to the success of the tourism product. Without suitable

access to a destination whether by road or air, the tourist will not be able to visit.

Airports must have certain facilities to gain status as in international airport e.g.

Duty Free facilities.
http://wikipedia.org/http://wikitravel.org/http://virginatlantic.loudish.com/newyork.htmlhttp://virginatlantic.loudish.com/newyork.htmlhttp://wikitravel.org/http://wikipedia.org/


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Communications also play a vital role especially today when people expect cell

phone coverage and internet access to keep in touch with family and friends or for

business.

Access to clean public toilets can be very important to the satisfaction of a tourists

holiday. Clear signage is vital for independent travelers both within the cities to

show routes to attractions, on roads to point out the way to destinations and also

within and outside tourist attractions providing information.

The manufacturing and building industry are vital to providing the superstructure

tourists needhotels, restaurants, shops and attractions.

Business of tourism

Economic Impacts of Tourism

Tourism is considered by many to be the largest industry in the world and thefastest growing. Tourism can provide many benefits for host communities and

countries but there are also negative effects. Impact studies are carried out with the

aim of improving our understanding of the positive and negative impacts of

tourism so that steps can be taken to lessen the negative effects and work at

sustainable tourism development. In other words, sustainable tourism development

is concerned with maximizing the benefits while minimizing the negative effects.

Tourism is seen by governments as a useful tool for economic development. The

economic benefits tourism may offer include:


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Employment: tourism is a labor intensive industry, Entrepreneurial opportunities, Generate tax revenues, Development in rural regions, Foreign exchange generator, Tourism promotes other industries, particularly in services sectors of the

economy.

Tourism contributes in four major areas of the national economy:

Income Balance of Payments Employment Regional economic development

Income

Salaries, interest, rent and profits all contribute to income generation. In the

tourism industry, which is labor intensive, the greatest proportion of income will

be derived from salaries paid to the workers both directly serving tourists or from

those benefiting indirectly from tourists spending.

Tourism is the main income generator for one-third of the developing nations but is

also a major generator in the Western world. In New Zealand, tourism is of prime

importance in areas where there is little other industry such as in Wanaka and theBay of Islands. Interest, rent and profits can generate income from loans to

companies building hotels or rental paid to the landowner for a tourism attraction.


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Taxation also contributes to income in the form of G.S.T. in New Zealand and

V.A.T. in the United Kingdom. In Fiji, there is an accommodation tax of 3% levied

on hotel rooms. Departure taxes are now levied by most countries and some

including the USA also have an arrival tax.

The sum on all incomes is called the national income and the importance to a

countrys economy is measured by looking at the proportion of national income

created by tourism. In New Zealand, for the year ended 2004, tourism contributed

$6.2 billion or 4.9% of New Zealands total industry contribution the GDP.

Balance of payments

International tourists contribute to a receiving countrys balance of payments

through money being spent credited to their balance of payments. A New

Zealander spending money in Australia, places a debit on New Zealands and a

credit on Australias balance of payments. The outflow of New Zealand money

being spent abroad by New Zealanders is an import, while the inflow of foreign

tourists money spent in New Zealand counts as an export.

The total value of receipts minus the total payments made during the year

represents a countrys balance of payments of the tourism account.

International tourism is an invisible export which helps to balance imports and

thus improve the balance of payments.


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Employment

The UNWTO has estimated that around 260 million people work in jobs

directly related to tourism worldwide and will represent approximately 8.3% oftotal world employment.

In tourism dependant countries such as the Caribbean, as many as 25% of all jobs

are associated with the tourism industry. An estimated 102,700 full-time

employees (or 5.9% of total employment in New Zealand were actively engaged in

producing goods and services for tourists in 1994.

Developments in technology are affecting labor opportunities in employment.

Computer reservation systems are replacing manual systems and as a result fewer

agents are working in airlines and hotel chains. The increasing use of the Internet

for reservations has also reduced numbers of travel agencies are airline offices.

Call centers are replacing branches, often situated in low-wage countries like India.

The success of the tourism industry relies on the supply of a skilled labor force toserve the needs of the tourists.

Investment and development

The level of investment in tourism can determine the success of a region. The

investment can be private of public. Often there is a chicken and egg situation

where there is an unwillingness to invest until there is a flow of tourists but thetourists will not come to the region until there is facilities e.g. hotels, restaurants to

attract them.


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Often there is a flow on effect and other industries will be attracted to the area to

provide services for both tourists and workers

Another consideration in calculating the economic effects of tourism involves the

opportunity costs. Money and other resources, committed to tourism could have

been used for different purposes, providing alternative benefits for the host

community. Labour is a good example. If local workers are employed in tourism

then other industries such as fruit picking or agriculture may suffer. If there is a

shortage of skilled labor, workers may be imported from other countries, resulting

in further leakages from the economy. Capital expenditure on developing tourism-

related establishments precludes spending scarce resources on other types of

development with alternative uses. Inflation can be caused by high levels of

expenditure by foreign tourists which increase the prices of food, transportation,

and clothing and as in the case of Queenstown, land values,

Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism

A cost-benefit analysis for tourism developments should assess the social and

environmental impacts as well as economic effects. Sustainable development

means that tourism is designed to fit with the social and natural environment and

not cause the destination to become less desirable for visitors and permanent

residents. Social and environmental can also have the negative impact, for

example, tourist that coloring the tree, destroy the pathway of the forest and so on


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Types of Tourism

Adventure travel Agritourism Convention meeting Ecotourism Extreme tourism Geotourism Heritage tourism Medical tourism Package Holiday Religious tourism Rural tourism Space tourism Wild life tourism


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ADVENTURE

TRAVEL

ADVENTURE TRAVEL

Adventure travel is type of tourism involving exploration or travel to

remote exotic and possibly hostile areas. It includes:

A physical activity A cultural exchange An engagement with nature

Adventure travel gains much of its excitement by allowing its

participants to step outside their comfort zone. This may be from

experiencing culture shock. It includes:

Mountaineering Trekking Jumping Mountain biking Rafting Rock climbing


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AGRITOURISM

AGRITOURISM

Agritourism is a style of vacation that normally takes place on a farm.

This may include the chance to help with farming tasks during the visit.

Agritourism is often practiced in wine growing regions in Italy and Spain.

In America, Agritourism is wide spread and includes any farm open to the

public at least a part of the year. Tourist can pick fruits, vegetables, ride

horses, taste honey and learn about wine, etc. This form of expended

Agritourism has given birth to what are often called entertainment farms.

These farms cater to the pick your own crowd, offering not only regular

farm products, but also food, mazes, regular, open animals, train rides,

picnic facilities and pick your own produce.


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CONVENTION

MEETING

CONVENTION MEETING

A convention, in the sense of a meeting, is a gathering of individuals

who meet at a arid place and time in order to discuss or engage in some

common interest. The most common conventions are based upon industry,

profession. Trade conventions typically focus on a particular industry or

industry segment, and feature keynote speakers, vendor displays, and other

information and activities of interest to the event organizers and attendees.

Professional conventions focus on issues of concern to the profession and

advancements in the profession. Such conventions are generally organized

by societies dedicated to promotion of the topic of interest. Conventions areoften planned and coordinated, often in exacting detail, by professional

meeting and convention planners, either by staff of the convention's hosting

company or by outside specialists. Most large cities will have a convention


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center dedicated to hosting such events. In the technical sense, a convention

is a meeting of delegates or representatives. Co-located conventions, when

two or more conventions are held at the same place and time they are co-

located. Co-located conventions are usually in related industries. Companies

who exhibit at any of the co-located events benefit by gaining additional

exposure with a larger attendee audience. Attendees who register for one

event may benefit by having access to the other co-located event(s) free of

charge, allowing them to maximize the value of their attendance.


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ECOTOURISM

ECOTOURISM

Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is a form of tourism

that appeals to ecologically and socially conscious individuals. Generally

speaking, ecotourism focuses on volunteering, personal growth, and learning

new ways to live on the planet. It typically involves travel to destinations

where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions.

Responsible ecotourism includes programs that minimize the negative

aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural

integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental

and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of

recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation, and creation of economic

opportunities for the local communities. According to the definition and

principles of ecotourism established by The International Ecotourism


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Society (TIES) in 1990, ecotourism is "Responsible travel to natural areas

that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local

people." (TIES, 1990). Those who implement and participate in ecotourism

activities should follow the following ecotourism principles minimize

impact build environmental and cultural awareness and respect. Provide

positive experiences for both visitors and hosts. Provide financial benefits

and empowerment for local people. Raise sensitivity to host countries'

political, environmental, and social climate. Ideally, ecotourism should

satisfy several criteria, such as:

Conservation of biological diversity and cultural diversity throughecosystem protection.

Promotion of sustainable use of biodiversity, by providing jobs tolocal populations.

Sharing of socio-economic benefits with local communities andindigenous people by having their informed consent and participation

in the management of ecotourism enterprises. Tourism to unspoiled natural resources, with minimal impact on the

environment being a primary concern.

Minimization of tourism's own environmental impact. Affordability and lack of waste in the form of luxury. Local culture, flora and fauna being the main attractions.


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History

Ecotourism, responsible tourism, jungle tourism and sustainable

development have become prevalent concepts since the late 1980s, and

ecotourism has experienced arguably the fastest growth of all sub-sectors in

the tourism industry. The popularity represents a change in tourist

perceptions, increased environmental awareness, and a desire to explore

natural environments. Such changes have become as much a statement

affirming one's social identity, educational sophistication, and disposable

income as it has about preserving the Amazon rainforest or the Caribbean

reef for posterity.


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GEOTOURISM

Geotourism is tourism that sustains, or even enhances, the

geographical character of a place, such as its culture, environment, heritage,

and the well-being of its residents. Like ecotourism, geotourism promotes a

virtuous circle whereby tourism revenues provide a local incentive to

protect what tourists are coming to see, but extends the principle beyond

nature and ecology to incorporate all characteristics that contribute to sense

of place, such as historic structures, living and traditional culture,

landscapes, cuisine, arts and artisanry, as well as local flora and fauna.

Geotourism charter: National Geographic Society defines geoturism as

tourism that sustains or enhances the geographical character of a place its

environment, culture, aesthetics, heritage, and the well-being of its

residents. National Geographic Society has also made a Geotourism Charter

based on 13 principles: Geotourism Charter.

Integrity of place: Enhance geographical character by developing and

improving it in ways distinctive to the locale, reflective of its natural and


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cultural heritage, so as to encourage market differentiation and cultural

pride.

International codes: Adhere to the principles embodied in the World

Tourism Organizations Global Code of Ethics for Tourism and the

Principles of the Cultural Tourism Charter established by the International

Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS).

Market selectivity: Encourage growth in tourism market segments most

likely to appreciate, respect, and disseminate information about the

distinctive assets of the locale.

Market diversity: Encourage a full range of appropriate food and lodging

facilities, so as to appeal to the entire demographic spectrum of the

geotourism market and so maximize economic resiliency over both the short

and long term.

Tourist satisfaction: Ensure that satisfied, excited geotourists bring new

vacation stories home and send friends off to experience the same thing,

thus providing continuing demand for the destination.

Community involvement: Base tourism on community resources to the

extent possible, encouraging local small businesses and civic groups to

build partnerships to promote and provide a distinctive, honest visitor

experience and market their locales effectively. Help businesses develop

approaches to tourism that build on the areas nature, history and culture,

including food and drink, artisanry, performance arts, etc.

Community benefit: Encourage micro-to medium-size enterprises and

tourism business strategies that emphasize economic and social benefits to

involved communities, especially poverty alleviation, with clear


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communication of the destination stewardship policies required to maintain

those benefits.

Protection and enhancement of destination appeal: Encourage businesses

to sustain natural habitats, heritage sites, aesthetic appeal, and local culture.

Prevent degradation by keeping volumes of tourists within maximum

acceptable limits. Seek business models that can operate profitably within

those limits. Use persuasion, incentives, and legal enforcement as needed.

Land use: Anticipate development pressures and apply techniques to

prevent undesired over development and degradation. Contain resort and

vacation-home sprawl, especially on coasts and islands, so as to retain a

diversity of natural and scenic environments and ensure continued resident

access to waterfronts. Encourage major self-contained tourism attractions,

such as large-scale theme parks and convention centers unrelated to

character of place, to be sited in needier locations with no significant

ecological, scenic, or cultural assets.

Conservation of resources: Encourage businesses to minimize waterpollution, solid waste, energy consumption, water usage, landscaping

chemicals, and overly bright nighttime lighting. Advertise these measures in

a way that attracts the large, environmentally sympathetic tourist market.

Planning: Recognize and respect immediate economic needs without

sacrificing long-term character and the geotourism potential of the

destination. Where tourism attracts in-migration of workers, develop new

communities that themselves constitute a destination enhancement. Strive to

diversify the economy and limit population influx to sustainable levels.


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Adopt public strategies for mitigating practices that are incompatible with

geotourism and damaging to the image of the destination.

Interactive interpretation: Engage both visitors and hosts in learning

about the place. Encourage residents to show off the natural and cultural

heritage of their communities, so that tourists gain a richer experience and

residents develop pride in their locales.

Evaluation: Establish an evaluation process to be conducted on a regular

basis by an independent panel representing all stakeholder interests, and

publicize evaluation results.


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HERITAGE

TOURISM

HERITAGE TOURISM

Cultural heritage tourism ETHIOPIA (or just heritage tourism) is a

branch of tourism oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location

where tourism is occurring. Culture has always been a major object of

travel, as the development of the Grand Tour from the 16th century onwards

attests. In the 20th century, some people have claimed, culture ceased to be

the objective of tourism: tourism is now culture. Cultural attractions play an

important role in tourism at all levels, from the global highlights of world

culture to attractions that underpin local identities. culture, heritage and the

arts have long contributed to appeal of tourist destination. However, in

recent years culture has been rediscovered as an important marketing tool

to attract those travellers with special interests in heritage and arts.

According to the Holinshed, cultural heritage tourism defines as cultural

heritage tourism is the fastest growing segment of the tourism industry


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because there is a trend toward an increase specialization among tourists.

This trend is evident in the rise in the volume of tourists who seek

adventure, culture, history, archaeology and interaction with local people.

Cultural heritage tourism is important for various reasons; it has a positive

economic and social impact, it establishes and reinforces identity, it helps

preserve the cultural heritage, with culture as an instrument it facilitates

harmony and understanding among people, it supports culture and helps

renew tourism (Richards, 1996). Put angina Cultural heritage tourism has a

number of objectives that must be met within the context of sustainable

development such as; the conservation of cultural resources, accurate

interpretation of resources, authentic visitors experience, and the stimulation

of the earned revenues of cultural resources. We can see, therefore, that

cultural heritage tourism is not only concerned with identification,

management and protection of the heritage values but it must also be

involved in understanding the impact of tourism on communities and

regions, achieving economic and social benefits, providing financial

resources for protection, as well as marketing and promotion. Heritage

tourism involves visiting historical or industrial sites that may include old

canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc. The overall purpose is to gain an

appreciation of the past. It also refers to the marketing of a location to

members of a Diaspora who have distant family roots there. Decolonization

and immigration form the major background of much contemporary heritage

tourism. Falling travel costs have also made heritage tourism possible for

more people. Another possible form involves religious travel or pilgrimages.

Many Catholics from around the world come to the Vatican and other sites

such as Lourdes or Fatima. Large numbers of Jews have both visited Israel


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and emigrated there. Many have also gone to Holocaust sites and memorials.

Islam commands its followers to take the hajj to Mecca, thus differentiating

it somewhat from tourism in the usual sense, though the trip can also be a

culturally important event for the pilgrim.


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MEDICAL TOURISM

Medical tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism or global

healthcare) is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the mass media

to describe the rapidly-growing practice of traveling across international

borders to obtain health care. Such services typically include elective

procedures as well as complex specialized surgeries such as joint

replacement (knee/hip), cardiac surgery, dental surgery, and cosmetic

surgeries. However, virtually every type of health care, including

psychiatry, alternative treatments, convalescent care and even burial

services are available. As a practical matter, providers and customers

commonly use informal channels of communication-connection-contract,

and in such cases this tends to mean less regulatory or legal oversight to

assure quality and less formal recourse to reimbursement or redress, if


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needed. A specialized subset of medical tourism is reproductive tourism and

reproductive outsourcing, which is the practice of traveling abroad to

undergo in-vitro fertilization, surrogate pregnancy and other assisted

reproductive technology treatments including freezing embryos for retro-

production. Over 50 countries have identified medical tourism as a national

industry. However, accreditation and other measures of quality vary widely

across the globe, and there are risks and ethical issues that make this method

of accessing medical care controversial. Factors that have led to the

increasing popularity of medical travel include the high cost of health care,

long wait times for certain procedures, the ease and affordability of

international travel, and improvements in both technology and standards of

care in many countries. Medical tourists can come from anywhere in the

world, including Europe, the UK, Middle East, Japan, the United States, and

Canada. This is because of their large populations, comparatively high

wealth, the high expense of health care or lack of health care options

locally, and increasingly high expectations of their populations with respect

to health care. Popular medical travel worldwide destinations include:

Argentina, Brunei, Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica, Hong Kong, Hungary,

India, Jordan, Lithuania, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, South

Africa, Thailand, and recently, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Tunisia and New

Zealand. Popular cosmetic surgery travel destinations include: Argentina,

Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico and Turkey. In South

America, countries such as Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Colombia lead on

plastic surgery medical skills relying on their experienced plastic surgeons.

Colombia also provides advanced care in cardiovascular and transplant

surgery. In Europe Belgium, Poland and Slovakia are also breaking into the


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business. South Africa is taking the term "medical tourism" very literally by

promoting their "medical safaris". However, perceptions of medical tourism

are not always positive. In places like the US, which has high standards of

quality, medical tourism is viewed as risky. In some parts of the world,

wider political issues can influence where medical tourists will choose to

seek out health care. Health tourism providers have developed as

intermediaries to unite potential medical tourists with provider hospitals and

other organizations. Companies are beginning to offer global health care

options that will enable North American and European patients to access

world health care at a fraction of the cost of domestic care. Companies that

focus on medical value travel typically provide nurse case managers to

assist patients with pre- and post-travel medical issues. They also help

provide resources for follow-up care upon the patient's return. Process: The

typical process is as follows: the person seeking medical treatment abroad

contacts a medical tourism provider. The provider usually requires the

patient to provide a medical report, including the nature of ailment, local

doctors opinion, medical history, and diagnosis, and may request additional

information. Certified medical doctors or consultants then advise on the

medical treatment. The approximate expenditure, choice of hospitals and

tourist destinations, and duration of stay, etc., is discussed. After signing

consent bonds and agreements, the patient is given recommendation letters

for a medical visa, to be procured from the concerned embassy. The patient

travels to the destination country, where the medical tourism provider

assigns a case executive, who takes care of the patient's accommodation,

treatment and any other form of care. Once the treatment is done, the patient

can remain in the tourist destination or return home.


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PACKAGE HOLIDAY

PACKAGE HOLIDAY

A package holiday or package tour consists of transport and

accommodation advertised and sold together by a vendor known as a tour

operator. Other services may be provided like a rental car, activities or

outings during the holiday. Transport can be via charter airline to a foreign

country. Package holidays are a form of product bundling. Package holidaysare organized by a tour operator and sold to a consumer by a travel agent.

Some travel agents are employees of tour operators, others are independent.


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RELIGIOUS TOUIRSM

Religious tourism, also commonly referred to as faith tourism, is a

form of tourism whereby people of faith travel individually or in groups for

pilgrimage, missionary, or leisure (fellowship) purposes. North American

religious tourists comprise an estimated $10 billion of this industry.

Religious tourism comprises many facets of the travel industry including:


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Pilgrimages. Missionary travel. Leisure (fellowship) vacations. Faith-based cruising. Crusades, conventions and rallies. Retreats. Monastery visits and guest-stays. Christian and faith-based camps. Religious tourist attractions.


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RURAL TOURISM

Any village is a tourist destination and most villagers are very

hospitable across globe. Farming as an agricultural choice is getting highly

mechanized and therefore requires less labor. This is causing economic

pressure on the village leading to exodus of innocent youths to urban

landscape. Rural Tourism has focus on participating in rural lifestyle. It can

be a variant of ecotourism. The emphasis is on having an experience in rural

setting. It allows creation of alternative source of income in the non-farming

sector for the rural folks. The reverse cash flow from cityscape also allows

lost folk arts and handicrafts to reinvigorate and thrive locally. It is an ideal

and natural setting for rural and urban economic exchange. It is especially

true of nations where farming land is fragmented due to population growth

and then the farmer gets into the credit trap. In developed nations, people

prefer to take weekends off doing farming or visiting the countryside to

distress and take a break from their office routines.


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WILD LIFE

TOURISM

Wildlife tourism can be an eco and animal friendly tourism in both

captive and wild environments. It has experienced a dramatic and rapid

growth in recent years world wide. Wildlife tourism, in its simplest sense, is

watching wild animals in their natural habitat. Wildlife tourism is also a

multi-million dollar industry offering customized tour packages and safaris.


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POSITIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM

More flow of travelers within Europe. 183.6 million Intra-regional departures occurred from Europe airports. Markets that are near to a land border and a popular destination have a

strong propensity to use car based travel, highlighting the seasonal

effects upon the roads and airports in each respective destination area.

The construction of resorts effect the physical environment. Tourism becomes an aid to many national and local governments to

aid the development & regeneration of economics.

It is opportunities for work, income & revenue for the local economicrestructuring.

It affects the opening of casinos, as the taxes levied from gamblinggenerate positive economic benefits for localities in term of visitor

spending and employment.


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It gives positive effect upon accommodation, transport, attractions, thetravel organizers sector, the destination organization sector.

It becomes isolate economic source of incomes to the localgovernment.

Usually, different forms of tourist expenditure and how they affect thelocal economy are identified. Typically these are:

The nature of the destination area and its products, facilities andphysical characteristics.

The volume and scale of tourist expenditure. The state of the economic development & economy in the destination. The size & nature of the local economy. The extent to which tourist expenditure circulates around the local

economy and is not spent on imported goods and services.

The degree to which the local economy has addressed the problem ofseasonality and extended the destination appeal to all year around.

Direct expenditure by tourists on goods and services consumed,although this is not a definitive account of expenditure owing to the

leakage of tourist spending to areas and corporations outside the travel

economy.

Indirect expenditure by visitors, which is often estimated byidentifying how many tourism, enterprises use the income derived

from tourists spending. This spending is then used by enterprises to

pay for services, taxes and employees, and then recirculates in the


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urban economy. In other words, tourist expenditure stimulates an

economic process that passes through a series of stages.

The induced impact, by calculating the impact of expenditure fromthose employed in tourism & its effect on the local economy.

The direct impact of tourism on GDP. Tourism expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP. The level of tourism employment in the economy. Tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the

environment by contributing to environment protection andconservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environment values and

it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and

increases their economic importance.

To expand the tourism industry and tourist activities, which arecurrently concentrated in only a few areas, by building physical

infrastructure and promoting tourism to create additional opportunities

for employment? This, in turn, will help ease poverty and raise the

standard of living of the population.

To increase the no. of tourist arrivals. To promote the environmental, historical and cultural heritage and

raise the quality of services and facilities related to tourism.

To take measures for overseeing the stable development of the tourismindustry and link to other economic sectors in a co-ordinate manner.


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To develop the necessary infrastructure for the operation of efficient,safe, comfortable and quality air services for the proper advancement

of the tourism industry.

Monetary and financial incentives will be provided to encourage theprivate sector and foreign investors to develop resort areas, hotels and

other infrastructure.

Extensive promotional campaigns targeted at high budget tourists willbe conducted in order to increase their no. of arrivals.

Problems related to the seasonality of tourism will be reduced bydevelopment new tourist activities to promote & maintain tourist

arrivals all year around.

Trekking tourism will be promoted in new areas which will createfurther employment opportunities for the rural population living in

those areas.

The flow of funds from commercial banks to the tourism sector will betreated as priority sector loans.

A liberal sky policy will be adopted to encourage foreign airlines. The private sector will be encourage to operate domestic air services,

airports & services related to air traffic. This move will provide better

physical facilities at remote domestic airports & will create fresh

competition, altogether raising the quality of domestic air services.

A feasibility study will be undertaken for the construction of a secondinternational airport


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CHAPTER-2

GUJRAL TOURS AND

TRAVELS

COMPANY PROFILE


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VALUE TRAVEL BRINGS

Specialization in Domestic, Outbound &

International Air Ticketing & Packages,

Money Exchange, Western Union Money-Changers,

Visa & Passport assistance.

GUJRAL TOURS & TRAVELS PVT. LTD.

(Recognized by Dept. of Tourism Govt. of INDIA)

AddressGL-13 JAIL ROAD, NEW

DELHI-110058 (INDIA)

Phone42851000, 25598581,

25611344, 42851114 (D)

Websitewww.gujraltours.com

E-mail

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]


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We make a dream holiday come true, provides unlimited opportunities for total

relaxation as well as enjoyment. We provide an experience best taken at your pace

in your own time.

We are the leading IATA agent in Delhi duly recognized by the Department of

Tourism and Industry of Foreign Affairs. We are also an active member of TAAI,

IATO, PATA,ASTA, ADTOI.

Gujral Tours & Travels make a dream holiday come true, provides unlimited

opportunities for total relaxation as well as enjoyment. We provide an experience

best taken at your pace in your own time. We are the leading IATA agent in Delhi

duly recognized by the Department of Tourism and Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

We are also an active member of TAAI, IATO, PATA, ASTA, ADTOI. We offer

holiday Packages, Domestic & International Air Tickets, Foreign Exchange,

Overseas Medical Insurance and Hotels of your choice. Please feel free to call us

of your plans and we will provide you the best as per your requirements. Our

flexibility gives you the freedom doesnt find elsewhere. We now bring especially

Packed Tours for Family and Honeymoons. The young and not so young come

experience the fantasies of the Orient, discover the mystique of India or the

splendor of Nepal. Experience our Mauritius,Australia,Switzerland,South Africa or

the Newzealand Tour. In case you are looking for any other destination in India,

USA, Europe, UK or for the incentive Tours, Educational Tours, Conference

corporate Packages. Talk with us and we will make your dream a reality

There is a common saying, the world is small which clearly deceits the

geographical facts. This world is really big, and its boundaries are like infinity for,

we humans! In such a huge world there are innumerable places which have a

particular attraction to themselves that draws the attention of people all over. To


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discover such amazing places in this world, the best option for you is to take up our

international tours which will let you explore this world with a new dimension.

Our international tours take you through countries like Switzerland, China,

Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Hong Kong along with Disneyland, Malaysia,

Singapore, Bangkok, Genting Highland, Mauritius, etc. We also offer casino tours

which take you through all the famous casinos of the world. So, plan your next

vacations and avail one of the exclusive international tours offered by us!

Experience the different facets of India with its lovely hill stations, exotic wildlife,

wonderful beaches and what not, through our domestic tours. India is a country

bestowed with a beautiful culture, traditions, landscapes etc. which definitely need

to be seen and felt. Gujral Tours provides one of the best domestic tours which

cover each and every part of India. We let you explore medieval India, modern

India, religious India, and also provide a glance of striking wildlife in India. Our

popular tour packages in India comprise of Golden Triangle, Wild Life, Golden

Sand Beaches, Kerala, Casino, Hill Station, Kashmir, Sikkim, Karnataka and

Discover Rajasthan.


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CHAPTER-3


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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study is being carried out keeping in mind the following objectives:

To analyze the international tourism industry all over Ludhiana. To determine the prospects of growth in International tourism industry

among the people of Ludhiana.

To study the problems faced by the tourists of Ludhiana who move aroundinternationally regarding accommodation, food and beverages,

transportation etc. To know the most visited places by the tourists internationally like Australia,

Malaysia, Singapore etc.

To study the type of accommodation they prefer. To study the type of tourism people prefer the most


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CHAPTER-4

RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY


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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research in a common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. One can also

define research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a

specific topic. In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation.

STEP I: STUDYING THE POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOLLOWED by

Gujral tours and travels.

The first and foremost step was to study the policies and proceduresfollowed for the planning of trips and organizing holiday packages.

STEP II: DATA COLLECTION

Data can be classified into

a) Primary Data b) Secondary DataPrimary Data

Depending upon the nature of the problem, primary data was collected through

various methods. In this study, personal interviews with senior officials of

different departments of Corporate Office, various members of finance and

marketing department of Gujral tours.

Secondary Data

Data collected by

The company manuals. Annual reports. Data collected through internet. The data collected through various analysis by the people of Ludhiana.

Report Writing & Presentation. Report EncompassesCharts, diagrams


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STEP III: EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT

The execution of the project proceeds on correct lines, the data collected is

adequate and dependable. The project is executed in a systematic manner and in

time.

STEP IV: ANALYSIS OF DATA

The analysis of data is done with a number of closely related operations such as

establishment of the categories, the applications of these categories to raw data

through coding, tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences. In the process of

analysis, relationships or differences supporting or conflicting with original or newhypotheses is subjected to test of significance to determine with what validity data

can be said to indicate any conclusion

CONSTRUCTION OF DATA

The important factors to be studied were enlisted by the research after examining

the related researches. After having the background knowledge, a questionnaire

was developed to obtain responses relevant to objectives of research. While

designing the questionnaire, every attempt was made to make it precise, so that the

process of filling up the response does not consume too much time. The

questionnaire consists of some of the questions in the form of-: yes or no and

multiple choice questions.

SAMPLING DATA:

The data is collected from 50 respondents in Ludhiana city. The various responses

received are shown in form of analysis and interpretation.


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SCOPE OF THE STUDY

For any research to be conducted, the widest scope is the universe. But it is not

humanly possible to cover such a wide area in a very short span of time. The study

is conducted at Gujral tours and travels, GL-13 JAIL ROAD, NEW DELHI-

110058 (INDIA) for 6 weeks duration. The scope of the study is limited to the

Customers perception towards domestic tourism ant Gujral tours and travels. The

reliability of the study is restricted to the personal perception of the people

interviewed and the data provided by the company.

To get proper understanding of this concept, I have done the study of their recordsand bookings for the trips. So, scope of the study is limited up to the availability of

official records and information provided by the employees. The study is supposed

to be related to the period of last five years.


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LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

Schedule of the staff was very busy. So some of the importance aspectscould not be recovered.

Time available to interact with employees was quite short to get detailinformation regarding various aspects of tourism.

It is only a study of interim report. As the collection of data in a big concern is always time consuming and I

had to complete all this to in a very short period of time as my study was for

only few weeks time.

To get information I had to depend upon some of the personnel of thecompany. Some of them were either reluctant or were too busy to pass on

certain information regarding the data. But on request they gave certain

information for the completion of my project report.


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CHAPTER-5

DATA ANALYSIS

AND

INTERPRETATION


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Q1. Have you ever being on International destination?

Options No. of respondents %age

Yes 57 71.2

No 23 28.8

INTERPRETATION

After doing the survey it was found that 71.2% of respondents said that they have

being to the international destinations. And the rest 28.8% havent being to

international destination.

71.2

28.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Yes No

%age


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Q2. Which of the places have you visited?

Places Respondents % age

Australia 20 35.08

Singapore 8 14.03

Thailand 10 17.54

Malaysia 8 14.03

U.S.A 5 8.77

Hong Kong 6 10.52

`

aus

sing

thai

malaysia

U.S.A

Hong Kong


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Q3. What was the reason for selecting that place?

The common reasons collected are:

reasons No. of respondents In %

Business trips 13 18.57

For excursion 21 30

To meet relatives 9 12.85

Honeymoon trips 19 27.14

For educational purpose 8 11.42

INTERPRETATION:

30% of the respondents said they went for excursion and around 27% for the

honeymoon trips.

Business trips For excursionTo meet

relatives

Honeymoon

trips

For

educational

purpose

Series1 13 21 9 19 8

0

5

10

15

20

25


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Q4. Who accompanied you to that place?


Family 18 31.57

Friends 13 22.80

Colleague 9 15.78

Alone 17 29.82

INTERPRETATION

Out of 57 respondents 31.51% of the respondents went there with their families to

those destinations. In next higher %age is 29.82% who went there alone, 22.80%

of respondents went there with their friends & rest 15.78% of respondents went

with colleagues.

31.57

22.815.78

29.82

Family Friends Colleague Alone


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Q5. What was the purpose for visiting that place?


Business 13 22.80

Excursion 11 19.29

Education 23 40.35

Medical 4 7.01

Any other 6 10.52

INTERPRETATION

About 40% of the respondents went on international trips for educational purposes.

Reason being there is large scale exchange of students amongst different countries

in order to share knowledge and experiences and also to study new methods of

teaching and learning.

22.819.29

40.35

7.0110.52

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

%age

percentage

Business Excursion Education Medical Any other


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Q6. For how many days the trip was organized?


5 to 15 19 33.33

15 to 30 11 19.29

30 to 45 8 14.03

45 to 60 7 12.28

Any other 12 21.05

INTERPRETATION

Most of the people went on international tourism for 5-15 days i.e. 33.33%,

21.05% of people went for not fixed period, 19.29% people went there for 15-30

days, 14.03% of people went there for 30-45days and rest 12.28% people wentthere for 45-60days. It means most of the people go for short period of time i.e. 5-

15 days.

33.33

19.2914.03

12.28

21.05

5 to 15 15 to 30 30 to 45 45 to 60 Any other


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Q7. What were the problems the you faced during the trip?


Language 16 28.07

Cultural differences 5 8.77

Difference in law 6 10.52

Less availability of Indian

food

21 36.84

Climate 6 10.52

Airfares 3 5.26

INTERPRETATION

The big problems faced by people who went for international tour is lessavailability of Indian food i.e.36.84% people face that problem,28.07% people face

the language problem, difference in law & climate problem faced by 10.52%people

each,8.77% of people face the problem of cultural differences &5.26% of people

face the airfare problem.

28.07

8.77

10.52

36.84

10.525.26

Language Cultural differences

Difference in law Less availability of Indian food

Climate Airfares


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Q8. Which type of accommodation do you prefer?


Pvt cottage 15 26.31

3 star 17 29.82

4 star 11 19.29

5 star 14 24.56

INTERPRETATION

According to the survey around 30% of the respondents prefer 3* hotels because it

serves two main purposes. One, it provides comfort and good facilities andsecond, it falls in the budget also as international trips are quite expensive.

26.31

29.82

19.29

24.56

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Pvt cottage 3 star 4 star 5 star

percentage

%age


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Q9. Which thing you like the most there?


Hospitality 9 15.78

Infrastructure 8 14.03

Culture 8 14.03

People 5 8.77

Services 10 17.54

Weather 17 29.82

INTERPRETATION

The people who went for international destination they like the weather most the

%age of such pe

final international tourism (repaired)

Documents