CLONING TECHNOLOGY-CLONING TECHNOLOGY-BANE OR BOON TO MANKINDBANE OR BOON TO MANKIND

BY- ADITIBY- ADITI

MANI CHOUDHARYMANI CHOUDHARY

KANUPRIYA KAUSHIKKANUPRIYA KAUSHIK

AINA MARYAMAINA MARYAM

(SHOBHIT UNIVERSITY ,MEERUT)(SHOBHIT UNIVERSITY ,MEERUT)

CLONINGCLONINGCloning in Cloning in Biotechnology Biotechnology refers to create refers to create copies of DNA copies of DNA fragments fragments (molecular (molecular cloning), cell cloning), cell (cell cloning),(cell cloning), or organisms.or organisms.

CLONECLONE1. A cell, group of cells, or 1. A cell, group of cells, or organism that is descended organism that is descended from and genetically from and genetically identical to a single identical to a single ancestor. ancestor. 2. An organism descended 2. An organism descended asexually from a single asexually from a single ancestorancestor..

CLONINGCLONING1. To make multiple 1. To make multiple identical copies of a identical copies of a DNA sequence.DNA sequence.2. To create or 2. To create or propagate an propagate an organism from a clone organism from a clone cell.cell.3. To produce a copy 3. To produce a copy ofof..

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS

History of clonesHistory of clonesCloning is practiced in plants for Cloning is practiced in plants for centuriescenturies

Clones are routine in invertebrates Clones are routine in invertebrates and lower vertebratesand lower vertebrates

Embryonic clones are frequent in Embryonic clones are frequent in terms of monozygotic twins in human terms of monozygotic twins in human and animalsand animals

First somatic cell clone in 1997 as First somatic cell clone in 1997 as Dolly sheepDolly sheep

Is a clone genetically identical?Almost – but not quite.Even identical twins are different due to the slight differences in environment theyexperience.Clones would be even more different as they would live in a very different environment and time as a form of “delayed identical twin”.

In cloning…• 100% of genetic information comes fromone individual. E.g.

Couldproduce

CloningCloning

DNA cloningDNA cloning

Reproductive CloningReproductive Cloning

Therapeutic cloningTherapeutic cloning

DNA CLONINGDNA CLONING

Transfer of a DNA fragment of Transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self interest from one organism to a self replicating genetic element such as a replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid.bacterial plasmid.

Plasmids-Plasmids-

self replicating extra- chromosomal self replicating extra- chromosomal circular DNA molecules , distinct circular DNA molecules , distinct from normal bacterial genome.from normal bacterial genome.

APPLICATIONS OF DNA APPLICATIONS OF DNA CLONINGCLONING

Gene therapyGene therapy Genetic engineering of Genetic engineering of

organisms.organisms. Genome Sequencing.Genome Sequencing.

Reproductive CloningReproductive Cloning

It is the technology used to generate It is the technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or DNA as another currently or previously existing animal.previously existing animal.

Dolly sheep was the first mammal to Dolly sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA.be cloned from adult DNA.

REPRODUCTIVE CLONING

• Duplicating a person e.g. identical twins.This is called “Reproductive” cloning.

DOLLY “first DOLLY “first cloned cloned

mammal”mammal”

Created by Created by reproductive cloning reproductive cloning technology in a technology in a process called process called "somatic cell nuclear "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT).transfer" (SCNT).

Stage 1Stage 1

Cell collected from a sheep’s udder.

Stage 2Stage 2

Nucleus is removed from unfertilized egg of second sheep.

Stage 3Stage 3

Udder cell is inserted into egg with no nucleus.

Stage 4Stage 4

Insertion is successful.

Stage 5Stage 5

Electrical charge is supplied.

Stage 6Stage 6

Cells begin to divide.

Stages 7 & 8Stages 7 & 8

Therapeutic cloning

Made in the same way as reproductivecloning except the embryo is not implanted; Stem cells are harvested from the embryos.The stem cells have ability to divide and give rise to both specialised cells and more stem cells.These human embryos are used in research.

STEM CELLSSTEM CELLS

To replace diseased or injured cells.To replace diseased or injured cells. To create skin for burnt victims.To create skin for burnt victims. To produce organs for transplants.To produce organs for transplants. Etc.Etc.

SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFERTRANSFER

SCNT is a laboratory technique for SCNT is a laboratory technique for creating a clonal embryo using an creating a clonal embryo using an ovum with a donor nucleus.ovum with a donor nucleus.

Some researchers use SCNT in stem Some researchers use SCNT in stem cell research.cell research.

SCNT create clones for both SCNT create clones for both reproductive and therapeutic reproductive and therapeutic purposespurposes

Somatic Cell Nuclear TransferSomatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

CLONING- a boon for societyCLONING- a boon for society

FACTS ABOUT CLONESFACTS ABOUT CLONES They are asexually produced offspringsThey are asexually produced offsprings

They can be obtained from very old/sexually incompetent/ They can be obtained from very old/sexually incompetent/ fetuses/ neonates/ even dead animalsfetuses/ neonates/ even dead animals

The success rate of cloning is still very low (0-20%)The success rate of cloning is still very low (0-20%)

Many of clones suffer from congenital/developmental Many of clones suffer from congenital/developmental defectsdefects

Survivability of clones is relatively poor in early lifeSurvivability of clones is relatively poor in early life

They produce and reproduce normallyThey produce and reproduce normally

They normally are not aged over their chronological ageThey normally are not aged over their chronological age

MYTHS ABOUT CLONESMYTHS ABOUT CLONES

They are unnaturally born and so They are unnaturally born and so against the will of godagainst the will of god

All clones are abnormal and do not All clones are abnormal and do not survivesurvive

They age before their real ageThey age before their real age

Cloning will reduce genetic variationCloning will reduce genetic variation

Cloning is a high-Fi technologyCloning is a high-Fi technology

Advantages of animal cloningAdvantages of animal cloning

Cloning can be used to test for genetic Cloning can be used to test for genetic diseasesdiseasesRegenerate nerves or spinal cord Regenerate nerves or spinal cord tissuestissuesHelp in plastic surgery Help in plastic surgery Clone organs for transplantationClone organs for transplantationGrow skin grafts for burn victimsGrow skin grafts for burn victimsManufacture bone, fat, and cartilageManufacture bone, fat, and cartilage

Advantages of plant Advantages of plant cloningcloning

Genetic uniformity of cloned Genetic uniformity of cloned plants to get superior breeds.plants to get superior breeds.Provides scope for Provides scope for bioengineering.bioengineering.Disease resistance.Disease resistance.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED GENETICALLY MODIFIED CLONED OFFSPRINGSCLONED OFFSPRINGS

Biotechnological application.Biotechnological application. Production of pharmaceuticals.Production of pharmaceuticals. Xenotransplantation.Xenotransplantation. Study and eradication of human Study and eradication of human

disease.disease. Improvement of livestock.Improvement of livestock.

Potential uses of cloning• Replacing organs and other tissues• Infertility• Replacing a lost child• Creating donor people• Gene therapy• Saving endangered species• Reversing the ageing process

Low success rate (Dolly took 277 attempts) Tumours Genetic defects Over-growth syndrome Pre-mature ageing (genetic age) Massive quantities of human eggs required Inheriting diseases Inbreeding Transgressing the nature Inhumane

PROBLEMS OF CLONINGPROBLEMS OF CLONING

Is cloning Is cloning allowed?allowed?

Different countries Different countries have different laws for have different laws for thethe

different types of different types of cloning.cloning.Some countries (led Some countries (led by USA) want a globalby USA) want a global

ban on all types of ban on all types of cloning, while otherscloning, while others

want a ban on certain want a ban on certain types.types.In South Africa In South Africa there are currently there are currently no lawsno laws

against cloning.against cloning.

RISK OF CLONINGRISK OF CLONING

Reproductive cloning expensive and highly Reproductive cloning expensive and highly inefficient.inefficient.

90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offsprings.offsprings.

High rate of fetal loss during pregnancy. High rate of fetal loss during pregnancy. Compromised immune function.Compromised immune function. Tumor growth.Tumor growth. Early neonatal deathEarly neonatal death Genome of cloned mice have been compromisedGenome of cloned mice have been compromised Problems arising due to programming errors inProblems arising due to programming errors in

genetic material of donor cellgenetic material of donor cell

SHOULD HUMANS BE SHOULD HUMANS BE CLONED?CLONED?

IF NOT…WHY…??IF NOT…WHY…??

High risk to health from mutation of High risk to health from mutation of genesgenes

Psychological risks for mother as a Psychological risks for mother as a result of late spontaneous abortionsresult of late spontaneous abortions

Emotional risksEmotional risks Risk of abuse of the technologyRisk of abuse of the technology

Common questions faced by the scientistsCommon questions faced by the scientists

Is cloning humans “playing God”, if it is, then how about Is cloning humans “playing God”, if it is, then how about other reproductive procedures ??other reproductive procedures ??

Does an embryo, at whatever existing stage it is have same Does an embryo, at whatever existing stage it is have same rights as humans?rights as humans?

Is it justified to create stem cells by killing a human Is it justified to create stem cells by killing a human embryo?embryo?

Is it ethically right to harvest organs from clones?Is it ethically right to harvest organs from clones? If a clone is created from existing person, who is the If a clone is created from existing person, who is the

parent?parent? Will cloned children face any local repercussions, if so, Will cloned children face any local repercussions, if so,

what?what? Can cloned children be manipulated to become monsters Can cloned children be manipulated to become monsters

like Hitler?like Hitler? Should the research in cloning be regulated? If so, who Should the research in cloning be regulated? If so, who

shshould regulate it, how can it be regulated ?ould regulate it, how can it be regulated ?

Cloning can be fatal for Cloning can be fatal for plants/crops as well…..HOW ??plants/crops as well…..HOW ??

Alters genesAlters genes Vulnerability to disease Vulnerability to disease

and pestsand pests Evolution disruptionEvolution disruption Potential reproductive Potential reproductive

problemsproblems Genetic uniformityGenetic uniformity Can be expensive and Can be expensive and

labour intensivelabour intensive

Cloning ain’t as easy as it Cloning ain’t as easy as it seems…..!!!!seems…..!!!!

Stem Cells & Cloning 3/23/05

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