DNA CHIP TECHNOLOGY

By

Navnath L . Shete

BCA II nd Year

MIT Pune

Guidence :-Prof :- Om Karad Sir

DNA CHIPS (DNA MICROARRAYS)

What is DNA?

•Deoxyribonucleic Acid

•It is nucleic acid that contain genetic instruction used in Development of allKnown living organism& viruses

What is a DNA Chip?

“DNA chip” is slang for DNA microarray.

Containing all the gene(40,000)

in the entire Human Genome into

hundreds to thousand pixels.

Each gene or “probe” occupies a

particular “spot” on the chip.

various glowing activity show different level of

gene activity In genetic material.

DNA chips Probes are DNA fragments, usually bigger than

PCR.

Probes are deposited on a solid support,

either positively charged nylon or glass slide

At least two samples are hybridized to chip

Samples are labeled using fluorescent dyes

Fluorescence at different wavelengths

measured by a scanner

Gens: Piece of genome

•Genome is all of leaving thing’s genetic material, work for assembling cell.

•Genes are responsible for control and hereditary transfer of a single characteristic.

•Genes were linked to DNA.

Few concepts:

What is probe?A single standard DNA molecules used to

detect the presence of a complementary sequence among a mixture of other single-stranded DNA.

PCR: (Polymer Chain Reaction)Is a technique to amplify a single Or few

copies of a piece of DNA.

•Micro-Arrays quickly show the relationships between specific genes and specific character and similarity.

•Thus, we efficiently gain valuable coming into how our genetics specifically affect us.

The Power of Micro-Arrays

Hybridization perspective

DNA hybridization (1960s)

Detection of hybridsa) radioactive labeling (chemical process to replace stable

chemical element with radioactive tracer)

b) enzyme-linked detection (Detection reagents in a varity of sensitive immunoassys)

c) fluorescent labeling (covalently attaching a flurophor to another molecule )

Fixing sample on solid supporta) Southern blots (1970s):Study of specific DNA sequence

b) Northern blots: Study of detection of RNA

c) Dot blots : used to detect Bimolecule.

DNA chip design Probe selection

Non-redundant set of probesIncludes genes of interest to projectCorresponds to physically available clones

Chip layoutGrouping of probes by functionCorrespondence between wells in microtitre

plates and spots on the chip

How DNA Chips Are Made Step 1: Make gene probes.

Step 2: Manufacture substrate wafer.

Step 3: Deposit genetic sequences.

Step 4: Customer use.

How Genetic Sequencing Works

Step 1: Determine chemical structure of fragment.

Step 2: Separate strands.

Step 3: Introduce sample.

Step 4: Identify result.

Advantages

They are amazinglypowerful.

They allow scientists to quickly and

inexpensively do

experiments

They give a huge amount

of information, fast, at low

cost..

They are becoming big

business.

Present

& feature

Use by DARPA(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency )

•DARPA funds projects of DNA chip’s for "dual use“.

•Must have both civilian and military applications.

•Advanced detection of battlefield biological and chemical weapons.

Universal Hybridization Chips

•Universal hybridization chip technology that can be used for a multitude of genetic analysis applications.

future diagnostic applications

Analysts have high hopes for future diagnostic applications of DNA chips, such as this standard 100-site microarray .

DNA-chip developers have commercialized by forming partnerships with drug manufacturers

Using this tech. they will come know that which proper medicine should be preferred for controlling daises.

Microfabrication Rapid advances are also being made in

microfabrication.

It is a technology essential for the manufacture of DNA chips.

Researchers are beginning to develop microchip-called nanoscale devices, the name implying a 1000-fold improvement over micrometer-scale achievements.

Conclusion

DNA chips will bring about a sea change in the way that some of humankind's most difficult diseases are diagnosed and treated.

Development of DNA chips is accelerating.

By 2015—or sooner— absolutely believe that we will see instrumentation using DNA chips in point-of-care applications.

Questions?

Thank You For Your Time

Thank You For Your Time

Respected,

All The Faculty Member

By

Navnath L. Shete

MIT Pune