final project science

Exam project

Wioleta TatarczukSergiu Paraschiv

Bogdan Coca

First Main Course april 2015 Kalø Økologisk Landbrugsskole

Wioleta Tatarczuk

Sergiu Paraschiv

Bogdan Coca

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a).Climate changes:.........................................................................3

i. Greenhouse effect.....................................................................................3

ii. Greenhouse effect is a self-reinforcing cycle:………………………………………….3

iii. How we can reduce the greenhouse effect: …………………………………………..6

b).Increased population………………………………………………………………...7

i.Production safety:…………………………………….…………………………………..………….7

ii.Formation of weather………………………………….…………………………………..………7

1.Weather radicalization...........................................................................7

2.Worldwide food production..................................................................10

3.Dessertification.....................................................................................12

Sources.........................................................................................................13

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a).Climate Changes

i.Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect is created when the atmosphere traps some of the sun's rays. This is because in the atmosphere are greenhouse gases, such as: mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) and steam (H2O), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated greenhouse gases.

The sun's rays are going in the direction of the earth and

the atmosphere passed a large part of solar radiation (mainly light), but part of it is retained by greenhouse gases (the radiation of the Earth, such as heating) and reflect it back to Earth. In this way, the Earth keeps warm.

ii. Greenhouse effect is a self-reinforcing cycle:

The biggest impact on the greenhouse effect have water vapor (H2O). In an Earth's atmosphere the water molecules pick up the heat which radiates earth, and then send them in all directions, increasing the temperature of the earth's surface, before it is eventually radiated from back into space. Water vapor in the atmosphere is part of the hydrological cycle through processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation and precipitation.

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Heat from the sun causes evaporation from the surface of the seas and oceans. Water changes state and the mass of water vapor mixed with air. At sufficiently high humidity of air the water vapor condenses to form small droplets, which are grouped in visible clouds. As a result of low-level cooling air containing steam created mist. Clouds, carried by the wind moving over the surface of land and ocean.

Under certain conditions, tiny droplets join together into larger drops, and fall to the ground as rain, snow or hail. The Earth absorbs precipitation and stores them in the form of groundwater. In some places groundwater escape to the surface and formed as the source. From these created streams, which in turn are linked together into larger streams and rivers that flow into the sea or ocean. In this way the closed water cycle. The process begins again.

Carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere by burning coal, gas, felling trees and many other processes dependent on human activity. We are not able to control the level of water vapor concentration. It depends primarily on the temperature - the higher the temperature, the more water vapor may accumulate in it.

This causes self-reinforcing process global warming, because the more of CO2, the higher the temperature, more water molecules in the atmosphere, which again increase the temperature.So the best way is to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in atmosphere.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main source of the strengthening of the greenhouse effect (manmade). On the ground there is a limited quantity of carbon, which (like water) is part cycle - the carbon cycle.

First, carbon is burned in various factories and created CO2 (carbon dioxide).

Then CO2 is transmitted for plants. There is the process of photosynthesis and plants in this process changed carbon dioxide into oxygen.

Consumers breathe air with oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide that goes to the plants which convert it into oxygen.

Methane (CH4) is the second most important gas causing strengthen greenhouse effect. It is mainly produced by bacteria that feed on organic matter under conditions of oxygen deficiency. Is emitted from a variety of natural and made by human.

Natural sources include termites, swamps and oceans. Man contributes to increasing the amount of methane in the atmosphere as a result of the extraction and burning of fossil fuels, the cattle (animals eat plants that ferment in their stomachs, and as a result the animals excrete methane, and their droppings also contain it), rice cultivation (flooded rice paddies are a source of methane, as the organic matter in the soil decomposes without sufficient oxygen) and storage of waste (there is a decomposition of organic matter under conditions of oxygen deficiency).

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Nitrous oxide (N2O) is released as a result of natural processes from the oceans and rainforests and by bacteria in the soil. His sources resulting from human activity is a nitrogenous fertilizers, burning fossil fuels and industrial production of chemicals requiring the use of nitrogen, for example. wastewater treatment.

Fluorinated greenhouse gases: The only greenhouse gases that do not occur naturally, but which have been created by man for the purpose of industry. In industrialized countries they are approx. 1.5% all released into the atmosphere of greenhouse gases.

However, they are extremely effective in binding heat - 22 thousand. times more than CO2 - and they can remain in the atmosphere for thousands of years.

iii.How we can reduce the greenhouse effect:

Segregation of garbage and the use of recycled materials (This reduces the emissions of carbon dioxide, which is accompanied by the production of packaging, and also reduces the secretion of methane released by the decomposition of organic matter in landfills).

Save energy (If we apply insulation materials in residential buildings is possible to protect against excessive heat loss. Electricity can be saved through the use of modern, energy-efficient appliances. In this way we reduce the demand for energy, so it is possible to limit its production by thermal plants and power stations. So will reduce emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere).

Reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. Reduce the cutting and burning of forests and encourage their planting. Reduce nonorganic fertilizers on farms. Reducing meat consumption (If we eat less meat that is less industrial

animal farming. A single farm can generate as much waste as the entire city. The droppings are collected in a giant septic tanks, which often burst or leak, poisoning the underground water resources and river by nitrogen, phosphorus and nitrates.

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b).Increased population

i.Production safety:

To keep the soil in the best condition should be used appropriately crop rotation (cultivating plants with different needs in the next years) - such a method allows for the maintaining the efficiency of soil and maintaining the efficiency of nutrient supply because each group of plants have different needs.

As a result, there is no sterilization of the soil from the individual elements. This system also reduces weeds, preventing the domination of weeds, which for many years to feel comfortable in the company of only one crop.

Another way to keep the soil in good condition is to use natural fertilizers - their organic structure the maintains moisture in the soil and inhibits erosion. The farmer should provide minerals in such amounts as are necessary, and therefore know how much fertilizer needs of each crop. In the case of livestock, plants should be able to re-grow, and so lead grazing so that there is no over-exploitation. After harvesting the main crop in the fall, a good idea is make catch crop, that mean the plants which are not intended directly to harvest, and grown so as to protect the soil from erosion and water loss. A common practice aimed at protecting the soil, is the plowing of such plants and leaving them. In this manner nutrients, bound in plant tissues constituting aftercrop, remain in the soil in the forms that are not easily washed away by water. Is important the proper aeration and irrigation of the soil.

Plowing should be done properly and take into account the nature of the surface (for example, crosswise, and not along the slope, to prevent water flow, entraining with it the soil - erosion).

ii.Formation of weather

1) Weather radicalization

Hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones have always bedeviled , but global warming may be making matters worse. Sea level is rising and will continue to rise as oceans warm and glaciers melt.

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Rising sea level means higher storm surges, even from relatively minor storms, which increases flooding and subsequent storm damage. In addition, the associated heavy rains can extend hundreds of miles inland, further increasing the risk of flooding.

In a tropical cyclone, air rotates inward to the center (or eye), then rises to higher altitudes. As warm, moist air rises, the air cools and condenses to rain, releasing heat. This cycle of evaporation and condensation powers the storm.

Two factors that contribute to more intense tropical cyclones-ocean heat content and water vapor-have both increased over the past several decades. This is primarily due to human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests, which have significantly elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere. CO2 and other heat-trapping gases act like an insulating blanket that warms the land and ocean and increases evaporation.

Global climate change is considered one of the most urgent environmental problems. The main negative impact on climate change is the emission of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O), which is directly or indirectly due to the burning of non-renewable resources (carbon bound in mineral oil or coal). Tropical rainforests hold the biggest living biomass on very delicate soils that may lose their fertility completely when clear cutting is performed as in recent decades.

Warming will increase forest fires by 30-40% this will affect soil erosion and increase the probability of floods.

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Protecting communities end nature.

Given the loss of life and the huge costs of rebuilding after hurricanes, it is essential to do whatever we can to avoid dangerous warming and protect nature for ourselves and our children.

This will require a combination of aggressive emission -reduction efforts,

-improved building codes, - the restoration of wetlands, dunes, and barrier islands that can serve as

a buffer against rising sea levels and hazardous storm surges.

Farming will be severely disrupted by climate change in many areas, with land and soil quality affected by water insecurity (for example through drought, flash flooding and sea level rise) and by temperature change impacting crop selection. For example 1m sea level rise would affect 6 million people, with 12 to 15% of agricultural land lost. In light of the difficulties in adapting to climate change, as the habitability of rural areas is affected, mass migration to urban areas may also be a common coping strategy.

High-carbon, industrialised agriculture contributes to climate change. For example, 18% of global greenhouse gas emission stem from livestock production.

The impacts of climate change on water supplies, agriculture, and fishing and livestock will result in increased food insecurity, causing malnutrition and other health problems. Shifts in disease patterns are also predicted. For example, mosquitoes, which transmit both malaria and dengue fever, will be able to survive in new areas as climate change results in increased rainfall and higher temperature providing more breeding pools.

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2.Worldwide food production

Climate change is already having a domino effect on food,price and nutritional security for the world's poorest and most vulnerable people.

Crop losses are increasingly being caused by extreme weather events, insect attacks and diseases. The 2011 drought lifted food prices worldwide.

- Wheat is becoming harder to grow in some northern areas of China as the land gets drier and warmer.

- Extreme events will increasingly affect agriculture in

Australia. Key food-growing regions in the south are likely to experience more droughts in the future, with part of western Australia having already experienced a 15% drop in rainfall since the mid-1970s.

- In Europe's high and middle latitudes, global warming is expected to greatly expand the growing season.

Crops in Russia may be able to expand northwards but yields will be much lower because the soils are less fertile. In the

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south, the climate is likely to become much drier which will reduce yields. In addition, climate change is expected to make water resources scarcer and encourage weeds and pests.

- Many crops now grown in southern Europe, such as olives, may not survive high temperature increases.

-Brazilian production of coffe, rice, beans, manioc, maize and soya are all expected to decline. Other studies suggest Brazil's massive soya crop, which provides animal feed for much of the world, could slump by more than 25% over the next 20 years.

-In Africa staple crops, maize and sorghum, are expected to be badly hit by increasing severity of weather.

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3.Dessertification

Organic agriculture not only enables ecosystems to better adjust to the effects of climate change but also offers a major potential to reduce the emissions of agricultural greenhouse gases. Diversity of organic crop rotations are protecting the fragile soil surface and may even counteract climate change by restoring the organic matter content.

Reduce surface and ground water consumption and subsequent soil salinization through increased water retention capacity, reduction of water evaporation, and the creation of suitable microclimates in dry areas through diversified organic agro-forestry systems that can attract and retain atmospheric humidity

The water and nutrient retention capacity is increased thanks to a high level of organic matter and permanent soil cover. Micro-organisms have a good feeding base and create a stable soil structure. Due to the resulting high moisture retention capacity the amount of water needed for irrigation can be reduced substantially.

Addition of organic matter makes any soil easier to work and improves its drainage properties. In sandy soils, organic matter retains water, preventing drainage from occurring too rapidly through the large pores. Addition of organic matter to clay soils helps to open up the small pores, making the soil more workable and more permeable to water.

Larger fields, heavier equipment, and greater reliance on chemical fertilizers can lead to higher rates of erosion, compaction, and depletion of soil organic matter. These processes reduce the ability of soil to store water and soluble nutrients until they are needed by plants.

Desertification is caused mainly by overcultivation, overgrazing, deforestation and poor irrigation practices, which result in organic matter loss, soil contamination, erosion, soil compaction and sealing, salinization and long-term loss of natural vegetation.

Improve water infiltration and retention capacity through high levels of organic matter and permanent soil cover, such as cover crops or mulch, which

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substantially reduce the amount of water needed for irrigation needed to help desertification.

Organic Agriculture increases the resilience of soils to both water stress and nutrient loss. It contributes to combating desertification by preventing soil erosion and land degradation as well as by helping rehabilitate degraded land.

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SOURCES:

ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/y4587e/y4587e05.pdf

http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/13/climate-change-threat-food-supplies

http://desertificationb.tripod.com/id3.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/04/climate_change/html/greenhouse.stm

http://www.epa.gov/climatestudents/basics/today/greenhouse-effect.html

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf

https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/greenhouse-gases.php

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00480169.2009.58618#.VSeJ6fmUf0w

http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-041/004-041.html

http://sustainablefarmpartners.com/2012/12/weather-geography-and-sustainable-farming/

http://www.wcax.com/story/26705627/trying-to-create-more-sustainable-farms

http://www.leafuk.org/resources/000/852/732/LEAF_issues_water_advice_January_2014.pdf

http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4137e/y4137e02b.htm

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http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4137e/y4137e02b.htm







http://www.ciesin.org/docs/004-041/004-041.html



https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/greenhouse-gases.php



http://www.epa.gov/climatestudents/basics/today/greenhouse-effect.html



http://desertificationb.tripod.com/id3.html



ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/y4587e/y4587e05.pdf

final project science

Documents

greenhouse effect

water vapor h2o

mass of water vapor

water molecules

closed water cycle

fluorinated greenhouse

water changes state

earths atmosphere