project 2: building science final project

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia

(MASSA)

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture) BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC3413]

PROJECT 2: Integration with Architecture Design Studio 5

Tutor: Mr Sanjeh Raman

Surayyn Selvan 0309818

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.1 ARTIFICAL LIGHTING [ LUMEN METHOD ] 1.1.1 Flexi Store 1A + 1B 1.1.2 Juice Bar 1.1.3 Kitchen 1.2 DAYLIGHT FACTOR 1.2.1 Flexi Store 9A + 9B 1.2.2 Flexi Store 10A + 10B 1.2.3 Lift Lobby 2.0 ACOUSTIC PROPOSAL 2.1 EXTERNAL SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS 2.1.1 Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman 2.1.2 Back Alley 2.2 REVERBERATION TIME 2.2.1 Flexi Store 3A + 3B 2.2.2 Loading / Unloading Bay 2.2.3 Kitchen 2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS 2.3.1 Flexi Store 7A + 7B 2.3.2 Flexi Store 9A + 9B 2.3.3 Flexi Store 10A + 10B 3.0 REFERENCE LIST 4.0 APPENDIX

1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.1 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING [ LUMEN METHOD ] 1.1.1 Flexi Store 1A + 1B

COMPONENT MATERIAL COLOUR FINISH REFLECTANCE VALUE (%)

WALL Brick Brown Matte 20

FLOOR Polished Concrete Gray Glossy 30

WINDOWS Aluminium Frames Silver Glossy 58

Glass Translucent Glossy 60

CEILING Polished Concrete Gray Glossy 20

Type of Fixture DOT 2200 surface mounted downlight

Description 1 bulb, silver reflector

Dimensions Diameter - 245mm Height – 300mm

Type of Lightbulb GE LED Floodlight 89990

Dimensions Diameter - 140mm

Colour Bright White

Temperature 3000K

Wattage 75W

Luminous Flux 950lm

Voltage 18W

Lifespan 25000

Type of Lighting Ambient

Colour Rendering Index 84

1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.1 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING [ LUMEN METHOD ] 1.1.1 Flexi Store 1A + 1B Dimension of room (m) 5.75m x 4.8m

Total floor area / A (m2) 27.6 m2

Lumen of lighting fixtures / F (lux)

950

Height of luminaire (m) 3m

Work level (m) 0.8

Mounting height / H (hm)

2.2

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling = 0.7 Wall = 0.5 Floor = 0.2

Room Index / RI (K)

K = [ ] K = (5.75 x 4.8) / (5.75 + 4.8) (2.2) = 1.189

Utilization factor / UF Based on Table 4.1

0.47

Standard Luminance (lux)

300

Number of Lamps

N = [ ] (300 x 27.6) / (950 x 0.47 x 0.8) = 23.1 lamps = 24 lamps

Spacing to Height Ratio SHR = 1/(Hm) x A / N

(1 / 2.2) x (27.6 / 24) = 0.52 0.52 x 2.2 = 1.1m Along Wall, 4.8 / 1.1 = 4.36 ~ 4 rows 24 / 4 = 6 lamps per row 5.75 / 6 = 0.96m lamp to lamp

L x M (L + M) hm

E x A (F x UF x MF)

Based on the calculation, the arrangement of the lamps for the store is as follows to allow evenly distributed light throughout the shop when partitioned and when not. Although there are windows located at the entrance of the shop, the spaces would have to achieve a minimum lux level for the fashion items to be properly displayed.

1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.1 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING [ LUMEN METHOD ] 1.1.2 Juice Bar [DINING AREA]





Type of Fixture 1-Light Brushed Nickel Warehouse Pendant

Description 1 light bulb, silver reflector

Dimensions Diameter – 40mm Height – 500mm

Type of Lightbulb Halogen light bulb


Colour Soft White

Temperature 3000K

Wattage 72W

Luminous Flux 600lm

Voltage 120V

Lifespan 1000 hours

Type of Lighting Task


1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.1 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING [ LUMEN METHOD ] 1.1.2 JUICE BAR [DINING AREA] Dimension of room (m) 3.425m x 4.5m

Total floor area / A (m2) 15.4125m2


400


Work level (m) 0.8


2.2



Room Index / RI (K)

K = [ ] K = (3.425 x 4.5) / (3.425 + 4.5) (2.2) = 0.8


0.47


200

Number of Lamps

N = [ ] (200 x 15.4125) / (400 x 0.47 x 0.8) = 20.4 lamps = 25 lamps


(1 / 2.2) x (15.4125 / 25) = 0.28 0.28 x 2.2 = 0.62 m Along Wall, 3.425 / 0.62 = 5.5 ~ 5 rows 25 / 5 = 5 lamps per row 4.5 / 5 = 0.9m lamp to lamp

L x M (L + M) hm

E x A (F x UF x MF)

1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.1 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING [ LUMEN METHOD ] 1.1.2 Juice Bar [KITCHEN]





Type of Fixture FOTO Pendant Lamp

Description 1 light bulb, silver reflector

Dimensions Diameter – 250mm Height – 400mm

Type of Lightbulb LEDARE LED Bulb E26


Colour Warm White

Temperature 2700 K

Wattage 6.3W

Luminous Flux 400 lm

Voltage 18V

Lifespan 25000 hours

Type of Lighting Ambient


1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.1 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING [ LUMEN METHOD ] 1.1.2 JUICE BAR [DINING AREA] Dimension of room (m) 2.425 x 4.5

Total floor area / A (m2) 10.9125


600


Work level (m) 0.8


2.2



Room Index / RI (K)

K = [ ] K = (2.425 x 4.5) / (2.425 + 4.5) (2.2) = 0.7

Utilization factor / UF Based on table 4.1

0.47


300

Number of Lamps

N = [ ] (300 x 10.9125) / (600 x 0.47 x 0.8) = 14.5 = 16 lamps



L x M (L + M) hm

E x A (F x UF x MF)

Based on the calculation, the arrangement of the lamps for the juice bar is as follows to allow evenly distributed light throughout the kitchen and dining areas. Because of the distance between the kitchen and dining areas, not all the lights in the kitchen have to be operated.

1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.1 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING [ LUMEN METHOD ] 1.1.3 Kitchen



FLOOR Ceramic Tiles Beige Glossy 30


Type of Fixture T8 recess grille lighting fixture

Description 3 light tubes, silver reflector

Dimensions 1195mm X 595mm

Type of Lightbulb LumiluxT8

Dimensions Length - 1250mm

Colour Cool White

Temperature 8000K

Wattage 10W

Luminous Flux 650 lm

Voltage 220V

Lifespan 20000hours

Type of Lighting Task


1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.1 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING [ LUMEN METHOD ] 1.1.3 Kitchen Dimension of room (m) 7.2 x 5.2

Total floor area / A (m2) 37.44


650 x 3 = 1950 lux

Height of luminaire (m) 3.15

Work level (m) 0.8


2.35



Room Index / RI (K)

K = [ ] K = (7.2 x 5.2) / (7.2 + 5.2) (2.35) = 1.28


0.47


300

Number of Lamps

N = [ ] (300 x 37.44) / (1950 x 0.47 x 0.8) = 15.31 = 15 lamps



L x M (L + M) hm

E x A (F x UF x MF)

Based on the calculation, the arrangement of the lamps for the kitchen is as follows to allow evenly distributed light throughout the spaces for efficient tasking. There are no window openings for the kitchen and therefore, the lights would have to be in operation during the opening hours of the restaurant.

1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.2 DAYLIGHT FACTOR 1.2.1 Flexi Store 9A + 9B

Floor Area (m2) 7.8m x 4.8m = 37.88

Window Area [Glazed] (m2) ( 3.6 x 2.75 ) x 2 = 19.8 (1.55 x 2.75) x 2 = 8.525 2.1 x 1 = 2.1

Opening [Unglazed] (m2) -

Total Area [Unglazed + Glazed] (m2) 19.8 + 8.525 + 2.1 =30.425

Daylight Factor (%) (30.425 / 37.88) / 0.1 =8%

Natural Illumination (lux) E0 = 32000 lux

DF = Ei / Eo x 100% 8 = Ei / 32000 x 100% Ei= 2560 lux

The flexi-store is east facing and has many openings thus resulting in a very high daylight factor which is is 8%. Based on Table 4.2, this would result in very high thermal and glare issues within the space. In order to reduce this, shading devices should be installed to reduce the amount of glare in the space. Tinted window panels should be used as well to further enhance the comfort of the space. Relying completely on the shade of the neighboring buildings would not be enough.

1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.2 DAYLIGHT FACTOR 1.2.2 Flexi Store 10A + 10B

Floor Area (m2) 7.8m x 4.8m = 37.88

Window Area [Glazed] (m2) ( 3.6 x 2.75 ) x 2 = 19.8 (1.55 x 2.75) x 2 = 8.525 2.1 x 1 = 2.1

Opening [Unglazed] (m2) -

Total Area [Unglazed + Glazed] (m2) 19.8 + 8.525 + 2.1 =30.425

Daylight Factor (%) (30.425 / 37.88) / 0.1 =8%


DF = Ei / Eo x 100% 8 = Ei / 32000 x 100% Ei= 2560 lux

The flexi-store is east facing and has many openings thus resulting in a very high daylight factor which is is 8%. Based on Table 4.2, this would result in very high thermal and glare issues within the space. In order to reduce this, shading devices should be installed to reduce the amount of glare in the space. Tinted window panels should be used as well to further enhance the comfort of the space. Relying completely on the shade of the neighboring buildings would not be enough.

1.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 1.2 DAYLIGHT FACTOR 1.2.3 Lift Lobby

Floor Area (m2) 13.95 x 4.91 = 61.14

Window Area [Glazed] (m2) (4.925 x 2.7) =13.2975 (5.85 x 2.7) =15.795

Opening [Unglazed] (m2) (13.95 x 3.6) =50.22 (4.925 x 0.35) =1.7375 (5.83 x 0.35) =2.0405

Total Area [Unglazed + Glazed] (m2) 13.2975 + 15.795 + 50.22 + 1.7375 + 2.0405 = 83.0305

Daylight Factor (%) (83.0305 / 61.14) / 0.1 =13.5%


DF = Ei / Eo x 100% 13.5 = Ei / 32000 x 100% Ei= 4320 lux

The lift lobby is west facing and has very large openings thus resulting in a very high daylight factor which is 13.5%. Based on Table 4.2, this would result in extremely high thermal and glare issues within the space. In order to reduce this, shading devices should be installed to reduce the amount of glare in the space. Tinted window panels should be used as well to further enhance the comfort of the space. However, the back alley is narrow and would provide sufficient shading to the lift lobby space.

2.0 ACOUSTIC PROPOSAL 2.1 EXTERNAL SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS 2.1.1 Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman

Non- Peak Hours Peak Hours

Highest Sound Level Reading (dB) 79 85

Lowest Sound Level Reading (dB) 75 83

Intensity for Highest Reading 79 = 10 log10 ( Ii / (1 X 10-12) ) I = 7.94 X 10-5

85 = 10 log10 ( Ii / (1 X 10-12) ) I = 3.16 X 10-4


83 = 10 log10 ( Ii / (1 X 10-12) ) I = 2.0 X 10-4

Total Intensity (7.94 X 10-5) + (3.16 X 10-5) = 1.11 X 10-4

(3.16 X 10-4) + (2.0 X 10-4) = 5.16 X 10-4

Sound Pressure Level SPL = 10 log10 ( Ii / Io ) Whereby Io = 1 X 10-12

10 log10[ (1.11 X 10-4) / ( 1 X 10-12)] = 80 dB

10 log10[ (5.16 X 10-4) / ( 1 X 10-12)] = 87 dB

2.1.2 Back Alley Non- Peak Hours Peak Hours

Highest Sound Level Reading (dB) 57 60

Lowest Sound Level Reading (dB) 55 58


60 = 10 log10 ( Ii / (1 X 10-12) ) I = 1 X 10-6


58 = 10 log10 ( Ii / (1 X 10-12) ) I = 6.31 X 10-7

Total Intensity (5.01 X 10-7) + (3.16 X 10-7) = 8.17 X 10-7

(1 X 10-6) + (6.31 X 10-7) = 1.63 X 10-6

Sound Pressure Level SPL = 10 log10 ( Ii / Io ) Whereby Io = 1 X 10-12

10 log10[ (8.17 X 10-7) / ( 1 X 10-12)] = 59dB

10 log10[ (1.63 X 10-6) / ( 1 X 10-12)] = 62dB

2.0 ACOUSTIC PROPOSAL 2.2 REVERBERATION TIME 2.2.1 Flexi Store 3A + 3B

Component Material Colour Surface finish

Surface area (m2)

Absorbtion Coefficient

(500Hz)

ABS Unit (m2 sabins)

WALL Brick Wall Brown Matte 54.8154 0.12 6.5778

FLOOR Polished Concrete

Gray Glossy 24.3 0.06 1.458

CEILING Polished Concrete

Gray Glossy 24.3 0.06 1.458

WINDOWS

Aluminium Frame

Silver Glossy 1.36 0.25 0.34

Glass Transparent Glossy 10.73 0.18 1.9314

Total Absorption (A) 11.7652

Total volume :-

= [(5.75 X 1.3 X 2.55) X 2] + ( 4.25 X 2.2 X 2.55 )

= 61.965 m3

t = 0.16V

A

= 0.16(61.965m3)

11.7652

= 0.8 seconds

REVERBERATION TIME

According to AS/NZ 2107:2000 time of less than 1.0 seconds, it can be seen that the Flexi Store has a very low level of reverberation timing. With the presence of the fabrics and textiles, it would be reduced even further. Thus, it is at a comfortable level.

2.0 ACOUSTIC PROPOSAL 2.2 REVERBERATION TIME 2.2.2 Loading / Unloading Bay

Component Material Colour Surface finish

Surface area (m2)


(500Hz)



FLOOR Polished Concrete

Gray Glossy 55.98 0.06 3.3588


Gray Glossy 55.98 0.06 3.3588

DOORS Aluminium Silver Glossy 23.7 0.04 0.948


Total volume :-

= 7.2 X 7.775 X 3.15

= 176.337

t = 0.16V

A

= 0.16(176.337m3)

16.1427

= 1.75 seconds

REVERBERATION TIME

According to AS/NZ 2107:2000 time of less than 1.0 seconds, it can be seen that the loading bay has a very long reverberation t i m e . To r e d u c e t h i s , i t w o u l d b e recommended to install acoustic tiles on the walls of the space.

2.0 ACOUSTIC PROPOSAL 2.2 REVERBERATION TIME 2.2.3 Kitchen

Component9.2988

Material Colour Surface finish

Surface area (m2)


(500Hz)



FLOOR Ceramic Tiles

Beige Glossy 41.04 0.01 0.4104


Gray Glossy 41.04 0.06 2.4624

DOORS Wood Brown Matte 3.78 0.06 0.2268


Total volume :-

= 7.2 X 5.7 X 3.15 = 129.276

t = 0.16V

A

= 0.16(129.276m3)

12.3984

= 1.67 seconds

REVERBERATION TIME

According to AS/NZ 2107:2000 time of less than 1.0 seconds, it can be seen that the loading bay has a very long reverberation t i m e . To r e d u c e t h i s , i t w o u l d b e recommended to install acoustic tiles on the walls of the space.

2.0 ACOUSTIC PROPOSAL 2.3 TRANSMISSION LOSS 2.3.1 Flexi Store 7A + 7B

Component Material Area (m2) Sound Reduction Index (SRI)

Transmission Coeficient

Area X Transmission

coefficient

Wall Brick Wall 15.6825 42 6.31 X 10-5 9.9 X 10-4

JALAN TUANKU ABDUL RAHMAN [87dB]

SRI = 10log10 [ 1 / (Tav) ] Whereby, Tav is (S1 X Tc1) + (S2 X Tc2) … / Total Surface Area 42 = 10log10 ( 1 / Tbrick ) Tbrick = 6.31 X 10-5

Total SRI = 10log10 [ 1 / (6.31 X 10-5) ] = 42dB

Sound Pressure Level of store during peak hours 87 dB – 42dB = 45 dB

According the MS1525, the standard Sound Pressure Level of a shop / café is 38- 52dB. It can be seen that the flex-store has a comfortable sound level. With the presence of fabric and textiles in the shop, this will be reduced even further.




Area X Transmission

coefficient


Window Single Pane Glass

21.09 35 3.16 X 10-4 6.66444 X 10-3



35= 10log10 ( 1 / Twindow) Twindow= 3.16 X 10-4

Tav = [ (6.31 X 10-5) (4.11) + (3.16 X 10-4)(21.09) ] / (4.11+21.09) = (2.59341 X 10-4) + (6.66444 X 10-3) / 25.2 = 2.7475 X 10-4 Total SRI = 10 log10 [ 1 / (2.7475 X 10-4) ] = 36 dB Sound Pressure Level of store during peak hours 87 dB – 36dB = 51 dB

According the MS1525, the standard Sound Pressure Level of a shop / café is 38- 52dB. It can be seen that the flex-store is slightly below the maximum requirement for a comfortable sound level. With the presence of fabric and textiles in the shop, this will be reduced even further.

3.0 REFERENCE LIST ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22, 2015, from http://www.acoustic.ua/

st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf Absorption Coefficients of common building materials and finishes. (2014).Retrieved May 01,

2015, from http://www.sae.edu./reference_material/pages/Coefficient %20Chart.htm

AS/NZS 2107 (2000). Acous)cs – Recommended design sound levels and reverbera)on )mes for

building interiors. Australian/New Zealand Standards: Sydney/Wellington. Coefficient Chart. (n.d.). Retrieved April 22,2015, from http://www.sae.edu/

reference_material/pages/Coefficient%20Chart.htm Malaysian Standard : Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy f

or Non-Residential Buildings. (2007). Departments of Standards Malaysia. Technical Information. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2015, from http://saudilighting.com/

technicalguide/Photometry.html

4.0 APPENDIX

Table 4.1 Utilization Factor table

Table 4.2 Daylight Factor Distribution

project 2: building science final project

Documents

lighting proposal

flexi store

f x uf x mf

hm e x

b dimension of room

acoustic proposal

type of fixture dot

height of luminaire